[ { "name": "Lelantine Plain", "year": -700, "date": "c. 700 BCE (late 8th–early 7th c.)", "type": "land", "war": "Lelantine War", "place": "Lelantine plain between Chalcis and Eretria, Euboea", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 23.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Chalcis", "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Eretria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomachus of Pharsalus (killed)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Amat. 17 (760e–761b, citing Aristotle); cf. Thuc. 1.15.3; Hdt. 5.99; Strabo 10.1.12", "note": "Cavalry battle won by Thessalian (Pharsalian) horse hired by Chalcis; known only from Plutarch. Most scholars accept the war as historical, but its date and the details of this battle are uncertain.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 0, "id": 1 }, { "name": "Hysiae", "year": -669, "date": "669/668 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Argive–Spartan wars", "place": "Hysiae, on the Argos–Tegea road, Argolid (near mod. Achladokampos)", "lat": 37.52, "lon": 22.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Paus. 2.24.7", "note": "Pausanias is the only source; he dates it to Ol. 27.4, in the Athenian archonship of Peisistratus. It is often linked to Pheidon of Argos, but that is speculative, and a few scholars doubt the battle happened.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 1, "id": 2 }, { "name": "Smyrna", "year": -665, "date": "c. 680–650 BCE (reign of Gyges)", "type": "land", "war": "Lydian–Greek wars", "place": "Smyrna and the Hermus plain, Ionia", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 27.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Smyrna" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Gyges", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 4.21.5, 9.29.4; Mimnermus fr. 13–14 W; cf. Hdt. 1.14", "note": "Pausanias says the Smyrnaeans drove Gyges and the Lydians out after the Lydians had occupied the town, and that Mimnermus wrote elegies on the battle. Mimnermus fr. 14 describes a fight against Lydian cavalry in the Hermus plain. Exact site and date unknown.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 2, "id": 3 }, { "name": "Corcyra", "year": -664, "date": "c. 664 BCE (or c. 681)", "type": "sea", "war": "Corinthian–Corcyraean war", "place": "probably in Corcyraean waters, Ionian Sea (site unrecorded)", "lat": 39.6, "lon": 19.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Corcyra" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "unknown", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 1.13.4", "note": "Thucydides calls it the oldest sea battle known, c. 260 years before the end of 'this war' (664 if reckoned from 404, 681 if from 421). He does not name the winner, so the outcome is entered as 'unknown'. Sides are listed alphabetically, not by victor.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 3, "id": 4 }, { "name": "Great Foss", "year": -650, "date": "mid-7th c. BCE (Pausanias' chronology: c. 682)", "type": "land", "war": "Second Messenian War", "place": "the 'Great Trench' (Megale Taphros), Messenia (site unidentified)", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 21.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Messenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arcadians (Aristocrates of Orchomenus)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Aristomenes; Aristocrates (Arcadian, deserted)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 4.17.2–9; Polyb. 4.33.5–6 (Callisthenes)", "note": "The only Second Messenian War battle kept here. The Arcadian king Aristocrates' betrayal is attested independently by Callisthenes, who reports an inscription at the altar of Zeus Lykaios. The narrative in Pausanias comes from the Hellenistic Aristomenes romance (Rhianus), and the date and site are uncertain. Deres and Boar's Grave are excluded as legendary.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 4, "id": 5 }, { "name": "Limeneion", "year": -615, "date": "c. 620–610 BCE (during the 11-year war)", "type": "land", "war": "Lydian–Milesian War", "place": "Limeneion, in Milesian territory (site unidentified)", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 27.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Lydia" ], "side_b": [ "Miletus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Chios" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sadyattes or Alyattes", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 1.17–18", "note": "One of the two great Milesian defeats in the war, which ran six years under Sadyattes and five under Alyattes. Absolute dates depend on Lydian chronology. Chios was Miletus' only ally.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 5, "id": 6 }, { "name": "Maeander plain", "year": -615, "date": "c. 620–610 BCE (during the 11-year war)", "type": "land", "war": "Lydian–Milesian War", "place": "plain of the Maeander, near Miletus", "lat": 37.58, "lon": 27.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Lydia" ], "side_b": [ "Miletus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Chios" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sadyattes or Alyattes", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 1.18", "note": "The second of the two great Milesian defeats. Its date relative to Limeneion is unknown.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 6, "id": 7 }, { "name": "Sigeion", "year": -607, "date": "c. 607/606 BCE (c. 610–600)", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian–Mytilenean war over Sigeion", "place": "Sigeion, at the mouth of the Hellespont, Troad", "lat": 39.98, "lon": 26.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Mytilene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phrynon", "commanders_b": "Pittacus (Alcaeus present)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.94–95; Strabo 13.1.38; Diog. Laert. 1.74; Alcaeus fr. 428", "note": "Herodotus says the Athenians had the better of the fighting and that Alcaeus fled, leaving his arms as a trophy. In the same war Pittacus killed Phrynon in single combat (Eusebius dates the duel 607/6). The war was ended by Periander's arbitration, which gave Sigeion to Athens.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 7, "id": 8 }, { "name": "Massalia (sea)", "year": -600, "date": "c. 600 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Massaliot–Carthaginian wars", "place": "off Massalia, Gulf of Lion (site unrecorded)", "lat": 43.25, "lon": 5.25, "loc": "region", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Massalia" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.13.6; cf. Justin 43.5.2; Paus. 10.8.6, 10.18.7", "note": "Thucydides says the Phocaeans beat the Carthaginians at sea while founding Massalia. Later sources mention repeated Massaliot victories. The site is unknown.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 8, "id": 9 }, { "name": "Salamis", "year": -600, "date": "c. 600 BCE (before Solon's archonship of 594/3)", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian–Megarian war over Salamis", "place": "island of Salamis, near the old town", "lat": 37.95, "lon": 23.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Megara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Solon", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Sol. 8–10", "note": "This follows Plutarch's alternative version (Sol. 9): Solon landed with 500 volunteers and beat the Megarians in a land battle while a captured ship took the town. The popular version (Sol. 8) is an ambush at Cape Colias. The tradition is anecdotal, and Megara later recovered the island.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 9, "id": 10 }, { "name": "Clazomenae", "year": -595, "date": "c. 600–590 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Lydian–Greek wars", "place": "territory of Clazomenae, Ionia", "lat": 38.36, "lon": 26.77, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Clazomenae" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Alyattes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 1.16.2", "note": "Alyattes attacked Clazomenae after taking Smyrna and 'suffered a great reverse'. Herodotus gives no details of the battle.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 10, "id": 11 }, { "name": "Perinthus", "year": -590, "date": "c. 600–570 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Samian–Megarian war", "place": "near Perinthus, Propontis", "lat": 40.97, "lon": 27.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Samos" ], "side_b": [ "Megara" ], "allies_a": [ "Perinthus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "nine Samian generals", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Quaest. Graec. 57 (303e–304c)", "note": "A Samian relief force of 30 ships beat the Megarians attacking Samos' colony Perinthus and captured 600. Plutarch does not say whether the fight was on land or at sea, and the date is approximate. The generals then used the prisoners to overthrow the Samian Geomori. Obscure; included with reservation.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 11, "id": 12 }, { "name": "Lilybaeum", "year": -580, "date": "580/577 BCE (Ol. 50)", "type": "land", "war": "Selinus–Segesta war", "place": "western Sicily, near Lilybaeum (site unrecorded)", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 12.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Elymians" ], "side_b": [ "Selinus" ], "allies_a": [ "Phoenicians of western Sicily" ], "allies_b": [ "Cnidian and Rhodian colonists (Pentathlus)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Pentathlus of Cnidus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 5.9.2–3; Paus. 10.11.3 (Antiochus of Syracuse)", "note": "Pentathlus' colonists fought for Selinus against Segesta and were defeated, and Pentathlus was killed. The survivors founded Lipara. Pausanias (from Antiochus) names Elymians and Phoenicians as the victors and puts the colonists at Cape Pachynum, probably an error.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 12, "id": 13 }, { "name": "Ceressus", "year": -575, "date": "before 571 BCE (disputed)", "type": "land", "war": "Thessalian–Boeotian war", "place": "Ceressus, a stronghold in Thespian territory near Leuctra, Boeotia", "lat": 38.27, "lon": 23.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Lattamyas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Cam. 19.4; Plut. De Herod. Malig. 33 (866e–f); Paus. 9.14.2", "note": "The Boeotians beat the Thessalians. Plutarch's Camillus puts it more than 200 years before Leuctra (so before 571), but De Herod. Malig. says it came shortly before 480, and modern dates range from the early 6th c. to the 480s. Ceressus itself is unidentified.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 13, "id": 14 }, { "name": "Irasa", "year": -570, "date": "c. 570 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Egyptian invasion of Cyrenaica", "place": "Irasa, at the spring Thestes, west of Derna (area of Ain Mara)", "lat": 32.73, "lon": 22.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Cyrene" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Libyans" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Battus II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 4.159, 2.161; Diod. 1.68.2", "note": "Apries sent an Egyptian army at the request of the Libyan king Adicran, and it was destroyed. The disaster set off the revolt that made Amasis pharaoh. Also called the Battle of the Well of Thestis.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 14, "id": 15 }, { "name": "Fetters (Tegea)", "year": -570, "date": "early 6th c. BCE (c. 590–560)", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan–Tegean war", "place": "plain of Tegea, Arcadia", "lat": 37.46, "lon": 22.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Tegea" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Kings Leon and Agasicles (per Hdt. 1.65)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 1.65–66; Paus. 8.47.2, 8.48.4–5", "note": "The 'Battle of the Fetters'. The Spartans brought chains for the Tegeans and were defeated, and the prisoners were made to work the Tegean plain in those chains. Herodotus implies the reign of Leon and Agasicles, while Pausanias puts it under Charillus. Sparta's later supremacy over Tegea (Hdt. 1.67–68, c. 550) is not described as a single battle and is excluded.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 15, "id": 16 }, { "name": "Priene", "year": -560, "date": "mid-6th c. BCE (seven years before Drys; time of Bias)", "type": "land", "war": "Samian–Prienian war", "place": "Prienian–Samian borderland near Mycale (site unrecorded)", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 27.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Priene" ], "side_b": [ "Samos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Quaest. Graec. 20 (296a–b)", "note": "A 'great battle' in which the Prienians killed 1,000 Samians. Plutarch, probably drawing on Aristotle, gives no site or date; the date is inferred from the link to Bias. Obscure.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 16, "id": 17 }, { "name": "Leucon", "year": -555, "date": "c. 560–550 BCE (reign of Arcesilaus II)", "type": "land", "war": "Cyrenaean–Libyan war", "place": "Leucon, in Libya east of Cyrene (site unidentified)", "lat": 32.5, "lon": 22.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Libyans" ], "side_b": [ "Cyrene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Arcesilaus II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 4.160", "note": "Arcesilaus II pursued Libyans whom his estranged brothers, the founders of Barca, had stirred up. At Leucon the Libyans turned and killed 7,000 Cyrenaean hoplites. The location is unknown.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 17, "id": 18 }, { "name": "Drys (the Oak)", "year": -553, "date": "mid-6th c. BCE (time of Bias)", "type": "land", "war": "Samian–Prienian war", "place": "'the Oak' (Drys), in Prienian territory (site unrecorded)", "lat": 37.62, "lon": 27.33, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Miletus" ], "side_b": [ "Priene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Quaest. Graec. 20 (296a–b)", "note": "Seven years after their victory over Samos, the Prienians met the Milesians at 'the Oak' and lost their foremost citizens, the origin of the Prienian oath 'by the darkness at the Oak'. Bias' embassy to Samos is placed at this time. Very obscure; the date is approximate.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 18, "id": 19 }, { "name": "Sagra", "year": -550, "date": "mid-6th c. BCE (proposals range c. 580–510)", "type": "land", "war": "Croton–Locri war", "place": "river Sagra between Locri and Caulonia (Torbido or Allaro), Calabria", "lat": 38.35, "lon": 16.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Locri" ], "side_b": [ "Croton" ], "allies_a": [ "Rhegium" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Strabo 6.1.10; Justin 20.2–3; Diod. 8.32; Cic. Nat. D. 2.6", "note": "A legendary-sized Locrian victory: 10,000 or 15,000 Locrians with Rhegines against 120,000 or 130,000 Crotoniates. The river is unidentified, and most scholars date the battle to the mid-6th c.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 19, "id": 20 }, { "name": "Thyrea", "year": -546, "date": "c. 546 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Argive–Spartan wars", "place": "Thyreatis, on the Argive–Laconian border (near mod. Astros)", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 22.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Argos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Othryades (surviving champion)", "commanders_b": "Alcenor and Chromius (surviving champions)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 1.82; Paus. 2.38.5", "note": "The 'Battle of the 300 Champions'. The fight of 300 picked men a side was disputed, as both claimed victory, and the full battle that followed was won by Sparta, which kept the Thyreatis. It is dated by its link to the fall of Sardis.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 20, "id": 21 }, { "name": "Pallene", "year": -546, "date": "546 BCE (or 547/6)", "type": "land", "war": "Peisistratus' third seizure of power", "place": "near the sanctuary of Athena Pallenis, Attica (mod. Stavros/Gerakas)", "lat": 38.01, "lon": 23.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Peisistratus", "faction_b": "Athenian city forces (opponents of Peisistratus)", "commanders_a": "Peisistratus, Hippias", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 1.62–63; Arist. Ath. Pol. 15.3", "note": "Peisistratus came from Eretria via Marathon with Argive mercenaries, Theban money and Lygdamis of Naxos, and routed the city army while it was resting after a meal.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 21, "id": 22 }, { "name": "Alalia", "year": -540, "date": "c. 540–535 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Phocaean–Etruscan–Carthaginian war", "place": "Sardinian Sea, off Alalia (Aléria), eastern Corsica", "lat": 42.08, "lon": 9.65, "loc": "region", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Phocaea" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage", "Etruscans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 1.165–167; cf. Thuc. 1.13.6", "note": "Herodotus calls it a 'Cadmean victory': 60 Phocaean ships beat 120 Carthaginian and Etruscan (Caeretan) ships, but 40 were lost and the rest disabled, and the Phocaeans abandoned Alalia for Rhegium and Elea. It was a strategic defeat. The exact site is uncertain.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 22, "id": 23 }, { "name": "Lipara (sea)", "year": -540, "date": "6th c. BCE (undated; c. 580–480)", "type": "sea", "war": "Liparaean–Etruscan war", "place": "waters of the Aeolian (Lipari) Islands", "lat": 38.47, "lon": 14.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Lipara" ], "side_b": [ "Etruscans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 10.16.7, 10.11.3; Diod. 5.9.4–5; Strabo 6.2.10", "note": "Following an oracle to fight with the fewest possible ships, the Liparaeans took four Etruscan squadrons of five ships each and dedicated 20 statues at Delphi. The sources record several such victories but date none of them. The year is a placeholder: after the colony's foundation c. 580 and probably before 480.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 23, "id": 24 }, { "name": "Miletus (sea)", "year": -530, "date": "c. 535–522 BCE (tyranny of Polycrates)", "type": "sea", "war": "Wars of Polycrates", "place": "Milesian–Samian waters (site unrecorded)", "lat": 37.55, "lon": 27.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Samos" ], "side_b": [ "Mytilene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polycrates", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 3.39.4", "note": "Polycrates beat at sea and captured the Lesbians, who had come in full force to help Miletus, and made the prisoners dig the moat of Samos. 'Lesbians' is entered as Mytilene. The site is unrecorded but presumably near Miletus.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 24, "id": 25 }, { "name": "Samos (sea)", "year": -525, "date": "c. 525 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Samian civil war (exiles v Polycrates)", "place": "off Samos", "lat": 37.7, "lon": 26.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Samos" ], "side_b": [ "Samos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Samian exiles (Polycrates' contingent sent to Cambyses)", "faction_b": "Polycrates", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Polycrates", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 3.44–45", "note": "The Samians Polycrates had sent to serve Cambyses turned back, beat his fleet at sea and landed on Samos. Herodotus reports a variant in which they first went to Egypt and escaped from there.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 25, "id": 26 }, { "name": "Samos", "year": -525, "date": "c. 525 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Samian civil war (exiles v Polycrates)", "place": "island of Samos", "lat": 37.69, "lon": 26.94, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Samos" ], "side_b": [ "Samos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Polycrates", "faction_b": "Samian exiles", "commanders_a": "Polycrates", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 3.45", "note": "After their naval victory the exiles were beaten on land and went to Sparta. That led to the Spartan–Corinthian siege of Samos (525/4), which is excluded as a siege.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 26, "id": 27 }, { "name": "Cumae", "year": -524, "date": "524/523 BCE (Ol. 64)", "type": "land", "war": "Cumaean–Etruscan wars", "place": "narrow ground between hills and marshes near Cumae, Campania", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 14.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Cumae" ], "side_b": [ "Etruscans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Umbrians", "Daunians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aristodemus (distinguished himself; later tyrant)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dion. Hal. 7.3–4", "note": "A huge Etruscan coalition, with absurd numbers in the source, was defeated on cramped, marshy ground. The account probably comes from a local Cumaean chronicle.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 27, "id": 28 }, { "name": "Perinthus", "year": -520, "date": "before 512 BCE (undated, 6th c.)", "type": "land", "war": "Paeonian–Perinthian war", "place": "before Perinthus, Propontis", "lat": 40.98, "lon": 27.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Paeonians" ], "side_b": [ "Perinthus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.1", "note": "After a threefold duel of men, horses and dogs, the Perinthians cried 'paean', fulfilling an oracle, and the Paeonians attacked and routed them. Folkloric; Herodotus says only that it came 'earlier' than Megabazus' attack.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 28, "id": 29 }, { "name": "Plataea", "year": -519, "date": "519 BCE (some prefer 509)", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Athenian war over Plataea", "place": "Plataean territory near the Asopus, Boeotia", "lat": 38.22, "lon": 23.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [ "Plataea" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 6.108; Thuc. 3.68.5", "note": "After Corinthian arbitration the Thebans attacked the withdrawing Athenians and were beaten, and Athens fixed the Asopus as the Theban–Plataean border. The date follows Thucydides' 93 years before 427; some emend it to 509.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 29, "id": 30 }, { "name": "Cydonia", "year": -519, "date": "c. 519 BCE (sixth year after the settlement)", "type": "sea", "war": "Aeginetan–Samian war", "place": "off Cydonia (mod. Chania), Crete", "lat": 35.53, "lon": 24.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aegina", "Cretans" ], "side_b": [ "Samos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 3.59", "note": "The Samians were the anti-Polycrates exiles who had settled Cydonia, not the Samian state. The Aeginetans with Cretans beat them at sea and enslaved them. Herodotus does not name the Cretan city.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 30, "id": 31 }, { "name": "Perinthus", "year": -512, "date": "c. 512 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Persian conquest of Thrace (Megabazus)", "place": "Perinthus, Propontis", "lat": 40.97, "lon": 27.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Perinthus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Megabazus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.2.1", "note": "The Perinthians 'fought bravely for their freedom but were overcome by numbers'. Herodotus does not say whether this was a field battle or a siege, so it is included with reservation.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 31, "id": 32 }, { "name": "Phaleron", "year": -511, "date": "511 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan overthrow of the Peisistratids", "place": "plain of Phaleron, Attica", "lat": 37.93, "lon": 23.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hippias; Cineas of Conium (1,000 Thessalian cavalry)", "commanders_b": "Anchimolius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.63; Arist. Ath. Pol. 19.5", "note": "Athens here means the Peisistratid regime. A Spartan seaborne landing was cut up by Thessalian cavalry on ground the Peisistratids had cleared for horsemen. Anchimolius was buried at Alopeke.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 32, "id": 33 }, { "name": "Attica", "year": -510, "date": "510 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan overthrow of the Peisistratids", "place": "Attica, on Cleomenes' entry (site unrecorded)", "lat": 38.02, "lon": 23.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Athens" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomenes I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.64; Arist. Ath. Pol. 19.5", "note": "Cleomenes' overland army routed the Thessalian cavalry fighting for the Peisistratids, who lost more than 40 men and went home. The siege of the Acropolis that followed is excluded.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 33, "id": 34 }, { "name": "Crathis", "year": -510, "date": "510 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Croton–Sybaris war", "place": "between Croton and Sybaris (traditionally the Crathis or Traeis), Calabria", "lat": 39.66, "lon": 16.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Croton" ], "side_b": [ "Sybaris" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Milo of Croton", "commanders_b": "Telys", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 12.9–10; Hdt. 5.44–45; Strabo 6.1.13", "note": "Diodorus says 100,000 Crotoniates beat 300,000 Sybarites, both figures inflated; Sybaris was then sacked. The site is not recorded. According to the Sybarites (Hdt. 5.44), Dorieus helped Croton, which the Crotoniates denied.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 34, "id": 35 }, { "name": "Eryx", "year": -510, "date": "c. 510 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dorieus' Sicilian expedition", "place": "western Sicily, around Eryx (site unrecorded)", "lat": 38.03, "lon": 12.59, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage", "Elymians" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Dorieus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.42–46; Diod. 4.23.3; Paus. 3.16.4–5", "note": "Dorieus and most of his companions were killed in battle by the Phoenicians and the Segestans while trying to found Heraclea near Eryx. 'Sparta' stands for Dorieus' colonists: Spartans he raised with state sanction, but not a state army.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 35, "id": 36 }, { "name": "Euripus", "year": -506, "date": "506 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian war with Boeotia and Chalcis", "place": "Boeotian shore of the Euripus, opposite Chalcis", "lat": 38.45, "lon": 23.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.77; Diod. 10.24.3", "note": "The Athenians attacked the Boeotians who had come to help Chalcis, killed many and took 700 prisoners. On the same day they crossed and beat the Chalcidians; the double victory was celebrated with a dedication on the Acropolis.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 36, "id": 37 }, { "name": "Chalcis", "year": -506, "date": "506 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian war with Boeotia and Chalcis", "place": "near Chalcis, Euboea", "lat": 38.47, "lon": 23.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Chalcis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.77; Diod. 10.24.3", "note": "Fought on the same day as the Euripus battle. Afterwards Athens settled 4,000 cleruchs on the land of the Chalcidian Hippobotae.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 37, "id": 38 }, { "name": "Aricia", "year": -504, "date": "504 BCE (Dion. Hal.; Livy implies 508)", "type": "land", "war": "War between Clusium and Aricia", "place": "before Aricia, Latium", "lat": 41.72, "lon": 12.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Latins", "Cumae" ], "side_b": [ "Etruscans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aristodemus of Cumae", "commanders_b": "Arruns son of Porsenna (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dion. Hal. 7.5–6; Livy 2.14.5–9", "note": "The Aricians and their Latin allies were routed first, but the Cumaean contingent under Aristodemus attacked the Clusine army from the rear and destroyed it. 'Latins' is a new entity name; the enemy was Clusium.", "_batch": "01", "_k": 38, "id": 39 }, { "name": "Parnassus (night attack)", "year": -500, "date": "c. 500 BCE?", "type": "land", "war": "Thessalian–Phocian war", "place": "slopes of Parnassus, Phocis", "lat": 38.55, "lon": 22.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 8.27; Paus. 10.1.11", "note": "Tellias of Elis led 600 Phocians, chalked white, in a night attack on the Thessalian camp. Herodotus dates the war 'not many years' before 480; some put it in the mid-6th century.", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 40 }, { "name": "Hyampolis", "year": -500, "date": "c. 500 BCE?", "type": "land", "war": "Thessalian–Phocian war", "place": "pass near Hyampolis, Phocis", "lat": 38.59, "lon": 22.91, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 8.28; Paus. 10.1.3–4; Plut. Mor. 244b–d (at Cleonae)", "note": "Buried jars broke the legs of the Thessalian horses. Same dating problem as the night attack.", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 41 }, { "name": "Ephesus", "year": -498, "date": "498 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Ionian Revolt", "place": "near Ephesus, Ionia (Greek retreat from Sardis)", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 27.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels", "Athens", "Eretria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Charopinus, Hermophantus, Eualcides (Eretrian, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.102", "note": "Persian forces west of the Halys overtook the Greeks returning from the burning of Sardis; Athenians and Eretrians then went home. Athens/Eretria listed as principals because Herodotus treats their contingents as distinct.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 0, "id": 42 }, { "name": "Salamis in Cyprus", "year": -497, "date": "497 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Ionian Revolt (Cypriot revolt)", "place": "plain before Salamis, Cyprus", "lat": 35.17, "lon": 33.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Salamis (Cyprus)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Soli", "Curium", "other Cypriot rebels" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artybius (killed)", "commanders_b": "Onesilus (killed), Aristocyprus of Soli (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.108–113", "note": "Persian victory after the Curian contingent and the Salaminian war-chariots deserted. Fought the same day as the Ionian naval victory off Cyprus.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 1, "id": 43 }, { "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (sea)", "year": -497, "date": "497 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Ionian Revolt (Cypriot revolt)", "place": "sea off Salamis, Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.108–112", "note": "Ionian fleet (Samians distinguished) defeated the Phoenician fleet; Persia's side here was the Phoenician navy. The land defeat the same day made the victory useless.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 2, "id": 44 }, { "name": "Labraunda", "year": -497, "date": "497 or 496 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Ionian Revolt (Carian campaign)", "place": "sanctuary of Zeus Stratios, Labraunda, Caria", "lat": 37.42, "lon": 27.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Carians", "Miletus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Daurises, Amorges, Sisimaces", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 5.119–120", "note": "Second Carian defeat after the Marsyas; the Milesians and their allies came to help and suffered heaviest losses. 'Carians' is a new (non-Greek) entity name; Miletus is the Greek principal.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 3, "id": 45 }, { "name": "Lade", "year": -494, "date": "494 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Ionian Revolt", "place": "sea off the island of Lade, opposite Miletus (now silted up)", "lat": 37.52, "lon": 27.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Dionysius of Phocaea", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 6.6–17", "note": "353 Ionian triremes (Chios 100, Miletus 80, Lesbos 70, Samos 60 etc.) v. c. 600 Phoenician, Cypriot, Cilician and Egyptian ships; most Samians and the Lesbians deserted. Former sea now alluvial plain.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 4, "id": 46 }, { "name": "Sepeia", "year": -494, "date": "c. 494 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan–Argive wars", "place": "Sepeia, near Tiryns, Argolid", "lat": 37.6, "lon": 22.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Argos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomenes I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 6.76–80, 7.148; Paus. 2.20.8–10; Plut. Mor. 245c–f", "note": "Conventional date 494 (some argue c. 520). Survivors who fled into the grove of Argos were burnt; the battle field itself was a Spartan surprise attack at the midday meal.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 5, "id": 47 }, { "name": "Malene", "year": -493, "date": "493 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Ionian Revolt", "place": "Malene, territory of Atarneus, Aeolis", "lat": 39.05, "lon": 26.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus", "commanders_b": "Histiaeus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 6.28–29", "note": "Histiaeus' army of Ionians and Aeolians, landed from Lesbos to forage, was routed by a Persian cavalry charge. Some date to late 494.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 6, "id": 48 }, { "name": "Helorus", "year": -492, "date": "c. 492 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Hippocrates of Gela", "place": "river Helorus (Tellaro), SE Sicily", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 15.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Gela" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hippocrates", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 7.154; Pind. Nem. 9.40", "note": "Syracusans routed; Corinth and Corcyra mediated a peace in which Syracuse ceded Camarina.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 7, "id": 49 }, { "name": "Marathon", "year": -490, "date": "490 BCE (August or September)", "type": "land", "war": "Persian Wars", "place": "plain of Marathon, Attica", "lat": 38.12, "lon": 23.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Plataea" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Miltiades, Callimachus", "commanders_b": "Datis, Artaphernes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Hdt. 6.102–117; Nep. Milt. 4–6; Paus. 1.15.3, 1.32.3–7", "note": "", "_batch": "02", "_k": 8, "id": 50 }, { "name": "Aegina (sea)", "year": -488, "date": "c. 488 BCE (date disputed: c. 491–487)", "type": "sea", "war": "Athenian–Aeginetan war", "place": "sea off Aegina, Saronic Gulf", "lat": 37.76, "lon": 23.38, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Aegina" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 6.89–92", "note": "Athenian fleet of 70 (incl. 20 ships hired from Corinth), arriving after the failed Nicodromus coup, beat 70 Aeginetan ships. Herodotus places it after Cleomenes' death; many date c. 488–487.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 9, "id": 51 }, { "name": "Aegina", "year": -488, "date": "c. 488 BCE (date disputed)", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian–Aeginetan war", "place": "island of Aegina", "lat": 37.74, "lon": 23.46, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Aegina" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Argive volunteers" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sophanes of Decelea", "commanders_b": "Eurybates of Argos (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 6.92, 9.75", "note": "After the sea victory the Athenians landed on Aegina; most of the 1,000 Argive volunteers were killed. Inclusion as a separate battle is a judgement call.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 10, "id": 52 }, { "name": "Aegina", "year": -487, "date": "c. 488/487 BCE (date disputed)", "type": "sea", "war": "Athenian–Aeginetan war", "place": "sea off Aegina, Saronic Gulf", "lat": 37.76, "lon": 23.38, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aegina" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 6.93", "note": "Aeginetans attacked the Athenian fleet while it was in disorder and took four ships with their crews.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 11, "id": 53 }, { "name": "Artemisium", "year": -480, "date": "480 BCE (August)", "type": "sea", "war": "Persian Wars", "place": "strait off Cape Artemisium, northern Euboea", "lat": 39.03, "lon": 23.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Aegina", "Megara", "Chalcis", "Sicyon", "Epidaurus", "Eretria", "Troezen", "other Greek allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eurybiades, Themistocles", "commanders_b": "Achaemenes, Ariabignes, Prexaspes, Megabazus", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 8.1–23; Diod. 11.12–13; Plut. Them. 7–9", "note": "Three days of fighting simultaneous with Thermopylae; indecisive, the Greeks withdrew after news of Thermopylae. Sparta led (Eurybiades) though Athens supplied most ships.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 12, "id": 54 }, { "name": "Thermopylae", "year": -480, "date": "480 BCE (August)", "type": "land", "war": "Persian Wars", "place": "pass of Thermopylae, Malis", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thespiae", "Thebes", "Phocis", "Locris", "Tegea", "Mantinea", "Corinth", "Phlius", "Mycenae", "other Peloponnesians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xerxes I, Hydarnes", "commanders_b": "Leonidas I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Hdt. 7.201–233; Diod. 11.5–10", "note": "Includes the Phocian rout on the Anopaea path. The 700 Thespians died with the Spartans; the Theban 400 surrendered.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 13, "id": 55 }, { "name": "Salamis", "year": -480, "date": "480 BCE (September)", "type": "sea", "war": "Persian Wars", "place": "straits between Salamis and Attica", "lat": 37.95, "lon": 23.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Sparta", "Aegina" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Megara", "Chalcis", "Sicyon", "Epidaurus", "Eretria", "Troezen", "Naxos", "Leucas", "Ambracia", "other Greek allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Themistocles, Eurybiades", "commanders_b": "Xerxes I, Ariabignes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Hdt. 8.40–96; Aesch. Pers. 353–432; Diod. 11.15–19; Plut. Them. 11–15", "note": "Includes Aristides' hoplite landing on Psyttaleia. Sparta held the command, Athens provided c. 180 of c. 370 ships, Aegina won the prize for valour. Ionian and other Greek subjects fought on the Persian side.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 14, "id": 56 }, { "name": "Himera", "year": -480, "date": "480 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Greek–Punic)", "place": "outside Himera, northern Sicily", "lat": 37.97, "lon": 13.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Akragas" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gelon, Theron", "commanders_b": "Hamilcar (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 7.165–167; Diod. 11.20–22; Pind. Pyth. 1.75–80", "note": "Tradition put it on the same day as Salamis (Hdt.) or Thermopylae (Diod.). Carthaginian camp and beached fleet burned.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 15, "id": 57 }, { "name": "Plataea", "year": -479, "date": "479 BCE (August)", "type": "land", "war": "Persian Wars", "place": "near Plataea, southern Boeotia", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 23.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Athens", "Tegea" ], "side_b": [ "Persia", "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Megara", "Sicyon", "Plataea", "Aegina", "Phlius", "Epidaurus", "Troezen", "Eretria", "Chalcis", "other Greek allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Thessaly", "Macedon", "Locris", "Phocis", "Malians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pausanias, Aristides", "commanders_b": "Mardonius (killed), Artabazus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Hdt. 9.19–85; Diod. 11.29–33; Plut. Arist. 11–21", "note": "Includes the preliminary cavalry fight near Erythrae (death of Masistius) and the storming of the Persian camp. Spartans and Tegeans beat the Persians, Athenians beat the Boeotians.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 16, "id": 58 }, { "name": "Mycale", "year": -479, "date": "479 BCE (August)", "type": "land", "war": "Persian Wars", "place": "shore beneath Mt Mycale, Ionia", "lat": 37.65, "lon": 27.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Sicyon", "Troezen", "Samos", "Miletus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leotychidas II, Xanthippus", "commanders_b": "Tigranes (killed), Artayntes, Ithamitres", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Hdt. 9.90–106; Diod. 11.34–36", "note": "Greek fleet landed and stormed the Persian camp and beached fleet; Samians and Milesians changed sides during the battle.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 17, "id": 59 }, { "name": "Eion", "year": -476, "date": "477–475 BCE (usually 476)", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "place": "before Eion at the mouth of the Strymon, Thrace", "lat": 40.79, "lon": 23.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "Boges", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Cim. 7.1–2; Hdt. 7.107; Thuc. 1.98.1; Diod. 11.60.2", "note": "Mainly a siege; included only because Plutarch says Cimon first defeated the Persians in battle and shut them in the town. Uncertain whether standard lists count it as a battle.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 18, "id": 60 }, { "name": "Cumae", "year": -474, "date": "474 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Greek–Etruscan wars", "place": "Bay of Cumae, Campania", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 14.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Cumae" ], "side_b": [ "Etruscans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hieron I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 11.51; Pind. Pyth. 1.71–75; Syll.³ 35 (Hieron's helmets at Olympia)", "note": "", "_batch": "02", "_k": 19, "id": 61 }, { "name": "Kailia", "year": -473, "date": "473 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Iapygian–Tarentine wars", "place": "Iapygia (Messapia), exact site unknown", "lat": 40.65, "lon": 17.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Messapians" ], "side_b": [ "Taras", "Rhegium" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 7.170.3; Diod. 11.52; Arist. Pol. 5.1303a", "note": "Sources say 'Iapygians' (Messapians used as canonical name). Hdt. calls it the greatest slaughter of Greeks he knew (3,000 Rhegines, Tarentines uncounted). 'Kailia' (Ceglie Messapica) is a modern label used by Wikipedia, not an ancient attestation.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 20, "id": 62 }, { "name": "Tegea", "year": -473, "date": "c. 473–470 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan wars in Arcadia", "place": "Tegea, Arcadia", "lat": 37.46, "lon": 22.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Tegea", "Argos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 9.35; Paus. 3.11.7", "note": "Second of the seer Tisamenus' five victories; date only roughly fixed between Plataea and Dipaea.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 21, "id": 63 }, { "name": "Akragas", "year": -472, "date": "472 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of the Deinomenids", "place": "territory of Akragas, Sicily", "lat": 37.3, "lon": 13.58, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Akragas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Himera" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hieron I", "commanders_b": "Thrasydaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.53", "note": "Hieron marched on Akragas; Thrasydaeus' 20,000 mercenaries, Akragantines and Himeraeans lost over 4,000 (Syracusans c. 2,000). Exact site not given.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 22, "id": 64 }, { "name": "Dipaea", "year": -470, "date": "c. 471–465 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan wars in Arcadia", "place": "Dipaea, Maenalia, Arcadia", "lat": 37.56, "lon": 22.27, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Arcadians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 9.35; Isoc. 6.99; Paus. 3.11.7, 8.8.6", "note": "Sparta against all the Arcadians except the Mantineans. 'Arcadians' used as a new name since no Arcadian League existed yet (merge with Arcadian League if preferred).", "_batch": "02", "_k": 23, "id": 65 }, { "name": "Mycenae", "year": -468, "date": "468 BCE (some date c. 465–460)", "type": "land", "war": "Argive wars in the Argolid", "place": "before Mycenae, Argolid", "lat": 37.73, "lon": 22.76, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Mycenae" ], "allies_a": [ "Cleonae", "Tegea" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.65; Strabo 8.6.10, 8.6.19; Paus. 2.16.5, 7.25.5–6", "note": "Diodorus says the Argives defeated the Mycenaeans in battle before besieging and destroying the city; the siege itself is excluded. 'Mycenae' is a new entity name.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 24, "id": 66 }, { "name": "Eurymedon", "year": -466, "date": "c. 466 BCE (some date 469)", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "place": "banks of the river Eurymedon near Aspendus, Pamphylia", "lat": 36.88, "lon": 31.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "Ariomandes; Pherendates (Diod.)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 1.100.1; Plut. Cim. 12–13; Diod. 11.61", "note": "Land victory won the same day as the sea battle. Diodorus' version (a night attack with men in Persian dress) is generally rejected.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 25, "id": 67 }, { "name": "Eurymedon (sea)", "year": -466, "date": "c. 466 BCE (some date 469)", "type": "sea", "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "place": "off the mouth of the Eurymedon, Pamphylia", "lat": 36.82, "lon": 31.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "Ariomandes; Tithraustes (Diod.)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 1.100.1; Plut. Cim. 12–13; Diod. 11.60", "note": "Diodorus places the naval battle off Cyprus. Plutarch adds a third action in which Cimon destroyed 80 Phoenician reinforcements at Hydrus (Cyprus); not counted separately.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 26, "id": 68 }, { "name": "Syracuse (sea)", "year": -466, "date": "466/465 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Fall of the Deinomenids", "place": "harbour of Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Gela", "Akragas", "Selinus", "Himera", "Sicels" ], "allies_b": [ "mercenaries", "Catana (Aetna) settlers" ], "faction_a": "Syracusan rebels (democrats)", "faction_b": "Thrasybulus (tyrant)", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Thrasybulus", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.67–68; Arist. Pol. 5.1312b", "note": "Thrasybulus lost many triremes and fell back to Ortygia.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 27, "id": 69 }, { "name": "Syracuse", "year": -466, "date": "466/465 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fall of the Deinomenids", "place": "suburbs of Syracuse", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Gela", "Akragas", "Selinus", "Himera", "Sicels" ], "allies_b": [ "mercenaries", "Catana (Aetna) settlers" ], "faction_a": "Syracusan rebels (democrats)", "faction_b": "Thrasybulus (tyrant)", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Thrasybulus", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.68", "note": "Thrasybulus led his army out of Achradina, was defeated, then negotiated his departure to Locri; end of the Deinomenid tyranny.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 28, "id": 70 }, { "name": "Thasos", "year": -465, "date": "465 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Thasian revolt", "place": "sea off Thasos", "lat": 40.8, "lon": 24.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thasos" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.100.2; Plut. Cim. 14.2", "note": "Plutarch: 33 Thasian ships captured. The ensuing siege (465–463) is excluded.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 29, "id": 71 }, { "name": "Drabescus", "year": -465, "date": "465/464 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian wars in Thrace", "place": "Drabescus, Edonia (near modern Drama)", "lat": 41.14, "lon": 24.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thracians" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Delian League colonists" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Leagrus, Sophanes (both killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.100.3, 4.102.2; Hdt. 9.75; Paus. 1.29.4–5; Diod. 11.70.5", "note": "The 10,000 colonists of Ennea Hodoi were destroyed by the Edonians and other Thracians. Herodotus places Sophanes' death at Datum, fighting the Edonians over the gold mines.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 30, "id": 72 }, { "name": "Ithome", "year": -464, "date": "c. 464–460 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Messenian War (helot revolt)", "place": "Messenia (manuscripts: 'at the Isthmus'; usually emended to Ithome)", "lat": 37.18, "lon": 21.92, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Messenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 9.35", "note": "Fourth of Tisamenus' five victories, 'against the Messenians'; site and date uncertain. The long siege of Ithome is excluded.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 31, "id": 73 }, { "name": "Stenyclerus", "year": -464, "date": "c. 464 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Messenian War (helot revolt)", "place": "plain of Stenyclerus, northern Messenia", "lat": 37.22, "lon": 21.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Messenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Arimnestus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 9.64", "note": "Arimnestus (who killed Mardonius at Plataea) and 300 Spartans were killed fighting 'all the Messenians'. Known only from this passage; generally accepted as historical.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 32, "id": 74 }, { "name": "Syracuse (sea)", "year": -461, "date": "461 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Syracusan civil war", "place": "waters off Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Syracusan citizens", "faction_b": "Gelon's former mercenaries ('new citizens') holding Achradina and Ortygia", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.76.1–2", "note": "Site not specified beyond Syracuse.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 33, "id": 75 }, { "name": "Syracuse", "year": -461, "date": "461 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Syracusan civil war", "place": "Syracuse", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Syracusan citizens", "faction_b": "Gelon's former mercenaries ('new citizens')", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.76.2", "note": "Pitched battle won by the citizens; 600 picked men rewarded. Earlier street fighting (Diod. 11.73) not counted.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 34, "id": 76 }, { "name": "Oenoe", "year": -460, "date": "c. 460 BCE (date and historicity disputed)", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "Oenoe, on the road from Argos to Mantinea, Argolid", "lat": 37.63, "lon": 22.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 1.15.1, 10.10.4", "note": "Known only from Pausanias (painting in the Stoa Poikile; Argive group at Delphi). Thucydides is silent; some scholars think the monuments really commemorated Tanagra, or doubt the battle altogether.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 35, "id": 77 }, { "name": "Nile", "year": -460, "date": "c. 460/459 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Revolt of Inaros (Athenian expedition to Egypt)", "place": "Nile, Egypt (exact site unknown)", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 31.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Charitimides", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Ctesias FGrH 688 F14.36", "note": "Only Ctesias: an Athenian fleet (40 ships) defeated 50 Persian ships, taking 20 and sinking 30. Thucydides 1.104 only says the Athenians sailed up the Nile and took most of Memphis.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 36, "id": 78 }, { "name": "Papremis", "year": -460, "date": "c. 460/459 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Inaros (Athenian expedition to Egypt)", "place": "Papremis, western Nile Delta (site unidentified)", "lat": 30.95, "lon": 30.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Egypt", "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Inaros", "commanders_b": "Achaemenes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Hdt. 3.12.4, 7.7; Diod. 11.74; Ctesias FGrH 688 F14.36; Thuc. 1.104", "note": "Diodorus places the Persian defeat near Memphis and the White Fortress; Athenian presence is from Diodorus and Ctesias.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 37, "id": 79 }, { "name": "Hyria", "year": -460, "date": "c. 470–460 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Iapygian–Tarentine wars", "place": "Iapygia (site not named in sources)", "lat": 40.5, "lon": 17.64, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Taras" ], "side_b": [ "Messapians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Opis, king of the Iapygians (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 10.13.10", "note": "Attested only by the Tarentine victory dedication at Delphi (Onatas and Calynthus) from spoils of the Peucetii, whom Opis had come to help. 'Hyria' (Oria) and the date c. 460 come from modern accounts (Wikipedia), not ancient sources.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 38, "id": 80 }, { "name": "Halieis", "year": -459, "date": "460/459 or 459/458 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "Halieis, southern Argolid", "lat": 37.33, "lon": 23.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corinth", "Epidaurus" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.105.1; Diod. 11.78.2; IG I³ 1147", "note": "Thucydides: Corinthians and Epidaurians won; Diodorus claims an Athenian victory. 'Epidaurus' is a new entity name.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 39, "id": 81 }, { "name": "Cecryphaleia", "year": -459, "date": "460/459 or 459/458 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "off Cecryphaleia (prob. Angistri), Saronic Gulf", "lat": 37.69, "lon": 23.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Epidaurus", "other Peloponnesians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.105.1; Diod. 11.78.2", "note": "Thucydides says only 'a Peloponnesian fleet'; Corinth assumed as leader.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 40, "id": 82 }, { "name": "Aegina", "year": -458, "date": "459/458 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "sea off Aegina", "lat": 37.76, "lon": 23.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Aegina" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leocrates", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.105.2; Diod. 11.78.3–4; IG I³ 1147", "note": "Athenians captured 70 ships, then besieged Aegina (siege excluded; it surrendered 457/6).", "_batch": "02", "_k": 41, "id": 83 }, { "name": "Megara", "year": -458, "date": "459/458 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "Megarid", "lat": 38.0, "lon": 23.34, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [ "Megara" ], "allies_b": [ "Corinthian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Myronides", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.105.3–6; Diod. 11.79.3; Lys. 2.49–53", "note": "Fought by Athens' oldest and youngest reservists; close, both sides thought themselves not worsted, but Thucydides says the Athenians had the better and set up a trophy after the Corinthians withdrew.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 42, "id": 84 }, { "name": "Cimolia", "year": -458, "date": "459/458 BCE (twelve days after the first battle)", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "Cimolia, Megarid", "lat": 38.0, "lon": 23.32, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [ "Megara" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Myronides", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.106; Diod. 11.79.4", "note": "The Corinthians returned to set up a rival trophy and were routed; a body of them trapped in an enclosure was stoned to death. Name 'Cimolia' from Diodorus.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 43, "id": 85 }, { "name": "Tanagra", "year": -457, "date": "457 BCE (some 458)", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "near Tanagra, Boeotia", "lat": 38.33, "lon": 23.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens", "Argos" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Cleonae", "other Athenian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicomedes", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 1.107–108.1; Hdt. 9.35; Diod. 11.80; Plut. Cim. 17, Per. 10; Paus. 1.29.6–9; ML 36", "note": "Thessalian cavalry deserted the Athenians during the battle. Heavy losses on both sides; Diodorus calls it indecisive, but Thucydides and the Spartan dedication at Olympia give Sparta the victory.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 44, "id": 86 }, { "name": "Oenophyta", "year": -457, "date": "457 BCE (62 days after Tanagra)", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "Oenophyta, Boeotia", "lat": 38.31, "lon": 23.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Myronides", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 1.108.2–3, 4.95.3; Diod. 11.81–83", "note": "Athens then controlled Boeotia (except Thebes, per Diodorus), Phocis and Opuntian Locris.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 45, "id": 87 }, { "name": "Memphis", "year": -456, "date": "c. 456 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Inaros (Athenian expedition to Egypt)", "place": "near Memphis, Egypt", "lat": 29.85, "lon": 31.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Megabyzus, Artabazus", "commanders_b": "Inaros", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.109.4; Diod. 11.77.1–2; Ctesias FGrH 688 F14.37", "note": "Megabyzus' relief army defeated the Egyptians and their allies, raised the siege of the White Fortress and drove the Greeks onto Prosopitis (the 18-month siege of Prosopitis is excluded).", "_batch": "02", "_k": 46, "id": 88 }, { "name": "Sicyon", "year": -455, "date": "456 or 455 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "territory of Sicyon", "lat": 37.99, "lon": 22.72, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sicyon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tolmides", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.108.5", "note": "Battle during Tolmides' raid around the Peloponnese (after the burning of Gytheum and capture of Chalcis).", "_batch": "02", "_k": 47, "id": 89 }, { "name": "Mazarus", "year": -454, "date": "454/453 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Selinus–Segesta wars", "place": "land along the river Mazarus, western Sicily", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 12.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Selinus" ], "side_b": [ "Elymians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.86.2", "note": "Diodorus says Egesta fought 'the Lilybaeans' (Lilybaeum did not yet exist; usually emended to Selinuntines, though Motyans/Carthaginians are possible). Heavy losses on both sides, no victor named. Inclusion uncertain.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 48, "id": 90 }, { "name": "Mendesian mouth", "year": -454, "date": "454 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Revolt of Inaros (Athenian expedition to Egypt)", "place": "Mendesian mouth of the Nile (Lake Manzala area)", "lat": 31.35, "lon": 32.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Delian League allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.110.4", "note": "A relief squadron of 50 Athenian and allied triremes, unaware Prosopitis had fallen, was attacked from land and by the Phoenician fleet; most ships were destroyed. The land arm took part.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 49, "id": 91 }, { "name": "Sicyon", "year": -454, "date": "454 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "by the river Nemea, territory of Sicyon", "lat": 37.98, "lon": 22.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sicyon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pericles", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.111.2; Diod. 11.88.1–2; Plut. Per. 19.2", "note": "Plutarch places the rout of the Sicyonians 'by the Nemea'. Pericles then failed to take Sicyon or Oeniadae.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 50, "id": 92 }, { "name": "Oeniadae", "year": -453, "date": "c. 455–450 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Messenians of Naupactus v. Acarnanians", "place": "before Oeniadae, Acarnania", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 21.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Messenia" ], "side_b": [ "Acarnania" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 4.25.1–10", "note": "Known only from Pausanias: the Messenians of Naupactus took Oeniadae, then fought the Acarnanians in the open; the fight was evenly balanced until night, after which they were besieged and broke out. Date and historicity doubtful.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 51, "id": 93 }, { "name": "Motyum", "year": -451, "date": "451 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Ducetius", "place": "Motyum (prob. Vassallaggi, near San Cataldo), central Sicily", "lat": 37.43, "lon": 14.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Sicels" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse", "Akragas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ducetius", "commanders_b": "Bolcon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.91.1–2", "note": "Relief battle during Ducetius' siege of the Akragantine fort; the Syracusan general Bolcon was later executed for alleged collusion.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 52, "id": 94 }, { "name": "Nomae", "year": -450, "date": "450 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Ducetius", "place": "Nomae, interior of Sicily (site unidentified)", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 14.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Sicels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Ducetius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 11.91.3–4", "note": "Ducetius' army routed; meanwhile Akragas retook Motyum. Ducetius later surrendered at Syracuse.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 53, "id": 95 }, { "name": "Salamis in Cyprus", "year": -450, "date": "c. 450 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "place": "near Salamis, Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Anaxicrates (killed, per Diod.)", "commanders_b": "Megabyzus (per Diod.)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.112.4; Diod. 12.3–4; Plut. Cim. 19", "note": "After Cimon's death at Kition (siege excluded) the fleet won on land and at sea off Salamis against Phoenicians, Cypriots and Cilicians. Diodorus instead puts the land battle in Cilicia against Megabyzus.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 54, "id": 96 }, { "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (sea)", "year": -450, "date": "c. 450 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "place": "sea off Salamis, Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.112.4; Diod. 12.3", "note": "Persian side: Phoenician, Cypriot and Cilician ships. Diodorus: 100 ships captured.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 55, "id": 97 }, { "name": "Coronea", "year": -447, "date": "447 BCE (some 446)", "type": "land", "war": "First Peloponnesian War", "place": "near Coronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 22.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Locris", "Euboean exiles" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Tolmides (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.113, 3.62.5, 4.92.6; Diod. 12.6; Plut. Per. 18", "note": "Victors were Boeotian oligarchic exiles (from Orchomenus etc.), counted under 'Thebes' as the Boeotians. Athens gave up Boeotia.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 56, "id": 98 }, { "name": "Himera River", "year": -446, "date": "446/445 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Syracuse–Akragas war", "place": "river Himera (southern Himera, mod. Salso?), Sicily", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 13.98, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Akragas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 12.8", "note": "War over Syracuse's release of Ducetius; over 1,000 Akragantines killed. Which Himera river (Salso or Grande) is uncertain.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 57, "id": 99 }, { "name": "Tragia", "year": -440, "date": "440 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Samian War", "place": "off the island of Tragia (prob. Agathonisi), south of Samos", "lat": 37.48, "lon": 26.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Samos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pericles and nine fellow generals", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.116.1; Plut. Per. 25.3", "note": "44 Athenian ships beat 70 Samian (20 of them transports) returning from Miletus.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 58, "id": 100 }, { "name": "Samos (sortie)", "year": -440, "date": "440 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Samian War", "place": "off Samos town and the Athenian naval camp", "lat": 37.67, "lon": 26.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Samos" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Melissus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.117.1; Plut. Per. 26.2–3", "note": "While Pericles was away towards Caria, the blockaded Samians sallied, destroyed the guard ships and beat the ships that put out against them, holding the sea for 14 days. Aristotle (in Plut.) says Pericles himself had earlier lost to Melissus.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 59, "id": 101 }, { "name": "Samos", "year": -440, "date": "440/439 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Samian War", "place": "off Samos", "lat": 37.67, "lon": 26.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Samos" ], "allies_a": [ "Chios", "Mytilene" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pericles", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.117.3", "note": "After Athenian, Chian and Lesbian reinforcements arrived, 'the Samians fought a brief sea battle' but could not hold out and were besieged into surrender in the ninth month. Minor; inclusion is a judgement call. 'Mytilene' stands for the Lesbian contingent.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 60, "id": 102 }, { "name": "Leucimne", "year": -435, "date": "435 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Corinthian–Corcyraean war (Epidamnus affair)", "place": "sea between Actium and Corcyra (trophy set up on Cape Leucimne, Corfu)", "lat": 39.3, "lon": 20.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corcyra" ], "side_b": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Aristeus, Callicrates, Timanor", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.29.4–5", "note": "80 Corcyraean ships destroyed 15 of 75 Corinthian ships. Thucydides says the Corinthians had reached Actium; the battle site is not stated (perhaps off Actium or further north), the trophy was on Leucimne. Epidamnus surrendered the same day (siege excluded).", "_batch": "02", "_k": 61, "id": 103 }, { "name": "Sybota", "year": -433, "date": "433 BCE (late summer)", "type": "sea", "war": "Corinthian–Corcyraean war (prelude to the Peloponnesian War)", "place": "off the Sybota islands and Cape Cheimerion, Thesprotia", "lat": 39.38, "lon": 20.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Corcyra", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Elis", "Megara", "Leucas", "Ambracia", "Anactorium" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenocleides", "commanders_b": "Meikiades, Aisimides, Eurybatus (Corcyra); Lacedaemonius, Diotimus, Proteas (Athens)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 1.46–55", "note": "Corinth (150 ships) routed the Corcyraeans (110) and the 10 Athenian ships, sinking c. 70, but withdrew when 20 more Athenian ships arrived; both sides set up trophies. Wikipedia calls it indecisive; scored here as a Corinthian battlefield victory.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 62, "id": 104 }, { "name": "Potidaea", "year": -432, "date": "432 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Potidaea (prelude to the Peloponnesian War)", "place": "isthmus north of Potidaea, Pallene, Chalcidice", "lat": 40.2, "lon": 23.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Potidaea", "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Olynthus" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Callias (killed)", "commanders_b": "Aristeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 1.62–63; Plato, Symp. 219e–220e", "note": "Corinthian volunteers under Aristeus with the Potidaeans were defeated outside the town; the Macedonian rebels Philip and Pausanias fought with the Athenians, and the Chalcidians at Olynthus tried to help Potidaea. The siege that followed is excluded. 'Potidaea' is a new entity name.", "_batch": "02", "_k": 63, "id": 105 }, { "name": "Plataea", "year": -431, "date": "March 431 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "inside the city of Plataea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.22, "lon": 23.27, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Plataea" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Pythangelus, Diemporus (boeotarchs)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 2.2–6; Hdt. 7.233", "note": "Theban night surprise attack, let in by Plataean oligarchs; the Plataeans rallied and defeated the c. 300 Thebans in street fighting, capturing 180 (later executed). Opening action of the war.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 0, "id": 106 }, { "name": "Lycia", "year": -430, "date": "winter 430/429 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "inland Lycia (site unknown)", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 29.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Lycians" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Melesander (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 2.69", "note": "Melesander, sent with 6 ships to collect money and protect shipping, marched inland into Lycia and was defeated and killed with part of his force. Minor.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 1, "id": 107 }, { "name": "Spartolus", "year": -429, "date": "early summer 429 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "before Spartolus, Bottice (western Chalcidice)", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 23.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Olynthus" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Bottiaeans (Spartolus)", "peltasts from Crusis" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Xenophon son of Euripides, Hestiodorus, Phanomachus (all killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 2.79", "note": "Athenian hoplites beat the Chalcidian hoplites, but Chalcidian cavalry and light troops then routed the Athenians, killing 430 and all three generals. Site of Spartolus not precisely located.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 2, "id": 108 }, { "name": "Stratus", "year": -429, "date": "summer 429 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "before Stratus, Acarnania", "lat": 38.68, "lon": 21.32, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Acarnania" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Ambracia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Chaonians", "Thesprotians", "Molossians", "Atintanians", "Paravaei", "Orestians", "Leucas", "Anactorium" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Stratians (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Cnemus (Spartan navarch)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 2.80–82", "note": "The Stratians ambushed and routed the advancing Chaonian and other Epirote 'barbarian' column before the city; Cnemus' army withdrew next day. Epirote tribes formed a large part of the defeated force.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 3, "id": 109 }, { "name": "Rhium", "year": -429, "date": "summer 429 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "Gulf of Patras, off Patrae / Chalcis, near the mouth of the Corinthian Gulf", "lat": 38.3, "lon": 21.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "other Peloponnesian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phormio", "commanders_b": "Machaon, Isocrates, Agatharchidas (Corinthians)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 2.83–84", "note": "Phormio's first battle (also called Patrae or Chalcis): 20 Athenian triremes against 47 Peloponnesian ships formed in a defensive circle; 12 captured.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 4, "id": 110 }, { "name": "Naupactus", "year": -429, "date": "summer 429 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "off the coast between Rhium and Naupactus, Corinthian Gulf", "lat": 38.38, "lon": 21.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [ "Messenians of Naupactus" ], "allies_b": [ "other Peloponnesian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phormio", "commanders_b": "Cnemus, Brasidas, Timocrates (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 2.86–92", "note": "Phormio's second battle: 20 Athenian vs 77 Peloponnesian ships. The Peloponnesians first drove nine Athenian ships ashore, but the last Athenian ship rammed a pursuer and the Athenians routed the enemy and recovered their ships. Both sides set up trophies; usually counted an Athenian victory.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 5, "id": 111 }, { "name": "Mytilene (sortie)", "year": -428, "date": "summer 428 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Mytilenean revolt)", "place": "Athenian camp before Mytilene, Lesbos", "lat": 39.12, "lon": 26.54, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Mytilene" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "other Lesbian rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Cleippides", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.5", "note": "The Mytileneans attacked the Athenian camp in full force and had slightly the better of it, but did not hold the field and withdrew into the city.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 6, "id": 112 }, { "name": "Sandius", "year": -428, "date": "winter 428/427 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "the Sandian hill, Meander plain, inland from Myus (Caria/Ionia)", "lat": 37.65, "lon": 27.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Carians" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Anaeitans (Samian exiles at Anaea)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Lysicles (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.19", "note": "Money-collecting expedition of 12 ships; Lysicles and many of his men killed. Site of the Sandian hill unidentified.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 7, "id": 113 }, { "name": "Corcyra (stasis)", "year": -427, "date": "summer 427 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corcyraean civil war", "place": "city of Corcyra (agora, harbours and Hyllaic harbour)", "lat": 39.62, "lon": 19.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corcyra" ], "side_b": [ "Corcyra" ], "allies_a": [ "slaves freed by the demos" ], "allies_b": [ "800 mercenaries from the mainland" ], "faction_a": "democrats", "faction_b": "oligarchs", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.70–74", "note": "Street battles over several days: the oligarchs first defeated the demos, which then won the decisive fight; the oligarchs fired the houses round the agora. Followed by the arrival of Nicostratus and later massacres.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 8, "id": 114 }, { "name": "Corcyra (sea)", "year": -427, "date": "summer 427 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "sea off Corcyra, south of the city", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 19.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Corcyra", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcidas, Brasidas", "commanders_b": "Nicostratus (Athenian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.76–78", "note": "53 Peloponnesian ships vs 60 Corcyraean and 12 Athenian; the disorganised Corcyraeans lost 13 ships; the Athenian squadron covered their retreat. The Peloponnesians did not exploit the victory.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 9, "id": 115 }, { "name": "Mylae", "year": -426, "date": "summer 426 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (first Athenian expedition to Sicily)", "place": "Mylae (Milazzo), north-east Sicily", "lat": 38.22, "lon": 15.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Messana" ], "allies_a": [ "Rhegium", "Sicilian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Laches", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.90", "note": "Two Messanian tribes garrisoning Mylae ambushed the Athenian landing and were routed; Mylae and then Messana submitted.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 10, "id": 116 }, { "name": "Tanagra", "year": -426, "date": "summer 426 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "territory of Tanagra, Boeotia", "lat": 38.32, "lon": 23.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hipponicus, Eurymedon, Nicias", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.91.3–5", "note": "The Athenians defeated the Tanagraeans and some Thebans who came out against them; a raid in force rather than a campaign of conquest.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 11, "id": 117 }, { "name": "Aegitium", "year": -426, "date": "summer 426 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Aetolian campaign)", "place": "hills around Aegitium, Aetolia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Messenians of Naupactus", "Cephallenians", "Zacynthians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Demosthenes, Procles (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 3.94–98", "note": "Aetolian tribes (Apodotians, Ophioneis, Eurytanes etc.; the formal Aetolian League is later) used javelin-men to destroy Demosthenes' hoplite army; 120 Athenian hoplites killed.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 12, "id": 118 }, { "name": "Olpae", "year": -426, "date": "winter 426/425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "Olpae, near Amphilochian Argos, Ambracian Gulf", "lat": 38.95, "lon": 21.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Acarnania", "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Ambracia" ], "allies_a": [ "Amphilochians", "Messenians of Naupactus" ], "allies_b": [ "Mantinea", "other Peloponnesians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demosthenes", "commanders_b": "Eurylochus (killed), Macarius (killed), Menedaïus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 3.105–109", "note": "Demosthenes' ambush in a sunken road rolled up Eurylochus' left; the Ambraciots on the right won locally but were cut off. The Athenian contingent was small (Demosthenes, archers), the Acarnanians/Amphilochians the main force.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 13, "id": 119 }, { "name": "Idomene", "year": -426, "date": "winter 426/425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "the twin hills of Idomene, Amphilochia", "lat": 39.02, "lon": 21.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Acarnania", "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Ambracia" ], "allies_a": [ "Amphilochians", "Messenians of Naupactus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demosthenes", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.110–113", "note": "Dawn surprise of the Ambraciot relief army, a few days after Olpae; Thucydides calls it the greatest disaster to befall a single Greek city in so few days. Exact site disputed.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 14, "id": 120 }, { "name": "Caicinus", "year": -426, "date": "winter 426/425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (first Athenian expedition to Sicily)", "place": "river Caicinus, territory of Epizephyrian Locri", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 16.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Locri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Laches", "commanders_b": "Proxenus son of Capaton", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 3.103.3", "note": "Laches landed and defeated c. 300 Locrians. Minor; identification of the Caicinus (border river of Locri and Rhegium, Paus. 6.6.4) uncertain.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 15, "id": 121 }, { "name": "Strait of Messina", "year": -425, "date": "summer 425 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (first Athenian expedition to Sicily)", "place": "Strait of Messina between Rhegium and Messana", "lat": 38.17, "lon": 15.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Rhegium" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Messana", "Locri" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.24–25.6", "note": "16 Athenian and 8 Rhegian ships beat 30+ Syracusan and allied ships (one lost). A follow-up action off Peloris cost the Athenians two ships.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 16, "id": 122 }, { "name": "Naxos", "year": -425, "date": "summer 425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Sicilian wars (Peloponnesian War period)", "place": "before Naxos, east coast of Sicily", "lat": 37.82, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Naxos (Sicily)" ], "side_b": [ "Messana" ], "allies_a": [ "Sicels" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.25.7–9", "note": "The Messanians attacked Naxos; the Naxians sallied out as Sicels came down from the hills and routed the Messanians, killing over 1,000.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 17, "id": 123 }, { "name": "Messana", "year": -425, "date": "summer 425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (first Athenian expedition to Sicily)", "place": "before Messana, Sicily", "lat": 38.19, "lon": 15.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Leontini" ], "side_b": [ "Messana", "Locri" ], "allies_a": [ "Sicilian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Demoteles (Locrian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.25.10–11", "note": "Sortie battle: the Messanians and Locrians routed most of the Leontine army, but the Athenians landed, drove them back into the city and set up a trophy. Mixed result.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 18, "id": 124 }, { "name": "Pylos", "year": -425, "date": "summer 425 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "harbour of Pylos (Navarino Bay), Messenia", "lat": 36.93, "lon": 21.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Messenians of Naupactus" ], "allies_b": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eurymedon, Sophocles; Demosthenes (ashore)", "commanders_b": "Thrasymelidas; Brasidas (wounded in the assault)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 4.3–14; Diod. 12.61–62", "note": "Preceded by two days of Spartan land-and-sea assaults on Demosthenes' fort, which failed. The Athenian fleet of c. 50 ships then defeated the Peloponnesian fleet inside the harbour, cutting off the Spartiates on Sphacteria.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 19, "id": 125 }, { "name": "Sphacteria", "year": -425, "date": "August 425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "island of Sphacteria (last stand at its northern hill), Pylos", "lat": 36.95, "lon": 21.66, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Messenians of Naupactus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demosthenes, Cleon", "commanders_b": "Epitadas (killed), Hippagretas, Styphon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Thuc. 4.26–41; Diod. 12.63; Plut. Nic. 7–8", "note": "Light troops wore down the 420 hoplites; 292 surrendered, about 120 of them Spartiates.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 20, "id": 126 }, { "name": "Solygeia", "year": -425, "date": "summer 425 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "Solygeian ridge near Chersonesus (Galataki), Corinthia", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 23.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [ "Miletus", "Andros", "Carystus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias, Nicostratus, Autocles", "commanders_b": "Battus, Lycophron (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.42–45", "note": "Hard-fought hoplite and cavalry battle; the Athenian cavalry decided it; 212 Corinthians and fewer than 50 Athenians killed.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 21, "id": 127 }, { "name": "Cythera", "year": -424, "date": "summer 424 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "before the upper city of Cythera (with landing at Scandea)", "lat": 36.23, "lon": 23.04, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Milesian and other allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias, Nicostratus, Autocles", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.53–54", "note": "The Cytherians (Lacedaemonian perioikoi with a Spartan governor) drew up against the landing, held briefly and fled to the upper town, which capitulated. Minor.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 22, "id": 128 }, { "name": "Megara", "year": -424, "date": "summer 424 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "plain between Megara and Nisaea", "lat": 37.98, "lon": 23.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Corinth", "Phlius", "Sicyon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hippocrates, Demosthenes", "commanders_b": "Brasidas", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.66–74; Diod. 12.66–67", "note": "After the Athenians took the Long Walls and Nisaea, Brasidas' relief army arrived; a cavalry battle between the Boeotian and Athenian horse was indecisive (both claimed it; the Athenians set up a trophy). The Athenians then declined a pitched battle and Megara stayed with the Peloponnesians; Wikipedia calls it a Spartan (strategic) victory.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 23, "id": 129 }, { "name": "Delium", "year": -424, "date": "November 424 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "near Delium, on the Boeotian–Oropian border", "lat": 38.32, "lon": 23.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pagondas", "commanders_b": "Hippocrates (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 4.89–101; Diod. 12.69–70; Plato Symp. 221a–b", "note": "Deep Theban phalanx and a cavalry flank attack broke the Athenians; c. 1,000 Athenian hoplites killed. The Boeotians then retook Delium by siege.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 24, "id": 130 }, { "name": "Sicyon", "year": -424, "date": "winter 424/423 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "coast of Sicyonia", "lat": 38.02, "lon": 22.74, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sicyon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Acarnanians", "Agraeans" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Demosthenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.101.3–4", "note": "The Sicyonians attacked Demosthenes' landing before all his ships were ashore and drove the troops back to the ships, killing and capturing some; they set up a trophy. Minor.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 25, "id": 131 }, { "name": "Lyncestis", "year": -423, "date": "summer 423 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Brasidas in the north)", "place": "plain of Lyncus (Florina–Bitola basin)", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 21.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Lyncestis" ], "allies_a": [ "Chalcidians", "Acanthians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brasidas, Perdiccas II", "commanders_b": "Arrhabaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.124", "note": "After a cavalry clash, the Lyncestian hoplites were routed and fled to the heights. Site within Lyncestis unknown; the plain is divided between Greece and North Macedonia.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 26, "id": 132 }, { "name": "Lyncestis (retreat)", "year": -423, "date": "summer 423 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Brasidas in the north)", "place": "pass leading from Lyncestis toward Arnisa", "lat": 40.78, "lon": 21.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Lyncestis", "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [ "Chalcidians", "Acanthians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brasidas", "commanders_b": "Arrhabaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.125–128", "note": "When the Illyrians changed sides, the Macedonians fled by night; Brasidas withdrew in hollow square, repelled every attack and stormed the hill commanding the pass, reaching Arnisa. Tactical success for Brasidas, but the invaders were forced out (Wikipedia: Lyncestian–Illyrian victory); scored here as a draw. Brasidas beat off every attack and reached Arnisa; the campaign failed because the Macedonians fled.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 27, "id": 133 }, { "name": "Mende", "year": -423, "date": "summer 423 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Brasidas in the north)", "place": "fortified hill outside Mende, Pallene", "lat": 39.98, "lon": 23.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Mende", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Scione (300)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polydamidas", "commanders_b": "Nicias (wounded), Nicostratus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.129–130", "note": "The Athenian attack on the 700 Mendaean, Scionaean and Peloponnesian hoplites on the hill was beaten off and the Athenians narrowly escaped defeat; days later stasis in Mende let the Athenians into the city.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 28, "id": 134 }, { "name": "Scione", "year": -423, "date": "summer 423 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Brasidas in the north)", "place": "strong hill before Scione, Pallene", "lat": 39.94, "lon": 23.54, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Scione", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias, Nicostratus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.131", "note": "The Athenians stormed the hill held by the Scionaeans and Peloponnesians, set up a trophy and began to wall off the city (siege until 421 excluded).", "_batch": "03", "_k": 29, "id": 135 }, { "name": "Laodocium", "year": -423, "date": "winter 423/422 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Tegea–Mantinea war", "place": "Laodocium (Ladoceia) in the Oresthis, near later Megalopolis, Arcadia", "lat": 37.43, "lon": 22.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Tegea" ], "side_b": [ "Mantinea" ], "allies_a": [ "Tegean allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Mantinean allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 4.134", "note": "Each side's wing routed the opposing wing; both set up trophies and sent spoils to Delphi. Site unlocated.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 30, "id": 136 }, { "name": "Amphipolis", "year": -422, "date": "late summer 422 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War)", "place": "outside the walls of Amphipolis, Thrace", "lat": 40.82, "lon": 23.85, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Amphipolis" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Chalcidians", "Myrcinian and Thracian peltasts" ], "allies_b": [ "Lemnians", "Imbrians", "Thracian mercenaries" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brasidas (killed), Clearidas", "commanders_b": "Cleon (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 5.6–11; Diod. 12.74", "note": "Brasidas' surprise sortie caught the Athenians withdrawing; c. 600 Athenians and 7 of Brasidas' men killed. Both commanders' deaths opened the way to the Peace of Nicias.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 31, "id": 137 }, { "name": "Cumae", "year": -421, "date": "421/420 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Campanian conquest of Cumae", "place": "territory of Cumae, Campania", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 14.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Campanians" ], "side_b": [ "Cumae" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 12.76.4; Livy 4.44.12", "note": "The Campanians defeated the Cumaeans in battle, destroying most of their army, then took the city by storm (siege excluded). Diodorus dates it 421/0, Livy 420.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 32, "id": 138 }, { "name": "Heraclea Trachinia", "year": -420, "date": "winter 420/419 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "wars of Heraclea Trachinia", "place": "near Heraclea Trachinia, Malis", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aenianes", "Malians" ], "side_b": [ "Heraclea Trachinia" ], "allies_a": [ "Dolopians", "some Thessalians" ], "allies_b": [ "Sparta (governor Xenares)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Xenares (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 5.51", "note": "The neighbouring peoples defeated the Spartan colony and killed its Lacedaemonian governor; Thebes took over Heraclea the next summer (Thuc. 5.52).", "_batch": "03", "_k": 33, "id": 139 }, { "name": "Mantinea", "year": -418, "date": "August 418 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Argive–Spartan war)", "place": "plain south of Mantinea, near the Pelagos wood, Arcadia", "lat": 37.58, "lon": 22.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Tegea" ], "side_b": [ "Argos", "Mantinea", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Heraea", "Maenalians", "Brasideioi and neodamodes" ], "allies_b": [ "Cleonae", "Orneae", "Arcadian subjects of Mantinea" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agis II", "commanders_b": "Laches and Nicostratus (Athenians, both killed); Argive generals", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 5.64–74; Diod. 12.79", "note": "Largest hoplite battle of the war. The Mantineans and Argive picked Thousand broke the Spartan left, but the Spartan centre and right routed the rest and decided the day.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 34, "id": 140 }, { "name": "Argos (stasis)", "year": -417, "date": "summer 417 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Argive civil war", "place": "city of Argos", "lat": 37.63, "lon": 22.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Argos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "democrats", "faction_b": "oligarchs (pro-Spartan, with the Thousand)", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 5.82.2; Diod. 12.80.2–3", "note": "The Argive demos rose against the oligarchy set up after Mantinea and won a battle in the city before Spartan help arrived; some oligarchs killed, others exiled.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 35, "id": 141 }, { "name": "Segesta", "year": -416, "date": "c. 416 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Selinus–Segesta war", "place": "disputed border land between Selinus and Segesta, western Sicily", "lat": 37.75, "lon": 12.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Selinus" ], "side_b": [ "Elymians" ], "allies_a": [ "Syracuse (support)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 12.82.3–7; Thuc. 6.6.2", "note": "The Selinuntines won 'a fierce battle', killing many Egestaeans, who then appealed to Athens (prelude to the Sicilian Expedition). Site and exact year uncertain.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 36, "id": 142 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Anapus)", "year": -415, "date": "autumn 415 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "between the Anapus and the Olympieum, south of Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Argos", "Mantinea", "other allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Selinus", "Gela", "Camarina" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias, Lamachus", "commanders_b": "Syracusan generals", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 6.64–71; Diod. 13.6; Plut. Nic. 16", "note": "First battle at Syracuse (also 'Olympieum'): the Athenians, landed by a ruse, routed the Syracusans in a thunderstorm; Syracusan cavalry prevented a pursuit.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 37, "id": 143 }, { "name": "Epipolae", "year": -414, "date": "spring 414 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Epipolae plateau above Syracuse (near Euryalus)", "lat": 37.09, "lon": 15.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias, Lamachus", "commanders_b": "Diomilus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 6.96–97", "note": "The Athenians seized Epipolae by surprise and routed the Syracusan counter-attack, killing Diomilus and c. 300 Syracusans.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 38, "id": 144 }, { "name": "Syracuse (first counter-wall)", "year": -414, "date": "summer 414 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Syracusan counter-wall below the Athenian 'Circle', near the Temenites", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias, Lamachus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 6.99–100", "note": "300 picked Athenians and light troops stormed the stockade and routed its guard, though some pursuers were killed at the Temenites outwork; the counter-wall was destroyed. Small, field-works action.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 39, "id": 145 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Lysimeleia marsh)", "year": -414, "date": "summer 414 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "marsh (Lysimeleia) below Epipolae, by the Great Harbour", "lat": 37.06, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Argos" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lamachus (killed), Nicias", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 6.101–102; Plut. Nic. 18; Diod. 13.8", "note": "The Athenians took the second counter-stockade across the marsh and routed the Syracusans, but Lamachus was killed in a counter-attack; a simultaneous Syracusan assault on the Circle was beaten off by Nicias.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 40, "id": 146 }, { "name": "Epipolae (first battle with Gylippus)", "year": -414, "date": "late summer 414 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "between the walls on Epipolae", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.26, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Corinth", "Himera", "Gela", "Selinus", "Sicels" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias", "commanders_b": "Gylippus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.5", "note": "Fought in a cramped space where the Syracusan cavalry could not act; Gylippus took the blame. Sparta listed for Gylippus' command.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 41, "id": 147 }, { "name": "Epipolae (second battle with Gylippus)", "year": -414, "date": "late summer 414 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "open ground between the walls on Epipolae", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.26, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Himera", "Gela", "Selinus", "Sicels" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gylippus", "commanders_b": "Nicias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.6", "note": "Syracusan cavalry routed the Athenian left; the Syracusan counter-wall was then carried past the Athenian wall, ending the encirclement.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 42, "id": 148 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Great Harbour, Plemmyrium)", "year": -413, "date": "spring 413 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Great Harbour of Syracuse and mouth of the harbour", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sparta (Gylippus)", "Corinth" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicias", "commanders_b": "Gylippus, Hermocrates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.21–24; Diod. 13.9", "note": "First naval battle in the harbour: the Athenians sank 11 Syracusan ships for 3 lost, but meanwhile Gylippus stormed the Athenian forts on Plemmyrium (land action), capturing the Athenian stores.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 43, "id": 149 }, { "name": "Mycalessus", "year": -413, "date": "summer 413 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Decelean War)", "place": "between Mycalessus and the Euripus, Boeotia", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 23.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Scirphondas (boeotarch, killed)", "commanders_b": "Diitrephes (Athenian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.29–30", "note": "After the Dii mercenaries (hired by Athens, led by an Athenian) massacred Mycalessus, Theban cavalry and hoplites caught them; the Thracians fought skilfully but lost c. 250 of 1,300, the Thebans c. 20. The massacre itself is not counted.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 44, "id": 150 }, { "name": "Erineus", "year": -413, "date": "summer 413 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Decelean War)", "place": "off Erineus in Achaean Rhypice, Corinthian Gulf", "lat": 38.33, "lon": 21.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polyanthes", "commanders_b": "Diphilus", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.34", "note": "Corinthian ships with reinforced bows disabled 7 Athenian ships for 3 of their own; both sides set up trophies (the Corinthians counted not being beaten a victory).", "_batch": "03", "_k": 45, "id": 151 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Great Harbour, second battle)", "year": -413, "date": "summer 413 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Great Harbour of Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Sparta (Gylippus)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gylippus, Ariston (Corinthian helmsman)", "commanders_b": "Nicias, Menander, Euthydemus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.36–41; Diod. 13.10; Plut. Nic. 20", "note": "Two days of fighting; on the decisive day the Syracusans, with strengthened bows and a surprise meal-time attack (Ariston's plan), sank or disabled 7 Athenian ships.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 46, "id": 152 }, { "name": "Epipolae (night battle)", "year": -413, "date": "summer 413 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Epipolae, from Euryalus eastward", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 15.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Thebes (Boeotian hoplites)", "Corinth", "Sicilian allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Argos", "other allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gylippus", "commanders_b": "Demosthenes, Eurymedon, Menander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 7.42–45; Diod. 13.11; Plut. Nic. 21", "note": "Demosthenes' night assault took the Syracusan fort and drove back Gylippus, but the Boeotians stood and routed the disordered Athenians; 2,000–2,500 Athenians and allies killed.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 47, "id": 153 }, { "name": "Euesperides", "year": -413, "date": "spring/summer 413 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Euesperides (Benghazi), Cyrenaica", "lat": 32.13, "lon": 20.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Libyans" ], "allies_a": [ "Euesperides", "Cyrene (ships and pilots)", "Boeotian hoplites (probably)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (perhaps Eccritus)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.50.1–2", "note": "Peloponnesian hoplites bound for Syracuse were blown to Libya and relieved Euesperides, besieged by Libyans, defeating them. Composition of the force (helots/neodamodes and Boeotians from Taenarum?) inferred from Thuc. 7.19.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 48, "id": 154 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Great Harbour, third battle)", "year": -413, "date": "late August/early September 413 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Great Harbour of Syracuse, inner bay by Lysimeleia", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Sparta (Gylippus)" ], "allies_b": [ "Etruscan allies (on shore)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syracusan admirals; Gylippus (on shore)", "commanders_b": "Eurymedon (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.51–54; Diod. 13.13", "note": "After the eclipse of 27 Aug. 413 delayed the Athenian departure; the Syracusans destroyed 18 Athenian ships and trapped the fleet. On shore the Etruscans and Athenians drove Gylippus' men into the marsh; both sides set up trophies.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 49, "id": 155 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Great Harbour, final battle)", "year": -413, "date": "September 413 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "Great Harbour of Syracuse, before the blocked harbour mouth", "lat": 37.06, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Sparta (Gylippus)", "Sicilian Greek allies" ], "allies_b": [ "subject and Sicilian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sicanus, Agatharchus, Pythen (Corinthian); Gylippus (on shore)", "commanders_b": "Demosthenes, Menander, Euthydemus; Nicias (on shore)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Thuc. 7.59–71; Diod. 13.14–17; Plut. Nic. 24–25", "note": "c. 110 Athenian vs c. 76 Syracusan ships fighting in a crowded harbour; the Athenian breakout failed and the crews refused to try again, forcing the land retreat.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 50, "id": 156 }, { "name": "Acraean Cliff", "year": -413, "date": "September 413 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "pass at the Acraean Cliff (Akraion Lepas) on the road to Acrae", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 15.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gylippus", "commanders_b": "Nicias, Demosthenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.78–79; Diod. 13.18", "note": "During the retreat (after forcing the Anapus crossing) the Athenians tried for two days to storm the walled pass and were driven back by missiles and cavalry, then turned south toward the Helorine road. Inclusion as a separate battle is a judgement call; site identification uncertain.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 51, "id": 157 }, { "name": "Polyzelus' farm", "year": -413, "date": "September 413 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "walled olive grove on Polyzelus' estate, near the Erineus, south of Syracuse", "lat": 36.93, "lon": 15.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gylippus", "commanders_b": "Demosthenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 7.80–82; Plut. Nic. 27; Diod. 13.19", "note": "Demosthenes' rearguard division was surrounded and shot at all day, then surrendered (6,000 men). Site name from Plutarch.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 52, "id": 158 }, { "name": "Assinarus", "year": -413, "date": "September 413 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Sicilian Expedition)", "place": "crossing of the Assinarus (Asinaro/Falconara) river, near Noto", "lat": 36.88, "lon": 15.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gylippus", "commanders_b": "Nicias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 7.83–85; Diod. 13.19; Plut. Nic. 27", "note": "Nicias' thirst-maddened division was slaughtered in the river bed and surrendered; end of the Sicilian Expedition. Some identify the Assinarus with the Tellaro instead.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 53, "id": 159 }, { "name": "Spiraeum", "year": -412, "date": "spring/summer 412 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off Spiraeum (Peiraeus), deserted harbour on the Corinthian–Epidaurian border", "lat": 37.76, "lon": 23.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "other Peloponnesian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Alcamenes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.10–11", "note": "The Athenians intercepted 21 Peloponnesian ships sailing for Chios, chased them into Spiraeum and fought on sea and land, disabling most of them; the survivors were blockaded.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 54, "id": 160 }, { "name": "Spiraeum (breakout)", "year": -412, "date": "summer 412 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off Spiraeum, Corinthia", "lat": 37.76, "lon": 23.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.20.1", "note": "The 20 blockaded Peloponnesian ships broke out, beat the equal Athenian blockading squadron and captured four ships.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 55, "id": 161 }, { "name": "Mytilene", "year": -412, "date": "summer 412 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "harbour of Mytilene, Lesbos", "lat": 39.11, "lon": 26.56, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Chios", "Mytilene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leon, Diomedon", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.23.2–3", "note": "The Athenians sailed into the harbour, beat the Chian ships, then landed, won a fight against the defenders and recovered the city. Harbour battle plus capture; minor.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 56, "id": 162 }, { "name": "Bolissus", "year": -412, "date": "summer 412 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "Bolissus (Volissos), north-west Chios", "lat": 38.48, "lon": 25.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Chios" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leon, Diomedon", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.24.3", "note": "Athenian landings at Cardamyle and Bolissus beat the Chians who came out, followed by two further victories at Phanae and Leuconium; grouped here as one entry. Raiding battles; minor.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 57, "id": 163 }, { "name": "Miletus", "year": -412, "date": "late summer 412 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "before Miletus", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Miletus", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "other allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Persia (Tissaphernes' cavalry and mercenaries)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phrynichus, Onomacles, Scironides", "commanders_b": "Tissaphernes, Alcibiades (with the Milesians)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.25–27", "note": "The Milesians routed the Argives (c. 300 killed), but the Athenians beat the Peloponnesians and Persians and held the field, then withdrew when a Peloponnesian–Syracusan fleet arrived.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 58, "id": 164 }, { "name": "Syme", "year": -411, "date": "winter 412/411 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off Syme, near Cnidus", "lat": 36.6, "lon": 27.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Astyochus", "commanders_b": "Charminus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.41–43", "note": "Fought in rain and fog; Charminus attacked the Peloponnesian ships he could see, was surprised by the rest and lost 6 ships.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 59, "id": 165 }, { "name": "Chios (sortie)", "year": -411, "date": "winter 412/411 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "Athenian fortified camp at Delphinium, Chios", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 26.14, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Chios", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "mercenaries" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Pedaritus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.55.3", "note": "Pedaritus' sortie took part of the Athenian wall and some beached ships, but the Athenian counter-attack routed the Chians and mercenaries; Pedaritus and many Chians killed.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 60, "id": 166 }, { "name": "Chios (sea)", "year": -411, "date": "spring 411 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off the city of Chios", "lat": 38.38, "lon": 26.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Chios", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Thurii", "Syracuse", "Miletus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leon (Spartan)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Thuc. 8.61.2–3", "note": "36 Chian and allied ships vs 32 Athenian; a stubborn fight in which the Chians 'had not the worse', then withdrew to the city at dusk.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 61, "id": 167 }, { "name": "Eretria", "year": -411, "date": "September 411 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off Eretria, Euboea", "lat": 38.38, "lon": 23.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Eretria", "other Euboeans" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesandridas", "commanders_b": "Thymochares", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 8.94–96", "note": "The hastily manned Athenian fleet was caught while its crews foraged (the Eretrians signalled the attack); 22 Athenian ships lost and Euboea revolted. Many fugitives were killed by the Eretrians.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 62, "id": 168 }, { "name": "Cynossema", "year": -411, "date": "September/October 411 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "Hellespont off Cynossema headland, between Sestos and Elaeus", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 26.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Syracuse", "other allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasyllus, Thrasybulus", "commanders_b": "Mindarus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Thuc. 8.104–106; Diod. 13.39–40", "note": "76 Athenian vs 86 Peloponnesian ships; after the Athenian centre was driven ashore, the Athenian wings routed the enemy. Taking 21 ships for 15 lost, it restored Athenian morale.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 63, "id": 169 }, { "name": "Abydos", "year": -411, "date": "October/November 411 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "Hellespont between Dardanus and Abydos", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 26.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia (Pharnabazus' troops on shore)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasyllus, Thrasybulus, Alcibiades", "commanders_b": "Mindarus, Dorieus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.1.2–7; Diod. 13.45–47; Plut. Alc. 27", "note": "Began with an Athenian attack on Dorieus' 14 ships near Rhoeteum/Dardanus; an all-day battle was decided by the arrival of Alcibiades with 18–20 ships; the Peloponnesians fled to the shore at Abydos, protected by Pharnabazus, losing c. 30 ships.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 64, "id": 170 }, { "name": "Cyzicus", "year": -410, "date": "spring 410 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off Cyzicus and on the shore near Cleri, Propontis", "lat": 40.42, "lon": 27.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, Theramenes", "commanders_b": "Mindarus (killed), Pharnabazus, Clearchus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.1.11–18; Diod. 13.49–51; Plut. Alc. 28", "note": "Combined sea and land battle: Alcibiades lured Mindarus out, the other squadrons cut him off, and the fight ended ashore against Pharnabazus' troops; the whole Peloponnesian fleet (c. 60 ships) taken or destroyed; two trophies.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 65, "id": 171 }, { "name": "Segesta", "year": -410, "date": "410 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Carthaginian–Sicilian wars (prelude to 409)", "place": "territory of Segesta, western Sicily", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 12.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Elymians", "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Selinus" ], "allies_a": [ "Campanian mercenaries" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Egestaean generals", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.43–44", "note": "With 5,000 Libyans and 800 Campanians sent by Carthage, the Egestaeans fell on the Selinuntines scattered for plunder, killing c. 1,000; Diodorus dates it to 410/09 and treats it as the start of the Carthaginian war.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 66, "id": 172 }, { "name": "Corcyra (stasis)", "year": -410, "date": "410 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corcyraean civil war", "place": "agora of Corcyra", "lat": 39.62, "lon": 19.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corcyra" ], "side_b": [ "Corcyra" ], "allies_a": [ "600 Messenians from Naupactus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "democrats (pro-Athenian)", "faction_b": "oligarchs (pro-Spartan), with recalled exiles", "commanders_a": "Conon (left the Messenians)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "draw", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.48", "note": "After a democratic purge, oligarchic sympathisers seized the agora and recalled the exiles; fighting until nightfall ended in a negotiated reconciliation. Diodorus only; date per his archon year 410/09.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 67, "id": 173 }, { "name": "Pygela", "year": -409, "date": "summer 409 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "before Pygela, near Kuşadası, Ionia", "lat": 37.88, "lon": 27.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Miletus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasyllus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.2.2–3", "note": "Milesians coming to relieve Pygela routed scattered Athenian light troops, but Athenian peltasts and hoplites came up and killed almost all of them. Small engagement.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 68, "id": 174 }, { "name": "Ephesus", "year": -409, "date": "summer 409 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "before Ephesus, near Coressus and the marsh", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 27.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ephesus", "Persia", "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Selinus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tissaphernes", "commanders_b": "Thrasyllus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.2.6–10; Diod. 13.64.1; Hell. Oxy. (Florence fragments)", "note": "Thrasyllus attacked in two divisions; the Ephesians, Tissaphernes' troops and the crews of 25 Syracusan and Selinuntine ships routed both, killing c. 300–400; two trophies set up.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 69, "id": 175 }, { "name": "Himera (sortie)", "year": -409, "date": "summer 409 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Carthaginian–Sicilian wars", "place": "Carthaginian siege lines before Himera", "lat": 37.97, "lon": 13.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Himera", "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Iberian, Campanian and Libyan troops" ], "allies_b": [ "Syracusan allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hannibal Mago", "commanders_b": "Diocles", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 13.59.4–62", "note": "About 10,000 Himeraeans and allies (Diocles had brought 4,000 Syracusans and allies) sallied at dawn and routed the besiegers, but Hannibal's reserve counter-attacked and killed c. 3,000; Himera fell soon after. The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 70, "id": 176 }, { "name": "Heraclea Trachinia", "year": -409, "date": "409 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "wars of Heraclea Trachinia", "place": "near Heraclea Trachinia, Malis", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Oetaeans" ], "side_b": [ "Heraclea Trachinia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sparta (harmost Labotas)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Labotas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.2.18", "note": "Betrayed by the (Phthiotic) Achaeans, the Heracleots lost c. 700 men and their Spartan harmost in battle with the Oetaeans. Some date 408.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 71, "id": 177 }, { "name": "Megara (Kerata)", "year": -409, "date": "409 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Decelean War)", "place": "the Kerata hills between Megara and Eleusis", "lat": 38.04, "lon": 23.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Megara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sparta" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leotrophides, Timarchus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.65.1–2", "note": "After the Megarians recovered Nisaea, 1,000 Athenian foot and 400 horse defeated the Megarian levy and some Spartans, killing many Megarians and c. 20 Spartans. Diodorus only.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 72, "id": 178 }, { "name": "Abydos", "year": -409, "date": "winter 409/408 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "near Abydos, Hellespont", "lat": 40.19, "lon": 26.41, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Abydos" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcibiades, Thrasyllus", "commanders_b": "Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.2.15–17; Plut. Alc. 29", "note": "Pharnabazus came with much cavalry to relieve Abydos; Alcibiades' cavalry and 120 hoplites routed him. A cavalry-dominated action.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 73, "id": 179 }, { "name": "Chalcedon", "year": -408, "date": "spring 408 BCE (some 409)", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "before the Athenian siege wall at Chalcedon, Bosporus", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 29.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Chalcedon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasyllus, Alcibiades, Theramenes", "commanders_b": "Hippocrates (Spartan harmost, killed), Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.3.4–7; Diod. 13.66.1–2; Plut. Alc. 30", "note": "Sortie battle during the siege: Hippocrates' sortie was beaten by Thrasyllus' hoplites and Alcibiades' cavalry while Pharnabazus' relief force was kept off by the river and siege works. The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 74, "id": 180 }, { "name": "Athens (walls)", "year": -408, "date": "408/407 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Decelean War)", "place": "outside the walls of Athens, by the Academy", "lat": 37.99, "lon": 23.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Peloponnesian allies" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Agis II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.72.3–73.2", "note": "Agis' night approach to Athens: the Athenian cavalry drove back the Boeotian and Peloponnesian horse at the walls; Agis then withdrew. Diodorus only; possibly related to Agis' approach of 410 (Xen. Hell. 1.1.33–34). Mainly a cavalry action.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 75, "id": 181 }, { "name": "Andros", "year": -407, "date": "autumn 407 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "near Gaurium (Gavrio), Andros", "lat": 37.89, "lon": 24.73, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Andros", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcibiades, Aristocrates, Adeimantus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.4.22–23; Diod. 13.69.4–5; Plut. Alc. 35", "note": "The Andrians and their Lacedaemonian garrison came out against the Athenian landing and were routed into the city; the city itself was not taken.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 76, "id": 182 }, { "name": "Thasos (sortie)", "year": -407, "date": "407 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "before the city of Thasos", "lat": 40.78, "lon": 24.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thasos" ], "allies_a": [ "Thasian exiles" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasybulus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.72.1–2; Xen. Hell. 1.4.9", "note": "Thrasybulus defeated the Thasians who came out against him, killing c. 200, then besieged the city until it accepted the exiles and an Athenian garrison. Battle detail from Diodorus only.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 77, "id": 183 }, { "name": "Eryx", "year": -406, "date": "spring 406 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Carthaginian–Sicilian wars", "place": "sea off Eryx, western Sicily", "lat": 38.05, "lon": 12.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.80.6–7", "note": "About 40 Syracusan triremes met the 40-ship Carthaginian advance squadron and destroyed 15; the rest escaped at nightfall and the main Carthaginian fleet then secured the crossing.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 78, "id": 184 }, { "name": "Notium", "year": -406, "date": "spring 406 BCE (some 407)", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "off Notium, between Ephesus and Colophon", "lat": 38.0, "lon": 27.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian and Ionian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysander", "commanders_b": "Antiochus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.5.11–15; Diod. 13.71; Hell. Oxy. 4 (London fr.); Plut. Alc. 35, Lys. 5", "note": "Alcibiades' helmsman Antiochus provoked a fight against orders; Lysander took 15 (Xenophon) or 22 (Diodorus) ships. Led to Alcibiades' fall.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 79, "id": 185 }, { "name": "Cyme", "year": -406, "date": "406 BCE (407/406)", "type": "land", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "territory of Cyme, Aeolis", "lat": 38.76, "lon": 26.94, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Cyme (Aeolis)" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Alcibiades", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.73.3–6; Nepos Alc. 7.1–2", "note": "The Cymaeans, reinforced from the countryside, attacked Alcibiades' raiding force, recovered the captives and drove the Athenians to their ships with loss. Diodorus/Nepos only; a repulse of a raid, included as borderline.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 80, "id": 186 }, { "name": "Akragas (relief battle)", "year": -406, "date": "summer 406 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Carthaginian–Sicilian wars", "place": "near the Himeras river, on the approach to Akragas", "lat": 37.15, "lon": 13.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [ "Gela", "Camarina", "Messana", "Italiote Greeks" ], "allies_b": [ "Iberian and Campanian mercenaries" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Daphnaeus", "commanders_b": "Himilco", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.86.4–87.5", "note": "The 30,000-strong relief army routed c. 40,000 of Himilco's troops, killing over 6,000, but did not pursue; the Akragantine generals failed to sally. Exact site disputed (Diodorus says as they crossed the Himeras). The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 81, "id": 187 }, { "name": "Akragas (convoy battle)", "year": -406, "date": "autumn 406 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Carthaginian–Sicilian wars", "place": "south coast of Sicily near Akragas", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 13.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Himilco", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 13.88.4–5", "note": "40 Carthaginian triremes from Panormus and Motya surprised the escort of the Syracusan grain convoy, sank 8 warships, drove the rest ashore and took the whole convoy, which doomed Akragas.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 82, "id": 188 }, { "name": "Mytilene", "year": -406, "date": "summer 406 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "approaches to and harbour of Mytilene, Lesbos", "lat": 39.11, "lon": 26.56, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian and Ionian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Callicratidas", "commanders_b": "Conon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.6.15–18; Diod. 13.77–79", "note": "Callicratidas (c. 170 ships) chased Conon's 70 into Mytilene, taking 30; Diodorus adds a second fight breaking the harbour barrier. Diomedon's relieving squadron of 12 was also caught (10 lost, Xen. 1.6.22). Led to the blockade relieved by Arginusae.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 83, "id": 189 }, { "name": "Arginusae", "year": -406, "date": "August 406 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "between the Arginusae islands and Cape Malea of Lesbos", "lat": 39.03, "lon": 26.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Samos and other allies" ], "allies_b": [ "Peloponnesian and Ionian allies (incl. Boeotians, Euboeans)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasyllus, Pericles the Younger, Diomedon, Erasinides, Aristocrates, Aristogenes, Lysias, Protomachus", "commanders_b": "Callicratidas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 1.6.24–38; Diod. 13.97–100", "note": "Largest fleet battle between Greeks (c. 150 Athenian vs 120 Peloponnesian ships); the Peloponnesians lost c. 70 ships, the Athenians 25. Six victorious generals were executed for failing to rescue survivors.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 84, "id": 190 }, { "name": "Gela", "year": -405, "date": "summer 405 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Carthaginian–Sicilian wars", "place": "Carthaginian camp west of Gela", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 14.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse", "Gela" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Italiote Greeks", "Sicilian Greek allies", "mercenaries" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Himilco", "commanders_b": "Dionysius I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 13.108–111", "note": "Dionysius' three-pronged attack on the Carthaginian camp failed through poor coordination; the Italiote and Sicilian wings were beaten separately; Gela and Camarina were then evacuated. Earlier Geloan sorties are not counted separately.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 85, "id": 191 }, { "name": "Aegospotami", "year": -405, "date": "late summer 405 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "place": "beach at Aegospotami, Thracian Chersonese, opposite Lampsacus", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 26.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Peloponnesian and Ionian allies" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysander", "commanders_b": "Conon, Philocles, Adeimantus, Menander, Tydeus, Cephisodotus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 2.1.21–32; Diod. 13.105–106; Plut. Lys. 9–11, Alc. 36–37", "note": "Lysander caught the Athenian fleet beached and its crews scattered; c. 170 of 180 ships taken (Conon escaped with 9); c. 3,000 prisoners executed. Decided the war.", "_batch": "03", "_k": 86, "id": 192 }, { "name": "Thessaly (Lycophron's victory)", "year": -404, "date": "c. September 404 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Thessalian wars (rise of Pherae)", "place": "Thessaly (site unknown)", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 22.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Pherae" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lycophron", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 2.3.4", "note": "Lycophron, aiming to rule all Thessaly, defeated the Larisaeans and other Thessalians opposing him, killing many; dated by Xenophon to about the time of the solar eclipse (3 Sept. 404).", "_batch": "03", "_k": 87, "id": 193 }, { "name": "Phyle", "year": -403, "date": "winter 404/403 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian civil war (the Thirty)", "place": "Spartan camp between Phyle and Acharnae, Attica", "lat": 38.11, "lon": 23.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "democratic exiles (Thrasybulus)", "faction_b": "the Thirty and their Spartan garrison", "commanders_a": "Thrasybulus", "commanders_b": "Spartan garrison commander (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 2.4.2–7; Diod. 14.32.1–33.1; Nep. Thras. 2", "note": "Dawn attack on the Spartan garrison and the Thirty's cavalry; about 120 hoplites killed. Dated 404/403; Diodorus puts it in 401/400.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 0, "id": 194 }, { "name": "Munychia", "year": -403, "date": "spring 403 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian civil war (the Thirty)", "place": "hill of Munychia, Piraeus", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 23.66, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sparta" ], "faction_a": "democrats (Thrasybulus)", "faction_b": "the Thirty", "commanders_a": "Thrasybulus", "commanders_b": "Critias (killed), Hippomachus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 2.4.10–19; Diod. 14.33.2–3", "note": "The Thirty had Spartan garrison troops with them.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 1, "id": 195 }, { "name": "Piraeus", "year": -403, "date": "403 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Athenian civil war (the Thirty)", "place": "Piraeus, near the Halae marsh", "lat": 37.95, "lon": 23.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pausanias", "commanders_b": "Thrasybulus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 2.4.30–34; Paus. 3.5.1", "note": "Side B is the democrats of the Piraeus, not the city government (which sided with Sparta). Pausanias was checked at first (polemarchs Chaeron and Thibrachus killed) and then won; he then arranged the reconciliation that restored the democracy.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 2, "id": 196 }, { "name": "Porus", "year": -403, "date": "403 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan expedition against Clearchus", "place": "Porus, near Selymbria, Propontis", "lat": 41.1, "lon": 28.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Byzantium" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Panthoedas", "commanders_b": "Clearchus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.12.2–7", "note": "Side B is Clearchus, the renegade Spartan who made himself tyrant of Byzantium, with mercenaries. The site of Porus is unknown; Clearchus fled to Selymbria.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 3, "id": 197 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Neapolis)", "year": -403, "date": "404/403 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt against Dionysius I", "place": "outside Syracuse, near the Neapolis quarter", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Campanians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Dionysius I", "faction_b": "Syracusan rebels", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "rebel leaders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.8–9", "note": "Dionysius, besieged on Ortygia, was relieved by 1,200 Campanian horse and then broke out and routed the rebels. Diodorus' year is 404/403, which straddles the batch boundary.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 4, "id": 198 }, { "name": "Elis", "year": -401, "date": "402/401 BCE (Diodorus); the Elean war is c. 402–400", "type": "land", "war": "Elean War", "place": "below the gymnasium of Elis", "lat": 37.89, "lon": 21.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Elis" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Pausanias (Diodorus; Xenophon names Agis)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.17.9–10; cf. Xen. Hell. 3.2.21–31", "note": "A sortie from the city. The Eleans and their 1,000 Aetolian helpers killed about 30 Lacedaemonians and the siege was raised. Xenophon reports no pitched battle in this war.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 5, "id": 199 }, { "name": "Cyrene", "year": -401, "date": "c. 401/400 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cyrenaean civil war", "place": "Cyrene", "lat": 32.82, "lon": 21.86, "loc": "region", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Cyrene" ], "side_b": [ "Cyrene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Messenians (exiles)" ], "faction_a": "Ariston's regime", "faction_b": "exiles with about 3,000 Messenian exiles", "commanders_a": "Ariston", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "draw", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.34.3–6", "note": "Heavy losses on both sides. The Messenians were almost all killed, and the factions then reconciled.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 6, "id": 200 }, { "name": "Motya (sea)", "year": -397, "date": "397 BCE (some 398)", "type": "sea", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 398–392)", "place": "lagoon and outer sea off Motya", "lat": 37.87, "lon": 12.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "Himilco", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.50; Polyaenus 5.2.6", "note": "Himilco attacked the Greek ships in the lagoon. Dionysius hauled 80 triremes across the isthmus and repelled the attack with catapults from the shore, and Himilco withdrew. Some Greek ships were disabled. The siege of Motya itself is excluded.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 7, "id": 201 }, { "name": "Catana", "year": -396, "date": "396 BCE (397 in some modern works)", "type": "sea", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 398–392)", "place": "sea off Catana", "lat": 37.48, "lon": 15.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mago", "commanders_b": "Leptines", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.59.5–60.7", "note": "Diodorus: over 100 Greek ships and 20,000 men lost.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 8, "id": 202 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Great Harbour)", "year": -396, "date": "396 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 398–392)", "place": "harbour of Syracuse", "lat": 37.06, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.64.1–3", "note": "While Dionysius was away, the Syracusan ships attacked the Carthaginian fleet escorting a grain convoy. They captured the flagship and destroyed 24 ships.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 9, "id": 203 }, { "name": "Syracuse", "year": -396, "date": "396 BCE (397 in some modern works)", "type": "land", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 398–392)", "place": "Carthaginian camp and forts at Polichna and Dascon, Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth", "Sparta" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I, Leptines, Pharacidas", "commanders_b": "Himilco", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 14.70–75", "note": "A combined land and sea attack on the plague-ridden Carthaginian camp, with the fleet burned at its moorings; Corinthian ships sank the last fugitives. A Spartan fleet under Pharacidas and Corinthian ships helped.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 10, "id": 204 }, { "name": "Sardis", "year": -395, "date": "395 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan–Persian War (399–394)", "place": "plain near the Pactolus, outside Sardis", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 28.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II, Xenocles", "commanders_b": "Tissaphernes (absent; cavalry engaged)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 3.4.21–24; Hell. Oxy. 14 (Chambers); Diod. 14.80.1–5; Plut. Ages. 10", "note": "Xenophon describes a set battle against the Persian cavalry, while the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia and Diodorus describe an ambush.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 11, "id": 205 }, { "name": "Haliartus", "year": -395, "date": "395 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "below the walls of Haliartus, Boeotia", "lat": 38.37, "lon": 23.09, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Phocis", "Orchomenus" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Lysander (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 3.5.17–25; Plut. Lys. 28–29; Diod. 14.81.1–3; Paus. 3.5.3–4", "note": "Lysander was killed. His troops then checked the Theban pursuit, which is why some modern works (e.g. Wikipedia) call the battle inconclusive. Athenian troops arrived only after the battle.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 12, "id": 206 }, { "name": "Naryx", "year": -395, "date": "395 BCE (Diodorus 395/394)", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "near Naryx, Opuntian Locris", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 22.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [ "Argos" ], "allies_b": [ "Sparta" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismenias", "commanders_b": "Alcisthenes (Laconian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.82.7–10", "note": "About 1,000 Phocians and 500 Boeotians killed, per Diodorus.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 13, "id": 207 }, { "name": "Messana", "year": -394, "date": "394/393 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Rhegium v Dionysius I", "place": "before Messana", "lat": 38.19, "lon": 15.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Messana" ], "side_b": [ "Rhegium" ], "allies_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Heloris", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.87.1–2", "note": "The Messanians and Dionysius' mercenaries routed the Rhegine attack, killing over 500. Heloris was a Syracusan exile.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 14, "id": 208 }, { "name": "Nemea", "year": -394, "date": "summer 394 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "by the Nemea river, between Sicyon and Corinth", "lat": 37.93, "lon": 22.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes", "Athens", "Argos", "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [ "Tegea", "Mantinea", "Elis", "Sicyon", "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [ "Locris", "Euboeans", "Acarnania" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aristodemus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.2.9–23; Diod. 14.83.1–2", "note": "Diodorus' losses: Spartan side 1,100, coalition about 2,800.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 15, "id": 209 }, { "name": "Agesilaus v Trallians", "year": -394, "date": "394 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War (Agesilaus' march home)", "place": "Thrace or Macedonia, on Agesilaus' route from the Hellespont", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 24.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.83.3; Plut. Ages. 16.1", "note": "The Trallians demanded payment for passage. Agesilaus routed them. Their homeland (Thracian or Illyrian) and the site are uncertain, and the coordinates are a guess at the region.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 16, "id": 210 }, { "name": "Narthacium", "year": -394, "date": "August 394 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "between Mt Narthacium and Pras, south of Pharsalus, Thessaly", "lat": 39.21, "lon": 22.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II", "commanders_b": "Polycharmus of Pharsalus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.3.3–9; Xen. Ages. 2.2–5; Plut. Ages. 16.4", "note": "A cavalry battle won by Agesilaus' newly raised horse against the Thessalian (Pharsalian) cavalry.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 17, "id": 211 }, { "name": "Cnidus", "year": -394, "date": "August 394 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "sea off Cnidus", "lat": 36.68, "lon": 27.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Salamis (Cyprus)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Conon, Pharnabazus", "commanders_b": "Peisander (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.3.10–12; Diod. 14.83.4–7; Isoc. 9.56; Nep. Con. 4", "note": "The Athenian Conon commanded the Persian royal fleet as an exile in Persian service; Athens sent no ships. Isocrates credits Evagoras of Salamis with much of the force.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 18, "id": 212 }, { "name": "Coronea", "year": -394, "date": "August 394 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "plain below Coronea near the temple of Athena Itonia, Boeotia", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 22.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes", "Argos", "Athens", "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [ "Phocis", "Orchomenus" ], "allies_b": [ "Locris", "Euboeans", "Acarnania" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.3.15–21; Xen. Ages. 2.9–16; Plut. Ages. 18–19; Diod. 14.84.1–2", "note": "Agesilaus held the field and set up a trophy, but the Thebans broke through his line and Sparta did not follow up.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 19, "id": 213 }, { "name": "Abacaenum", "year": -393, "date": "393 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 398–392)", "place": "near Abacaenum, NE Sicily", "lat": 38.06, "lon": 15.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "Mago", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.90.2–4", "note": "Over 800 Carthaginians killed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 20, "id": 214 }, { "name": "Corinth (Long Walls)", "year": -392, "date": "392 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "between the Long Walls of Corinth and Lechaeum", "lat": 37.92, "lon": 22.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Argos", "Corinth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Athens", "Thebes" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Praxitas", "commanders_b": "Iphicrates (mercenaries)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.4.7–13; Diod. 14.86.3–4", "note": "Corinthian oligarchic exiles let the Spartans inside the Long Walls. Diodorus has a second victory over the allied relief force (Boeotians, Athenians, Argives, Corinthians).", "_batch": "04", "_k": 21, "id": 215 }, { "name": "Lechaeum", "year": -391, "date": "391 or 390 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "between Lechaeum and Corinth", "lat": 37.93, "lon": 22.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iphicrates, Callias", "commanders_b": "polemarch of the Amyclaean mora (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.5.11–17; Diod. 14.91.2; Plut. Ages. 22; Nep. Iphic. 2", "note": "Iphicrates' peltasts destroyed a Spartan mora, killing about 250 hoplites.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 22, "id": 216 }, { "name": "Sicyon", "year": -391, "date": "c. 391/390 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "before the walls of Sicyon", "lat": 37.98, "lon": 22.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sicyon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iphicrates", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.91.3", "note": "Only Diodorus reports it: about 500 Sicyonians killed. Minor.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 23, "id": 217 }, { "name": "Phlius", "year": -391, "date": "c. 391 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "territory of Phlius", "lat": 37.84, "lon": 22.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Phlius" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iphicrates", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.4.15; Diod. 14.91.3", "note": "An ambush by Iphicrates' peltasts (Xenophon), counted as a battle by Diodorus (over 300 Phliasians killed). Borderline, included.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 24, "id": 218 }, { "name": "Maeander (Thibron)", "year": -391, "date": "391 BCE (Diodorus 390/389)", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War (Spartan war in Asia)", "place": "Maeander valley near Ephesus", "lat": 37.8, "lon": 27.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Struthas", "commanders_b": "Thibron (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.8.17–19; Diod. 14.99.1–3", "note": "Xenophon describes a cavalry surprise on Thibron's straggling force; Diodorus a battle in which most of the Spartan army fell.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 25, "id": 219 }, { "name": "Rhegium (sea)", "year": -390, "date": "390 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Dionysius I's Italian war", "place": "coast of Rhegium territory", "lat": 38.11, "lon": 15.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Italiote League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rhegium" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.100.3–5", "note": "Dionysius (50 ships) attacked 60 Crotoniate/Italiote ships, which fled to shore. Rhegine troops prevented him towing them off, and a storm then wrecked 7 of his ships. Indecisive.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 26, "id": 220 }, { "name": "Methymna", "year": -389, "date": "390/389 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "territory of Methymna, Lesbos", "lat": 39.37, "lon": 26.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Mytilene" ], "allies_b": [ "Methymna" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasybulus", "commanders_b": "Therimachus (harmost, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.8.28–29; Diod. 14.94.3–4", "note": "Diodorus misdates it to 392/391.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 27, "id": 221 }, { "name": "Acarnania", "year": -389, "date": "389 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "mountain pass in Acarnania (site unknown)", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 21.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Acarnania" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.6.8–12", "note": "Agesilaus stormed the heights held by Acarnanian hoplites and peltasts, killed about 300 and set up a trophy. The Achaeans had asked for the campaign.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 28, "id": 222 }, { "name": "Cremaste", "year": -389, "date": "389 or 388 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "mountain road between Antandrus and Abydos near Cremaste, Troad", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 26.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Abydos" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iphicrates", "commanders_b": "Anaxibius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 4.8.35–39", "note": "An ambush in which Anaxibius, 12 harmosts and about 200 men fell. Included as a battle by convention.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 29, "id": 223 }, { "name": "Laus", "year": -389, "date": "389 BCE (Diodorus 390/389)", "type": "land", "war": "Lucanian–Italiote war", "place": "plain near Laus, Lucania", "lat": 39.85, "lon": 15.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Lucanians" ], "side_b": [ "Thurii" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Italiote League" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.101–102", "note": "Over 10,000 Thurians and Italiote Greeks killed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 30, "id": 224 }, { "name": "Lipari Islands", "year": -389, "date": "389 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Dionysius I's Italian war", "place": "waters of the Lipari (Aeolian) Islands", "lat": 38.47, "lon": 14.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Rhegium" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thearides", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 14.103.3", "note": "10 Rhegine ships and their crews captured. A small action.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 31, "id": 225 }, { "name": "Elleporus", "year": -389, "date": "389 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dionysius I's Italian war", "place": "Elleporus river near Caulonia (Stilaro or Galliparo)", "lat": 38.45, "lon": 16.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Italiote League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "Heloris (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 14.104–105; Polyaenus 5.3.2", "note": "Over 10,000 Italiotes surrendered. Which modern river is the Elleporus is uncertain.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 32, "id": 226 }, { "name": "Zoster", "year": -388, "date": "388 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Corinthian War (Aeginetan war)", "place": "landing place near Cape Zoster, Attica", "lat": 37.8, "lon": 23.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Aegina" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gorgopas", "commanders_b": "Eunomus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.1.8–9", "note": "A night attack on Eunomus' squadron as it landed; 4 Athenian triremes taken. A small action.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 33, "id": 227 }, { "name": "Aegina", "year": -388, "date": "388 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Corinthian War (Aeginetan war)", "place": "near the Heracleum, Aegina", "lat": 37.74, "lon": 23.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Aegina" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Chabrias, Demaenetus", "commanders_b": "Gorgopas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.1.10–13", "note": "Chabrias' ambush killed Gorgopas, 8 Spartiates and about 150 Aeginetans. An ambush, included as a battle; borderline.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 34, "id": 228 }, { "name": "Hellespont (Antalcidas)", "year": -387, "date": "387 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Corinthian War", "place": "Hellespont near Abydos", "lat": 40.2, "lon": 26.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antalcidas", "commanders_b": "Thrasybulus of Collytus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.1.25–27", "note": "Antalcidas ambushed and captured an Athenian squadron of 8 ships. A small action, but it gave Sparta control of the Hellespont.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 35, "id": 229 }, { "name": "Mantinea", "year": -385, "date": "385 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan siege of Mantinea", "place": "before Mantinea, Arcadia", "lat": 37.62, "lon": 22.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Mantinea" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thebes" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Agesipolis I", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pel. 4.4–5; Paus. 9.13.1", "note": "The fight in which Pelopidas and Epaminondas were wounded fighting for Sparta. Part of the Spartan wing was routed and Agesipolis rescued them. The date and context are disputed, and the siege ended in Spartan success. Borderline.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 36, "id": 230 }, { "name": "Epirus (Molossians)", "year": -385, "date": "385/384 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Illyrian invasion of Epirus", "place": "Molossia, Epirus (site unknown)", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 20.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.13.1–3", "note": "Dionysius I sent 2,000 men and armour to the Illyrians to restore the Molossian claimant Alcetas. Diodorus: over 15,000 Molossians killed. Sparta then intervened.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 37, "id": 231 }, { "name": "Pharos", "year": -384, "date": "384/383 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Dionysius I's Adriatic wars", "place": "off Pharos (Stari Grad, Hvar)", "lat": 43.18, "lon": 16.59, "loc": "approx", "country": "Croatia", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [ "Pharos (Parian colony)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius' governor of Lissus (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.14.1–2; Pharos inscription (SEG 23.489)", "note": "Against Illyrian (Liburnian/Iadasinoi) light craft besieging the new Parian colony; over 5,000 killed and 2,000 captured. Fought partly at sea and partly ashore. 'Croatia' is a new country value. The Wikipedia list line wrongly gives a Liburnian victory; its article gives a Greek victory.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 38, "id": 232 }, { "name": "Pyrgi", "year": -384, "date": "384/383 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dionysius I's Tyrrhenian raid", "place": "Pyrgi, port of Caere (Agylla)", "lat": 42.01, "lon": 11.96, "loc": "known", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Etruscans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.14.3–4; Strabo 5.2.8; [Arist.] Oec. 2.2.20", "note": "A seaborne raid on the temple. The Caeretan relief force was defeated and many were taken prisoner.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 39, "id": 233 }, { "name": "Olynthus", "year": -382, "date": "382 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Olynthian War", "place": "before Olynthus", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 23.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Olynthus" ], "allies_a": [ "Macedon", "Thebes" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Teleutias, Derdas of Elimeia", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.2.40–43", "note": "Mainly a cavalry engagement. The Olynthians killed the hipparch Polycharmus but were driven into the city by Derdas' charge.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 40, "id": 234 }, { "name": "Olynthus", "year": -381, "date": "381 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Olynthian War", "place": "before Olynthus", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 23.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Olynthus" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Macedon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Teleutias (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.3.3–6; Diod. 15.21.1–3", "note": "Diodorus: over 1,200 of Teleutias' army killed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 41, "id": 235 }, { "name": "Citium", "year": -381, "date": "381 BCE (Diodorus 386/385)", "type": "sea", "war": "Cypriot War (Evagoras v Persia)", "place": "sea off Citium, Cyprus", "lat": 34.9, "lon": 33.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Salamis (Cyprus)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Glos, Tiribazus", "commanders_b": "Evagoras I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.3.4–6; 15.4.1", "note": "Evagoras (about 200 triremes) attacked first and had the upper hand until Glos' counterattack routed him. The siege of Salamis followed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 42, "id": 236 }, { "name": "Cabala", "year": -378, "date": "c. 378 BCE (dates proposed range 383–375; Diodorus 383/382)", "type": "land", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 383–375)", "place": "Cabala, Sicily (site unknown)", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 14.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dionysius I", "commanders_b": "Mago (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.15.1–3", "note": "Over 10,000 Carthaginians killed and 5,000 captured. The site is unidentified.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 43, "id": 237 }, { "name": "Thespiae", "year": -378, "date": "378 BCE (or 377)", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "near Thespiae, Boeotia", "lat": 38.3, "lon": 23.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Phoebidas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.4.42–46; Diod. 15.33.5–6; Plut. Pel. 15.4", "note": "Phoebidas' sortie from Thespiae against retreating Theban raiders turned into a rout. Diodorus gives over 500 killed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 44, "id": 238 }, { "name": "Thebes", "year": -377, "date": "377 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "outside Thebes", "lat": 38.32, "lon": 23.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Agesilaus II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.34.1–2; cf. Xen. Hell. 5.4.47–55", "note": "Only Diodorus describes a battle, after which Agesilaus withdrew and the Thebans set up a trophy; Xenophon reports only skirmishing. Borderline.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 45, "id": 239 }, { "name": "Tanagra", "year": -377, "date": "c. 377 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "Tanagra, Boeotia", "lat": 38.33, "lon": 23.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pelopidas", "commanders_b": "Panthoidas (harmost, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pel. 15.4", "note": "Only Plutarch reports it. Minor.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 46, "id": 240 }, { "name": "Plataea", "year": -377, "date": "c. 377 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "Plataea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.22, "lon": 23.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pelopidas", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pel. 15.4", "note": "Only Plutarch reports it, in a list of minor Theban successes. Date approximate.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 47, "id": 241 }, { "name": "Cronium", "year": -376, "date": "c. 376 BCE (Diodorus 383/382)", "type": "land", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 383–375)", "place": "Cronium (Kronion), probably near Panormus", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 13.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Himilco (son of Mago)", "commanders_b": "Dionysius I, Leptines (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.16.2–17.1", "note": "Diodorus: over 14,000 Greeks killed. The site may be near Palermo or Monte Kronio at Sciacca.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 48, "id": 242 }, { "name": "Naxos", "year": -376, "date": "September 376 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "strait between Naxos and Paros", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 25.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Chabrias, Phocion", "commanders_b": "Pollis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.4.60–61; Diod. 15.34.3–35.2; Plut. Phoc. 6", "note": "Diodorus: 24 Spartan ships destroyed and 8 captured, against 18 Athenian losses.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 49, "id": 243 }, { "name": "Abdera", "year": -376, "date": "376/375 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Triballian invasion of Thrace", "place": "territory of Abdera, Thrace", "lat": 40.95, "lon": 24.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thracians" ], "side_b": [ "Abdera" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.36.1–4", "note": "The Triballi nearly annihilated the Abderites when Thracian allies changed sides. Earlier the Abderites had killed over 2,000 Triballian raiders on their way home. Chabrias then came and drove the invaders off. 'Abdera' is a new entity name.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 50, "id": 244 }, { "name": "Tegyra", "year": -375, "date": "375 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "pass near Tegyra, NE of Orchomenus, Boeotia", "lat": 38.53, "lon": 23.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pelopidas", "commanders_b": "Gorgoleon, Theopompus (polemarchs, both killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pel. 16–17; Diod. 15.37.1–2", "note": "The Sacred Band, about 300 strong, broke a Spartan force about twice its size.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 51, "id": 245 }, { "name": "Alyzeia", "year": -375, "date": "375 BCE (some 374)", "type": "sea", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "off Alyzeia, Acarnanian coast opposite Leucas", "lat": 38.67, "lon": 20.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Corcyra" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timotheus", "commanders_b": "Nicolochus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 5.4.65–66; Diod. 15.36.5", "note": "Diodorus places it 'off Leucas'. Nicolochus withdrew and Timotheus set up a trophy, but the result was narrow.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 52, "id": 246 }, { "name": "Corcyra (sortie)", "year": -373, "date": "373 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "before the walls of Corcyra", "lat": 39.62, "lon": 19.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Corcyra" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Athens" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ctesicles (Athenian, per Diodorus)", "commanders_b": "Mnasippus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 6.2.17–23; Diod. 15.47.4–7", "note": "A sortie battle during the siege of Corcyra. Athenian peltasts under Ctesicles helped.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 53, "id": 247 }, { "name": "Corcyra (Syracusan squadron)", "year": -372, "date": "372 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "waters off Corcyra", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 19.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iphicrates", "commanders_b": "Crinippus, Cissidas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 6.2.33–36; Diod. 15.47.7", "note": "Iphicrates captured 9 of the 10 triremes Dionysius I sent to aid Sparta. A small action.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 54, "id": 248 }, { "name": "Leuctra", "year": -371, "date": "July 371 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Boeotian War (378–371)", "place": "plain of Leuctra, Boeotia", "lat": 38.26, "lon": 23.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Phocis", "Phlius", "Heracleots" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Epaminondas, Pelopidas", "commanders_b": "Cleombrotus I (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 6.4.4–15; Diod. 15.51–56; Plut. Pel. 20–23; Paus. 9.13.3–12", "note": "", "_batch": "04", "_k": 55, "id": 249 }, { "name": "Orchomenus (Arcadia)", "year": -370, "date": "370 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "near Arcadian Orchomenus", "lat": 37.72, "lon": 22.31, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Orchomenus" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lycomedes", "commanders_b": "Polytropus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 6.5.13–14; Diod. 15.62.1–2", "note": "Xenophon says Mantineans; Diodorus says Arcadians. Polytropus' mercenaries were holding Orchomenus for Sparta.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 56, "id": 250 }, { "name": "Tegeatis–Laconia border", "year": -370, "date": "winter 370/369 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "pass on the Tegeatis–Laconia border", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 22.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Alexander (Spartan, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.64.2", "note": "Only Diodorus reports it: the Argive column of Epaminondas' first invasion of Laconia forced the pass, killing Alexander and about 200 men. Minor.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 57, "id": 251 }, { "name": "Oeum", "year": -370, "date": "winter 370/369 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "Oeum (Ion) in the Sciritis, north of Sparta", "lat": 37.32, "lon": 22.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Ischolas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 6.5.24–26; Diod. 15.64.3–5", "note": "Ischolas' garrison held the pass to the last man against the Arcadian column.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 58, "id": 252 }, { "name": "Sparta", "year": -370, "date": "winter 370/369 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "Eurotas crossing and outskirts of Sparta", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arcadian League", "Argos", "Elis" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II", "commanders_b": "Epaminondas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 6.5.27–32; Diod. 15.65.2–5; Plut. Ages. 31–32", "note": "Fighting at the Eurotas and the hippodrome, where a Spartan ambush routed the enemy cavalry. Epaminondas withdrew without taking the unwalled city. Diodorus calls it indecisive. Borderline.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 59, "id": 253 }, { "name": "Oneum", "year": -369, "date": "369 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "Spartan–Athenian lines on Mt Oneum, Isthmus of Corinth", "lat": 37.89, "lon": 22.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Arcadian League", "Argos", "Elis" ], "allies_b": [ "Athens", "Corinth", "Pellene" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Epaminondas", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.1.15–17; Diod. 15.68; Plut. Pel. 24.5", "note": "Epaminondas broke through the Isthmus lines at the sector held by the Spartans and Pellenians. Plutarch calls it a victory over the Athenians near Cenchreae.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 60, "id": 254 }, { "name": "Corinth", "year": -369, "date": "369 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "before the walls of Corinth", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 22.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arcadian League", "Argos", "Elis" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Chabrias", "commanders_b": "Epaminondas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.1.18–19; Diod. 15.69", "note": "The Thebans first drove the Corinthians inside the walls, then Chabrias repulsed their assault with heavy loss. Soon after, Dionysius I's Celtic and Iberian mercenaries skirmished with the Thebans nearby (Diod. 15.70.1; Xen. Hell. 7.1.20–22).", "_batch": "04", "_k": 61, "id": 255 }, { "name": "Tearless Battle", "year": -368, "date": "368 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "road junction to Eutresia and Melea, southern Arcadia", "lat": 37.35, "lon": 22.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Arcadian League", "Argos", "Messenia" ], "allies_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Archidamus III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.1.28–32; Diod. 15.72.3; Plut. Ages. 33.3–5", "note": "Named because no Spartan was said to have died. Dionysius I's auxiliaries under Cissidas served with Archidamus.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 62, "id": 256 }, { "name": "Eryx (harbour)", "year": -368, "date": "368/367 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Sicilian Wars (Dionysius I v Carthage, 368–367)", "place": "harbour of Eryx (Drepana)", "lat": 38.02, "lon": 12.51, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.73.3–4", "note": "A surprise attack by about 200 Carthaginian ships captured most of Dionysius' 130 triremes in harbour.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 63, "id": 257 }, { "name": "Bosporus (Leucon v Heracleots)", "year": -365, "date": "c. 370–360 BCE (undated)", "type": "land", "war": "Bosporan–Heracleote War", "place": "Bosporan territory (Kerch peninsula), site unknown", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Heraclea Pontica" ], "allies_a": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leucon I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyaenus 6.9.3–4", "note": "The Heracleots landed from a large fleet and raided. Leucon posted Scythian archers behind his hoplites to cut down anyone who fled, then defeated the invaders. Date and site are uncertain.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 64, "id": 258 }, { "name": "Lasion", "year": -365, "date": "365 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Elean–Arcadian War (365–363)", "place": "near Lasion, Elis–Arcadia border", "lat": 37.86, "lon": 21.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Elis" ], "allies_a": [ "Athens" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.4.12–13; Diod. 15.77.1–3", "note": "Over 200 Eleans killed. Diodorus has Athenian help for the Arcadians.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 65, "id": 259 }, { "name": "Cromnus", "year": -365, "date": "365 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Elean–Arcadian War (365–363)", "place": "Arcadian siege lines at Cromnus, near Megalopolis", "lat": 37.36, "lon": 22.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Argos", "Messenia" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Archidamus III (wounded), Chilon (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.4.20–25", "note": "A relief battle during the Arcadian siege of the Spartan garrison in Cromnus. Archidamus was beaten off; a later night attack rescued part of the garrison.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 66, "id": 260 }, { "name": "Olympia", "year": -364, "date": "July/August 364 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Elean–Arcadian War (365–363)", "place": "sanctuary of Olympia (the Altis), during the Olympic festival", "lat": 37.64, "lon": 21.63, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Elis" ], "allies_a": [ "Argos", "Athens", "Pisatans" ], "allies_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Stratolas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.4.28–32; Diod. 15.78.2–3", "note": "Xenophon praises the Eleans, who drove the Arcadians and Argives back into the Altis but failed to take it and withdrew next day. Diodorus gives the victory to the Pisatans and Arcadians, who kept the sanctuary. Could be scored a draw.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 67, "id": 261 }, { "name": "Cynoscephalae", "year": -364, "date": "364 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban campaigns against Alexander of Pherae", "place": "hills of Cynoscephalae near the Thetideion, Thessaly", "lat": 39.42, "lon": 22.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes", "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Pherae" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pelopidas (killed)", "commanders_b": "Alexander of Pherae", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pel. 31–32; Diod. 15.80.1–5; Nep. Pel. 5", "note": "Pelopidas brought only 300 horse; most of the force was the Thessalian League. Victory, but Pelopidas fell. Some lists call it a draw.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 68, "id": 262 }, { "name": "Mantinea (cavalry battle)", "year": -362, "date": "362 BCE, days before the main battle", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "outside Mantinea", "lat": 37.62, "lon": 22.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [ "Mantinea" ], "allies_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hegesileos (Diodorus)", "commanders_b": "Epaminondas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.5.15–17; Diod. 15.84.1–2; Paus. 8.11.6", "note": "Newly arrived Athenian cavalry beat off the Theban and Thessalian horse attacking Mantinea. Xenophon's son Gryllus fell here.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 69, "id": 263 }, { "name": "Sparta", "year": -362, "date": "362 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "streets and outskirts of Sparta", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II, Archidamus III", "commanders_b": "Epaminondas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.5.10–14; Diod. 15.82.6–83.5; Plut. Ages. 34; Polyb. 9.8", "note": "Epaminondas' surprise march on Sparta was repulsed in fighting inside the town.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 70, "id": 264 }, { "name": "Mantinea", "year": -362, "date": "summer 362 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban–Spartan wars (370–362)", "place": "plain between Mantinea and Tegea", "lat": 37.56, "lon": 22.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes", "Tegea", "Argos" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Athens", "Mantinea" ], "allies_a": [ "Messenia", "Thessaly", "Euboeans", "Arcadian League (Tegean-Megalopolitan faction)", "Sicyon" ], "allies_b": [ "Elis", "Achaean League", "Arcadian League (Mantinean faction)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Epaminondas (killed)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Xen. Hell. 7.5.18–27; Diod. 15.84.3–87.6; Plut. Ages. 35", "note": "The Thebans won the field but Epaminondas fell and no pursuit followed. Both sides set up trophies (Xenophon calls it indecisive); scored as a Theban battlefield victory.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 71, "id": 265 }, { "name": "Peparethos", "year": -361, "date": "361 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Athens v Alexander of Pherae", "place": "Panormus bay, Peparethos (Skopelos)", "lat": 39.13, "lon": 23.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Pherae" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander of Pherae", "commanders_b": "Leosthenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 15.95.1–2; Polyaenus 6.2.1–2; Dem. 50.4", "note": "Alexander attacked the Athenian squadron after part of it had been detached, taking 5 Attic and 1 Peparethian triremes and 600 men.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 72, "id": 266 }, { "name": "Upper Macedon", "year": -360, "date": "360/359 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Macedonian–Illyrian wars", "place": "Upper Macedonia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.9, "lon": 21.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bardylis", "commanders_b": "Perdiccas III (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.2.4–5", "note": "Over 4,000 Macedonians killed. The site is unknown and could be in Greece or North Macedonia.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 73, "id": 267 }, { "name": "Epirus (Arybbas v Bardylis)", "year": -360, "date": "c. 360 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Macedonian–Illyrian wars", "place": "Molossia, Epirus (site unknown)", "lat": 39.6, "lon": 20.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Arybbas", "commanders_b": "Bardylis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Frontin. Str. 2.5.19", "note": "Arybbas evacuated non-combatants to Aetolia and fell on the Illyrians as they withdrew laden with booty. Only Frontinus reports it, and the date is approximate.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 74, "id": 268 }, { "name": "Methone", "year": -359, "date": "359 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's accession wars", "place": "road between Aegae and Methone", "lat": 40.46, "lon": 22.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Philip II", "faction_b": "Argaeus (pretender) with Athenian support", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Argaeus, Mantias (Athenian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.2.6, 16.3.5–6", "note": "Athens sent Mantias with 3,000 hoplites (probably largely mercenaries) to back Argaeus. Philip caught Argaeus' column on its retreat to Methone and released the Athenian prisoners.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 75, "id": 269 }, { "name": "Paeonia", "year": -358, "date": "358 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's accession wars", "place": "Paeonia (site unknown)", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 22.0, "loc": "region", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Paeonians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.4.2", "note": "Diodorus says only that Philip defeated the Paeonians in battle.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 76, "id": 270 }, { "name": "Erigon Valley", "year": -358, "date": "358 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Macedonian–Illyrian wars", "place": "plain of Lyncus / Erigon valley (Pelagonia)", "lat": 41.03, "lon": 21.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Bardylis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 16.4.3–7", "note": "Also called Lyncus Plain. Diodorus says over 7,000 Illyrians fell. The site is debated; the Monastir/Bitola plain and the Lake Ohrid area have both been proposed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 77, "id": 271 }, { "name": "Chios", "year": -357, "date": "357 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Social War (357–355)", "place": "harbour of Chios", "lat": 38.37, "lon": 26.14, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Chios", "Rhodes", "Byzantium" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Cos" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Chabrias (killed), Chares", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.7.3–4; Nep. Chab. 4; Plut. Phoc. 6.1", "note": "Combined attack: Chares on land, Chabrias forcing the harbour, where he was killed. Mausolus backed the rebels.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 78, "id": 272 }, { "name": "Syracuse (cross-wall)", "year": -357, "date": "357 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dion's war against Dionysius II (357–354)", "place": "siege wall around Ortygia, Syracuse", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Dion and the Syracusans", "faction_b": "Dionysius II's mercenaries", "commanders_a": "Dion (wounded)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.12.1–5; Plut. Dion 30", "note": "A sortie battle during the siege of Ortygia.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 79, "id": 273 }, { "name": "Grabaei", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Illyrian campaigns", "place": "Illyria (site unknown)", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 20.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Parmenion", "commanders_b": "Grabos", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Alex. 3.8", "note": "Plutarch: Parmenion 'had conquered the Illyrians in a great battle', with the news reaching Philip as Alexander was born. That Grabos was the opponent is a modern inference (IG II² 127). Site and country unknown.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 80, "id": 274 }, { "name": "Embata", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Social War (357–355)", "place": "Embata, Chios strait off Erythraean territory", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 26.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Chios", "Rhodes", "Byzantium" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Cos" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Chares (Iphicrates and Timotheus declined to engage)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.21.1–4; Nep. Tim. 3.3–4; Polyaenus 3.9.29", "note": "Diodorus places it in the Hellespont and implies a storm prevented a full engagement. Chares attacked alone and lost ships.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 81, "id": 275 }, { "name": "Phaedriades", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE (or 355)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "below the Phaedriades cliffs, Delphi", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Locris" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philomelus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.24.4, 16.28.3", "note": "Diodorus tells it twice (a doublet). The opponents were the Ozolian Locrians of Amphissa.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 82, "id": 276 }, { "name": "Syracuse (sea, Philistus)", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Dion's war against Dionysius II (357–354)", "place": "waters of Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Syracusan democrats (Heracleides)", "faction_b": "Dionysius II", "commanders_a": "Heracleides", "commanders_b": "Philistus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.16.3–4; Plut. Dion 35", "note": "About 60 ships a side. Philistus was captured and killed (or killed himself).", "_batch": "04", "_k": 83, "id": 277 }, { "name": "Leontini road", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dion's war against Dionysius II (357–354)", "place": "river crossing between Syracuse and Leontini", "lat": 37.18, "lon": 15.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Dion and his mercenaries", "faction_b": "Syracusan democrats", "commanders_a": "Dion", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.17.4–5; Plut. Dion 39", "note": "Dion, driven out of Syracuse, turned on the pursuing Syracusans and routed them, then released the prisoners.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 84, "id": 278 }, { "name": "Syracuse (sea, Nypsius)", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE (Diodorus 356/355)", "type": "sea", "war": "Dion's war against Dionysius II (357–354)", "place": "off the Arethusa spring, Syracuse", "lat": 37.06, "lon": 15.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Syracusan democrats", "faction_b": "Dionysius II (Nypsius' relief fleet)", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Nypsius", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.18.4; Plut. Dion 41", "note": "Some of Nypsius' supply ships were sunk and 4 triremes captured, but the supplies got through.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 85, "id": 279 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Dion's return)", "year": -356, "date": "356 BCE (Diodorus 356/355)", "type": "land", "war": "Dion's war against Dionysius II (357–354)", "place": "streets of Syracuse (Achradina, Hecatompedon)", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Dion", "faction_b": "Dionysius II's mercenaries", "commanders_a": "Dion", "commanders_b": "Nypsius", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.19–20; Plut. Dion 44–46", "note": "Nypsius' night sorties broke out of Ortygia and sacked the city. Dion marched back from Leontini and routed them; Diodorus says over 4,000 were killed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 86, "id": 280 }, { "name": "Locris (cavalry)", "year": -355, "date": "355 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Locris (site unknown)", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 22.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Locris" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thebes" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philomelus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.30.3", "note": "Phocian cavalry beat the Locrian and Boeotian cavalry. Diodorus' doublet (16.25.2–3) also mentions a Phocian loss of 20 men and a later Phocian win against Locrians helped by Boeotians.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 87, "id": 281 }, { "name": "Argolas", "year": -355, "date": "355 BCE (or 354)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "hill of Argolas, Locris (perhaps near Mendenitsa)", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philomelus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.30.4", "note": "About 6,000 Thessalians and allies were defeated. The site is not certainly identified.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 88, "id": 282 }, { "name": "Neapolis (Acragantine)", "year": -355, "date": "355 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dion's war against Dionysius II (357–354)", "place": "Neapolis in the territory of Acragas (site unknown)", "lat": 37.3, "lon": 13.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Dionysius II's forces", "faction_b": "Dion and the Syracusans", "commanders_a": "Pharax (Spartan)", "commanders_b": "Dion", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Dion 49.1–2", "note": "Plutarch: Dion 'was forced into an engagement, and was worsted'. Only Plutarch reports it.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 89, "id": 283 }, { "name": "Neon", "year": -354, "date": "354 BCE (or 355)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "wooded rough ground near Neon (Tithorea), Phocis", "lat": 38.58, "lon": 22.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pammenes?", "commanders_b": "Philomelus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.31.3–4; Paus. 10.2.4", "note": "Philomelus threw himself from a cliff. Diodorus does not name the site; Pausanias does. The Theban commander is uncertain.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 90, "id": 284 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -354, "date": "354 or 353 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Onomarchus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.33.4", "note": "The Thebans defeated Onomarchus while he besieged Chaeronea, and he withdrew to Phocis.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 91, "id": 285 }, { "name": "Thessaly (Phayllus)", "year": -353, "date": "353 BCE (or 354)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Thessaly (site unknown)", "lat": 39.4, "lon": 22.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_b": [ "Pherae" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Phayllus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.35.1", "note": "The 7,000 Phocians sent to help Lycophron of Pherae were driven out of Thessaly.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 92, "id": 286 }, { "name": "Thessaly (Onomarchus' first victory)", "year": -353, "date": "353 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Thessaly (site unknown; a crescent-shaped mountain position)", "lat": 39.35, "lon": 22.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Pherae" ], "allies_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Onomarchus", "commanders_b": "Philip II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.35.2; Polyaenus 2.38.2", "note": "Polyaenus describes stone-throwers hidden on the heights. Diodorus reports two Phocian victories; this is the first.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 93, "id": 287 }, { "name": "Thessaly (Onomarchus' second victory)", "year": -353, "date": "353 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Thessaly (site unknown)", "lat": 39.35, "lon": 22.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Pherae" ], "allies_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Onomarchus", "commanders_b": "Philip II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.35.2", "note": "The second of the two Phocian victories in Diodorus; Philip withdrew to Macedon. No details survive.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 94, "id": 288 }, { "name": "Hermaeum (Coronea)", "year": -353, "date": "353 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "the Hermaeum near Coronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.38, "lon": 22.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Onomarchus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.35.3; Arist. Eth. Nic. 3.8, 1116b", "note": "Onomarchus defeated the Boeotians and took Coronea. Linking this to Aristotle's battle 'at the Hermaeum' is a modern inference.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 95, "id": 289 }, { "name": "Crocus Field", "year": -352, "date": "353 or 352 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Crocus Field, coastal plain near Pagasae / Halos, Thessaly", "lat": 39.25, "lon": 22.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon", "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Pherae" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Onomarchus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 16.35.4–6, 16.61.2; Justin 8.2.1–4; Paus. 10.2.5", "note": "Over 6,000 Phocians and mercenaries killed. Chares' Athenian squadron was offshore but did not fight.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 96, "id": 290 }, { "name": "Orchomenus", "year": -352, "date": "352 BCE (Diodorus 352/351)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "near Orchomenus, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Phayllus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.37.5", "note": "", "_batch": "04", "_k": 97, "id": 291 }, { "name": "Cephisus", "year": -352, "date": "352 BCE (Diodorus 352/351)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "by the river Cephisus, Boeotia", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 22.92, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Phayllus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.37.5", "note": "Over 500 Phocians killed and at least 400 captured.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 98, "id": 292 }, { "name": "Coronea", "year": -352, "date": "352 BCE (Diodorus 352/351)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "near Coronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.39, "lon": 22.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Phayllus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.37.6", "note": "50 Phocians killed and 130 captured.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 99, "id": 293 }, { "name": "Orneae", "year": -352, "date": "352 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan–Megalopolitan War (352–351)", "place": "Orneae, Argolid", "lat": 37.77, "lon": 22.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Argos" ], "allies_a": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Archidamus III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.34.3, 16.39.4", "note": "Over 200 Argives killed. Phocian troops and cavalry from the exiled tyrants of Pherae served with Sparta.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 100, "id": 294 }, { "name": "Megalopolitan War (indecisive battle)", "year": -352, "date": "352 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan–Megalopolitan War (352–351)", "place": "Arcadia (site unknown)", "lat": 37.45, "lon": 22.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes", "Argos", "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Sicyon", "Messenia" ], "allies_b": [ "Phocis" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cephision", "commanders_b": "Archidamus III", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.39.5", "note": "Diodorus calls the battle stubborn and undecided. The Argives then went home and Sparta stormed Helissus. 'Arcadian League' here means Megalopolis and its Arcadian allies.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 101, "id": 295 }, { "name": "Telphusa", "year": -352, "date": "352/351 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan–Megalopolitan War (352–351)", "place": "near Telphusa (Thelpusa), Arcadia", "lat": 37.7, "lon": 21.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Arcadian League" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cephision", "commanders_b": "Anaxander (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.39.6–7", "note": "Diodorus adds two later Theban successes and one Spartan victory, without sites or details (not listed separately), before an armistice.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 102, "id": 296 }, { "name": "Abae", "year": -351, "date": "352/351 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Phocian camp near Abae, Phocis", "lat": 38.62, "lon": 22.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Phayllus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.38.4", "note": "A night attack on Phayllus' camp. Borderline.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 103, "id": 297 }, { "name": "Naryx", "year": -351, "date": "352/351 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "Naryx, Locris", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 22.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Locris" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phayllus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.38.5", "note": "Phayllus routed the Boeotians who came to help the besieged Narycaeans, then took and razed Naryx.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 104, "id": 298 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -351, "date": "352/351 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "near Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Phalaecus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.38.7", "note": "A cavalry battle. Just before it, a Boeotian night attack (site not given) killed Mnaseas and about 200 Phocians.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 105, "id": 299 }, { "name": "Tamynae", "year": -348, "date": "348 BCE (or 349)", "type": "land", "war": "Euboean war (348)", "place": "Tamynae, Eretrian territory, Euboea", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 24.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Chalcis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Macedon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phocion", "commanders_b": "Callias of Chalcis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Phoc. 12–13; Aeschin. 2.169; Dem. 21.162–167", "note": "Callias' Chalcidians, with mercenaries sent by Philip, attacked Phocion's camp after Plutarch, tyrant of Eretria, turned against the Athenians.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 107, "id": 300 }, { "name": "Olynthus", "year": -348, "date": "348 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Olynthian War (349–348)", "place": "before Olynthus", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 23.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Olynthus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.53.2", "note": "Diodorus: Philip beat the Olynthians in two field battles (κατὰ δύο μάχας) and shut them in the city, which then fell by treachery. Counted as one entry.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 108, "id": 301 }, { "name": "Hyampolis", "year": -347, "date": "347 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "near Hya (Hyampolis), Phocis", "lat": 38.59, "lon": 22.91, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.56.1", "note": "About 70 Phocians killed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 109, "id": 302 }, { "name": "Coronea", "year": -347, "date": "347 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "near Coronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.39, "lon": 22.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.56.2", "note": "Heavy Boeotian losses. Diodorus adds that the Boeotians lost more men in an attack on their return march after a later raid.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 110, "id": 303 }, { "name": "Abae", "year": -346, "date": "347/346 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Sacred War", "place": "near the sanctuary of Apollo at Abae, Phocis", "lat": 38.62, "lon": 22.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.58.4–6", "note": "The Boeotians attacked Phocians fortifying a post near Abae. About 500 fugitives died when the temple they sheltered in caught fire.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 111, "id": 304 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Hicetas v Dionysius II)", "year": -345, "date": "345/344 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Syracusan wars before Timoleon", "place": "road from Syracuse to Leontini", "lat": 37.12, "lon": 15.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Leontini" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hicetas", "commanders_b": "Dionysius II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.68.1–3; Plut. Tim. 9.3", "note": "Hicetas, a Syracusan ruling Leontini, turned on Dionysius' pursuit as he withdrew and killed over 3,000 mercenaries. He then took the city except Ortygia. In effect a Syracusan civil war; scored as Leontini v Syracuse (Dionysius' regime).", "_batch": "04", "_k": 112, "id": 305 }, { "name": "Illyria (Pleuratus)", "year": -345, "date": "345 or 344 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Illyrian campaigns", "place": "Illyria (Taulantian territory?), site unknown", "lat": 41.2, "lon": 19.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Pleuratus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Didymus, In Dem. col. 12.64–13.2; Diod. 16.69.7", "note": "Didymus: Philip was wounded in the leg pursuing Pleuratus, 150 Companions were wounded and Hippostratus was killed. Wikipedia makes it a defeat for Philip. The result is unclear and scored indecisive.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 113, "id": 306 }, { "name": "Hadranum", "year": -344, "date": "344 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "before Hadranum (Adrano), Sicily", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 14.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Leontini" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timoleon", "commanders_b": "Hicetas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 12; Diod. 16.68.9–10", "note": "Timoleon's roughly 1,200-man Corinthian expedition, mostly mercenaries, surprised Hicetas' 5,000 at dinner: about 300 killed, 600 captured and the camp taken.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 114, "id": 307 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Neon's sortie)", "year": -343, "date": "344/343 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "Achradina, Syracuse", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Leontini", "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Neon", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 18", "note": "While Mago and Hicetas were away attacking Catana, the Corinthian garrison of Ortygia sortied, routed the besiegers left behind and took Achradina.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 115, "id": 308 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Timoleon's assault)", "year": -343, "date": "343 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "Hicetas' positions at Syracuse (Epipolae, Achradina, river bank)", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 15.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Corinth" ], "side_b": [ "Leontini" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timoleon, Isias, Deinarchus, Demaretus", "commanders_b": "Hicetas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 21; Diod. 16.69.3–5", "note": "After Mago's fleet left, Timoleon stormed Hicetas' positions from three sides, reportedly without losing a man, and took Syracuse. This is the battle within Wikipedia's 'Siege of Syracuse (343 BC)'.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 116, "id": 309 }, { "name": "Illyria (Caeria)", "year": -343, "date": "c. 344/343 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Illyrian campaigns", "place": "Illyria (site unknown)", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 20.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cynane", "commanders_b": "Caeria (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyaenus 8.60", "note": "Philip's daughter Cynane killed the Illyrian queen in battle. Only Polyaenus tells it, and the date is a modern estimate. Site and country unknown.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 117, "id": 310 }, { "name": "Lyctus", "year": -343, "date": "c. 344/343 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cretan war (Cnossus v Lyctus)", "place": "Lyctus, Crete", "lat": 35.21, "lon": 25.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Cretans" ], "allies_a": [ "Cretans" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Archidamus III", "commanders_b": "Phalaecus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.62.3–4", "note": "Phalaecus' former Phocian mercenaries, hired by Cnossus, had taken Lyctus. Archidamus beat them on his way to Italy and restored the Lyctians. Side B = Cnossus' mercenaries; allies A = the Lyctian exiles.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 118, "id": 311 }, { "name": "Elis", "year": -343, "date": "343 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Elean civil war (343)", "place": "territory of Elis", "lat": 37.89, "lon": 21.38, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Elis", "Arcadian League" ], "side_b": [ "Elis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Elean government", "faction_b": "Elean exiles with Phalaecus' former Phocian mercenaries", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.63.4–5", "note": "Many mercenaries killed and about 4,000 captured. The Eleans executed their prisoners as temple-robbers.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 119, "id": 312 }, { "name": "Crimisus", "year": -341, "date": "341 or 339 BCE (Diodorus 340/339)", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "river Crimisus, western Sicily (Freddo or Belice)", "lat": 37.88, "lon": 12.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [ "Corinth" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timoleon, Demaretus", "commanders_b": "Hasdrubal, Hamilcar", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 25–29; Diod. 16.77.4–80.6", "note": "The Carthaginian Sacred Band was destroyed. Timoleon was a Corinthian general commanding Syracusans and mercenaries. Which modern river the Crimisus is is disputed.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 120, "id": 313 }, { "name": "Messana (territory)", "year": -340, "date": "c. 340 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "territory of Messana", "lat": 38.19, "lon": 15.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [ "Catana", "Leontini" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gisco (with Greek mercenaries)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 30", "note": "400 of Timoleon's mercenaries were killed by Gisco's force, which was allied with Mamercus of Catana and Hicetas. Minor.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 121, "id": 314 }, { "name": "Ietae", "year": -340, "date": "c. 340 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "near Ietae (Monte Iato), western Sicily", "lat": 37.97, "lon": 13.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Euthymus of Leucas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 30", "note": "An ambush that cut Euthymus' raiding mercenaries to pieces. Borderline.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 122, "id": 315 }, { "name": "Ateas (Scythians)", "year": -339, "date": "339 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Scythian campaign", "place": "Dobruja, south of the Danube delta", "lat": 44.3, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Ateas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 9.2; Frontin. Str. 2.8.14; Strabo 7.3.18; Lucian Macr. 10", "note": "About 20,000 women and children reportedly captured. Site unknown.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 123, "id": 316 }, { "name": "Triballi", "year": -339, "date": "339 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Scythian campaign", "place": "Triballian territory (northern Bulgaria), site unknown", "lat": 43.5, "lon": 24.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Thracians" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Philip II (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 9.3.1–3; Didymus, In Dem. col. 13.3–7", "note": "The Triballi attacked Philip's army on its way home from Scythia, wounded him in the thigh and took the Scythian booty. Some scholars treat it as an indecisive running fight.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 124, "id": 317 }, { "name": "Damurias", "year": -339, "date": "c. 339 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "crossing of the river Damurias, eastern Sicily", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 15.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Leontini" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timoleon", "commanders_b": "Hicetas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 31", "note": "About 1,000 of Hicetas' men were killed as he returned from raiding Syracusan territory. The river is unidentified.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 125, "id": 318 }, { "name": "River Battle", "year": -339, "date": "winter 339/338 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Sacred War (Philip v Athens and Thebes)", "place": "by a river in Phocis (Cephisus valley?), site unknown", "lat": 38.6, "lon": 22.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dem. 18.216", "note": "Demosthenes names 'the battle by the river' as an Athenian–Theban success. Probably a minor engagement; there are no details.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 126, "id": 319 }, { "name": "Winter Battle", "year": -338, "date": "winter 339/338 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Sacred War (Philip v Athens and Thebes)", "place": "Phocis (site unknown)", "lat": 38.55, "lon": 22.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Thebes" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dem. 18.216", "note": "Demosthenes' 'winter battle', an Athenian–Theban success. Probably minor; there are no details.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 127, "id": 320 }, { "name": "Amphissa", "year": -338, "date": "spring/summer 338 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Sacred War (Philip v Athens and Thebes)", "place": "pass from Cytinium to Amphissa (Gravia pass)", "lat": 38.62, "lon": 22.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens", "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Chares, Proxenus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyaenus 4.2.8; Aeschin. 3.146–147; Din. 1.74", "note": "Philip let a false letter be captured, then surprised and destroyed the 10,000 mercenaries holding the pass for Athens and Thebes, and took Amphissa.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 128, "id": 321 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -338, "date": "August 338 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Sacred War (Philip v Athens and Thebes)", "place": "plain of Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 22.85, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens", "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_b": [ "Achaean League", "Corinth", "Megara", "Phocis", "Chalcis", "Locris" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II, Alexander", "commanders_b": "Chares, Lysicles, Stratocles, Theagenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Diod. 16.85.2–86.6; Plut. Alex. 9; Plut. Dem. 19–20; Polyaenus 4.2.2, 4.2.7; Justin 9.3.4–11", "note": "", "_batch": "04", "_k": 129, "id": 322 }, { "name": "Manduria", "year": -338, "date": "August 338 BCE (said to be the same day as Chaeronea)", "type": "land", "war": "Archidamus III's Italian war", "place": "before Manduria, Messapia", "lat": 40.4, "lon": 17.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Messapians", "Lucanians" ], "side_b": [ "Taras", "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Archidamus III (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.63.1–2, 16.88.3–4; Plut. Agis 3.2; Paus. 3.10.5; Theopompus FGrH 115 F232", "note": "Archidamus led a Spartan force, largely mercenaries, in Tarentine service. Diodorus names only the Lucanians; Plutarch and Pausanias name the Messapians at Manduria. Sparta is counted as principal because a Spartan king commanded.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 130, "id": 323 }, { "name": "Abolus", "year": -338, "date": "c. 338 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Timoleon's Sicilian war (344–338)", "place": "stream of the Abolus near Catana", "lat": 37.42, "lon": 15.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Catana" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Carthage" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timoleon", "commanders_b": "Mamercus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Tim. 34.1", "note": "Over 2,000 of Mamercus' men killed, many of them Gisco's Carthaginian auxiliaries. The river is unidentified.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 131, "id": 324 }, { "name": "Illyria (Pleurias)", "year": -337, "date": "337 BCE (some date it 344)", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Illyrian campaigns", "place": "Illyria (site unknown)", "lat": 41.8, "lon": 20.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Pleurias", "outcome": "unknown", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 16.93.6", "note": "Diodorus says only that a Pausanias died shielding Philip. The result is not recorded (Wikipedia: Illyrian victory) and is scored as unknown/indecisive. It may be the same campaign as the Pleuratus entry. Site and country unknown.", "_batch": "04", "_k": 132, "id": 325 }, { "name": "Magnesia", "year": -336, "date": "336 BCE (or very early 335)", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Asian expedition", "place": "near Magnesia (probably on the Maeander), Ionia", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 27.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Memnon of Rhodes", "commanders_b": "Parmenion, Attalus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyaen. 5.44.4; cf. Diod. 17.7.8–10", "note": "Memnon (c. 4,000) feigned withdrawals, then fell on the Macedonian advance force (10,000) when it had stood down; many killed or captured, the rest fled into Magnesia. Usually taken as Magnesia on the Maeander, some prefer Magnesia ad Sipylum. Dated before Attalus' murder (late 336/early 335).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 0, "id": 326 }, { "name": "Troad", "year": -335, "date": "335 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Philip II's Asian expedition", "place": "the Troad, Hellespontine Phrygia", "lat": 39.95, "lon": 26.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Persia" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Calas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 17.7.10", "note": "Calas with Macedonians and mercenaries fought a much larger Persian force, was worsted and fell back on Rhoeteum; site unknown.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 1, "id": 327 }, { "name": "Mount Haemus", "year": -335, "date": "spring 335 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Balkan campaign", "place": "pass over the Haemus (Balkan) range", "lat": 42.75, "lon": 25.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.1.4–13", "note": "'Autonomous Thracians' held the ridge behind a wagon laager and rolled the carts down on the phalanx; c. 1,500 killed. Pass identification uncertain (often the Shipka pass).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 2, "id": 328 }, { "name": "Lyginus", "year": -335, "date": "spring 335 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Balkan campaign", "place": "wooded glen by the river Lyginus, land of the Triballi", "lat": 43.15, "lon": 25.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.2.1–7", "note": "Against the Triballi (king Syrmus had withdrawn to Peuce island); c. 3,000 Triballi killed. The Lyginus is identified (CAH) with the Rositsa, a tributary of the Yantra; exact site unknown.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 3, "id": 329 }, { "name": "Danube", "year": -335, "date": "335 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Balkan campaign", "place": "north bank of the lower Danube, land of the Getae", "lat": 43.68, "lon": 25.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.3.5–4.5; Strabo 7.3.8; Plut. Alex. 11.5", "note": "Against the Getae (reportedly 4,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry), who fled after the first cavalry charge following Alexander's night crossing on hide floats; their town was taken. Crossing site unknown. The failed assault on Peuce island is excluded.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 4, "id": 330 }, { "name": "Pelium", "year": -335, "date": "summer 335 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Balkan campaign", "place": "Pelium (Pelion), west of Small Prespa lake, Dassaretis", "lat": 40.68, "lon": 20.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "Cleitus son of Bardylis, Glaucias of the Taulantii", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.5.1–6.11", "note": "Includes the drill-parade breakout across the Eordaicus and the night attack three days later that routed Cleitus and Glaucias. Alexander's siege of Pelium itself was abandoned. Site: Hammond near Goricë; others elsewhere west of the Prespa lakes.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 5, "id": 331 }, { "name": "Thebes (before the walls)", "year": -335, "date": "September 335 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Theban revolt", "place": "outside Thebes, Boeotia", "lat": 38.31, "lon": 23.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [ "Phocis", "Plataea" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Perdiccas", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 17.11.1–12.5; Arr. Anab. 1.7.7–8.8; Plut. Alex. 11.6–12", "note": "Diodorus describes a long pitched battle before the city, broken when Perdiccas entered by an unguarded postern. Arrian has an assault on the outer palisade instead. The city was then stormed and razed (the sack itself is not counted). Allies of Alexander: Phocians, Plataeans, Thespians, Orchomenians.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 6, "id": 332 }, { "name": "Granicus", "year": -334, "date": "May 334 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "river Granicus (Biga Çayı), Hellespontine Phrygia", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 27.26, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Parmenion", "commanders_b": "Arsites, Spithridates, Rhoesaces, Arsames, Memnon of Rhodes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.13–16; Diod. 17.18.2–21.6; Plut. Alex. 16; Just. 11.6.10–13", "note": "", "_batch": "05", "_k": 7, "id": 333 }, { "name": "Halicarnassus (sortie)", "year": -334, "date": "autumn 334 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "before the walls of Halicarnassus, Caria", "lat": 37.04, "lon": 27.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "Memnon of Rhodes, Orontobates, Ephialtes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.20.2–23.1; Diod. 17.24.4–27.3", "note": "The garrison made several sorties. The largest, led by the Athenian exile Ephialtes from the Tripylon gate, became a full-scale battle that Macedonian veterans turned; Ephialtes fell. The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 8, "id": 334 }, { "name": "Sagalassus", "year": -333, "date": "winter 334/333 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "hill before Sagalassus, Pisidia", "lat": 37.68, "lon": 30.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Pisidians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 1.28.2–8", "note": "The Sagalassians and their Termessian allies held the hill in front of the city; c. 500 killed, Macedonian losses c. 20 including the officer Cleander. New entity name: Pisidians.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 9, "id": 335 }, { "name": "Siphnos", "year": -333, "date": "summer 333 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Aegean)", "place": "off Siphnos, Cyclades", "lat": 36.97, "lon": 24.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Proteas", "commanders_b": "Datames", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 2.2.4–5", "note": "A small dawn surprise attack. Proteas with 15 ships captured 8 of Datames' 10 ships with their crews.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 10, "id": 336 }, { "name": "Caria", "year": -333, "date": "333 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Aegean)", "place": "Caria (site unknown)", "lat": 37.15, "lon": 27.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy, Asander", "commanders_b": "Orontobates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 2.5.7", "note": "Arrian calls it a 'great battle': 700 infantry and 50 cavalry killed and at least 1,000 captured. Orontobates still held the Halicarnassus citadel, Myndus, Caunus and Cos. The news reached Alexander at Soli.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 11, "id": 337 }, { "name": "Issus", "year": -333, "date": "November 333 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "river Pinarus near Issus, Cilicia", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Parmenion", "commanders_b": "Darius III, Nabarzanes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 2.6–11; Diod. 17.32.2–36.6; Curt. 3.8–11; Plut. Alex. 20; Polyb. 12.17–22; Just. 11.9", "note": "The Pinarus is usually identified with the Payas (Hammond, Devine); older view the Deli Çay.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 12, "id": 338 }, { "name": "Hellespont", "year": -332, "date": "winter 333/332 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Aegean)", "place": "Hellespont", "lat": 40.25, "lon": 26.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Aristomenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Curt. 4.1.36", "note": "Known from Curtius only. The Macedonian fleet summoned from Greece beat Aristomenes, sent by Darius to recover the Hellespontine coast, capturing or sinking his ships. Exact site and date unknown.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 13, "id": 339 }, { "name": "Lydia", "year": -332, "date": "333/332 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "Lydia / western Asia Minor (three separate sites)", "lat": 38.6, "lon": 28.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus Monophthalmus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Curt. 4.1.34–35", "note": "One entry for three battles. Curtius says Persian commanders who escaped from Issus, with Cappadocian and Paphlagonian levies, tried to recover Lydia. Antigonus beat them in three battles 'in one region after another'. No sites are named.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 14, "id": 340 }, { "name": "Tyre (harbour battle)", "year": -332, "date": "summer 332 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "north (Sidonian) harbour of Tyre", "lat": 33.28, "lon": 35.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Tyre" ], "allies_a": [ "Salamis (Cyprus)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 2.20.6–10, 2.21.8–22.5; Curt. 4.3.11–4.9", "note": "A Tyrian squadron (13 ships) sallied at midday and sank the quinqueremes of the Cypriot kings Pnytagoras, Androcles and Pasicrates. Alexander's squadron then came round and cut it off. An earlier clash at the harbour mouth (3 Tyrian ships sunk) is folded in here. The siege itself is excluded. New entity name: Tyre (Phoenician).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 15, "id": 341 }, { "name": "Miletus", "year": -332, "date": "332 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Aegean)", "place": "Miletus, Ionia", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Balacrus", "commanders_b": "Hydarnes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Curt. 4.5.13", "note": "Uncertain inclusion. Curtius alone says Balacrus 'defeated Hydarnes, Darius' commander, and took Miletus again'. This may have been an assault rather than a field battle.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 16, "id": 342 }, { "name": "Gaza (sortie)", "year": -332, "date": "autumn 332 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "before the walls of Gaza", "lat": 31.5, "lon": 34.46, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arabs" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "Batis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 2.26.4–27.2; Curt. 4.6.12–20", "note": "The garrison (with Arab mercenaries) sallied and burned the siege works. It was driven back, but Alexander was wounded by a catapult bolt. The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 17, "id": 343 }, { "name": "Paestum", "year": -332, "date": "332 BCE (Livy's year)", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander of Epirus' Italian campaign", "place": "territory of Paestum, Lucania", "lat": 40.42, "lon": 15.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Samnites", "Lucanians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander I of Epirus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 8.17.9–10; cf. Just. 12.2.1–12", "note": "Livy says Alexander landed near Paestum and beat the Samnites and Lucanians in a pitched battle. Livy's Varronian year is followed here; he had been called in by Taras c. 334/333.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 18, "id": 344 }, { "name": "Peloponnese", "year": -331, "date": "331 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Agis III", "place": "Peloponnese (site unknown)", "lat": 37.55, "lon": 22.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agis III", "commanders_b": "Corrhagus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Aeschin. 3.165", "note": "Defeat of Corrhagus, Antipater's general in the Peloponnese. Aeschines says the Spartans and their mercenaries destroyed his force. No details or site survive.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 19, "id": 345 }, { "name": "Gaugamela", "year": -331, "date": "1 October 331 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "Gaugamela, plain east of the Tigris near Arbela", "lat": 36.56, "lon": 43.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Parmenion", "commanders_b": "Darius III, Bessus, Mazaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 3.8–15; Diod. 17.56–61; Curt. 4.12–16; Plut. Alex. 31–33", "note": "Exact site uncertain: Tell Gomel, or the Karamlesh plain east of Mosul.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 20, "id": 346 }, { "name": "Megalopolis", "year": -331, "date": "autumn 331 or spring 330 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Agis III", "place": "before Megalopolis, Arcadia", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 22.14, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Elis", "Achaean League", "Arcadian League" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antipater", "commanders_b": "Agis III", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 17.62.6–63.4; Curt. 6.1.1–21; Just. 12.1.4–11; Plut. Ages. 15.4", "note": "Agis was killed. Diodorus gives 5,300 dead on the Spartan side and 3,500 on Antipater's. Sparta's allies were Elis, the Achaeans (except Pellene) and the Arcadians (except Megalopolis). The date is disputed.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 21, "id": 347 }, { "name": "Pandosia", "year": -331, "date": "331 or 330 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander of Epirus' Italian campaign", "place": "near Pandosia, by the river Acheron, Bruttium", "lat": 39.3, "lon": 16.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Lucanians", "Bruttians" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Alexander I of Epirus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Livy 8.24.1–18; Just. 12.2.1–15; Strabo 6.1.5", "note": "Alexander's army, split across three hills by floods, was overwhelmed, and he was killed by a Lucanian exile while crossing the Acheron. Livy places it under 326, but the synchronism with Alexander the Great gives 331/330. The site of Pandosia Bruttia is uncertain (near Cosenza).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 22, "id": 348 }, { "name": "Scythia", "year": -331, "date": "c. 331 BCE (or 326/325)", "type": "land", "war": "Zopyrion's Scythian campaign", "place": "Scythia, north-west of the Black Sea (site unknown)", "lat": 46.7, "lon": 31.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Zopyrion", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 2.3.4, 12.1.4, 12.2.16–17, 37.3.2; Curt. 10.1.43–44; Macrob. Sat. 1.11.33; Oros. 3.18.1", "note": "Zopyrion, Alexander's governor in Thrace ('Pontus' in Justin), invaded Scythia with 30,000 men and besieged Olbia (Macrobius). He then perished with his whole army. Justin dates it c. 331; Curtius puts the news in 325. No details of the battle survive.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 23, "id": 349 }, { "name": "Uxian Defile", "year": -331, "date": "December 331 or January 330 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "pass on the Susa–Persepolis road (Behbahan route), Zagros", "lat": 30.95, "lon": 49.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Uxians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Craterus", "commanders_b": "Madates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 3.17.1–6; Curt. 5.3.1–15; Diod. 17.67", "note": "Arrian: the mountain Uxians, who demanded toll, were turned out of the pass and routed into Craterus' blocking force. Curtius instead describes a siege of Madates' town. Exact site unknown. New entity name: Uxians.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 24, "id": 350 }, { "name": "Persian Gate", "year": -330, "date": "January 330 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "Persian Gates pass, Zagros, on the road to Persepolis", "lat": 30.71, "lon": 51.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Craterus", "commanders_b": "Ariobarzanes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 3.18.1–9; Diod. 17.68; Curt. 5.3.16–4.34", "note": "A first frontal assault was repulsed. Alexander then outflanked the walled pass by a mountain path. The site is usually placed near Cheshmeh Chenar (Tang-e Meyran); some prefer Tang-e Mohammad Reza.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 25, "id": 351 }, { "name": "Aria", "year": -329, "date": "late 330 or spring 329 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "Aria (site unknown)", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Persia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Erigyius, Caranus, Artabazus", "commanders_b": "Satibarzanes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 3.28.2–3; Diod. 17.83.4–6; Curt. 7.4.32–40", "note": "Satibarzanes, the rebel satrap of Aria acting for Bessus (Artaxerxes V), was killed by Erigyius in single combat, and his army broke. 'Persia' here stands for Bessus' Achaemenid claimant regime.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 26, "id": 352 }, { "name": "Jaxartes", "year": -329, "date": "329 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "river Jaxartes (Syr Darya) near Alexandria Eschate (Khujand)", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Saka" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.4.1–9; Curt. 7.8.1–9.17", "note": "The sources call them Scythians; 'Saka' is used for the Central Asian Scythians in this batch.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 27, "id": 353 }, { "name": "Polytimetus", "year": -329, "date": "329 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "river Polytimetus (Zeravshan), Sogdiana", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Sogdians", "Saka" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Spitamenes", "commanders_b": "Pharnuches, Andromachus, Menedemus, Caranus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.3.7, 4.5.2–6.2; Curt. 7.6.24, 7.7.30–39", "note": "Spitamenes and his Scythian (Massagetan/Dahan) horse archers destroyed the relief column sent to Maracanda, killing c. 2,000 at the river crossing. Arrian gives two versions (Ptolemy and Aristobulus). New entity name: Sogdians.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 28, "id": 354 }, { "name": "Xenippa", "year": -328, "date": "winter 328/327 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "Xenippa, on the Scythian border of Bactria-Sogdiana (unlocated)", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 66.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Bactrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amyntas", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Curt. 8.2.14–18", "note": "Known from Curtius only. About 2,500 rebel Bactrian exile horsemen attacked Amyntas and lost 700 killed and 300 captured; Macedonian losses were 80 killed and 350 wounded. Site unknown. New entity name: Bactrians.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 29, "id": 355 }, { "name": "Gabai", "year": -328, "date": "late 328 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "near Gabai, Sogdian stronghold on the Massagetan border", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 65.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Sogdians", "Saka" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Coenus", "commanders_b": "Spitamenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.17.4–7", "note": "Spitamenes attacked with 3,000 Massagetan horse and lost more than 800; the Massagetae then killed him. Curtius 8.3 tells a different story of his death. Gabai is unlocated.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 30, "id": 356 }, { "name": "Zariaspa", "year": -328, "date": "328 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "edge of the desert beyond Zariaspa (Bactra), Bactria (site unknown)", "lat": 36.95, "lon": 66.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Saka" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sogdians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Craterus", "commanders_b": "Spitamenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.16.4-17.2; cf. Curt. 8.1.3-6", "note": "After Spitamenes' Massagetae ambushed the sortie of the Zariaspa garrison (Aristonicus killed, Peithon captured; that ambush is not listed), Craterus caught them near the desert, joined by more than 1,000 further Massagetan horse. Arrian calls it a hard-fought battle; about 150 Scythians fell and the rest escaped into the desert. Minor, but comparable to Xenippa and Gabai, which are listed.", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 357 }, { "name": "Paraetacene", "year": -327, "date": "spring 327 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "place": "Paraetacene (upper Oxus region)", "lat": 38.6, "lon": 69.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Sogdians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Craterus", "commanders_b": "Catanes, Austanes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.22.1–2; Curt. 8.5.2", "note": "A hard-fought battle with the last rebel chiefs of Paraetacene. Catanes was killed and Austanes captured; 120 cavalry and 1,500 infantry of the rebels fell. 'Sogdians' stands for the Sogdian/Paraetacenian rebels.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 31, "id": 358 }, { "name": "Arigaeum", "year": -327, "date": "winter 327/326 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "hills near Arigaeum, land of the Aspasians (Bajaur/Kunar)", "lat": 34.75, "lon": 71.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Ptolemy, Leonnatus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.24.1–25.4", "note": "Against the Aspasians. This entry combines the hill fight in which Ptolemy killed the Aspasian chief and the larger three-division battle near Arigaeum, after which 40,000 men and 230,000 oxen were captured (Ptolemy's figures via Arrian).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 32, "id": 359 }, { "name": "Massaga (sortie)", "year": -327, "date": "winter 327/326 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "before Massaga, land of the Assacenians (lower Swat/Dir)", "lat": 34.62, "lon": 72.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.26.1–4; Diod. 17.84.1; Curt. 8.10.22–27", "note": "Against the Assacenians and their 7,000 Indian mercenaries. A feigned Macedonian retreat drew them out, and they were routed back into the city. The siege that followed is excluded. Site of Massaga uncertain.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 33, "id": 360 }, { "name": "Bazira (sortie)", "year": -326, "date": "early 326 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "plain before Bazira (Barikot), Swat", "lat": 34.68, "lon": 72.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Coenus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 4.27.5–8", "note": "Uncertain inclusion (small). The Bazirians came down into the plain against Coenus' garrison force; Arrian calls it a 'sharp battle', with c. 500 Indians killed and 70 captured. The town was afterwards abandoned for Aornos.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 34, "id": 361 }, { "name": "Hydaspes", "year": -326, "date": "May 326 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "left bank of the Hydaspes (Jhelum), Punjab", "lat": 32.83, "lon": 73.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Craterus, Coenus", "commanders_b": "Porus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 5.8.4–19.3; Diod. 17.87–89; Curt. 8.13–14; Plut. Alex. 60; Just. 12.8.1–7", "note": "Indians = Porus' kingdom, with Taxiles' contingent on Alexander's side. Includes the defeat of Porus' son at the crossing. Crossing and battle site disputed: near Jhelum town, or the Jalalpur/Haranpur area.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 35, "id": 362 }, { "name": "Sangala (field battle)", "year": -326, "date": "summer 326 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "hill before Sangala, land of the Cathaei (between Hydraotes and Hyphasis)", "lat": 31.71, "lon": 73.38, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 5.22.4–23.3; Curt. 9.1.14–18; Diod. 17.91.4", "note": "The Cathaei fought from a triple wagon laager on a hill before the city and were driven inside. The siege that followed is excluded. Sangala is unlocated (Sangla Hill is one guess).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 36, "id": 363 }, { "name": "Agalassi", "year": -326, "date": "late 326 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "land of the Agalassoi, near the Hydaspes–Acesines confluence", "lat": 31.2, "lon": 72.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 17.96.3–5; Curt. 9.4.5–8", "note": "Diodorus says the Agalassoi (40,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry) drew up in battle order and were beaten with heavy loss, after which their towns were stormed. Arrian does not mention it. Site unknown.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 37, "id": 364 }, { "name": "Hydraotes", "year": -325, "date": "winter 326/325 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "east bank of the Hydraotes (Ravi), land of the Malli", "lat": 30.5, "lon": 72.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Anab. 6.8.4–8", "note": "Against the Malli: about 50,000 drawn up beyond the river were pinned by Alexander's cavalry until the infantry came up, then fled into their strongest city. The siege in which Alexander was nearly killed is excluded.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 38, "id": 365 }, { "name": "Harmatelia (sortie)", "year": -325, "date": "325 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "before Harmatelia, a Brahmin city on the lower Indus", "lat": 25.9, "lon": 68.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Ptolemy", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 17.103.1–8; Curt. 9.8.17–27", "note": "Uncertain inclusion. A feigned retreat by 500 light troops drew c. 3,000 defenders out, and they were cut up by Alexander. Ptolemy was wounded by a poisoned weapon, and the city later surrendered. Site unknown.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 39, "id": 366 }, { "name": "Oreitis", "year": -325, "date": "autumn 325 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "place": "land of the Oreitae (Las Bela), Gedrosia", "lat": 26.2, "lon": 66.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Indians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leonnatus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Ind. 23.5; Arr. Anab. 7.5.5; Diod. 17.105.8; Curt. 9.10.19", "note": "Against the Oreitae (an 'Indian' people for Arrian) and their neighbours, who attacked Leonnatus' rearguard division. Arrian's Indica gives 6,000 killed, including all their leaders. Site unknown.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 40, "id": 367 }, { "name": "Cyrene", "year": -324, "date": "324/323 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Thibron's Cyrenaean war", "place": "near Cyrene, Cyrenaica", "lat": 32.82, "lon": 21.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Thibron" ], "side_b": [ "Cyrene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thibron", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.19.2–5; Arr. Succ. fr. 1.16–17", "note": "Thibron, Harpalus' murderer, landed with c. 7,000 mercenaries guided by Cyrenaean exiles. He beat the Cyrenaeans, took the harbour and forced the city to pay 500 talents. New entity name: Thibron (mercenary army).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 41, "id": 368 }, { "name": "Cyrene", "year": -323, "date": "323/322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Thibron's Cyrenaean war", "place": "Cyrenaica (near Cyrene)", "lat": 32.82, "lon": 21.86, "loc": "region", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Cyrene" ], "side_b": [ "Thibron" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Thibron", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.21.1–2", "note": "After the Cretan Mnasicles changed sides and Thibron lost his fleet, the Cyrenaeans engaged him and won, killing many. This came after he brought 2,500 mercenaries from Taenarum. Site not stated.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 42, "id": 369 }, { "name": "Plataea", "year": -323, "date": "autumn 323 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "near Plataea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.21, "lon": 23.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Boeotians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leosthenes", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.11.3–5", "note": "Leosthenes with Athenians and mercenaries beat the pro-Macedonian Boeotians, who held former Theban land, before returning to Thermopylae. Some modern accounts add Euboeans and the Cadmea garrison. New entity name: 'Boeotians', not 'Thebes', because Thebes had been destroyed in 335.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 43, "id": 370 }, { "name": "Thermopylae", "year": -323, "date": "autumn 323 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "near Thermopylae / Malis (site not stated)", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.53, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Aetolian League", "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Locris", "Phocis" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leosthenes", "commanders_b": "Antipater", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.12.2–4; Just. 13.5.8; Plut. Phoc. 23", "note": "The Thessalian cavalry deserted Antipater for the Greeks. He was beaten and shut himself up in Lamia, and the siege of Lamia is excluded. The site is not given; the battle is conventionally named Thermopylae (Leosthenes' base).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 44, "id": 371 }, { "name": "Bactria", "year": -323, "date": "323/322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of the Greek settlers in the Upper Satrapies", "place": "Upper Satrapies (Bactria; site unknown)", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Perdiccas" ], "side_b": [ "Greek settlers (Upper Satrapies)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Peithon", "commanders_b": "Philon the Aenianian", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.4.8, 18.7.1–9", "note": "Peithon led Macedonians sent by the regent Perdiccas against more than 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry of the rebel colonists. The rebel Letodorus withdrew his 3,000 in mid-battle and the rest fled. The surrendered Greeks were then massacred. 'Perdiccas' (royal army) is used here before 321. New entity name: Greek settlers (Upper Satrapies).", "_batch": "05", "_k": 45, "id": 372 }, { "name": "Thrace", "year": -322, "date": "323/322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Lysimachus' war with Seuthes III", "place": "Thrace (Odrysian kingdom; site unknown)", "lat": 42.62, "lon": 25.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Lysimachus" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysimachus", "commanders_b": "Seuthes III", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.14.2–4; Arr. Succ. fr. 1.10", "note": "Lysimachus (4,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry) fought Seuthes (20,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry) and lost many men but killed many more. Diodorus says he left with a doubtful claim to victory and both sides withdrew. Lysimachus was then Macedonian satrap of Thrace.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 46, "id": 373 }, { "name": "Melitaea", "year": -322, "date": "spring 322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "plain of southern Thessaly (perhaps near Melitaea)", "lat": 39.08, "lon": 22.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiphilus, Menon of Pharsalus", "commanders_b": "Leonnatus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.14.4–15.4; Plut. Phoc. 25.5; Just. 13.5.14–15; Arr. Succ. fr. 1.9", "note": "Defeat and death of Leonnatus in a cavalry battle won by Menon's Thessalians; the Macedonian phalanx withdrew to high ground. The site is unknown: Yardley suggests Melitaea, Hammond only 'the open plain of Thessaly'. Diodorus says the Aetolians had already gone home.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 47, "id": 374 }, { "name": "Abydos", "year": -322, "date": "spring 322 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "Hellespont, off Abydos", "lat": 40.2, "lon": 26.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleitus (?)", "commanders_b": "Euetion (?)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "IG II² 398a + 438; IG II² 493; cf. Diod. 18.15.8–9", "note": "Known from Athenian decrees about a naval battle in the Hellespont and help given to Athenian survivors. It is probably one of Diodorus' 'two naval battles'. The commanders are not named in the inscriptions; some doubt Cleitus commanded here.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 48, "id": 375 }, { "name": "Rhamnous", "year": -322, "date": "322 BCE (before Crannon)", "type": "land", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "coast near Rhamnous, Attica", "lat": 38.22, "lon": 24.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phocion", "commanders_b": "Micion", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Phoc. 25.1–4", "note": "Phocion defeated a Macedonian and mercenary landing force that was ravaging the coast, killing Micion. It was a small action.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 49, "id": 376 }, { "name": "Echinades", "year": -322, "date": "322 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "near the Echinades islands, off Acarnania (identification disputed)", "lat": 38.38, "lon": 21.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleitus the White", "commanders_b": "Euetion", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.15.8–9", "note": "Diodorus says Cleitus beat Euetion in two battles and destroyed many ships near the Echinades. Bosworth makes it a separate Ionian Sea battle off Oiniadai in spring 322. Others emend to the Lichades (Malian Gulf) or treat it as a doublet of Amorgos/Abydos; it might be counted twice.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 50, "id": 377 }, { "name": "Amorgos", "year": -322, "date": "June/July 322 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "off Amorgos, Cyclades", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 25.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleitus the White", "commanders_b": "Euetion", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Marm. Par. FGrH 239 B9; Plut. Demetr. 11.4; Plut. Mor. 338a; Diod. 18.15.8–9", "note": "The decisive defeat of the Athenian navy (c. 170 ships against 240), although Plutarch says only 3–4 Athenian ships were sunk.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 51, "id": 378 }, { "name": "Cappadocia", "year": -322, "date": "summer 322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Perdiccas' Cappadocian campaign", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.7, "lon": 35.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Perdiccas" ], "side_b": [ "Cappadocia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Perdiccas (with King Philip III)", "commanders_b": "Ariarathes I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.16.1–3; Arr. Succ. fr. 1.11; App. Mithr. 8; Plut. Eum. 3.12–14; Just. 13.6.1–3", "note": "Ariarathes (reportedly 30,000 infantry, 15,000 cavalry) was beaten: 4,000 killed and 5,000 captured, including the king, who was impaled. Diodorus describes one battle; some accounts mention more than one engagement. 'Perdiccas' (royal army) is used here before 321.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 52, "id": 379 }, { "name": "Crannon", "year": -322, "date": "7 Metageitnion (early August) 322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Lamian War", "place": "near Crannon, Thessaly", "lat": 39.5, "lon": 22.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens", "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antipater, Craterus", "commanders_b": "Antiphilus, Menon of Pharsalus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 18.17.1–5; Plut. Phoc. 26.1; Plut. Dem. 28.1; Plut. Cam. 19.8; Arr. Succ. fr. 1.12", "note": "The Greek cavalry had the upper hand, but the phalanx drove the Greek infantry from the field; about 500 Greek and 130 Macedonian dead. A limited tactical victory that decided the war. Aetolians absent.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 53, "id": 380 }, { "name": "Cyrene", "year": -322, "date": "322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Thibron's Cyrenaean war", "place": "Cyrenaica (near Cyrene)", "lat": 32.82, "lon": 21.86, "loc": "region", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Thibron" ], "side_b": [ "Cyrene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Libyans", "Carthage" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thibron", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.21.3–5", "note": "The Cyrenaeans, reinforced by neighbouring Libyans and Carthaginians, fielded c. 30,000 men and were heavily defeated. Thibron renewed the siege, and the Cyrenaeans then made Mnasicles general.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 54, "id": 381 }, { "name": "Cyrene", "year": -322, "date": "322 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Thibron's Cyrenaean war", "place": "Cyrenaica (near Cyrene)", "lat": 32.82, "lon": 21.86, "loc": "region", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Thibron", "Cyrene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ophellas", "commanders_b": "Thibron", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.21.6–9; Arr. Succ. fr. 1.17–19", "note": "Ptolemy sent Ophellas at the request of Cyrenaean exiles, and the Cyrenaean democrats joined Thibron. Diodorus says Ophellas 'defeated and captured' Thibron and took over the cities. In Arrian, Thibron was caught in flight by Libyans and executed at Taucheira (Apollonia in some accounts). There are no details of the battle.", "_batch": "05", "_k": 55, "id": 382 }, { "name": "Eumenes v Neoptolemus", "year": -321, "date": "321 BCE (or 320, low chronology)", "type": "land", "war": "First War of the Diadochi", "place": "Asia Minor, probably near Cappadocia (site unknown)", "lat": 39.4, "lon": 33.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Perdiccas" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes", "commanders_b": "Neoptolemus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.29.4–6; Plut. Eum. 5", "note": "Eumenes commanded for the Perdiccan regency; Neoptolemus had come to terms with Antipater and fled to him with c. 300 horse. Site unknown; c. 10 days before the battle with Craterus.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 0, "id": 383 }, { "name": "Hellespont", "year": -321, "date": "321 BCE (or 320, low chronology)", "type": "land", "war": "First War of the Diadochi", "place": "Asia Minor; Diodorus says 'near Cappadocia' (site unknown)", "lat": 39.2, "lon": 33.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Perdiccas" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes", "commanders_b": "Craterus, Neoptolemus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 18.30–32, 18.37.1; Plut. Eum. 6–7; Nep. Eum. 4; Arr. Succ. F 1.27", "note": "Conventional name from Eumenes' mission to guard the Hellespont; Diod. 18.37.1 places it near Cappadocia, Wikipedia near the Dardanelles. Craterus and Neoptolemus (killed by Eumenes in single combat) commanded for Antipater's coalition.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 1, "id": 384 }, { "name": "Camel's Fort", "year": -321, "date": "321 BCE (or 320)", "type": "land", "war": "First War of the Diadochi", "place": "Fort of Camels on the Nile, eastern Delta", "lat": 30.85, "lon": 31.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Perdiccas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy I", "commanders_b": "Perdiccas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.33.6–34.5", "note": "A day-long assault on a fortified post rather than a pitched battle; included as the main engagement of Perdiccas' invasion of Egypt. The later disaster at the Nile crossing near Memphis was not a battle; Perdiccas was then murdered by his officers.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 2, "id": 385 }, { "name": "Amphissa", "year": -321, "date": "321/320 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First War of the Diadochi (Aetolian war)", "place": "near Amphissa, Ozolian Locris", "lat": 38.53, "lon": 22.38, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Polycles (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.38.1–2", "note": "Aetolians (allied to Perdiccas) besieging Amphissa defeated and killed Antipater's general Polycles; site not stated precisely.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 3, "id": 386 }, { "name": "Thessaly", "year": -321, "date": "321/320 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First War of the Diadochi (Aetolian war)", "place": "Thessaly (site unknown)", "lat": 39.4, "lon": 22.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polyperchon", "commanders_b": "Menon of Pharsalus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.38.5–6", "note": "Polyperchon, holding Macedon for Antipater, crushed the Thessalian rebels (allies of the Aetolians, who had gone home).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 4, "id": 387 }, { "name": "Rhodes", "year": -320, "date": "320 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Rhodes", "lat": 36.46, "lon": 28.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Perdiccas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demaratus", "commanders_b": "Attalus son of Andromenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Succ. F 1.39 (Photius cod. 92)", "note": "Attalus led the Perdiccan fleet after Perdiccas' death ('Perdiccas' here = the Perdiccan remnant); he had raided Cnidus and Caunus.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 5, "id": 388 }, { "name": "Caria", "year": -320, "date": "320 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First War of the Diadochi", "place": "Caria/Pisidia region (site unknown)", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Perdiccas" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcetas, Attalus", "commanders_b": "Asander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Arr. Succ. F 1.41 (Photius cod. 92)", "note": "Asander, satrap of Caria, sent by the regent Antipater against the Perdiccan remnant and defeated. Only a one-line notice; site unknown.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 6, "id": 389 }, { "name": "Orcynia", "year": -319, "date": "319 BCE (or 320)", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "plain near Orcynia, Cappadocia", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 34.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Eumenes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus I", "commanders_b": "Eumenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.40.5–8; Plut. Eum. 9", "note": "Eumenes lost through the defection of his cavalry officer Apollonides; he was then besieged at Nora. Eumenes at this time was condemned as an outlaw, not yet the royal general.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 7, "id": 390 }, { "name": "Cretopolis", "year": -319, "date": "319 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "Cretopolis, Pisidia (Büğdüz, Burdur)", "lat": 37.37, "lon": 30.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Perdiccas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Pisidians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus I", "commanders_b": "Alcetas, Attalus, Docimus, Polemon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.44–45", "note": "'Perdiccas' here = the Perdiccan remnant under Alcetas. Attalus, Docimus and Polemon captured; Alcetas fled to Termessus.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 8, "id": 391 }, { "name": "Parthia (Peithon v the upper satraps)", "year": -317, "date": "318/317 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "Parthia", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Upper satraps" ], "side_b": [ "Peithon" ], "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.14.1–3", "note": "Peucestas and the satraps of the upper provinces defeated Peithon, satrap of Media, after he had killed Philip of Parthia. Both sides Macedonian.", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 392 }, { "name": "Byzantium (first battle)", "year": -317, "date": "318/317 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Byzantium, Bosporus/Propontis", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 28.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Cassander", "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleitus the White", "commanders_b": "Nicanor", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.72.3–4; Polyaen. 4.6.8", "note": "Cleitus commanded the fleet of the regent Polyperchon (= Macedon); Nicanor led Cassander's fleet reinforced by Antigonus' ships and lost c. 70 ships. Wikipedia treats both engagements as one 'Battle of Byzantium (317 BC)'.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 9, "id": 393 }, { "name": "Byzantium (second battle)", "year": -317, "date": "318/317 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "European shore of the Bosporus near Byzantium", "lat": 41.02, "lon": 28.99, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I", "Cassander" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Byzantium" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus I, Nicanor", "commanders_b": "Cleitus the White", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 18.72.5–9; Polyaen. 4.6.8", "note": "Combined dawn attack by land (light troops ferried over by the Byzantines) and sea two days after the first battle; Cleitus' fleet destroyed, Cleitus later killed by Lysimachus' men.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 10, "id": 394 }, { "name": "Coprates", "year": -317, "date": "317 BCE (or 316)", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "crossing of the Coprates (Dez) river, Susiana", "lat": 32.0, "lon": 48.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Eumenes" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes", "commanders_b": "Antigonus I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.18.3–7", "note": "Eumenes surprised the part of Antigonus' army that had crossed the river; c. 4,000 captured. Coprates usually identified with the Dez.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 11, "id": 395 }, { "name": "Paraitacene", "year": -317, "date": "317 BCE (or 316, low chronology)", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "Paraitacene, near Isfahan", "lat": 32.63, "lon": 51.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Eumenes" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes, Peucestas, Eudamus, Antigenes", "commanders_b": "Antigonus I, Demetrius, Peithon", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 19.26–32; Plut. Eum. 15; Nep. Eum. 8", "note": "Eumenes' phalanx routed Antigonus' and Antigonus lost far more men, but Antigonus' cavalry broke Eumenes' left and Antigonus camped on the field and claimed victory. Wikipedia infobox: Eumenes victory; often judged indecisive.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 12, "id": 396 }, { "name": "Bisaltia", "year": -316, "date": "316 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi (Macedonian civil war)", "place": "near Amphipolis / Bisaltia, Macedonia", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 23.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Olympias (royal party)", "faction_b": "Cassander", "commanders_a": "Aristonous", "commanders_b": "Crateuas (Cratevas)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.50.7–8", "note": "Aristonous killed most of Crateuas' force and besieged him at Bedyndia in Bisaltia, where he surrendered. Fought while Cassander besieged Olympias in Pydna.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 13, "id": 397 }, { "name": "Gabiene", "year": -316, "date": "winter 317/316 or 316/315 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "place": "Gabiene, Isfahan province", "lat": 31.78, "lon": 51.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Eumenes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus I, Demetrius, Peithon", "commanders_b": "Eumenes, Peucestas, Antigenes, Teutamus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 19.39–43; Plut. Eum. 16–17; Nep. Eum. 10; Polyaen. 4.6.13", "note": "Tactically mixed: Eumenes' Silver Shields routed Antigonus' phalanx, but Antigonus' cavalry won and captured the baggage; the Silver Shields then handed Eumenes over. Wikipedia: inconclusive, Antigonid overall victory.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 14, "id": 398 }, { "name": "Aphrodisias (Cilicia)", "year": -314, "date": "315/314 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Aphrodisias, Rough Cilicia", "lat": 36.17, "lon": 33.69, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polycleitus", "commanders_b": "Theodotus, Perilaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.64.5–7", "note": "Combined ambush: Perilaus' land force caught first, then Theodotus' squadron (Rhodian-built ships) routed and all its ships captured.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 15, "id": 399 }, { "name": "Sicyon", "year": -314, "date": "314 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "Sicyon", "lat": 37.98, "lon": 22.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sicyon" ], "side_b": [ "Sicyon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Cratesipolis (Polyperchon's party, with mercenaries)", "faction_b": "Sicyonian rebels", "commanders_a": "Cratesipolis", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.67.1–2", "note": "Cratesipolis, widow of Alexander son of Polyperchon, crushed a rising of the Sicyonians 'with great slaughter' and crucified 30.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 16, "id": 400 }, { "name": "Hebrus (Illyria)", "year": -314, "date": "314 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "river 'Hebrus' in Illyria (unidentified)", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 20.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cassander", "commanders_b": "Glaucias (Taulantii)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.67.6–7", "note": "The river name is otherwise unknown (Loeb note); followed by a treaty with Glaucias.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 17, "id": 401 }, { "name": "Lemnos", "year": -314, "date": "314/313 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Lemnos", "lat": 39.88, "lon": 25.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dioscurides", "commanders_b": "Aristotle (Athenian commander)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.68.3–4", "note": "Athens (under Demetrius of Phalerum) acted for its ally Cassander; Seleucus' Ptolemaic squadron had supported Aristotle but had left. Most Athenian ships captured.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 18, "id": 402 }, { "name": "Caprima", "year": -313, "date": "314/313 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "Caprima, Caria (site unknown)", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 27.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemaeus (nephew of Antigonus)", "commanders_b": "Eupolemus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.68.5–7", "note": "Midnight attack on the fortified camp of Cassander's general (c. 8,000 foot, 200 horse); included as the destruction of an army, though a surprise attack rather than a set battle.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 19, "id": 403 }, { "name": "Medius' sea victory", "year": -313, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "at sea on Medius' voyage from Phoenicia to Caria (site unknown)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 29.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Medius of Larissa", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.69.3", "note": "Medius defeated and captured 36 ships of 'the Pydnaeans' (Cassander's partisans); the Loeb editor thinks the name corrupt. Site and opponent uncertain.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 20, "id": 404 }, { "name": "Callatis", "year": -313, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi (Lysimachus v Pontic cities)", "place": "Dobruja, near Callatis (site unknown)", "lat": 43.85, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Lysimachus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysimachus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.73.1–5", "note": "Pitched battle against the Scythians who came to help rebel Callatis; the Thracians changed sides before the fighting. Followed by a siege of Callatis.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 21, "id": 405 }, { "name": "Haemus Pass", "year": -313, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "a pass of the Haemus (Balkan) mountains", "lat": 42.75, "lon": 25.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Lysimachus" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysimachus", "commanders_b": "Seuthes III (Odrysians)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.73.8–9", "note": "Seuthes, allied with Antigonus, held the pass; long, hard-fought battle with heavy losses on both sides.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 22, "id": 406 }, { "name": "Hieron (Thrace)", "year": -313, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "'Hieron' (a sanctuary site, location unknown)", "lat": 42.45, "lon": 27.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Lysimachus" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysimachus", "commanders_b": "Pausanias (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.73.10", "note": "Antigonus' relief force for Callatis caught in a place difficult of access; Pausanias killed, men ransomed or enrolled. Location of 'Hieron' unknown (Loeb); coordinates only indicate Thrace.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 23, "id": 407 }, { "name": "Epirus (Philip v Aeacides)", "year": -313, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "Epirus/Aetolia border (site unknown)", "lat": 39.1, "lon": 21.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip (brother of Cassander)", "commanders_b": "Aeacides", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.74.3–4", "note": "Philip intercepted Aeacides before he could join the Aetolians, killing many and capturing c. 50 leaders of the king's restoration.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 24, "id": 408 }, { "name": "Oeniadae", "year": -313, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "near Oeniadae, Acarnania", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 21.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus", "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip (brother of Cassander)", "commanders_b": "Aeacides (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.74.4–6; Paus. 1.11.4", "note": "Site from Pausanias; Diodorus does not name it.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 25, "id": 409 }, { "name": "Oreus (first)", "year": -313, "date": "313/312 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Oreus, northern Euboea", "lat": 38.95, "lon": 23.09, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Telesphorus, Medius", "commanders_b": "Cassander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.75.7", "note": "Antigonid relief fleet attacked Cassander's ships blockading Oreus and burned four. Small engagement; Wikipedia (Medius) dates it 312.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 26, "id": 410 }, { "name": "Oreus (second)", "year": -313, "date": "313/312 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Oreus, northern Euboea", "lat": 38.96, "lon": 23.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [ "Athens" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cassander; Thymochares (Athenian squadron)", "commanders_b": "Telesphorus, Medius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.75.8", "note": "Reinforced by Athenian ships, Cassander counter-attacked, sank one Antigonid ship and captured three with crews. Small engagement.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 27, "id": 411 }, { "name": "Gaza", "year": -312, "date": "312 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "south of Gaza (Old Gaza)", "lat": 31.47, "lon": 34.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy I, Seleucus", "commanders_b": "Demetrius, Peithon son of Agenor (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 19.80.5–85; Plut. Demetr. 5; Paus. 1.6.5; Just. 15.1.6–9", "note": "Seleucus fought as Ptolemy's officer; the victory let him return to Babylon.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 28, "id": 412 }, { "name": "Petra", "year": -312, "date": "312 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi (Antigonid–Nabataean war)", "place": "Athenaeus' camp c. 200 stades from Petra on his return march", "lat": 30.6, "lon": 35.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Nabataeans" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Athenaeus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.94–95", "note": "After Athenaeus raided Petra while the men were away, the Nabataeans pursued and attacked his camp in the third watch, destroying almost all his 4,000 foot and 600 horse. A surprise attack on a camp rather than a set battle.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 29, "id": 413 }, { "name": "Eurymenae (first)", "year": -312, "date": "312 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "Eurymenae, Epirus (site uncertain)", "lat": 39.63, "lon": 20.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander son of Alcetas II", "commanders_b": "Lyciscus; Micythus (killed), Lysander of Athens (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.88.4–5", "note": "Alexander relieved his father besieged at Eurymenae; Diodorus does not state the winner explicitly but reports heavy losses for Cassander's army incl. its officers, and calls it defeated. Identification of Eurymenae uncertain.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 30, "id": 414 }, { "name": "Eurymenae (second)", "year": -312, "date": "312 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "Eurymenae, Epirus (site uncertain)", "lat": 39.64, "lon": 20.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lyciscus, Deinias", "commanders_b": "Alexander and Teucer, sons of Alcetas II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.88.6", "note": "With Deinias' reinforcements Cassander's army won a second battle; Eurymenae was then sacked.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 31, "id": 415 }, { "name": "Apollonia", "year": -312, "date": "312 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "before the walls of Apollonia, Illyria", "lat": 40.72, "lon": 19.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Apollonia" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Cassander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.89.1–2", "note": "The Apolloniates, who had expelled Cassander's garrison and called in allies (Illyrians of Glaucias), outnumbered and defeated Cassander in a long, hard battle.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 32, "id": 416 }, { "name": "Galaria", "year": -312, "date": "312/311 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' war with the Syracusan exiles", "place": "Galaria, Sicily (perhaps Gagliano Castelferrato)", "lat": 37.7, "lon": 14.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Agathocles", "faction_b": "Syracusan exiles (Deinocrates)", "commanders_a": "Pasiphilus, Demophilus", "commanders_b": "Deinocrates, Philonides (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.104.1–2", "note": "Exile army of c. 3,000 foot and 2,000 horse defeated; Galaria then taken.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 33, "id": 417 }, { "name": "Myus", "year": -311, "date": "312/311 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third War of the Diadochi", "place": "Myus, Upper Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 35.5, "lon": 36.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius", "commanders_b": "Cilles (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.93.1–2; Plut. Demetr. 6", "note": "Dawn surprise attack; Diodorus says Demetrius took the army 'without a battle', Plutarch that he routed it and took 7,000 prisoners. Counted as a battle by Wikipedia; borderline.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 34, "id": 418 }, { "name": "Himera River", "year": -311, "date": "311 BCE (Beloch: early summer 310)", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' war with Carthage", "place": "Himera (Salso) river below Mount Ecnomus, near Licata", "lat": 37.11, "lon": 13.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hamilcar son of Gisco", "commanders_b": "Agathocles", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.107–110; Just. 22.3.6–9", "note": "Agathocles stormed into the Carthaginian camp but was routed when reinforcements arrived; c. 7,000 Greeks killed. Also called the battle of Ecnomus.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 35, "id": 419 }, { "name": "Tigris", "year": -311, "date": "311 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Babylonian War", "place": "marshes by the Tigris, east of Babylonia (site unknown)", "lat": 33.0, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Seleucus I", "commanders_b": "Nicanor (satrap of Media), Evagoras (satrap of Aria, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 19.92.1–5", "note": "Night attack from concealment in the marshes; Evagoras killed, most of Nicanor's army went over to Seleucus.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 36, "id": 420 }, { "name": "White Tunis", "year": -310, "date": "310 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "between White Tunis and Carthage", "lat": 36.8, "lon": 10.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "Hanno (killed), Bomilcar", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 20.10–13; Just. 22.6.5–7; Oros. 4.6.24", "note": "", "_batch": "06", "_k": 37, "id": 421 }, { "name": "Libya (Aelymas)", "year": -310, "date": "310/309 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "Libyan interior (site unknown)", "lat": 36.4, "lon": 9.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Libyans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "Aelymas, king of the Libyans", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.17.1, 20.18.3", "note": "Aelymas had allied with Agathocles and then deserted him.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 38, "id": 422 }, { "name": "Thates River", "year": -310, "date": "310/309 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Bosporan civil war", "place": "across the Thates river, Asian Bosporus (Kuban; site unknown)", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 38.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom", "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom", "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek and Thracian mercenaries" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Satyrus II", "faction_b": "Eumelus", "commanders_a": "Satyrus II", "commanders_b": "Eumelus; Aripharnes, king of the Siraces", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.22.3–23", "note": "Satyrus' army was mostly Scythian (c. 20,000 foot, 10,000 horse); Eumelus' mostly the Siraces (Sarmatians) of Aripharnes. Satyrus was killed soon afterwards besieging Aripharnes' fortress (siege, not listed). Diodorus spells the river Thates (often 'Thatis').", "_batch": "06", "_k": 39, "id": 423 }, { "name": "Cilicia", "year": -310, "date": "310 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Antigonus v Ptolemy (after the Peace of 311)", "place": "Rough Cilicia (site unknown)", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 33.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius", "commanders_b": "Leonides and other generals of Ptolemy", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.19.4–5", "note": "Diodorus says only that Demetrius 'defeated the generals of Ptolemy and recovered the cities'; no battle details.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 40, "id": 424 }, { "name": "Lake Maeotis (Eumelus v Prytanis)", "year": -309, "date": "309 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Bosporan civil war", "place": "Asian Bosporus near the isthmus by Lake Maeotis (site unknown)", "lat": 45.2, "lon": 37.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Eumelus", "faction_b": "Prytanis", "commanders_a": "Eumelus", "commanders_b": "Prytanis", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.24.1–2", "note": "Eumelus defeated his brother, shut him up in the isthmus by the Maeotis and forced his surrender.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 41, "id": 425 }, { "name": "Syracuse (Euryalus)", "year": -309, "date": "309 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' war with Carthage", "place": "Euryalus heights above Syracuse", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek exiles under Deinocrates" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antander and the Syracusan generals", "commanders_b": "Hamilcar son of Gisco (captured, executed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.29.3–30.2; Cic. Div. 1.50", "note": "Field battle during the siege of Syracuse (311–309): the Syracusans attacked Hamilcar's army on its night march to Euryalus and routed it.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 42, "id": 426 }, { "name": "Herbessus", "year": -309, "date": "309 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Akragantine war of liberation", "place": "Herbessus, Sicily", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 13.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Akragas" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenodocus", "commanders_b": "Agathocles' garrison commanders", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.31.5", "note": "'A bitter battle' with Agathocles' garrison, after which Herbessus was freed; may have been an assault on the town rather than a field battle.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 43, "id": 427 }, { "name": "Megara Hyblaea", "year": -309, "date": "309 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Agathocles' war with Carthage", "place": "off Megara (Hyblaea), at a shrine of Hera", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 15.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.32.3–5", "note": "Syracusans sailing out to escort grain ships lost 10 triremes to the Carthaginian blockading squadron.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 44, "id": 428 }, { "name": "Tunis", "year": -309, "date": "309/308 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "Carthaginian camp near Tunis", "lat": 36.8, "lon": 10.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.34.6–7", "note": "After the mutiny in his camp, Agathocles fell on the Carthaginians (who were expecting deserters) and inflicted heavy losses.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 45, "id": 429 }, { "name": "25 Abu", "year": -309, "date": "10 August 309 BCE (25 Abu)", "type": "land", "war": "Babylonian War", "place": "between Babylon and Susa (site unknown)", "lat": 32.6, "lon": 46.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Seleucus I", "commanders_b": "Antigonus I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyaen. 4.9.1; cf. BCHP 3 (Chronicle of the Diadochi)", "note": "After an indecisive first day both sides rested; Seleucus' men attacked Antigonus' camp at dawn and won. The precise date is a modern reconstruction (Wikipedia 'Battle of the 25 of Abu'); Polyaenus gives no place or date.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 46, "id": 430 }, { "name": "Zuphones", "year": -308, "date": "309/308 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "territory of the Zuphones (Numidians), Libyan interior", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 9.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "Carthaginian generals; Clinon (Greek mercenaries, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.38.3–39.4", "note": "The Numidians waited on the outcome and then plundered both baggage trains.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 47, "id": 431 }, { "name": "Hippou Acra", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "off Hippou Acra (Bizerte)", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 9.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.55.3", "note": "Agathocles beat the people of Hippou Acra (a Phoenician dependency of Carthage) in a naval battle and then stormed the city.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 48, "id": 432 }, { "name": "Akragas (first)", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles v Akragas", "place": "territory of Akragas", "lat": 37.3, "lon": 13.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Akragas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leptines, Demophilus", "commanders_b": "Xenodocus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.56.1–2", "note": "Xenodocus lost over 1,500 men and fled to Akragas.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 49, "id": 433 }, { "name": "Libya (Aeschrion)", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "Libyan interior (site unknown)", "lat": 36.1, "lon": 9.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hanno", "commanders_b": "Aeschrion (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.60.3–4", "note": "Ambush of one of Archagathus' three divisions; Aeschrion and over 4,000 foot and 200 horse killed.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 50, "id": 434 }, { "name": "Libya (Eumachus)", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "Libyan interior, near a hill by a captured town (site unknown)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 8.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Himilco", "commanders_b": "Eumachus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.60.4–8", "note": "Feigned retreat; Eumachus' division (c. 8,000 foot) almost annihilated.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 51, "id": 435 }, { "name": "Syracuse (harbour)", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Agathocles' war with Carthage", "place": "harbour of Syracuse", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 15.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse", "Etruscans" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.61.5–8", "note": "Agathocles' 17 ships and 18 Etruscan ships surprised the 30-ship Carthaginian blockade, capturing 5 ships.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 52, "id": 436 }, { "name": "Akragas (second)", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles v Akragas", "place": "territory of Akragas", "lat": 37.32, "lon": 13.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Akragas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leptines", "commanders_b": "Xenodocus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.62.3–5", "note": "Second defeat of Xenodocus, who then withdrew to Gela.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 53, "id": 437 }, { "name": "Tunis", "year": -307, "date": "307 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' African expedition", "place": "Carthaginian camp near Tunis/Carthage", "lat": 36.82, "lon": 10.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tunisia", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Libyans", "Celts", "Etruscans", "Samnites (mercenaries)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Agathocles", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.64.1–6; Just. 22.8.12–14", "note": "On his return to Africa Agathocles attacked the fortified Carthaginian camp and was driven back with c. 3,000 losses; he soon fled to Sicily.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 54, "id": 438 }, { "name": "Salamis (Cyprus)", "year": -306, "date": "306 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth War of the Diadochi", "place": "outside Salamis, Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius", "commanders_b": "Menelaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.47.3–4", "note": "Short battle before the siege; Menelaus lost c. 1,000 killed and 3,000 captured.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 55, "id": 439 }, { "name": "Salamis (Cyprus) (sea)", "year": -306, "date": "306 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Fourth War of the Diadochi", "place": "off Salamis, Cyprus", "lat": 35.17, "lon": 33.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Athens" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius; Medius, Marsyas, Themison", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy I; Menelaus (sortie under Menoetius)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Diod. 20.49–52; Plut. Demetr. 16; Just. 15.2.6–7; Polyaen. 4.7.7", "note": "Decisive; led Antigonus and Demetrius to take the royal title.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 56, "id": 440 }, { "name": "Rhodes (harbour)", "year": -305, "date": "305 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Rhodian war (siege of Rhodes)", "place": "harbour of Rhodes", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 28.23, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Execestus (captured)", "commanders_b": "Demetrius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.88.4–6", "note": "Harbour battle during the siege: three picked Rhodian ships rammed and overturned two of Demetrius' floating siege-engines; the admiral and one ship were captured when they pressed too far.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 57, "id": 441 }, { "name": "Rhodes (mole sortie)", "year": -305, "date": "305 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Rhodian war (siege of Rhodes)", "place": "the great harbour mole, Rhodes", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 28.23, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Demetrius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.88.7–9", "note": "Sortie battle: during a storm the Rhodians attacked the troops Demetrius had lodged on the mole; after a long fight over 400 surrendered.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 58, "id": 442 }, { "name": "Torgium", "year": -305, "date": "305 BCE (Diodorus' year 305/304)", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' war with the Syracusan exiles", "place": "Torgium, Sicily (site unknown)", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 14.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Agathocles", "faction_b": "Syracusan exiles (Deinocrates)", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "Deinocrates", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 20.89.1–5", "note": "Agathocles (c. 5,000 foot, 800 horse) beat the exiles (c. 25,000 foot, 3,000 horse) when over 2,000 of them defected; thousands who surrendered were then massacred.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 59, "id": 443 }, { "name": "Thuriae (Sallentine)", "year": -302, "date": "303/302 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cleonymus' Italian expedition", "place": "Thuriae in Sallentine territory (site uncertain)", "lat": 40.2, "lon": 18.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Cleonymus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "M. Aemilius Paullus (consul) or C. Junius Bubulcus (dictator)", "commanders_b": "Cleonymus of Sparta", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 10.2.1–3; cf. Diod. 20.105.1–2", "note": "Livy: the Romans routed Cleonymus 'in one battle' and drove him to his ships; his annalists disagree on the Roman commander. Diodorus instead has native 'barbarians' (Messapians/Sallentines) defeat him in a night attack on his camp near Triopium, probably the same episode. Cleonymus by then was at odds with Taras and acting on his own.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 60, "id": 444 }, { "name": "Patavium", "year": -302, "date": "302 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cleonymus' Italian expedition", "place": "villages and river Meduacus near Patavium (Padua)", "lat": 45.35, "lon": 12.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Veneti" ], "side_b": [ "Cleonymus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Cleonymus of Sparta", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 10.2.4–15", "note": "The Patavini routed his raiding parties and attacked his ships on the river; Cleonymus lost about four-fifths of his fleet. Known only from Livy, a native of Patavium.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 61, "id": 445 }, { "name": "Ipsus", "year": -301, "date": "301 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth War of the Diadochi", "place": "Ipsus, Phrygia (near Çayırbağ, Afyonkarahisar)", "lat": 38.95, "lon": 30.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire", "Lysimachus" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [ "Macedon (Cassander's contingent)" ], "allies_b": [ "Epirus (Pyrrhus)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Seleucus I, Lysimachus, Pleistarchus", "commanders_b": "Antigonus I (killed), Demetrius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Diod. 21.1; Plut. Demetr. 28–30; Plut. Pyrrh. 4; App. Syr. 55; Just. 15.4.21–23", "note": "", "_batch": "06", "_k": 62, "id": 446 }, { "name": "Cappadocia (Ariarathes v Amyntas)", "year": -301, "date": "c. 301 BCE (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "war": "Recovery of Cappadocia", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.7, "lon": 35.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Cappadocia", "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ariarathes II, with troops of Ardoates of Armenia", "commanders_b": "Amyntas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 31.19.5", "note": "Diodorus says only that Ariarathes 'slew Amyntas the Macedonian general' and drove out the Macedonians while the Successors fought each other. Amyntas' master (probably Antigonus, possibly a post-Ipsus ruler) and the date are uncertain; Diodorus' Cappadocian genealogy is partly legendary.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 63, "id": 447 }, { "name": "Corcyra", "year": -299, "date": "c. 300–298 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Agathocles v Cassander", "place": "off Corcyra", "lat": 39.62, "lon": 19.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathocles", "commanders_b": "Cassander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 21.2.1–3", "note": "Agathocles relieved Corcyra, besieged by Cassander by land and sea, and set fire to the whole Macedonian fleet.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 64, "id": 448 }, { "name": "Ethae", "year": -298, "date": "c. 298 BCE (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "war": "Agathocles' Italian campaigns", "place": "Ethae, Bruttium (site unknown)", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 16.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Bruttians" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Agathocles", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 21.3", "note": "Night attack on Agathocles' camp while he besieged Ethae; 4,000 of his men killed and he withdrew to Syracuse.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 65, "id": 449 }, { "name": "Bithynia (Zipoetes v Lysimachus)", "year": -297, "date": "c. 297 BCE? (undated; between c. 301 and 281)", "type": "land", "war": "Bithynian war of Lysimachus", "place": "Bithynia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.4, "lon": 30.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bithynia" ], "side_b": [ "Lysimachus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zipoetes I", "commanders_b": "generals of Lysimachus (one killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon FGrH 434 F 12.5", "note": "Memnon says Zipoetes killed one of Lysimachus' generals, drove another far from his land, and defeated Lysimachus himself; probably more than one engagement. Undated; often linked to Zipoetes' royal title (Bithynian era 297).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 66, "id": 450 }, { "name": "Mantinea", "year": -294, "date": "294 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Demetrius' Peloponnesian campaign", "place": "near Mantinea, Arcadia", "lat": 37.62, "lon": 22.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius", "commanders_b": "Archidamus IV", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Demetr. 35.1", "note": "'Antigonus I' = Demetrius before he took Macedon (later in 294).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 67, "id": 451 }, { "name": "Sparta", "year": -294, "date": "294 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Demetrius' Peloponnesian campaign", "place": "near Sparta, Laconia", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius", "commanders_b": "Archidamus IV", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Demetr. 35.1", "note": "Second victory; 200 Spartans killed and 500 captured. Demetrius broke off to deal with Lysimachus and Ptolemy.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 68, "id": 452 }, { "name": "Aetolia (Pyrrhus v Pantauchus)", "year": -289, "date": "289 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Demetrius v Pyrrhus", "place": "Aetolia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.6, "lon": 21.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyrrhus", "commanders_b": "Pantauchus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 7.2–5; Plut. Demetr. 41.2", "note": "Demetrius had left Pantauchus with an army in Aetolia; the two kings' armies missed each other. Pyrrhus wounded Pantauchus in single combat and took 5,000 prisoners.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 69, "id": 453 }, { "name": "Hyblaeus River", "year": -285, "date": "c. 285 BCE (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "war": "Hicetas v Phintias", "place": "near the Hyblaeus river (Dirillo near Camarina, or upper Irminio near Hybla Heraea)", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 14.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Akragas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hicetas", "commanders_b": "Phintias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 22.2.1", "note": "River identification disputed (Wikipedia: Dirillo; Loeb: upper Hyrminius). Date from Wikipedia; Diodorus gives none (Hicetas ruled c. 288–279).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 70, "id": 454 }, { "name": "Cyrrhestica", "year": -285, "date": "285 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Demetrius' Asian campaign", "place": "Cyrrhestica, northern Syria, near the Amanus passes", "lat": 36.6, "lon": 36.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Seleucus I", "commanders_b": "Demetrius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Demetr. 48–49", "note": "Demetrius' night march failed; Seleucus' wing partly routed his army and Seleucus' personal appeal brought the rest over. Demetrius fled and surrendered soon after. Largely a defection; borderline as a battle.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 71, "id": 455 }, { "name": "Terias River", "year": -284, "date": "c. 284 BCE (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "war": "Hicetas v Carthage", "place": "river Terias (San Leonardo) near Leontini", "lat": 37.3, "lon": 15.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Hicetas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 22.2.1", "note": "Date from Wikipedia; Diodorus gives none.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 72, "id": 456 }, { "name": "Taras", "year": -282, "date": "282 BCE (late)", "type": "sea", "war": "Pyrrhic War (outbreak)", "place": "off Taras (Gulf of Taranto)", "lat": 40.45, "lon": 17.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Taras" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "L. Valerius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Samn. 7.1; Dio fr. 39.4–5 (Zon. 8.2); Livy Per. 12; Oros. 4.1.1", "note": "The Tarentines attacked a Roman squadron of 10 ships entering the gulf, sinking 4 and capturing 1 (Appian); triggered the war.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 73, "id": 457 }, { "name": "Corupedium", "year": -281, "date": "281 BCE (Feb.?)", "type": "land", "war": "War of Seleucus and Lysimachus", "place": "Kouroupedion plain near Sardis, Lydia", "lat": 38.55, "lon": 27.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Lysimachus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Seleucus I", "commanders_b": "Lysimachus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "App. Syr. 62, 64; Just. 17.1.8–2.1; Memnon F 5.7; Paus. 1.10.5; Porph. FGrH 260 F 3.8", "note": "", "_batch": "06", "_k": 74, "id": 458 }, { "name": "Heraclea", "year": -280, "date": "280 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhic War", "place": "between Heraclea and Pandosia on the Siris, Lucania (near Policoro)", "lat": 40.21, "lon": 16.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Epirus", "Taras" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyrrhus", "commanders_b": "P. Valerius Laevinus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 16–17; Dion. Hal. 19.12; Flor. 1.13.7–8; Zon. 8.3; Oros. 4.1.8–15", "note": "", "_batch": "06", "_k": 75, "id": 459 }, { "name": "Ptolemy Keraunos v Antigonus (sea)", "year": -280, "date": "280 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Struggle for Macedon after Corupedium", "place": "Aegean, on Antigonus' attempted crossing to Macedon (site unknown)", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 23.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonids" ], "allies_a": [ "Heraclea Pontica" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy Keraunos", "commanders_b": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon FGrH 434 F 8.4–6; Just. 24.1.8", "note": "Keraunos used Lysimachus' former fleet, in which the Heracleot ships (incl. the eight 'Leontophoros') fought best; Antigonus retreated to Boeotia. Site unknown.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 76, "id": 460 }, { "name": "Cirrha", "year": -280, "date": "280 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Areus' war against the Aetolians", "place": "Cirrhaean (Crisaean) plain below Delphi", "lat": 38.45, "lon": 22.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Areus I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 24.1.2–7", "note": "Areus ravaged the sacred plain the Aetolians were cultivating; c. 500 Aetolians fell on the dispersed Spartans and routed them (Justin's figure of 9,000 killed is implausible). Close to an attack on plunderers; borderline.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 77, "id": 461 }, { "name": "Bithynia (Hermogenes)", "year": -280, "date": "c. 280/279 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Antiochus I v Bithynia and the Northern League", "place": "Bithynia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.6, "lon": 30.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bithynia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Hermogenes of Aspendus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon FGrH 434 F 9.3; cf. F 12.5", "note": "Antiochus' general Hermogenes was ambushed and killed with his whole army; probably the defeat of 'Antiochus son of Seleucus' credited to Zipoetes in Memnon F 12.5.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 78, "id": 462 }, { "name": "Asculum", "year": -279, "date": "279 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhic War", "place": "near Ausculum (Ascoli Satriano), Apulia", "lat": 41.21, "lon": 15.56, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Epirus", "Taras" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Samnites", "Lucanians", "Bruttians", "Messapians" ], "allies_b": [ "Latins and Italian allies", "Daunians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyrrhus", "commanders_b": "P. Decius Mus, P. Sulpicius Saverrio", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 21.5–10; Dion. Hal. 20.1–3; Zon. 8.5; Front. Strat. 2.3.21; Oros. 4.1.19–22", "note": "Two-day battle; the original 'Pyrrhic victory'. Some ancient accounts claimed a draw or Roman success.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 79, "id": 463 }, { "name": "Macedonia (death of Ptolemy Keraunos)", "year": -279, "date": "early 279 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Macedon and Greece", "place": "north-western frontier of Macedon (site unknown)", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 21.5, "loc": "region", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Celts" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bolgius (Belgius)", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy Keraunos (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 24.4–5; Diod. 22.3; Paus. 10.19.7; Memnon F 8.8", "note": "Keraunos was thrown by his elephant, captured and beheaded; Diodorus says the whole Macedonian army was cut down. Site unknown.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 80, "id": 464 }, { "name": "Macedonia (Sosthenes v Bolgius)", "year": -279, "date": "279 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Macedon and Greece", "place": "Macedonia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.6, "lon": 22.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sosthenes", "commanders_b": "Bolgius (Belgius)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 24.5.12–14", "note": "Sosthenes attacked the Gauls while they celebrated their victory and drove them out of Macedon.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 81, "id": 465 }, { "name": "Macedonia (Brennus v Sosthenes)", "year": -279, "date": "279 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Macedon and Greece", "place": "Macedonia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.6, "lon": 22.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Celts" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brennus", "commanders_b": "Sosthenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 24.6.1–3; Diod. 22.9.1", "note": "The outnumbered Macedonians were beaten and shut themselves in their cities while Brennus plundered the country.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 82, "id": 466 }, { "name": "Thermopylae", "year": -279, "date": "279 BCE (autumn)", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Greece", "place": "pass of Thermopylae", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Celts" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League", "Thebes", "Athens", "Phocis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Locris", "Megara", "Antigonids (500 mercenaries)", "Seleucid Empire (500 mercenaries)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brennus, Acichorius", "commanders_b": "Callippus (Athens), Eurydamus (Aetolia), Cephisodotus (Boeotia), Critobulus (Phocis)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Paus. 10.19.5–22.13; Paus. 1.4.2–3", "note": "The Greeks repulsed the frontal assaults with heavy Gallic losses, but Brennus turned the position by the Anopaea path and the Greek army was evacuated by the Athenian fleet. Wikipedia: Celtic victory at Thermopylae. 'Thebes' = the Boeotian contingent (10,000 hoplites).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 83, "id": 467 }, { "name": "Callium", "year": -279, "date": "279 BCE (autumn)", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Greece", "place": "around Callium (Kallion), eastern Aetolia", "lat": 38.62, "lon": 22.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League (Patrae)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Combutis, Orestorius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 10.22.2–7", "note": "After the Gauls sacked Callium, the Aetolian levy (incl. women and old men) and the Patraeans attacked them on their way back; fewer than half of the 40,800 reached Thermopylae. A running fight rather than one set battle.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 84, "id": 468 }, { "name": "Delphi", "year": -279, "date": "279 BCE (winter 279/278)", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Greece", "place": "Delphi and the slopes of Parnassus", "lat": 38.48, "lon": 22.5, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Phocis", "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [ "Locris (Amphissa)", "Delphi" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aleximachus (Phocis, killed), Philomelus (Aetolians)", "commanders_b": "Brennus (wounded, later suicide)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Paus. 10.23.1–12; Just. 24.6–8; Diod. 22.9", "note": "Ancient accounts dwell on divine intervention (earthquake, snowstorm, panic).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 85, "id": 469 }, { "name": "Spercheios River", "year": -279, "date": "winter 279/278 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasion of Greece", "place": "Spercheios river, Malis", "lat": 38.88, "lon": 22.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [ "Malians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 10.23.13", "note": "Ambush of the retreating Gauls; Pausanias' claim that none got home is exaggerated.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 86, "id": 470 }, { "name": "Thynia", "year": -279, "date": "c. 279/278 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Heraclea Pontica v Zipoetes", "place": "Thynia (Thynian territory west of Heraclea)", "lat": 41.1, "lon": 30.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bithynia" ], "side_b": [ "Heraclea Pontica" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zipoetes (II, rival of Nicomedes I)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon FGrH 434 F 9.5", "note": "Heraclea lost many men, but Zipoetes withdrew when allied reinforcements arrived. 'Bithynia' here is Zipoetes' faction, not Nicomedes' kingdom (Nicomedes was Heraclea's ally).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 87, "id": 471 }, { "name": "Sicily (Pyrrhus v Mamertines)", "year": -277, "date": "277 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhic War (Sicilian campaign)", "place": "north-eastern Sicily (site unknown)", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 15.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Mamertines" ], "allies_a": [ "Syracuse and Sicilian Greeks" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyrrhus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 23.1", "note": "Plutarch: Pyrrhus 'conquered them in battle and destroyed many of their strongholds'; no details.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 88, "id": 472 }, { "name": "Lysimachia", "year": -277, "date": "277 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Celtic invasions", "place": "near Lysimachia, Thracian Chersonese", "lat": 40.52, "lon": 26.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Antigonids" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 25.1–2; Diog. Laert. 2.141", "note": "The Gauls attacked Antigonus' apparently abandoned camp and were cut down by his troops and sailors by the shore; the victory won him the Macedonian throne.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 89, "id": 473 }, { "name": "Strait of Messina", "year": -276, "date": "276 BCE (or 275)", "type": "sea", "war": "Pyrrhic War", "place": "Strait of Messina", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 15.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Carthage" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 24.1; App. Samn. 12.1; Just. 25.3.1", "note": "Carthaginians intercepted Pyrrhus' fleet on his return to Italy; he lost many ships but got across to Locri.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 90, "id": 474 }, { "name": "Bruttium (Mamertine attack on Pyrrhus)", "year": -276, "date": "276 BCE (or 275)", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhic War", "place": "rough country in Bruttium on the march toward Locri (site unknown)", "lat": 38.3, "lon": 15.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Mamertines" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhus", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 24.2–5", "note": "Some 10,000 Mamertines who had crossed ahead attacked the march, killing two elephants and many of the rearguard; Pyrrhus, wounded, killed a Mamertine champion and the attackers drew off. Outcome judged indecisive.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 91, "id": 475 }, { "name": "Beneventum", "year": -275, "date": "275 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhic War", "place": "near Maleventum (Beneventum), Samnium", "lat": 41.13, "lon": 14.78, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Samnites" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "M'. Curius Dentatus", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 25; Dion. Hal. 20.11–12; Oros. 4.2.3–6; Flor. 1.13.11; Front. Strat. 2.2.1", "note": "Pyrrhus' night march failed; the sources are poor and some moderns see it as indecisive, but Pyrrhus then left Italy.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 92, "id": 476 }, { "name": "Elephant Victory", "year": -275, "date": "c. 275 BCE (proposals range from 277 to 268)", "type": "land", "war": "Galatian war of Antiochus I", "place": "central/western Anatolia (site unknown)", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 31.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Lucian, Zeuxis 8–11; App. Syr. 65; Suda s.v. Simonides", "note": "16 elephants routed the Galatian cavalry and chariots. Date disputed: c. 275 commonly; Wörrle's c. 270–268 widely accepted. If dated 270–268 it falls just after this batch's range.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 93, "id": 477 }, { "name": "Aous", "year": -274, "date": "274 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhus v Antigonus Gonatas", "place": "a narrow pass, conventionally near the Aous (Vjosa) river", "lat": 40.31, "lon": 20.19, "loc": "region", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Celts (mercenaries)" ], "allies_b": [ "Celts (mercenaries)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyrrhus", "commanders_b": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 26.2–5; Paus. 1.13.2–3; Just. 25.3.5–7", "note": "Plutarch names only 'a narrow pass'; the Aous location is modern convention. Antigonus' Galatian rearguard was cut down, his elephants captured and his Macedonians went over to Pyrrhus.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 94, "id": 478 }, { "name": "Macedonia (Ptolemy son of Pyrrhus v Antigonus)", "year": -274, "date": "274/273 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhus v Antigonus Gonatas", "place": "Macedonia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.75, "lon": 22.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Celts (mercenaries)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy son of Pyrrhus", "commanders_b": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Just. 25.3.8", "note": "Antigonus, renewing the war with Gallic mercenaries, was 'utterly defeated' and fled with seven companions. Known only from Justin.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 95, "id": 479 }, { "name": "Cyamosorus River", "year": -274, "date": "c. 275–274 BCE (some date c. 270/269)", "type": "land", "war": "Syracuse v Mamertines", "place": "river Cyamosorus near Centuripa", "lat": 37.6, "lon": 14.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Mamertines" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Hieron (II)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 1.9.3–6; cf. Diod. 22.13.1", "note": "Hieron deliberately let the Mamertines destroy his unruly mercenaries while he withdrew with the citizen troops. Date disputed.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 96, "id": 480 }, { "name": "Sparta", "year": -272, "date": "272 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhus' Peloponnesian campaign", "place": "trench and walls of Sparta", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [ "Macedon (Ameinias' mercenaries)" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Acrotatus; Areus I (returning from Crete); Ameinias of Phocis", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhus; Cleonymus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 26.8–29; Paus. 1.13.6; Just. 25.4.6–8; Polyaen. 8.68", "note": "Two days of assaults on the trench and wagon barrier (with the women's famous part) beaten off; an assault on a city, included as the brief's 'fighting at the walls'.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 97, "id": 481 }, { "name": "Laconia (death of Ptolemy son of Pyrrhus)", "year": -272, "date": "272 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhus' Peloponnesian campaign", "place": "difficult ground in Laconia on the march to Argos (site unknown)", "lat": 37.3, "lon": 22.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Epirus" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyrrhus; Ptolemy son of Pyrrhus (killed)", "commanders_b": "Areus I; Evalcus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 30.2–6; Just. 25.4.9–10", "note": "Rearguard battle: Areus' picked troops routed the rearguard and killed Ptolemy; Pyrrhus' Molossian cavalry then cut down the Spartan force. Outcome debatable (Spartan ambush success v. Pyrrhus holding the field).", "_batch": "06", "_k": 98, "id": 482 }, { "name": "Argos", "year": -272, "date": "272 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pyrrhus' Peloponnesian campaign", "place": "streets of Argos", "lat": 37.63, "lon": 22.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Argos", "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus II Gonatas, Halcyoneus; Areus I (Spartans)", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pyrrh. 31–34; Paus. 1.13.8, 2.21.4; Just. 25.5.1", "note": "Night entry into Argos ended in street fighting; Pyrrhus was struck by a roof tile thrown by a woman and killed.", "_batch": "06", "_k": 99, "id": 483 }, { "name": "Longanus River", "year": -269, "date": "269 BCE (some date it 265/264)", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Hiero II against the Mamertines", "place": "plain of Mylae by the river Longanus, NE Sicily", "lat": 38.15, "lon": 15.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Syracuse" ], "side_b": [ "Mamertines" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hiero (II)", "commanders_b": "Cios (Mamertine leader, captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 1.9.7–8; Diod. 22.13", "note": "Date disputed: 269 (Hoyos, many chronologies) or 265/264; after it Hiero was acclaimed king. Hiero's earlier defeat at the Cyamosorus (Polyb. 1.9.4) is usually dated c. 274 and falls before this batch.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 0, "id": 484 }, { "name": "Megara", "year": -266, "date": "c. 266/265 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Chremonidean War", "place": "Megarid", "lat": 38.0, "lon": 23.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Trogus Prol. 26; Justin 26.2.1–6", "note": "Trogus: Antigonus destroyed mutinous Gauls ('defectores Galli') at Megara; Justin tells of a Gallic army (Gallograeci) wiped out after killing their own families. Identifying the two accounts, and the site, is modern inference.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 1, "id": 485 }, { "name": "Corinth", "year": -265, "date": "265 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Chremonidean War", "place": "near Corinth, at the Isthmus", "lat": 37.92, "lon": 22.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "commanders_b": "Areus I (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Agis 3.4; Trogus Prol. 26", "note": "Areus I was killed trying to break through the Macedonian blockade of Athens at the Isthmus; few details survive.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 2, "id": 486 }, { "name": "Messana", "year": -264, "date": "264 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Punic War", "place": "outside Messana (Messina), NE Sicily", "lat": 38.19, "lon": 15.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ap. Claudius Caudex", "commanders_b": "Hiero II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Polyb. 1.11.13–12.4, 1.15; Diod. 23.3; Zon. 8.9", "note": "Polybius: Appius defeated the Syracusans besieging Messana and Hiero withdrew to Syracuse that night. Appius beat the Carthaginians the next day, a Rome v Carthage action not listed here. Philinus claimed Roman defeats, and some modern works call the Syracusan action inconclusive.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 3, "id": 487 }, { "name": "Derdia", "year": -262, "date": "c. 263–261 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Alexander II of Epirus against Macedon", "place": "Derdia, probably in western Macedonia (Elimiotis?)", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 21.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius (later Demetrius II), son of Antigonus Gonatas", "commanders_b": "Alexander II of Epirus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 26.2.9–12; Euseb. Chron. 1.243 Schoene", "note": "Only Eusebius names the site (and he miscalls Alexander 'Pyrrhus'); Justin says the young Demetrius raised an army, recovered Macedonia and drove Alexander out of Epirus. The site is unidentified, and the date is approximate.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 4, "id": 488 }, { "name": "Megalopolis", "year": -262, "date": "c. 262 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Chremonidean War (aftermath)", "place": "territory of Megalopolis, Arcadia", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 22.14, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Megalopolis" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aristodemus 'the Good' (tyrant of Megalopolis)", "commanders_b": "Acrotatus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 8.27.11; Plut. Agis 3.4", "note": "Pausanias calls the Spartan commander Acrotatus son of Cleomenes; Plutarch's Acrotatus son of Areus (Acrotatus II) is generally preferred. The date is approximate. 'Megalopolis' is a new entity name.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 5, "id": 489 }, { "name": "Cos", "year": -261, "date": "c. 261 BCE (alternatively 258 or 255)", "type": "sea", "war": "Chremonidean War / Second Syrian War", "place": "off Leucolla, island of Cos", "lat": 36.9, "lon": 27.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "commanders_b": "generals of Ptolemy II (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Athen. 5.209e; Plut. Mor. 545b; Diog. Laert. 4.39", "note": "The date is much disputed: c. 262/261 at the end of the Chremonidean War, or 258/255 in the Second Syrian War. Antigonus dedicated his flagship at Delos afterwards.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 6, "id": 490 }, { "name": "Sardis", "year": -261, "date": "c. 261 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Eumenes I against Antiochus I", "place": "near Sardis, Lydia", "lat": 38.48, "lon": 28.04, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes I", "commanders_b": "Antiochus I", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 13.4.2", "note": "Known only from a single sentence in Strabo; it secured Pergamene independence.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 7, "id": 491 }, { "name": "Ephesus", "year": -258, "date": "c. 258 BCE (disputed: anywhere from c. 261 to 242)", "type": "sea", "war": "Second Syrian War (?)", "place": "off Ephesus, Ionia", "lat": 37.95, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agathostratus", "commanders_b": "Chremonides", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyaenus 5.18", "note": "Most scholars place it c. 259/258 in the Second Syrian War. Others put it in the Third Syrian War (c. 245–242) or treat it as a separate Rhodian–Ptolemaic conflict.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 8, "id": 492 }, { "name": "Mantinea", "year": -249, "date": "c. 250/249 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Spartan war against the Arcadians and Achaeans", "place": "near Mantinea, Arcadia", "lat": 37.62, "lon": 22.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Mantinea", "Megalopolis", "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aratus of Sicyon; Lydiades and Leocydes of Megalopolis", "commanders_b": "Agis son of Eudamidas (killed, according to Pausanias)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 8.10.5–10; 8.8.11", "note": "Historicity doubted: known only from Pausanias, and Agis IV was in fact executed at Sparta in 241. Some accept a real battle c. 250/249 with a garbled Spartan commander. Included as uncertain.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 9, "id": 493 }, { "name": "Andros", "year": -245, "date": "246/245 BCE (exact date uncertain)", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Syrian War", "place": "off Andros, Cyclades", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 24.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "commanders_b": "Sophron (probably); Ptolemy Andromachou", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Trogus Prol. 27; Plut. Pelop. 2.4", "note": "246/245 is generally accepted, but other dates (including a pre-250 date) have been proposed. Trogus' 'Oprona' is usually emended to Sophron.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 10, "id": 494 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -245, "date": "245 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Aetolian–Boeotian War", "place": "Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Abaeocritus (boeotarch, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 20.4.4–5; Plut. Arat. 16.1", "note": "The side_b entity is the Boeotian League. About 1,000 Boeotians fell; Aratus' Achaean relief army arrived too late.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 11, "id": 495 }, { "name": "Syria (defeat of Seleucus II)", "year": -244, "date": "c. 245–242 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Syrian War", "place": "northern Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 35.5, "lon": 36.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "generals of Ptolemy III", "commanders_b": "Seleucus II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 27.2.4–5; Trogus Prol. 27", "note": "Justin says that Seleucus II made war on Ptolemy, was defeated and fled to Antioch. No site or detail survives; included as uncertain.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 12, "id": 496 }, { "name": "Pellene", "year": -241, "date": "241 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Aetolian–Achaean War", "place": "Pellene, eastern Achaea", "lat": 38.04, "lon": 22.56, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aratus of Sicyon", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Arat. 31–32; Polyb. 4.8.4; Paus. 2.8.5", "note": "Aratus attacked the Aetolians while they were scattered plundering the newly taken town and routed them, killing about 700.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 13, "id": 497 }, { "name": "Lydia", "year": -240, "date": "c. 240 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of the Brothers", "place": "Lydia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 28.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Seleucus II", "faction_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "commanders_a": "Seleucus II", "commanders_b": "Antiochus Hierax; Alexander (governor of Sardis)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Porphyry FGrH 260 F32.8 (Euseb. Chron., Armenian version)", "note": "Eusebius (who garbles Hierax's name as 'Antigonus') says Seleucus won in Lydia but could not take Sardis or Ephesus.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 14, "id": 498 }, { "name": "Ancyra", "year": -239, "date": "c. 240/239 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of the Brothers", "place": "near Ancyra (Ankara), Galatia", "lat": 39.93, "lon": 32.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire", "Celts", "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus Hierax", "faction_b": "Seleucus II", "commanders_a": "Antiochus Hierax; Mithridates II of Pontus", "commanders_b": "Seleucus II", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Trogus Prol. 27; Justin 27.2.10–11; Porphyry FGrH 260 F32.8", "note": "Trogus credits the Gauls with the victory; Eusebius says it was against Mithridates and that about 20,000 of Seleucus' men fell. Seleucus barely escaped, and Asia Minor west of the Taurus was left to Hierax. Some scholars date it as late as c. 236/235.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 15, "id": 499 }, { "name": "Caicus Springs", "year": -238, "date": "c. 238/237 BCE (range 241–235)", "type": "land", "war": "Attalid–Galatian Wars", "place": "near the sources of the river Caicus, Mysia", "lat": 39.2, "lon": 27.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "OGIS 269, 276; Paus. 1.25.2, 10.15.3; Polyb. 18.41.7; Livy 33.21.3; Strabo 13.4.2", "note": "Fought against the Tolistoagii Galatians. After it Attalus took the title of king, and it was commemorated by the Gallic monuments at Pergamon.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 16, "id": 500 }, { "name": "Magnesia", "year": -237, "date": "c. 238–236 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of the Brothers (aftermath)", "place": "Magnesia (probably on the Maeander)", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 27.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus Hierax", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Porphyry FGrH 260 F32.8 (Euseb. Chron., Armenian version)", "note": "Highly uncertain. Eusebius says that Hierax, betrayed by his followers to 'the barbarians', escaped to Magnesia and won a battle there with Ptolemaic soldiers. The opponent is not named (the Galatians are assumed here) and neither is which Magnesia.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 17, "id": 501 }, { "name": "Chares River", "year": -236, "date": "c. 240–235 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Aratus' wars against the tyrants of Argos", "place": "river Chares (Charadrus?), near Argos", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 22.73, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Argos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aratus of Sicyon", "commanders_b": "Aristippus II (tyrant of Argos)", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Arat. 28", "note": "Aratus' wing was winning, but he withdrew, so the Argives held the field and set up a trophy; usually judged indecisive. Some modern works call the river the Xerias.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 18, "id": 502 }, { "name": "Cleonae", "year": -235, "date": "c. 235 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Aratus' wars against the tyrants of Argos", "place": "Cleonae, with the pursuit to Mycenae", "lat": 37.81, "lon": 22.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Argos" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aratus of Sicyon", "commanders_b": "Aristippus II (tyrant of Argos, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Arat. 29", "note": "Aratus surprised Aristippus' army attacking Cleonae and routed it; Aristippus was killed in the flight near Mycenae.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 19, "id": 503 }, { "name": "Phylacia", "year": -233, "date": "c. 237–233 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Demetrian War", "place": "Phylacia (site uncertain; perhaps Phylace in SE Arcadia)", "lat": 37.39, "lon": 22.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bithys (general of Demetrius II)", "commanders_b": "Aratus of Sicyon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Arat. 34.2–4", "note": "The site is unidentified: Arcadia or Attica have both been proposed. False rumours of Aratus' death followed the defeat.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 20, "id": 504 }, { "name": "Medion", "year": -231, "date": "231 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Aetolian–Acarnanian War", "place": "Medion (Medeon), Acarnania", "lat": 38.78, "lon": 21.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [ "Acarnania" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "officers of Agron (5,000 Illyrians)", "commanders_b": "Aetolian strategos (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.2–4", "note": "Relief battle during the Aetolian siege of Medion. Agron's Illyrians, bribed by Demetrius II, landed and routed the besiegers, helped by a sortie of the Medionians.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 21, "id": 505 }, { "name": "Phoenice", "year": -230, "date": "230 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Illyrian raids on Epirus", "place": "near Phoenice, Chaonia", "lat": 39.91, "lon": 20.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "side_b": [ "Epirus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Teuta's commanders (Scerdilaidas commanded a second force)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.5–6", "note": "The Illyrians took Phoenice when its Gallic mercenary garrison betrayed it. They then defeated the Epirote relief army camped by the river below the city.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 22, "id": 506 }, { "name": "Aphrodisium", "year": -230, "date": "c. 237–230 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Attalus I against Antiochus Hierax", "place": "by the Aphrodisium (sanctuary of Aphrodite) outside Pergamon", "lat": 39.12, "lon": 27.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Celts", "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I", "commanders_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "OGIS 275", "note": "Fought against the Tolistoagii, the Tectosages and Antiochus Hierax (here counted as Seleucid Empire, for his breakaway Seleucid realm in Asia Minor). The order and dates of Attalus' victories are disputed.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 23, "id": 507 }, { "name": "Paxos", "year": -229, "date": "spring 229 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Illyrian War against the Greeks (Teuta)", "place": "off the island of Paxos", "lat": 39.22, "lon": 20.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Illyrians", "Acarnania" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Teuta's admirals (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Margus of Caryneia (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.9–10", "note": "Fought to relieve besieged Corcyra. The Illyrian lembi, supported by 7 Acarnanian decked ships, beat 10 Achaean decked ships (Aetolian participation is minor or unclear): 4 quadriremes were captured and a quinquereme was sunk. Corcyra then surrendered.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 24, "id": 508 }, { "name": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "year": -229, "date": "c. 230/229 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Attalus I against Antiochus Hierax", "place": "Hellespontine Phrygia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.25, "lon": 27.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I", "commanders_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "OGIS 274", "note": "Hierax was perhaps moving towards his father-in-law Ziaelas of Bithynia; the date is uncertain.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 25, "id": 509 }, { "name": "Coloe", "year": -229, "date": "229/228 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Attalus I against Antiochus Hierax", "place": "near Lake Coloe (Marmara Gölü), north of Sardis", "lat": 38.62, "lon": 28.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I", "commanders_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "OGIS 278; Porphyry FGrH 260 F32.8", "note": "Eusebius says Hierax was defeated twice in Lydia in 229 and fought Attalus near Coloe; the second Lydian defeat (near Sardis?) is not separately located and not listed separately.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 26, "id": 510 }, { "name": "Macedonia (Dardanian invasion)", "year": -229, "date": "c. 230/229 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Dardanian invasion of Macedon", "place": "north-western borderlands of Macedon (site unknown)", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 21.6, "loc": "region", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Longarus (Dardanian king; cf. Livy 31.28.2)", "commanders_b": "Demetrius II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Trogus Prol. 28; cf. Justin 28.3.14; Livy 31.28.2", "note": "Trogus says that Demetrius II was routed by the Dardanians shortly before his death. The site, date and circumstances are unknown, and it is not certain that he died of the battle.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 27, "id": 511 }, { "name": "Harpasus", "year": -228, "date": "228 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Attalus I against Antiochus Hierax", "place": "by the river Harpasus (Akçay), Caria", "lat": 37.86, "lon": 28.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I", "commanders_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "OGIS 271, 279; Porphyry FGrH 260 F32.8", "note": "This final defeat drove Hierax out of Asia Minor.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 28, "id": 512 }, { "name": "Parthia (Arsaces I v Seleucus II)", "year": -228, "date": "c. 230–227 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid–Parthian war (eastern campaign of Seleucus II)", "place": "Parthia/Hyrcania (site unknown)", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Arsaces I", "commanders_b": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 41.4.9–10; cf. Strabo 11.8.8; Posidonius ap. Athen. 4.153a", "note": "Only Justin records the battle: Arsaces met Seleucus, who had come to punish the rebels, and won, and the Parthians kept the day as the start of their freedom. Strabo says Arsaces fled from Seleucus to the Apasiacae, and modern accounts (date usually c. 228) often have Arsaces retreat first and recover once Seleucus was called west. Posidonius' story that Seleucus II was captured probably confuses him with Demetrius II. Date, site and the battle's character are all uncertain; coordinates are a placeholder in the Parthian heartland (Astauene).", "_batch": "10", "_k": 0, "id": 513 }, { "name": "Mesopotamia (rout of Antiochus Hierax)", "year": -227, "date": "c. 228/227 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of the Brothers (final phase)", "place": "Mesopotamia (site unknown)", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 40.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Seleucus II", "faction_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "commanders_a": "Seleucus II (or his generals)", "commanders_b": "Antiochus Hierax", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Trogus Prol. 27; Polyaenus 4.17", "note": "Trogus: 'Antiochus in Mesopotamia a Callinico fugatus'. No details survive, the date is uncertain, and it is not certain that this was a pitched battle.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 29, "id": 514 }, { "name": "Mount Lycaeum", "year": -227, "date": "227 BCE (some 226)", "type": "land", "war": "Cleomenean War", "place": "near Mount Lycaeum, SW Arcadia", "lat": 37.46, "lon": 21.99, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomenes III", "commanders_b": "Aratus of Sicyon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.51.3; Plut. Cleom. 5; Plut. Arat. 36", "note": "Cleomenes routed the Achaean army, which had been marching to attack Elis.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 30, "id": 515 }, { "name": "Ladoceia", "year": -227, "date": "227 BCE (some 226)", "type": "land", "war": "Cleomenean War", "place": "Ladoceia (Plutarch: Leuctra), territory of Megalopolis", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 22.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomenes III", "commanders_b": "Aratus of Sicyon; Lydiades (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.51.3; Plut. Cleom. 6; Plut. Arat. 36–37", "note": "Lydiades' cavalry charged against Aratus' orders and was cut up in broken ground; the Achaean army was then routed.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 31, "id": 516 }, { "name": "Orchomenus", "year": -227, "date": "227/226 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cleomenean War", "place": "near Orchomenus, Arcadia", "lat": 37.72, "lon": 22.31, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aratus of Sicyon", "commanders_b": "Megistonous (stepfather of Cleomenes, captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Arat. 38.1", "note": "A minor action: about 300 Spartans were killed and Megistonous was taken.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 32, "id": 517 }, { "name": "Dyme", "year": -226, "date": "226 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cleomenean War", "place": "Hecatombaeum, territory of Dyme, W Achaea", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 21.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomenes III", "commanders_b": "Hyperbatas (strategos); Aratus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.51.3; Plut. Cleom. 14; Plut. Arat. 39", "note": "Also called Hecatombaeum. The crushing defeat drove the Achaeans to seek Antigonus Doson's help.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 33, "id": 518 }, { "name": "Lechaeum", "year": -224, "date": "224 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cleomenean War", "place": "Cleomenes' fortified line across the Isthmus, at Lechaeum", "lat": 37.93, "lon": 22.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleomenes III", "commanders_b": "Antigonus III Doson", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.52.5–8; Plut. Cleom. 20", "note": "An assault on a fortified line, not a pitched battle: Antigonus tried to force a passage at Lechaeum and was repulsed with loss. He was soon able to turn the line when Argos revolted. Included as uncertain.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 34, "id": 519 }, { "name": "Lysias and the generals of Seleucus", "year": -224, "date": "c. 227–223 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Attalid–Seleucid War", "place": "western Asia Minor (site lost from the inscription)", "lat": 38.7, "lon": 28.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I", "commanders_b": "Lysias and the generals of Seleucus (II or III)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "OGIS 272, 277", "note": "Known only from Attalid victory dedications. The place name is lost and the date is uncertain: against Seleucus II's generals after Hierax's flight, or Seleucus III's c. 224/223.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 35, "id": 520 }, { "name": "Sellasia", "year": -222, "date": "summer (July?) 222 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Cleomenean War", "place": "pass of Sellasia (hills Evas and Olympus), N Laconia", "lat": 37.18, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon", "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Thebes", "Epirus", "Acarnania", "Illyrians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus III Doson; Philopoemen (cavalry); Demetrius of Pharos", "commanders_b": "Cleomenes III; Eucleidas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Polyb. 2.65–69; Plut. Cleom. 27–28; Plut. Philop. 6", "note": "Thebes stands for the Boeotian contingent. The Achaean contingent included the Megalopolitans.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 36, "id": 521 }, { "name": "Macedonia (Illyrian invasion)", "year": -222, "date": "late summer 222 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Illyrian invasion of Macedon", "place": "Macedonia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.9, "lon": 21.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus III Doson", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 2.70.1–7", "note": "Doson hurried back from Sellasia to meet an Illyrian (probably Dardanian) invasion and beat it in a pitched battle. He burst a blood vessel while shouting during the fighting and died soon after.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 37, "id": 522 }, { "name": "Brochi", "year": -221, "date": "221 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Prelude to the Fourth Syrian War", "place": "the fortified pass of Gerrha and Brochi in the Marsyas valley (Beqaa)", "lat": 33.73, "lon": 35.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodotus the Aetolian", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.45.7–46.5", "note": "An assault on fortified lines blocking the pass. Antiochus failed to force them, lost more men than the defenders, and gave up the invasion of Coele-Syria. The sites of Gerrha and Brochi are only approximately identified. Included as uncertain.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 38, "id": 523 }, { "name": "Tigris", "year": -221, "date": "222/221 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Molon", "place": "east bank of the Tigris, near Seleucia on the Tigris", "lat": 33.1, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Molon", "faction_b": "Antiochus III", "commanders_a": "Molon", "commanders_b": "Xenoetas the Achaean (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.46.6–48", "note": "Molon feigned retreat and then fell at dawn on Xenoetas' camp while the troops were drunk and asleep. The royal army was destroyed, many drowning in the river, and Molon went on to take Seleucia.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 39, "id": 524 }, { "name": "Caphyae", "year": -220, "date": "220 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Social War (220–217)", "place": "plain of Caphyae, Arcadia", "lat": 37.65, "lon": 22.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dorimachus, Scopas", "commanders_b": "Aratus of Sicyon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 4.11–13; Plut. Arat. 47", "note": "", "_batch": "07", "_k": 40, "id": 525 }, { "name": "Apollonia", "year": -220, "date": "220 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Molon", "place": "Apolloniatis, east of the Tigris", "lat": 34.0, "lon": 44.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus III", "faction_b": "Molon", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III; Zeuxis; Hermeias", "commanders_b": "Molon (killed himself); Neolaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.51–54", "note": "Molon's left wing went over to the king as the armies closed, and Molon killed himself. The site of Apollonia (somewhere in the Diyala basin) is not securely identified.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 41, "id": 526 }, { "name": "Dyme", "year": -219, "date": "219 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Social War (220–217)", "place": "territory of Dyme, Pharae and Tritaea, W Achaea", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 21.57, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Aetolian League", "Elis" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Euripidas", "commanders_b": "Miccus of Dyme (Achaean hypostrategos)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 4.59", "note": "A minor action: Euripidas, raiding from Elis, defeated the local Achaean levies under Miccus. Included as an obscure battle.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 42, "id": 527 }, { "name": "Apelaurum", "year": -219, "date": "winter 219/218 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Social War (220–217)", "place": "Mount Apelaurum near Stymphalus, NE Arcadia", "lat": 37.86, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Elis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "Euripidas (Aetolian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 4.68–69", "note": "Euripidas' force (2 Elean companies, pirates and mercenaries, about 2,200 men and 100 horse) ran into Philip's army on the march; about 1,200 were captured. Also called Stymphalus. Philip had set out about the winter solstice, so the clash may fall in Dec. 219 or early 218.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 43, "id": 528 }, { "name": "Thermum", "year": -218, "date": "218 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Social War (220–217)", "place": "on Philip's retreat route from Thermum, Aetolia", "lat": 38.57, "lon": 21.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "Alexander of Trichonium", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.13–14", "note": "A rearguard action rather than a pitched battle, included as uncertain. Aetolians attacking the rear of Philip's army after the sack of Thermum were ambushed by his Illyrian troops and routed.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 44, "id": 529 }, { "name": "Menelaion", "year": -218, "date": "218 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Social War (220–217)", "place": "heights of the Menelaion, across the Eurotas from Sparta", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 22.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V; Demetrius of Pharos; Aratus", "commanders_b": "Lycurgus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.22–24", "note": "Philip dislodged Lycurgus' Spartans from the heights commanding his line of retreat.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 45, "id": 530 }, { "name": "Porphyreon", "year": -218, "date": "218 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Syrian War", "place": "coastal defile between Berytus and Sidon near Porphyreon (Platanus pass)", "lat": 33.65, "lon": 35.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III; Theodotus the Aetolian; Menedemus", "commanders_b": "Nicolaus the Aetolian", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.68–69", "note": "Theodotus turned Nicolaus' position from the mountain side and the Ptolemaic line broke, with about 2,000 killed and 2,000 captured. A simultaneous sea battle offshore is listed separately.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 46, "id": 531 }, { "name": "Porphyreon (sea)", "year": -218, "date": "218 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Fourth Syrian War", "place": "off Porphyreon, between Berytus and Sidon", "lat": 33.66, "lon": 35.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Diognetus", "commanders_b": "Perigenes", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.68–69", "note": "The fleets fought evenly. Perigenes withdrew to Sidon once the Ptolemaic army was beaten on land.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 47, "id": 532 }, { "name": "Pednelissus", "year": -218, "date": "218 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Achaeus against Selge", "place": "before Pednelissus, Pisidia", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 30.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Pisidians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Garsyeris (general of Achaeus)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.72–73", "note": "Relief battle during the Selgian siege of Pednelissus. Garsyeris forced the passes, defeated the Selgians before the town and raised the siege; Achaeus then besieged Selge. Achaeus was a Seleucid usurper (king from 220), counted here as Seleucid Empire. Selge claimed Spartan origin but is treated as Pisidian ('Pisidians' is a new entity name). Details are from Polybius' fuller narrative and not re-verified.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 48, "id": 533 }, { "name": "Leontion", "year": -217, "date": "summer 217 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Social War (220–217)", "place": "near Leontium, W Achaea", "lat": 38.03, "lon": 21.91, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League", "Elis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lycus of Pharae (hypostrategos)", "commanders_b": "Euripidas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.94–95", "note": "The enemy lost about 400 killed and 200 captured. A follow-up Achaean raid into Elis (200 killed, 80 taken) is not listed separately.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 49, "id": 534 }, { "name": "Raphia", "year": -217, "date": "22 June 217 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Syrian War", "place": "south of Raphia (Rafah), between Gaza and Egypt", "lat": 31.29, "lon": 34.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arabs" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy IV; Sosibius; Echecrates; Phoxidas; Andromachus; Ptolemy son of Thraseas", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III; Theodotus the Aetolian; Nicarchus; Theodotus Hemiolius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Polyb. 5.79–86; 3 Macc. 1.1–7; Raphia Decree (OGIS/SEG)", "note": "", "_batch": "07", "_k": 50, "id": 535 }, { "name": "Arisba", "year": -216, "date": "216 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Bithynian–Galatian War", "place": "near Arisba, Troad (Hellespont)", "lat": 40.2, "lon": 26.54, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bithynia" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prusias I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 5.111", "note": "Prusias destroyed the Aegosages, Gauls whom Attalus I had brought over, who were holding Arisba. The men fell in battle and most of the women and children in the camp were massacred.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 51, "id": 536 }, { "name": "Apollonia (relief)", "year": -214, "date": "late summer 214 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "Philip's siege camp before Apollonia, Illyria (Aous valley)", "lat": 40.72, "lon": 19.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Naevius Crista (for M. Valerius Laevinus)", "commanders_b": "Philip V", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 24.40", "note": "A night attack on the besiegers' camp. Philip fled half-dressed to his ships and burnt them. The account is Livy's alone and its scale is often doubted.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 52, "id": 537 }, { "name": "Acrillae", "year": -213, "date": "213 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Punic War (Syracusan war)", "place": "near Acrillae (Chiaramonte Gulfi), SE Sicily", "lat": 37.03, "lon": 14.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "M. Claudius Marcellus", "commanders_b": "Hippocrates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 24.35–36", "note": "Marcellus caught the Syracusan field army (about 10,000 foot and 500 horse) while it was pitching camp and routed it. Hippocrates escaped with the cavalry to Acrae and then joined Himilco.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 53, "id": 538 }, { "name": "Syracuse (relief battle)", "year": -212, "date": "212 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Punic War (siege of Syracuse)", "place": "Roman siege lines outside Syracuse (Achradina and the old camp)", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 15.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Carthage", "Syracuse" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "M. Claudius Marcellus; T. Quinctius Crispinus", "commanders_b": "Himilco and Hippocrates (relief army); Epicydes (sortie from Achradina)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 25.26.1–5", "note": "A combined assault by the Carthaginian relief army on the Roman camp and a sortie by the Syracusans under Epicydes; both were repulsed. It was a battle within the siege, included as uncertain. The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 54, "id": 539 }, { "name": "Echinus (relief)", "year": -210, "date": "210 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "Philip's siege lines before Echinus, Phthiotis", "lat": 38.88, "lon": 22.76, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Rome", "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "P. Sulpicius Galba; Dorimachus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 9.41–42", "note": "A combined Roman–Aetolian attempt to relieve Echinus was beaten off at Philip's lines, and the town then surrendered. The siege itself is excluded.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 55, "id": 540 }, { "name": "Larisus River", "year": -210, "date": "210/209 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "river Larisus, on the Achaean–Elean border", "lat": 38.07, "lon": 21.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League", "Elis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philopoemen (hipparch)", "commanders_b": "Damophantus (Elean hipparch, killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Philop. 7; Paus. 8.49.7", "note": "Mainly a cavalry battle; Philopoemen killed Damophantus in single combat.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 56, "id": 541 }, { "name": "Sapriportis", "year": -210, "date": "210 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Second Punic War", "place": "off Sapriportis, about 15 Roman miles from Tarentum", "lat": 40.4, "lon": 17.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Taras" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Democrates", "commanders_b": "D. Quinctius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 26.39", "note": "The Tarentine fleet (Taras was then allied to Hannibal) defeated a Roman squadron bringing supplies to the besieged citadel. The site of Sapriportis is unidentified.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 57, "id": 542 }, { "name": "Lamia (first)", "year": -209, "date": "209 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "near Lamia, Phthiotis", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rome", "Pergamon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 27.30.1–2", "note": "The first of two battles near Lamia in the same campaign. Pyrrhias had Attalus' auxiliaries and 1,000 Romans sent by Sulpicius.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 58, "id": 543 }, { "name": "Lamia (second)", "year": -209, "date": "209 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "near Lamia, Phthiotis", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rome", "Pergamon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "Pyrrhias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 27.30.1–2", "note": "The second of two battles near Lamia; afterwards the Aetolians and their allies stayed inside the walls.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 59, "id": 544 }, { "name": "Elis", "year": -209, "date": "209 BCE (autumn; some 208)", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "outside Elis, Peloponnese", "lat": 37.89, "lon": 21.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Elis", "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V; Cycliadas (Achaean strategos)", "commanders_b": "P. Sulpicius Galba", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 27.31–32", "note": "Philip unexpectedly met Sulpicius' 4,000 Romans landed to reinforce Elis. His horse was killed and he barely escaped, and he withdrew; the next day he took the fort of Phyricus with 4,000 prisoners. Judgements range from inconclusive to a Macedonian repulse.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 60, "id": 545 }, { "name": "Mount Labus", "year": -209, "date": "209 BCE (210 per Bar-Kochva)", "type": "land", "war": "Eastern anabasis of Antiochus III", "place": "pass over Mount Labus (Elburz range), between Hecatompylos and Hyrcania", "lat": 36.62, "lon": 54.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III, Diogenes, Polyxenidas of Rhodes, Nicomedes of Cos, Nicolaus the Aetolian", "commanders_b": "Arsaces II (presence at the pass not stated by Polybius)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 10.29–31; cf. Justin 41.5.7", "note": "The light troops took the heights over several days of fighting; the barbarians holding the pass were outflanked and routed, and most fled to Sirynx, which was then besieged (the siege is excluded). Bar-Kochva puts the route from Shahrud over the Chalchanlyan Pass toward Astrabad/Gorgan, so the coordinates are approximate. Justin's statement that Arsaces II fought Antiochus 'with remarkable courage' with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse before becoming his ally may refer to this campaign; no separate battle is located.", "_batch": "10", "_k": 1, "id": 546 }, { "name": "Arius", "year": -208, "date": "208 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Eastern anabasis of Antiochus III (Bactrian campaign)", "place": "ford of the river Arius (Hari Rud), on the road from Aria into Bactria", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 61.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greco-Bactria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III, Panaetolus", "commanders_b": "cavalry of Euthydemus I (Euthydemus himself was at 'Tapuria'/Guriana)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 10.49; cf. Polyb. 11.34; 29.12.8", "note": "A cavalry battle: Antiochus forced the ford at night, then routed the 10,000 Bactrian horse at dawn; he was wounded in the mouth and his horse was killed. Euthydemus fell back to Zariaspa/Bactra, and the two-year siege of Bactra that followed (excluded) ended in a negotiated peace (206). The exact ford is unknown, somewhere on the Hari Rud in the Herat region or further downstream toward Sarakhs. A Greek v Greek battle.", "_batch": "10", "_k": 2, "id": 547 }, { "name": "Mantinea", "year": -207, "date": "207 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Macedonian War", "place": "south of Mantinea, Arcadia", "lat": 37.59, "lon": 22.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philopoemen", "commanders_b": "Machanidas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Polyb. 11.11–18; Plut. Philop. 10", "note": "Philopoemen killed Machanidas with his own hand.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 61, "id": 548 }, { "name": "Lade", "year": -201, "date": "201 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Cretan War / Philip V's Aegean campaign", "place": "strait between the island of Lade and Miletus", "lat": 37.51, "lon": 27.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V; Heracleides of Tarentum", "commanders_b": "Rhodian navarch (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 16.10, 16.14–15", "note": "Rhodian historians claimed a victory; Polybius rejects this, since two Rhodian quinqueremes were captured and the fleet withdrew to Myndus and Cos. Whether Lade came before or after Chios is disputed (Walbank: before).", "_batch": "07", "_k": 62, "id": 549 }, { "name": "Chios", "year": -201, "date": "201 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Cretan War / Philip V's Aegean campaign", "place": "strait between Chios and the Erythraean peninsula (near Cape Argennum)", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 26.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon", "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Byzantium" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Attalus I; Theophiliscus (mortally wounded)", "commanders_b": "Philip V; Democrates (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Polyb. 16.2–9", "note": "Philip lost far more ships and men, but claimed victory: he anchored among the wrecks at Argennum and had captured Attalus' flagship after driving Attalus ashore. Polybius and modern scholars judge it a Pergamene–Rhodian success. Byzantine ships were in the allied fleet.", "_batch": "07", "_k": 63, "id": 550 }, { "name": "Athens (Dipylon)", "year": -200, "date": "200 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "outside the Dipylon Gate, Athens", "lat": 37.98, "lon": 23.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Pergamon" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 31.24; Diod. 28.7", "note": "Athenian sally (with Attalid troops and mercenaries) routed back into the city by Philip's surprise attack; Philip's later assaults on Athens, Piraeus and Eleusis failed (not counted).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 0, "id": 551 }, { "name": "Panium", "year": -200, "date": "200 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fifth Syrian War", "place": "near Paneas (Banias), at the sources of the Jordan", "lat": 33.24, "lon": 35.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III, Antiochus the Younger", "commanders_b": "Scopas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Polyb. 16.18–19, 16.39.3; Porphyry FGrH 260 F46 (Jerome, In Dan. 11.15); Jos. AJ 12.132", "note": "Exact field disputed: the plain between Paneas and Tel Dan (Bar-Kochva) is the usual placement; the site lies at the edge of the Golan Heights.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 0, "id": 552 }, { "name": "Ottolobus", "year": -199, "date": "199 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "Ottolobus, near Athacus in Lyncestis (Upper Macedonia)", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 21.35, "loc": "region", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "P. Sulpicius Galba", "commanders_b": "Philip V", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 31.33–38; Zonar. 9.15", "note": "Cavalry clashes followed by Philip's attack on Roman foragers, which was beaten off with Philip nearly captured; also called the fighting at Athacus. Exact site in the Lyncus/Pelagonia plain unknown (Greece–North Macedonia border area).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 1, "id": 553 }, { "name": "Eordaea Pass", "year": -199, "date": "199 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "fortified pass from Lyncus into Eordaea", "lat": 40.77, "lon": 21.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "P. Sulpicius Galba", "commanders_b": "Philip V", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 31.39; Polyb. 18.23.3", "note": "Romans stormed Philip's field fortifications blocking the pass (often identified with the Kirli Derven pass). Included as a small but real engagement.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 2, "id": 554 }, { "name": "Pharcadon", "year": -199, "date": "199 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "near Pharcadon, western Thessalian plain", "lat": 39.57, "lon": 22.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Athamania" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "Damocritus, Amynander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 31.41–42", "note": "Philip surprised the Aetolian and Athamanian army plundering Thessaly and routed it. Some date it to 200.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 3, "id": 555 }, { "name": "Upper Macedonia (Athenagoras v Dardanians)", "year": -199, "date": "199 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "Upper Macedonia, on the Dardanians' line of retreat", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 21.55, "loc": "region", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Athenagoras", "commanders_b": "Bato (Dardanians)", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 31.43.1–3", "note": "Athenagoras attacked the Dardanians retreating with booty; they turned and fought a pitched action, then withdrew in good order with few losses. Sometimes counted as a Macedonian success.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 4, "id": 556 }, { "name": "Aous", "year": -198, "date": "198 BCE (early summer)", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "Aous narrows (Aoi Stena), near Tepelenë", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 20.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Albania", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "T. Quinctius Flamininus", "commanders_b": "Philip V", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Livy 32.10–12; Plut. Flam. 4–5; App. Mac. 6", "note": "Flamininus turned Philip's position with the help of a shepherd guide supplied by the Epirote Charops. Some locate the narrows near Konitsa (Greece) instead.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 5, "id": 557 }, { "name": "Nemea River", "year": -197, "date": "197 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "by the Nemea river, between Corinthian and Sicyonian territory", "lat": 37.93, "lon": 22.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicostratus", "commanders_b": "Androsthenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 33.14–15; Zonar. 9.16", "note": "Achaean surprise attack on Philip's Corinth garrison army while it was dispersed plundering; Macedonians routed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 6, "id": 558 }, { "name": "Alabanda", "year": -197, "date": "197 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "near Alabanda, Caria", "lat": 37.6, "lon": 27.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pausistratus", "commanders_b": "Dinocrates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 33.18", "note": "Rhodian army (with Achaean and mercenary troops) defeated Philip's Carian garrison forces and recovered the Peraea; Stratonicea held out.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 7, "id": 559 }, { "name": "Cynoscephalae", "year": -197, "date": "197 BCE (early summer)", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "Cynoscephalae hills near Scotussa, Thessaly", "lat": 39.42, "lon": 22.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Aetolian League" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Athamania" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "T. Quinctius Flamininus", "commanders_b": "Philip V", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Polyb. 18.18–27; Livy 33.6–10; Plut. Flam. 7–8", "note": "Aetolians supplied c. 6,000 foot and 400 horse and claimed a large share of the credit, hence listed as principal.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 8, "id": 560 }, { "name": "Stobi", "year": -197, "date": "197 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Second Macedonian War", "place": "near Stobi, Paeonia", "lat": 41.55, "lon": 21.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip V", "commanders_b": "Dardanian chiefs", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 33.19.1–5", "note": "Philip, just after Cynoscephalae, defeated an invading Dardanian army with a hastily raised levy.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 9, "id": 561 }, { "name": "Gytheum", "year": -192, "date": "192 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "War of Nabis (192)", "place": "off Gytheum, Laconian Gulf", "lat": 36.74, "lon": 22.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nabis (fleet commanders unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Philopoemen", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 35.26; Plut. Philop. 14; Paus. 8.50.7", "note": "Achaean squadron defeated while trying to relieve besieged Gytheum; Philopoemen's old flagship broke up at the first ramming.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 10, "id": 562 }, { "name": "Mount Barbosthenes", "year": -192, "date": "192 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Nabis (192)", "place": "Mount Barbosthenes, northern Laconia", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 22.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philopoemen", "commanders_b": "Nabis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 35.27–30; Plut. Philop. 14–15; Paus. 8.50.8–10", "note": "Nabis ambushed the Achaean column in a defile but was routed; mountain not securely identified (about 10 Roman miles from Sparta).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 11, "id": 563 }, { "name": "Thermopylae", "year": -191, "date": "191 BCE (April)", "type": "land", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "pass of Thermopylae and the heights of Callidromus", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire", "Aetolian League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "M'. Acilius Glabrio, M. Porcius Cato, L. Valerius Flaccus", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Livy 36.15–19; App. Syr. 17–20; Plut. Cat. Mai. 13–14", "note": "The Aetolians held the mountain forts (Callidromus, Teichius); Cato's capture of them decided the battle, hence Aetolians listed as principal.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 12, "id": 564 }, { "name": "Corycus", "year": -191, "date": "191 BCE (September)", "type": "sea", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "off Cape Corycus, Erythraean peninsula, Ionia", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 26.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Carthage" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Livius Salinator, Eumenes II", "commanders_b": "Polyxenidas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 36.43–45; App. Syr. 22", "note": "Pergamene squadron of c. 50 ships (24 decked) was a major part of the allied fleet; a few Carthaginian ships also present.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 13, "id": 565 }, { "name": "Panormus", "year": -190, "date": "190 BCE (spring)", "type": "sea", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "harbour of Panormus, Samos", "lat": 37.75, "lon": 26.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polyxenidas", "commanders_b": "Pausistratus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 21.6–7; Livy 37.9–11; App. Syr. 24; Polyaen. 5.27", "note": "Polyxenidas trapped the Rhodian fleet by a feigned offer of treachery; Pausistratus killed and most of his ships lost. Exact site of the Samian Panormus uncertain.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 14, "id": 566 }, { "name": "Pergamon (sortie)", "year": -190, "date": "190 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "plain below Pergamon during Seleucus' siege", "lat": 39.13, "lon": 27.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaean League", "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Diophanes, Attalus (brother of Eumenes II)", "commanders_b": "Seleucus (IV)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 37.20–21; Polyb. 21.10; App. Syr. 26", "note": "Sortie battle: 1,000 Achaean foot and 100 horse under Diophanes routed the besieging Seleucid troops, leading Seleucus to raise the siege.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 15, "id": 567 }, { "name": "Side", "year": -190, "date": "190 BCE (summer)", "type": "sea", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "off Side, near the mouth of the Eurymedon, Pamphylia", "lat": 36.75, "lon": 31.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eudamus, Pamphilidas", "commanders_b": "Hannibal, Apollonius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Livy 37.23–24; Nepos Hann. 8.4; App. Syr. 22", "note": "Also called the battle of the Eurymedon; Hannibal's only naval battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 16, "id": 568 }, { "name": "Myonessus", "year": -190, "date": "190 BCE (September)", "type": "sea", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "between Myonnesus and the Corycus peninsula, Ionia", "lat": 38.05, "lon": 26.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Aemilius Regillus, Eudamus", "commanders_b": "Polyxenidas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Livy 37.26–30; App. Syr. 27", "note": "The Rhodian squadron with its fire-pots played a decisive role.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 17, "id": 569 }, { "name": "Magnesia", "year": -190, "date": "December 190 BCE (or January 189)", "type": "land", "war": "Roman–Seleucid War", "place": "plain near Magnesia ad Sipylum, Lydia", "lat": 38.65, "lon": 27.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [ "Celts", "Cappadocia" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Cornelius Scipio, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Eumenes II", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Livy 37.38–44; App. Syr. 30–36; Justin 31.8", "note": "Eumenes' cavalry charge was decisive. Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia sent 2,000 men and Galatians served in large numbers on the Seleucid side.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 18, "id": 570 }, { "name": "Elymais (death of Antiochus III)", "year": -187, "date": "187 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Antiochus III's eastern expedition", "place": "temple of Bel in Elymais (Khuzestan)", "lat": 31.95, "lon": 49.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Elymaeans" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 28.3, 29.15; Strabo 16.1.18; Justin 32.2.1–2", "note": "Borderline: Antiochus' night attempt to plunder the temple was met by the local population, who killed him 'with his whole army' (Justin). More an armed rising against a temple raid than a set battle. Temple site unknown; placed generically in the Elymaean highlands.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 1, "id": 571 }, { "name": "Thebaid (defeat of Chaonnophris)", "year": -186, "date": "Aug. 186 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Great Theban Revolt", "place": "Upper Egypt (exact site unknown)", "lat": 25.7, "lon": 32.64, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Kushites" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Comanus (Komanos)", "commanders_b": "Chaonnophris (Ankhwennefer), captured; his son killed", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Second Philae decree (Philensis II, 186 BCE)", "note": "Known from a documentary (hieroglyphic/demotic) decree, not a literary historian; the rebel army included Nubian (Kushite) troops. Site unknown, placed at Thebes.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 2, "id": 572 }, { "name": "Lypedron", "year": -184, "date": "184/183 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Pergamene–Bithynian War", "place": "'the Lypedron', Bithynia (unidentified; perhaps Mount Lyperus)", "lat": 40.4, "lon": 29.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Bithynia", "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes II, Attalus (brother)", "commanders_b": "Prusias I, Ortiagon", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "OGIS 298; Telmessus decree honouring Eumenes II (victory over Prusias and Ortiagon)", "note": "Known only from Attalid inscriptions (dedication 'from the battle against the Bithynians and Galatians at the Lypedron'); site unknown.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 19, "id": 573 }, { "name": "Propontis (Hannibal v Eumenes)", "year": -184, "date": "c. 184/183 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Pergamene–Bithynian War", "place": "probably the Propontis (site unknown)", "lat": 40.6, "lon": 28.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bithynia" ], "side_b": [ "Pergamon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hannibal (for Prusias I)", "commanders_b": "Eumenes II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Nepos Hann. 10–11; Justin 32.4.6–7; Frontin. Str. 4.7.10–11", "note": "Hannibal's fleet won by hurling pots of snakes onto the Pergamene ships and targeting Eumenes' flagship. Location not given in the sources.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 20, "id": 574 }, { "name": "Corone", "year": -183, "date": "183/182 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Achaean–Messenian War", "place": "Messenia, between Corone and Messene", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 21.92, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Messenia" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Deinocrates", "commanders_b": "Philopoemen", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 23.12; Livy 39.49; Plut. Philop. 18–20; Paus. 4.29.11, 8.51.5–7", "note": "Cavalry action in which Philopoemen was unhorsed, captured and later poisoned at Messene. Messene surrendered to Lycortas the next year. Dated 183 or 182.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 21, "id": 575 }, { "name": "Callinicus", "year": -171, "date": "171 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "hill of Callinicus near Larissa, Thessaly", "lat": 39.68, "lon": 22.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Pergamon", "Thessaly" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Perseus", "commanders_b": "P. Licinius Crassus, Eumenes II, Attalus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 42.57–61; Polyb. 27.8; Plut. Aem. 9", "note": "Mainly a cavalry and light-troop battle; the Romans lost over 2,000 and withdrew across the Peneus, but Perseus did not exploit it (some modern accounts call it inconclusive).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 22, "id": 576 }, { "name": "Phalanna", "year": -171, "date": "171 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "near Phalanna, Perrhaebia", "lat": 39.74, "lon": 22.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "P. Licinius Crassus", "commanders_b": "Perseus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 27.11; Livy 42.64–66; App. Mac. 13", "note": "Perseus' attack on Roman foragers was turned back by a Roman counter-attack; Livy gives two versions, one of them a larger battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 23, "id": 577 }, { "name": "Uscana (sortie)", "year": -170, "date": "170 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "outside Uscana, Penestae country (Kičevo area)", "lat": 41.51, "lon": 20.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Macedonian (Cretan) garrison commanders", "commanders_b": "Ap. Claudius Cento", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 43.9–10", "note": "Sortie battle: the garrison sallied and routed Claudius' army (only about 1,000 escaped, per Livy).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 24, "id": 578 }, { "name": "Dardania", "year": -170, "date": "winter 170/169 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "Dardanian territory north of Macedonia", "lat": 42.05, "lon": 21.4, "loc": "region", "country": "North Macedonia", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Illyrians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Perseus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Aem. 9.6; Diod. 30.4; Livy Per. 43", "note": "Perseus' punitive campaign against the Dardanians, said to have killed 10,000; uncertain whether one pitched battle. Site region could equally lie in Kosovo/Serbia.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 25, "id": 579 }, { "name": "Pelusium–Mount Casius", "year": -170, "date": "late 170 or 169 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Sixth Syrian War", "place": "between Pelusium and Mount Casius, NE Egypt", "lat": 31.07, "lon": 32.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus IV", "commanders_b": "generals of Ptolemy VI (regime of Eulaeus and Lenaeus)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Porphyry FGrH 260 F49a (Jerome, In Dan. 11.21–24); Diod. 30.14–18; 1 Macc 1.16–19", "note": "Date disputed (Nov. 170 vs 169). Followed by the surrender of Pelusium and Antiochus' advance to Memphis.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 3, "id": 580 }, { "name": "Elpeus", "year": -168, "date": "168 BCE (June)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "dry bed of the river Elpeus (Enipeas), Pieria", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 22.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Perseus", "commanders_b": "L. Aemilius Paullus", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 44.35; Plut. Aem. 13–14", "note": "Two days of Roman attacks on Perseus' fortified line, repulsed with Roman losses; indecisive. Paullus then turned the position via Pythium.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 26, "id": 581 }, { "name": "Pythium", "year": -168, "date": "168 BCE (June)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "pass near Pythium, northern slopes of Mount Olympus", "lat": 40.14, "lon": 22.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica", "commanders_b": "Milo", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Aem. 15–16; Livy 44.35; Flor. 1.28.7", "note": "Nasica's flanking column overcame the Macedonian force guarding the pass, forcing Perseus back to Pydna.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 27, "id": 582 }, { "name": "Pydna", "year": -168, "date": "168 BCE (22 June, the day after the lunar eclipse)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Macedonian War", "place": "plain south of Pydna, near Katerini", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 22.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thracians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Aemilius Paullus", "commanders_b": "Perseus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Polyb. 29.17; Livy 44.36–42; Plut. Aem. 16–22", "note": "End of the Antigonid kingdom. Cotys' Odrysian Thracians fought for Perseus.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 28, "id": 583 }, { "name": "Cyprus", "year": -168, "date": "spring/summer 168 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Sixth Syrian War", "place": "off Cyprus (exact location unknown)", "lat": 34.9, "lon": 33.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Ptolemaic generals on Cyprus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy 45.12.7; Polyb. 29.27.9–10", "note": "Livy says Antiochus' fleet had beaten the Egyptian ships in a naval battle before the Romans sent it home after Eleusis; Polybius says only that Ptolemy's generals on Cyprus had been defeated in battle. Uncertain whether the decisive action was at sea or on land.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 4, "id": 584 }, { "name": "Ascent of Lebonah", "year": -167, "date": "167 or 166 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "on the Samaria–Jerusalem road (Lebonah or Wadi Haramiya)", "lat": 32.07, "lon": 35.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Apollonius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 3.10–12; Jos. AJ 12.287", "note": "Also called Battle of Wadi Haramia / Nahal el-Haramiah. Site not certain: near Lebonah (Avi-Yonah) or Wadi el-Haramiya north of Silwad.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 5, "id": 585 }, { "name": "Eumenes II v Galatians", "year": -166, "date": "167/166 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Galatian revolt against Pergamon (168–166)", "place": "western Asia Minor (site unknown)", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 30.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes II", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 31.14; Welles RC 54; Polyb. 30.30 (context)", "note": "Eumenes' victory ending the Galatian war that began with Galatian attacks in 168; no battle details or site recorded.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 29, "id": 586 }, { "name": "Beth Horon", "year": -166, "date": "166 or 165 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "ascent of Beth Horon, NW of Jerusalem", "lat": 31.88, "lon": 35.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Seron", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "1 Macc 3.13–24; Jos. AJ 12.288–292", "note": "", "_batch": "09", "_k": 6, "id": 587 }, { "name": "Emmaus", "year": -165, "date": "165 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "near Emmaus (Nicopolis, Latrun)", "lat": 31.84, "lon": 34.99, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Gorgias, Nicanor, Ptolemy son of Dorymenes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "1 Macc 3.38–4.25; 2 Macc 8.8–29; Jos. AJ 12.298–312, BJ 1.38", "note": "", "_batch": "09", "_k": 7, "id": 588 }, { "name": "Eleusis (Petosarapis)", "year": -165, "date": "c. 165 BCE (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Dionysius Petosarapis", "place": "near Eleusis, east of Alexandria", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 29.97, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy VI Philometor", "commanders_b": "Dionysius Petosarapis", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 31.15a", "note": "Dionysius, a courtier, gathered c. 4,000 mutinous soldiers at Eleusis and was defeated by the king; he escaped by swimming the river and raised a native rising in the chora. Treated here as a native/rebel side; could be classed as Ptolemaic civil strife. Exact battle site not stated.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 8, "id": 589 }, { "name": "Beth Zur", "year": -164, "date": "164 BCE (some 165)", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Beth Zur, south of Jerusalem", "lat": 31.59, "lon": 35.09, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Lysias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "1 Macc 4.26–35; 2 Macc 11.1–12; Jos. AJ 12.313–315", "note": "2 Macc presents the outcome as followed by negotiations; Lysias withdrew and Judas reoccupied the Temple.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 9, "id": 590 }, { "name": "Elymais (Antiochus IV repulsed)", "year": -164, "date": "164 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Antiochus IV's eastern expedition", "place": "sanctuary of Artemis/Nanaia in Elymais", "lat": 31.95, "lon": 49.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Elymaeans" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Antiochus IV", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 31.9; 1 Macc 6.1–4; 2 Macc 9.1–2; Jos. AJ 12.354–355", "note": "Borderline: Polybius says the local tribes would not allow the temple robbery; 1 Macc says the inhabitants 'rose against him in battle' and he fled; 2 Macc places it at 'Persepolis' with his men routed. Antiochus died soon after at Tabae/Gabae.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 10, "id": 591 }, { "name": "Dathema (relief)", "year": -163, "date": "163 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "fortress of Dathema in Gilead (unidentified)", "lat": 32.56, "lon": 36.01, "loc": "region", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan", "commanders_b": "Timotheus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 5.9–13, 5.29–34; Jos. AJ 12.330, 12.337–339", "note": "Relief battle: Judas attacked Timotheus' army besieging the Jews in Dathema at dawn and routed it. Timotheus is usually taken as a Seleucid commander leading garrison troops, locals and hired Arabs. Dathema unidentified (Ramtha? Dameh?).", "_batch": "09", "_k": 11, "id": 592 }, { "name": "Raphon", "year": -163, "date": "163 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Raphon (Raphana?), across a stream near Carnaim, Hauran", "lat": 32.85, "lon": 36.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arabs" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Timotheus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 5.37–44; 2 Macc 12.17–25; Jos. AJ 12.341–344", "note": "Timotheus' force included hired Arabs; its Seleucid character rests on Timotheus being a royal officer (2 Macc). Followed by the burning of Carnaim.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 12, "id": 593 }, { "name": "Jamnia", "year": -163, "date": "163 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "near Jamnia (Yavne)", "lat": 31.87, "lon": 34.74, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Judea" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gorgias", "commanders_b": "Joseph son of Zechariah, Azarias", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 5.55–62; Jos. AJ 12.350–351", "note": "About 2,000 Jews killed.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 13, "id": 594 }, { "name": "Marisa", "year": -163, "date": "163 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "near Marisa (Maresha), Idumaea", "lat": 31.59, "lon": 34.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus, Dositheus, Esdris", "commanders_b": "Gorgias (governor of Idumaea)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "2 Macc 12.32–37; cf. 1 Macc 5.65–68", "note": "Known mainly from 2 Macc (Gorgias wounded, his men routed and fleeing to Marisa); 1 Macc mentions only Jewish losses near Marisa. Historicity and outcome somewhat uncertain.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 14, "id": 595 }, { "name": "Beth Zechariah", "year": -162, "date": "162 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Beth Zechariah, between Bethlehem and Beth Zur", "lat": 31.66, "lon": 35.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Judea" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysias, Antiochus V", "commanders_b": "Judas Maccabeus, Eleazar Avaran (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "1 Macc 6.28–47; Jos. AJ 12.369–375, BJ 1.41–46", "note": "Seleucid war elephants; Eleazar killed stabbing an elephant.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 15, "id": 596 }, { "name": "Cyrenaica (revolt against Ptolemy VIII)", "year": -162, "date": "162 BCE (some 163)", "type": "land", "war": "Cyrenaean revolt against Ptolemy VIII", "place": "Marmarica / eastern Cyrenaica, six days' march west of the Great Catabathmus (site unknown)", "lat": 32.0, "lon": 23.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Cyrene" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (Physcon); Mochyrinus (commanding the coasting force)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 31.18.8–16", "note": "While Ptolemy VIII was in Libya (landed at Apis) after his appeal to Rome, the Cyrenaeans revolted, joined by Ptolemy Sympetesis, the governor he had left in charge. Ptolemy forced the pass of the Great Catabathmus (held by Libyans and Cyrenaeans, who abandoned it when he sent half his force round by sea) and took Tetrapyrgia, then after six days' march found the Cyrenaeans (8,000 foot, 500 horse) encamped; they offered battle at once and he was defeated. He recovered Cyrene by the end of 162, by unknown means. Site unknown; coordinates are a placeholder near Tobruk (Antipyrgos). Cyrene v its own Ptolemaic king, coded as Cyrene v Ptolemaic Egypt.", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 597 }, { "name": "Capharsalama", "year": -161, "date": "late 162 or early 161 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Capharsalama, NW of Jerusalem (site uncertain)", "lat": 31.86, "lon": 35.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Nicanor", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 7.31–32; Jos. AJ 12.405", "note": "Outcome disputed: 1 Macc has c. 500 of Nicanor's men fall and the rest flee to the City of David (the Akra); Josephus says Nicanor beat Judas. Small engagement.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 16, "id": 598 }, { "name": "Adasa", "year": -161, "date": "13 Adar (March) 161 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Adasa, near Beth Horon / north of Jerusalem", "lat": 31.85, "lon": 35.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas Maccabeus", "commanders_b": "Nicanor (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "1 Macc 7.39–50; 2 Macc 15.20–36; Jos. AJ 12.408–412", "note": "Celebrated as Nicanor's Day.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 17, "id": 599 }, { "name": "Elasa", "year": -160, "date": "spring 160 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Elasa, north of Jerusalem", "lat": 31.89, "lon": 35.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Judea" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bacchides, Alcimus", "commanders_b": "Judas Maccabeus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "1 Macc 9.1–22; Jos. AJ 12.420–434", "note": "Site identification (Khirbet Il'asa?) uncertain.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 18, "id": 600 }, { "name": "Jordan (Bacchides v Jonathan)", "year": -160, "date": "160 or 159 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "banks and marshes of the lower Jordan", "lat": 31.8, "lon": 35.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jonathan", "commanders_b": "Bacchides", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 9.43–49; Jos. AJ 13.12–14", "note": "Indecisive: Bacchides trapped Jonathan against the river on the Sabbath and lost c. 1,000 men (Josephus: 2,000); Jonathan's men escaped by swimming the Jordan.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 19, "id": 601 }, { "name": "Eucratides v Demetrius (sorties)", "year": -160, "date": "c. 170–150 BCE (undated; between Eucratides' accession c. 171 and his Indian conquest before his death c. 145)", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Eucratides I (against the Euthydemids)", "place": "unnamed stronghold where Eucratides was besieged, probably in Bactria", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Greco-Bactria" ], "side_b": [ "Indo-Greeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Eucratides I", "faction_b": "Demetrius, 'king of the Indians' (Euthydemid)", "commanders_a": "Eucratides I", "commanders_b": "Demetrius ('rex Indorum')", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 41.6.4–5", "note": "Justin: when besieged by Demetrius, king of the Indians, Eucratides used his 300 men in repeated sorties to defeat 60,000 of the enemy, was freed in the fifth month (four in some manuscripts) and then brought India under his rule. Treated here as a sortie battle; the figures are rhetorical. It is disputed which Demetrius this was (I or II, or another Euthydemid). Coded as a civil war because Eucratides was a usurper fighting the Euthydemid dynasty of the same Bactrian–Indian realm. The site is unknown; the coordinates are Bactra, as a regional placeholder.", "_batch": "10", "_k": 3, "id": 602 }, { "name": "Bethbasi (sortie)", "year": -157, "date": "c. 157/156 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Maccabean Revolt", "place": "Bethbasi (Beth Hogla), in the Judean wilderness near Tekoa", "lat": 31.69, "lon": 35.23, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Simon, Jonathan", "commanders_b": "Bacchides", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 9.62–69; Jos. AJ 13.26–31", "note": "Battle during a siege: Simon sallied, burned the siege engines and fought Bacchides, who 'was crushed', while Jonathan struck from outside. Led to the peace with Bacchides.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 20, "id": 603 }, { "name": "Prusias II v Attalus II", "year": -156, "date": "156/155 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Bithynian–Pergamene War (156–154)", "place": "Pergamene territory, before Prusias' advance on Pergamon (site unknown)", "lat": 39.4, "lon": 27.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bithynia" ], "side_b": [ "Pergamon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prusias II", "commanders_b": "Attalus II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 32.15.1, 32.16.1; App. Mith. 3; Diod. 31.35", "note": "Polybius refers to Prusias' 'victory over Attalus' before he besieged Pergamon; Appian describes Attalus fleeing at Prusias' approach, so a pitched battle is uncertain.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 30, "id": 604 }, { "name": "Sindhu", "year": -155, "date": "c. 160–150 BCE (late in the reign of Pushyamitra Shunga, c. 185–149 BCE)", "type": "land", "war": "Shunga–Indo-Greek wars", "place": "south bank of the river Sindhu (probably the Kali Sindh, Hadoti region, Rajasthan)", "lat": 24.6, "lon": 76.2, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indians" ], "side_b": [ "Indo-Greeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vasumitra (grandson of Pushyamitra Shunga)", "commanders_b": "unnamed (a Yavana cavalry squadron)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Kalidasa, Malavikagnimitra act 5 (Pushyamitra's letter); cf. Ayodhya inscription of Dhanadeva (Pushyamitra's two horse sacrifices)", "note": "Indians = the Shunga empire. The only source is a play by Kalidasa (c. 4th–5th c. CE): Yavana horsemen seized Pushyamitra's sacrificial horse on the south bank of the Sindhu, and in a 'great fight' between the two forces Vasumitra won and recovered the horse. Historicity, scale (possibly a large skirmish) and date are uncertain. The Sindhu is identified variously with the Kali Sindh (Chambal tributary), the Sindh (Yamuna tributary) or the Indus (Pakistan); the coordinates are on the Kali Sindh, so the location is regional only.", "_batch": "10", "_k": 4, "id": 605 }, { "name": "Rhodian–Cretan sea battle", "year": -154, "date": "c. 154 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Second Cretan War (155–153)", "place": "southern Aegean (site unknown)", "lat": 35.6, "lon": 25.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Cretans" ], "side_b": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Aristocrates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 33.4; Diod. 31.37–38; Trog. Prol. 35", "note": "Cretan cities (not individually named) defeated a Rhodian fleet; location and details lost with the fragmentary sources.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 31, "id": 606 }, { "name": "Syria (Demetrius I v Balas)", "year": -152, "date": "c. 152–151 BCE (before the decisive battle of 150)", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Alexander Balas v Demetrius I)", "place": "Syria/Phoenicia (site unknown; Balas' base was Ptolemais)", "lat": 32.92, "lon": 35.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Demetrius I Soter", "faction_b": "Alexander Balas", "commanders_a": "Demetrius I Soter", "commanders_b": "Alexander Balas", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 35.1.10 ('primo proelio hostem fugavit'); cf. 1 Macc 10.2; Jos. AJ 13.35–36", "note": "Justin says Demetrius routed the enemy in the first battle, and only when the kings backing Balas (Ptolemy VI, Attalus II, Ariarathes V) renewed the war was he defeated and killed (150). Smith's Dictionary dates this first defeat of Balas to 152. Josephus and 1 Macc describe only the final battle (in which Demetrius' left wing at first put its opponents to flight), so some may read Justin's 'first battle' as an earlier phase of that battle; included with that caveat. Site unknown; coordinates are a placeholder at Ptolemais.", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 607 }, { "name": "Syria (Balas v Demetrius I)", "year": -150, "date": "July 150 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Alexander Balas v Demetrius I)", "place": "northern Syria, probably near Antioch (site unknown)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Alexander Balas", "faction_b": "Demetrius I", "commanders_a": "Alexander Balas", "commanders_b": "Demetrius I (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 10.48–50; Jos. AJ 13.58–61; Justin 35.1.10–11", "note": "Balas was backed by Ptolemy VI, Attalus II, Ariarathes V and Jonathan; whether their contingents fought here is unclear. Demetrius' horse bogged in a marsh and he was killed. Site unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 21, "id": 608 }, { "name": "Odomantice", "year": -149, "date": "149 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Macedonian War (Andriscus)", "place": "Odomantice, east of the Strymon", "lat": 41.1, "lon": 23.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Andriscus (Philip VI)", "faction_b": "Macedonian republics (Roman clients)", "commanders_a": "Andriscus", "commanders_b": "commanders of the eastern Macedonian republic", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 32.15.7; Livy Per. 49–50; Zonar. 9.28", "note": "Andriscus, with Thracian troops of Teres and Barsabas, defeated the levy of the eastern Macedonian republic; details and exact date uncertain.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 32, "id": 609 }, { "name": "Strymon", "year": -149, "date": "149 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Macedonian War (Andriscus)", "place": "west bank of the Strymon", "lat": 40.95, "lon": 23.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Andriscus (Philip VI)", "faction_b": "Macedonian republics (Roman clients)", "commanders_a": "Andriscus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 32.15.7; Livy Per. 49–50", "note": "Second victory over the republican levies, after which Andriscus was accepted as king of Macedon.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 33, "id": 610 }, { "name": "Thessaly (Scipio Nasica)", "year": -149, "date": "149 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Macedonian War (Andriscus)", "place": "Thessaly", "lat": 39.6, "lon": 22.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League", "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Thessaly" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "Andriscus", "commanders_a": "P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum", "commanders_b": "Andriscus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Livy Per. 50; Zonar. 9.28", "note": "Uncertain whether a single battle: Scipio Nasica, with Achaean and Thessalian forces, drove Andriscus' army back out of Thessaly.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 34, "id": 611 }, { "name": "Thessaly (Juventius' defeat)", "year": -149, "date": "149/148 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Macedonian War (Andriscus)", "place": "Thessaly, near the Macedonian border", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 22.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Andriscus", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Andriscus", "commanders_b": "P. Juventius Thalna", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Polyb. 36.17; Diod. 32.9a; Livy Per. 50; Liv. Oxy. Epit. 50; Flor. 1.30.4–5; Eutrop. 4.13; Zonar. 9.28", "note": "The praetor P. Juventius Thalna was killed and his legion almost destroyed ('in Thessalia exercitus caesus'). Dated 149 (CAH) or 148.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 35, "id": 612 }, { "name": "Pydna", "year": -148, "date": "148 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Macedonian War (Andriscus)", "place": "near Pydna", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 22.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thracians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "Andriscus", "commanders_a": "Q. Caecilius Metellus (Macedonicus)", "commanders_b": "Andriscus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 32.9b, 32.15.7; Livy Per. 50; Vell. 1.11; Paus. 7.13.1; Eutrop. 4.13; Zonar. 9.28", "note": "Andriscus won an initial cavalry fight, but after the defection of Telestes with part of the cavalry Metellus routed him.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 36, "id": 613 }, { "name": "Thrace (Andriscus' last battle)", "year": -148, "date": "148 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Fourth Macedonian War (Andriscus)", "place": "Thrace (site unknown)", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 25.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon", "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "Andriscus", "commanders_a": "Q. Caecilius Metellus (Macedonicus)", "commanders_b": "Andriscus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Zonar. 9.28; Livy Per. 50", "note": "Andriscus raised new forces in Thrace and was defeated again by Metellus, then handed over by the Thracian dynast Byzes. Site (and modern country) unknown.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 37, "id": 614 }, { "name": "Sparta", "year": -148, "date": "149/148 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Achaean–Spartan War (149–148)", "place": "near Sparta", "lat": 37.08, "lon": 22.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Damocritus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 7.13.2–5; Polyb. 38.15.6", "note": "The Spartans who came out to fight were routed with heavy loss, but Damocritus did not press the attack on the city and was fined.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 38, "id": 615 }, { "name": "Azotus", "year": -147, "date": "147 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Jonathan for Alexander Balas)", "place": "plain near Azotus (Ashdod)", "lat": 31.8, "lon": 34.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jonathan, Simon", "commanders_b": "Apollonius (governor of Coele-Syria for Demetrius II)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 10.69–85; Jos. AJ 13.88–100", "note": "Jonathan fought as Alexander Balas' strategos against the forces of Demetrius II; afterwards he burned Azotus and its temple of Dagon.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 22, "id": 616 }, { "name": "Scarpheia", "year": -146, "date": "146 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Achaean War", "place": "near Scarpheia, Epicnemidian Locris", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thebes" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus", "commanders_b": "Critolaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 7.14.6–7.15.4; Livy Per. 52; Polyb. 38.16", "note": "Critolaus, retreating from the siege of Heraclea, was overtaken and defeated; he disappeared (drowned in the marshes or poisoned). The Thebans (Boeotarch Pytheas) had pledged support to the Achaeans.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 39, "id": 617 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -146, "date": "146 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Achaean War", "place": "near Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Paus. 7.15.4", "note": "Metellus caught and destroyed about 1,000 picked Arcadian troops of the League retreating from Elatea; perhaps more a rout than a battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 40, "id": 618 }, { "name": "Corinth (Leucopetra)", "year": -146, "date": "146 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Achaean War", "place": "Leucopetra on the Isthmus, outside Corinth", "lat": 37.92, "lon": 22.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_a": [ "Pergamon", "Cretans" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Mummius", "commanders_b": "Diaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Paus. 7.16.1–6; Zonar. 9.31; Livy Per. 52", "note": "Preceded by a successful Achaean night attack on Roman outposts. Mummius had Attalid troops and Cretan archers. Corinth was then sacked and destroyed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 41, "id": 619 }, { "name": "Oenoparas", "year": -145, "date": "145 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Demetrius II and Ptolemy VI v Alexander Balas)", "place": "river Oenoparas, near Antioch (Amuq plain)", "lat": 36.25, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt", "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Demetrius II (with Ptolemy VI)", "faction_b": "Alexander Balas", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy VI (mortally wounded), Demetrius II", "commanders_b": "Alexander Balas", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 2, "sources": "Strabo 16.2.8; 1 Macc 11.14–18; Jos. AJ 13.116–119; Diod. 32.9d–10.1; Livy Per. 52", "note": "Ptolemy VI died of his wounds days later; Balas fled to Arabia and was murdered. Identification of the Oenoparas (Afrin or a stream near Gephyra) uncertain.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 23, "id": 620 }, { "name": "Antioch (uprising)", "year": -145, "date": "145 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars", "place": "streets of Antioch", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire", "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Demetrius II", "faction_b": "Antiochene citizens", "commanders_a": "Demetrius II; 3,000 Jewish troops sent by Jonathan", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 11.44–51; Jos. AJ 13.137–142", "note": "Borderline (urban fighting): the citizens besieged Demetrius in his palace; the Jewish contingent, credited by 1 Macc with the victory, fought through the city and burned it.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 24, "id": 621 }, { "name": "Syria (Tryphon v Demetrius II)", "year": -144, "date": "145/144 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Tryphon and Antiochus VI v Demetrius II)", "place": "northern Syria, between Chalcis and Antioch (site unknown)", "lat": 35.85, "lon": 36.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus VI / Diodotus Tryphon", "faction_b": "Demetrius II", "commanders_a": "Diodotus Tryphon", "commanders_b": "Demetrius II", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 11.54–56; Jos. AJ 13.144; Diod. 33.4a", "note": "Tryphon took Demetrius' elephants and then Apamea and Antioch. Site not recorded.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 25, "id": 622 }, { "name": "Hazor", "year": -144, "date": "144 or 143 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Jonathan for Antiochus VI)", "place": "plain of Hazor, Upper Galilee; pursuit to Kedesh", "lat": 33.02, "lon": 35.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jonathan; Mattathias son of Absalom, Judas son of Chalphi", "commanders_b": "generals of Demetrius II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 11.63–74; Jos. AJ 13.158–162", "note": "Jonathan's army was first routed by an ambush, then rallied and defeated the enemy.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 26, "id": 623 }, { "name": "Ptolemais (Sarpedon)", "year": -142, "date": "c. 142 BCE (143–139)", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Tryphon v Demetrius II)", "place": "coast near Ptolemais (Akko), toward Tyre", "lat": 32.97, "lon": 35.09, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Diodotus Tryphon", "faction_b": "Demetrius II", "commanders_a": "generals of Tryphon", "commanders_b": "Sarpedon", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Athen. 8.333b–c (Posidonius FGrH 87 F29); Strabo 16.2.26", "note": "Posidonius: Sarpedon was beaten and Tryphon's men, pursuing along the shore, were drowned by a sudden sea-wave. Strabo instead has the Ptolemaeans routed by Sarpedon and the fugitives drowned. Date and winner therefore uncertain.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 27, "id": 624 }, { "name": "Media (capture of Demetrius II)", "year": -138, "date": "July/Aug. 138 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid–Parthian wars", "place": "mountains of Media (exact site unknown)", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 47.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Elymaeans", "Persians", "Bactrians" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "generals of Mithridates I", "commanders_b": "Demetrius II (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 36.1.4–6, 38.9.2; 1 Macc 14.1–3; Jos. AJ 13.184–186; App. Syr. 67; Astronomical Diary -137 A", "note": "Demetrius had won several earlier engagements (Justin) before being defeated, by a ruse, and captured. Allies per Justin.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 28, "id": 625 }, { "name": "Syria (Antiochus VII v Tryphon)", "year": -138, "date": "138 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Antiochus VII v Tryphon)", "place": "Upper (northern) Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 35.9, "lon": 36.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus VII", "faction_b": "Diodotus Tryphon", "commanders_a": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "commanders_b": "Diodotus Tryphon", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.222–223; cf. 1 Macc 15.10–14", "note": "Josephus: Antiochus beat Tryphon in battle and drove him from Upper Syria into Phoenicia and to Dor (then besieged). 1 Macc mentions only Tryphon's flight. Site unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 29, "id": 626 }, { "name": "Kedron", "year": -137, "date": "137/136 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Hasmonean–Seleucid wars", "place": "coastal plain near Modiin and Kedron (Gedera?), pursuit to Azotus", "lat": 31.83, "lon": 34.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Judas and John (Hyrcanus), sons of Simon", "commanders_b": "Cendebaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "1 Macc 16.1–10; Jos. AJ 13.225–227", "note": "Also called the battle of Modiin; Josephus has the aged Simon himself take part. Exact site uncertain.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 30, "id": 627 }, { "name": "Cyme", "year": -132, "date": "c. 132/131 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Revolt of Aristonicus", "place": "off Cyme, Aeolis", "lat": 38.76, "lon": 26.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ephesus" ], "side_b": [ "Pergamon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "Aristonicus (Eumenes III)", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Aristonicus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 14.1.38", "note": "The Ephesian fleet defeated Aristonicus, who was driven from the coast into the interior.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 42, "id": 628 }, { "name": "Leucae", "year": -130, "date": "131/130 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Aristonicus", "place": "near Leucae, Ionia (between Smyrna and Phocaea)", "lat": 38.63, "lon": 26.92, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Aristonicus (Eumenes III)", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aristonicus", "commanders_b": "P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 14.1.38; Livy Per. 59; Vell. 2.4.1; Val. Max. 3.2.12; Flor. 1.35.4–5; Justin 36.4.7–8; Oros. 5.10.2–3", "note": "The consul Crassus was defeated and killed while campaigning to retake Leucae; battle site not recorded precisely. Dated 131 or 130.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 43, "id": 629 }, { "name": "Stratonicea (Caicus)", "year": -130, "date": "130 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Revolt of Aristonicus", "place": "probably near Stratonicea on the Caicus, Mysia/Lydia", "lat": 39.1, "lon": 27.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pergamon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "Aristonicus (Eumenes III)", "commanders_a": "M. Perperna", "commanders_b": "Aristonicus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 36.4.9; Livy Per. 59; Eutrop. 4.20; Oros. 5.10.4", "note": "Perperna defeated Aristonicus 'at the first encounter' and then starved him out in Stratonicea (siege not counted); battle site disputed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 44, "id": 630 }, { "name": "Lycus (Great Zab)", "year": -130, "date": "130 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid–Parthian wars (Antiochus VII's eastern campaign)", "place": "river Lycus (Great Zab), northern Mesopotamia", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 43.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [ "Judea" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus VII Sidetes (with John Hyrcanus)", "commanders_b": "Indates", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Nicolaus of Damascus FGrH 90 F92 ap. Jos. AJ 13.250–252; Justin 38.10.6; Diod. 34/35.15–16", "note": "One of the three victories Justin credits to Antiochus in 130; the other two are unnamed. Crossing point on the Great Zab unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 31, "id": 631 }, { "name": "Egypt (Hegelochus v Marsyas)", "year": -130, "date": "c. 130 BCE (131–127)", "type": "land", "war": "Ptolemaic civil war (Ptolemy VIII v Cleopatra II)", "place": "Egypt (site unknown, probably the Delta)", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 30.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Ptolemy VIII", "faction_b": "Cleopatra II (Alexandrians)", "commanders_a": "Hegelochus", "commanders_b": "Marsyas (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Diod. 34/35.20", "note": "Hegelochus took Marsyas, general of the Alexandrians, alive and destroyed his army; Ptolemy pardoned him. Date and site not given.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 32, "id": 632 }, { "name": "Ecbatana", "year": -129, "date": "spring 129 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid–Parthian wars (Antiochus VII's eastern campaign)", "place": "Media, near Ecbatana (Hamadan)", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phraates II", "commanders_b": "Antiochus VII Sidetes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Justin 38.10.8–10; Diod. 34/35.15–17; App. Syr. 68; Jos. AJ 13.253", "note": "Antiochus' army was dispersed in winter quarters among rebellious Median towns; he fell attacking the Parthian king with the troops at hand. Exact site unknown ('Battle of Ecbatana' is a modern label).", "_batch": "09", "_k": 33, "id": 633 }, { "name": "Damascus", "year": -125, "date": "126/125 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Alexander II Zabinas v Demetrius II)", "place": "near Damascus", "lat": 33.5, "lon": 36.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Alexander II Zabinas", "faction_b": "Demetrius II", "commanders_a": "Alexander II Zabinas", "commanders_b": "Demetrius II", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.267–268; Justin 39.1.4–8", "note": "Zabinas was sent by Ptolemy VIII 'with an army' (Josephus). Placement near Damascus follows modern accounts (Ehling); Josephus gives no site. Demetrius fled to Ptolemais and was killed at Tyre.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 34, "id": 634 }, { "name": "Syria (Grypus v Zabinas)", "year": -123, "date": "first half of 123 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Antiochus VIII v Alexander II Zabinas)", "place": "northern Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 36.1, "lon": 36.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus VIII", "faction_b": "Alexander II Zabinas", "commanders_a": "Antiochus VIII Grypus", "commanders_b": "Alexander II Zabinas", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 39.2.5–6; Jos. AJ 13.269; Diod. 34/35.28", "note": "Grypus had Egyptian support from Ptolemy VIII. Diodorus says Zabinas avoided battle and fled with temple treasure; Justin and Josephus report a defeat. Zabinas was captured and executed.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 35, "id": 635 }, { "name": "Syria (Grypus v Cyzicenus)", "year": -112, "date": "112 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Antiochus VIII v Antiochus IX)", "place": "northern Syria, near Antioch (site unknown)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus VIII", "faction_b": "Antiochus IX", "commanders_a": "Antiochus VIII Grypus", "commanders_b": "Antiochus IX Cyzicenus", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 39.3.4–11", "note": "Cyzicenus defeated and fled; Grypus took Antioch and Tryphaena had Cleopatra IV killed. Only source Justin; site unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 36, "id": 636 }, { "name": "Syria (Cyzicenus v Grypus)", "year": -111, "date": "111 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Antiochus IX v Antiochus VIII)", "place": "northern Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus IX", "faction_b": "Antiochus VIII", "commanders_a": "Antiochus IX Cyzicenus", "commanders_b": "Antiochus VIII Grypus", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Justin 39.3.12", "note": "Cyzicenus captured and executed Tryphaena; Grypus retreated (to Aspendus per some reconstructions). Only source Justin; site unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 37, "id": 637 }, { "name": "Chersonesus", "year": -110, "date": "c. 110 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Diophantus' Crimean campaigns", "place": "near Chersonesus, south-west Crimea", "lat": 44.61, "lon": 33.49, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [ "Chersonesus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Diophantus", "commanders_b": "Palacus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "IOSPE I² 352 (Syll.³ 709); Strabo 7.4.3–4; Justin 37.3.1–2", "note": "Diophantus, sent by Mithridates VI to aid Chersonesus, routed Palacus' Scythians who attacked him with a large army; chronology of the campaigns (c. 110–107) disputed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 45, "id": 638 }, { "name": "Crimea (Roxolani)", "year": -108, "date": "c. 108/107 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Diophantus' Crimean campaigns", "place": "Crimean steppe (site unknown)", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 34.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians", "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [ "Chersonesus" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Diophantus", "commanders_b": "Tasius (Roxolani), Palacus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 7.3.17; IOSPE I² 352 (Syll.³ 709)", "note": "Strabo: 6,000 under Diophantus defeated about 50,000 Roxolani who had come to help Palacus; the decree calls them Rheuxinali.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 46, "id": 639 }, { "name": "Samaria (relief battle)", "year": -108, "date": "c. 108/107 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Hasmonean–Seleucid wars", "place": "before Samaria (Sebaste); pursuit to Scythopolis", "lat": 32.28, "lon": 35.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aristobulus and Antigonus, sons of John Hyrcanus", "commanders_b": "Antiochus IX Cyzicenus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.275–277, BJ 1.64–65", "note": "Relief battle during Hyrcanus' siege of Samaria: Cyzicenus came to help the city, was beaten and pursued to Scythopolis.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 38, "id": 640 }, { "name": "Cimmerian Bosporus", "year": -107, "date": "c. 110–107 BCE (winter)", "type": "land", "war": "Pontic conquest of the Bosporus", "place": "on the frozen Strait of Kerch", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Neoptolemus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 2.1.16, 7.3.18", "note": "Cavalry battle fought on the ice of the strait; Strabo says only 'the barbarians' (probably Scythians or Maeotians). Date uncertain, probably soon after Diophantus' campaigns.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 47, "id": 641 }, { "name": "Cimmerian Bosporus (sea)", "year": -107, "date": "c. 110–107 BCE (summer)", "type": "sea", "war": "Pontic conquest of the Bosporus", "place": "Strait of Kerch", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Neoptolemus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 2.1.16, 7.3.18", "note": "Naval victory at the same place as the winter battle on the ice; opponents 'the barbarians'.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 48, "id": 642 }, { "name": "Judea (Callimander)", "year": -107, "date": "c. 108/107 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Hasmonean–Seleucid wars", "place": "Samaria / northern Judea (site unknown)", "lat": 32.3, "lon": 35.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "sons of John Hyrcanus", "commanders_b": "Callimander (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.278–280", "note": "Antiochus IX, reinforced by 6,000 men from Ptolemy IX, left Callimander and Epicrates in command; Callimander attacked rashly and was routed and killed. Minor; whether Ptolemaic troops were present is unclear.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 39, "id": 643 }, { "name": "Ptolemais", "year": -103, "date": "103 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of the Sceptres (Jannaeus' coastal campaign)", "place": "before Ptolemais (Akko)", "lat": 32.92, "lon": 35.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemais" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander Jannaeus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.324", "note": "Jannaeus beat the Ptolemaeans in battle and then besieged the city, which called in Ptolemy IX. Ptolemais counted as a Hellenistic polis (Greek side) here; drop if Levantine poleis are not to count.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 40, "id": 644 }, { "name": "Asophon", "year": -103, "date": "103 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of the Sceptres", "place": "Asophon (Saphoth), by the Jordan", "lat": 32.2, "lon": 35.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Judea" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy IX Lathyrus, Philostephanus", "commanders_b": "Alexander Jannaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.338–344", "note": "Ptolemy IX was then ruling only Cyprus (in conflict with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X). Josephus gives 30,000 Jewish dead (Timagenes 50,000). Asophon usually identified with Zaphon (Tell es-Sa'idiyeh or Tell el-Qos), east of the Jordan.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 41, "id": 645 }, { "name": "Amathus", "year": -99, "date": "c. 100–98 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander Jannaeus", "place": "Amathus (Tell 'Ammata), Transjordan", "lat": 32.18, "lon": 35.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Philadelphia (Amman)" ], "side_b": [ "Judea" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodorus son of Zeno (Cotylas)", "commanders_b": "Alexander Jannaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.356, BJ 1.86–87", "note": "After Jannaeus took Amathus, Theodorus fell on the Jews unexpectedly, killed 10,000 and took the baggage. Theodorus' father Zeno Cotylas was tyrant of Philadelphia (AJ 13.235); counted as a Hellenistic tyranny here, which is debatable.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 42, "id": 646 }, { "name": "Gaza (sortie)", "year": -97, "date": "c. 97/96 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Wars of Alexander Jannaeus", "place": "Jannaeus' camp before Gaza", "lat": 31.5, "lon": 34.46, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Gaza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander Jannaeus", "commanders_b": "Apollodotus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.358–362", "note": "Night sortie by 2,000 mercenaries and 10,000 citizens; successful in the dark, but at daybreak the Jews rallied and killed c. 1,000 Gazaeans. Gaza fell after a year's siege. Gaza counted as a Hellenistic polis here (debatable).", "_batch": "09", "_k": 43, "id": 647 }, { "name": "Cappadocia (Sulla)", "year": -96, "date": "c. 96 BCE (or 92)", "type": "land", "war": "Cappadocian succession (Roman intervention)", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 35.48, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Cappadocia", "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Cornelius Sulla", "commanders_b": "Gordius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Sulla 5.3; App. Mith. 10, 57", "note": "Sulla killed many Cappadocians of Gordius' pro-Pontic regime and more Armenians who came to help them, and installed Ariobarzanes I. Date of Sulla's mission disputed (96 or 92).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 49, "id": 648 }, { "name": "Syria (Seleucus VI v Antiochus IX)", "year": -95, "date": "95 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Seleucus VI v Antiochus IX)", "place": "northern Syria, near Antioch (site unknown)", "lat": 36.15, "lon": 36.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Seleucus VI", "faction_b": "Antiochus IX", "commanders_a": "Seleucus VI Epiphanes", "commanders_b": "Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.366; App. Syr. 69; Euseb. Chron. (Porphyry FGrH 260 F32)", "note": "Antiochus IX was captured and killed (Josephus) or killed himself (Eusebius). Site unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 44, "id": 649 }, { "name": "Cilicia (Antiochus X v Seleucus VI)", "year": -94, "date": "c. 94 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars", "place": "Syria or Cilicia", "lat": 36.95, "lon": 35.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "faction_a": "Antiochus X", "faction_b": "Seleucus VI", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Joseph. AJ 13.366–368; Euseb. Chron. 1.261 (Schoene)", "note": "Antiochus X defeated Seleucus VI, who fled to Mopsuestia and died there; the battlefield is not stated.", "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 650 }, { "name": "Orontes", "year": -93, "date": "autumn 93 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Antiochus X v Antiochus XI)", "place": "by the Orontes, near Antioch", "lat": 36.15, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antiochus X", "faction_b": "Antiochus XI (and Philip I)", "commanders_a": "Antiochus X Eusebes", "commanders_b": "Antiochus XI Epiphanes (drowned)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.369; Euseb. Chron. (Porphyry FGrH 260 F32)", "note": "Antiochus XI drowned in the Orontes while fleeing. Eusebius has Philip I fight alongside him; Josephus only Antiochus XI.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 45, "id": 651 }, { "name": "Antiochus X v Parthians", "year": -92, "date": "c. 92 BCE (alt. 89/88)", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid–Parthian wars", "place": "unknown (in support of Laodice, queen of the 'Gileadites/Sameni')", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 39.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Laodice's people (Sameni?)" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Antiochus X Eusebes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.371", "note": "Very uncertain: only Josephus reports that Antiochus X fell fighting the Parthians as an ally of Queen Laodice; Appian and Eusebius give other ends. Laodice's people and the site are unidentified (Samosata/Commagene has been suggested, which would place it in Turkey); placed generically on the Syrian Euphrates.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 46, "id": 652 }, { "name": "Amnias", "year": -89, "date": "89 BCE (some date 88)", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "river Amnias (Gökırmak), Paphlagonia", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 34.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Bithynia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Archelaus, Neoptolemus", "commanders_b": "Nicomedes IV", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 17–18; Memnon 22.6; Strabo 12.3.40; Justin 38.3.8", "note": "Pontic scythed chariots and cavalry routed Nicomedes' much larger army.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 50, "id": 653 }, { "name": "Mount Scorobas", "year": -89, "date": "89 BCE (some date 88)", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "Mount Scorobas, on the Bithynian–Pontic frontier", "lat": 41.12, "lon": 30.63, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Bithynia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 19", "note": "Cavalry clash: 100 Sarmatian horse of Mithridates defeated 800 Bithynian cavalry. Small; included because standard works list it as a battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 51, "id": 654 }, { "name": "Protopachium", "year": -89, "date": "89 BCE (some date 88)", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "Protopachium, eastern Bithynia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.9, "lon": 31.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [ "Bithynia" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Neoptolemus, Nemanes the Armenian", "commanders_b": "M'. Aquillius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 19; Memnon 22.7–8; Diod. 37.26", "note": "Aquillius lost about 10,000 men; the Romans abandoned Bithynia.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 52, "id": 655 }, { "name": "Rhodes", "year": -88, "date": "88 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "off the harbours of Rhodes", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 28.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rhodian navarchs", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 24–26; Memnon 22.8; Diod. 37.28; Val. Max. 5.2.ext.2", "note": "Naval fighting during Mithridates' siege of Rhodes: a fleet action off the harbour in which Mithridates' own ship was rammed by an allied Chian vessel, and a Rhodian attack on storm-scattered Pontic ships (about 400 captured). The land assaults (siege) are not counted.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 53, "id": 656 }, { "name": "Delos", "year": -88, "date": "88 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "Delos", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 25.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Orbius", "commanders_b": "Apellicon of Teos", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Athen. 5.214d–215b (Posidonius); Strabo 10.5.4", "note": "Borderline: a night attack by the Roman Orbius on the carelessly encamped expedition sent by Aristion's (pro-Mithridatic) Athens; 600 killed, 400 captured.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 54, "id": 657 }, { "name": "Shechem", "year": -88, "date": "c. 88 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Judean civil war / Demetrius III's invasion", "place": "near Shechem", "lat": 32.21, "lon": 35.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Judea" ], "allies_a": [ "Judean rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius III Eucaerus", "commanders_b": "Alexander Jannaeus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.376–379, BJ 1.92–95", "note": "Demetrius was invited by Jannaeus' Jewish opponents; all of Jannaeus' Greek mercenaries fell. Demetrius withdrew soon after when many Jews returned to Jannaeus.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 47, "id": 658 }, { "name": "Off Egypt (Tyrrhus v Ptolemy X)", "year": -88, "date": "88 BCE (some 89)", "type": "sea", "war": "Ptolemaic civil war (expulsion of Ptolemy X)", "place": "unknown, presumably off the Egyptian coast", "lat": 31.4, "lon": 30.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Alexandrian rebels (for Ptolemy IX)", "faction_b": "Ptolemy X Alexander", "commanders_a": "Tyrrhus", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy X Alexander", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Porphyry FGrH 260 F2.8 (Euseb. Chron.)", "note": "After his expulsion from Alexandria Ptolemy X returned with a force and was beaten at sea by Tyrrhus, then fled to Myra in Lycia. Site unknown.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 48, "id": 659 }, { "name": "Cyprus (Chaereas v Ptolemy X)", "year": -88, "date": "late 88 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Ptolemaic civil war (expulsion of Ptolemy X)", "place": "off Cyprus", "lat": 34.7, "lon": 33.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Ptolemy IX", "faction_b": "Ptolemy X Alexander", "commanders_a": "Chaereas (nauarch)", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy X Alexander (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Porphyry FGrH 260 F2.8–9 (Euseb. Chron.)", "note": "Ptolemy X, with forces raised at Myra, invaded Cyprus and fell in a naval action against Chaereas (Smith's reading of Porphyry); some modern accounts treat it as a land fight on Cyprus.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 49, "id": 660 }, { "name": "Sciathos", "year": -87, "date": "88/87 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "northern Aegean, near Sciathos", "lat": 39.15, "lon": 23.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Bruttius Sura", "commanders_b": "Metrophanes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 29", "note": "Small naval action: Sura sank a large ship and a hemiolia of Metrophanes' squadron, then stormed Sciathos. Site not stated.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 55, "id": 661 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -87, "date": "88/87 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "near Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Bruttius Sura", "commanders_b": "Archelaus, Aristion", "outcome": "draw", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 29; Plut. Sulla 11.4–5", "note": "Three days of fighting, indecisive per Appian (Plutarch implies Sura had the better); Sura withdrew when Spartan and Achaean forces joined Archelaus.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 56, "id": 662 }, { "name": "Piraeus (sortie)", "year": -87, "date": "winter 87/86 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "before the walls of Piraeus", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 23.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sulla, L. Licinius Murena", "commanders_b": "Archelaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 32", "note": "Sortie battle during the siege: Archelaus led his whole army out; after long doubtful fighting the Romans killed about 2,000 and drove the rest inside. Other sorties were smaller.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 57, "id": 663 }, { "name": "Chalcis", "year": -87, "date": "87/86 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "near Chalcis, Euboea", "lat": 38.46, "lon": 23.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Minucius", "commanders_b": "Neoptolemus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 34", "note": "Sulla's legate Minucius defeated Neoptolemus, killing 1,500 and capturing more.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 58, "id": 664 }, { "name": "Beroea", "year": -87, "date": "88/87 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Philip I v Demetrius III)", "place": "Demetrius III's camp before Beroea (Aleppo)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Parthia", "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates Sinaces (Parthian), Aziz/Zizon (Arab phylarch), Straton tyrant of Beroea", "commanders_b": "Demetrius III Eucaerus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.384–386", "note": "Borderline (blockade of a field army): Demetrius, besieging his brother Philip I in Beroea, was himself surrounded in his camp by the Parthian and Arab relief forces called in by Straton, shot at and forced by thirst to surrender; sent to Mithridates II. Philip I's faction listed as ally.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 50, "id": 665 }, { "name": "Chaeronea", "year": -86, "date": "86 BCE (spring)", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "plain of Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 22.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sulla", "commanders_b": "Archelaus, Taxiles", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Sulla 15–19; App. Mith. 42–45; Memnon 22.10", "note": "", "_batch": "08", "_k": 59, "id": 666 }, { "name": "Orchomenus", "year": -86, "date": "86 BCE (autumn; some date 85)", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "plain near Orchomenus by the Copaic marshes", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 22.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sulla", "commanders_b": "Archelaus, Dorylaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Sulla 20–21; App. Mith. 49–50; Frontin. Str. 2.8.12", "note": "Fought over two days (field battle, then storming of the Pontic camp); counted as one battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 60, "id": 667 }, { "name": "Lectum", "year": -85, "date": "85 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "off Cape Lectum, Troad", "lat": 39.47, "lon": 26.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 3.8", "note": "Lucullus' fleet, largely of Rhodian and other allied ships, defeated a royal squadron; no details.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 61, "id": 668 }, { "name": "Tenedos", "year": -85, "date": "85 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "off Tenedos", "lat": 39.83, "lon": 26.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus, Damagoras of Rhodes", "commanders_b": "Neoptolemus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 3.8–10", "note": "Lucullus fought from a Rhodian ship commanded by Damagoras.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 62, "id": 669 }, { "name": "Rhyndacus", "year": -85, "date": "85 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "First Mithridatic War", "place": "river Rhyndacus near Miletopolis, Mysia", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Flavius Fimbria", "commanders_b": "Mithridates (son of Mithridates VI), Taxiles, Diophantus, Menander", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon 24; Oros. 6.2.10; Frontin. Str. 3.17.5", "note": "Also called the battle of Miletopolis: a cavalry victory followed by a dawn attack across the river on the Pontic camp.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 63, "id": 670 }, { "name": "Cana", "year": -84, "date": "c. 84/83 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Seleucid–Nabataean war", "place": "south or south-west of the Dead Sea; army perished at 'Cana' (Motho?)", "lat": 30.95, "lon": 35.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Nabataeans" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Obodas I (or Aretas III)", "commanders_b": "Antiochus XII Dionysus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Jos. AJ 13.387–391, BJ 1.99–102; Steph. Byz. s.v. Motho (Uranius)", "note": "10,000 Arab horsemen fell on Antiochus' army; the king was killed and the survivors starved at Cana. Site unknown; Nabataean king usually taken as Obodas I (deified afterwards), Josephus names Aretas as the beneficiary.", "_batch": "09", "_k": 51, "id": 671 }, { "name": "Halys", "year": -82, "date": "82 BCE (or 81)", "type": "land", "war": "Second Mithridatic War", "place": "on the river Halys (site unknown)", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 35.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI, Gordius", "commanders_b": "L. Licinius Murena", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 65; Memnon 26", "note": "Appian: Murena routed and driven back into Phrygia; Memnon calls the battle evenly balanced.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 64, "id": 672 }, { "name": "Chalcedon", "year": -74, "date": "74 BCE (or 73)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "before the walls of Chalcedon", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 29.04, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "M. Aurelius Cotta, P. Rutilius Nudus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 71; Memnon 27.7–8; Plut. Luc. 8; Sall. Hist. 3; Oros. 6.2.13", "note": "Pontic Bastarnae routed the Roman army outside the city (Memnon: 5,300 Roman dead on land). Fought the same day as the harbour battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 65, "id": 673 }, { "name": "Chalcedon (sea)", "year": -74, "date": "74 BCE (or 73)", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "harbour of Chalcedon", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 29.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "M. Aurelius Cotta", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 71; Memnon 27.7–8", "note": "The Pontic fleet broke the harbour chain, burned 4 Roman ships and towed off 60 (Memnon: about 8,000 Roman losses at sea).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 66, "id": 674 }, { "name": "Rhyndacus", "year": -73, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "crossing of the river Rhyndacus, during the siege of Cyzicus", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 28.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 11.3–6; App. Mith. 75; Memnon 28; Oros. 6.2.15", "note": "Lucullus caught Mithridates' cavalry and baggage train sent away from the Cyzicus siege; 15,000 men and 6,000 horses captured.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 67, "id": 675 }, { "name": "Granicus", "year": -73, "date": "73/72 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "crossings of the Aesepus and Granicus, Mysia", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 27.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Hermaeus, M. Marius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 11.8; App. Mith. 76; Memnon 28.4; Oros. 6.2.20", "note": "Destruction of the Pontic army retreating from Cyzicus at the river crossings (some 20,000 killed); partly a pursuit rather than a pitched battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 68, "id": 676 }, { "name": "Phrygia (Deiotarus v Eumachus)", "year": -73, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "Phrygia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 30.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Celts" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Deiotarus", "commanders_b": "Eumachus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 75; Livy Per. 94; Oros. 6.2.18", "note": "The Galatian tetrarch Deiotarus (a Roman ally) defeated and drove out Mithridates' general Eumachus; possibly several engagements.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 69, "id": 677 }, { "name": "Tenedos", "year": -73, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "between Tenedos and the Achaean harbour, Troad", "lat": 39.8, "lon": 26.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Isidorus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 12.2; Memnon 29; App. Mith. 77", "note": "Lucullus captured 13 Pontic quinqueremes; Isidorus killed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 70, "id": 678 }, { "name": "Lemnos", "year": -73, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "islet of Neae, between Lemnos and Scyros", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 25.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "M. Marius, Alexander, Dionysius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 12.3–5; App. Mith. 77; Memnon 29, 33.1; Cic. Leg. Man. 21; Oros. 6.2.21–22", "note": "Lucullus landed troops behind the beached Pontic squadron and destroyed it (32 ships); the Sertorian M. Marius was captured and executed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 71, "id": 679 }, { "name": "Cabira", "year": -72, "date": "72 BCE (or 71)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "near Cabira, Pontus", "lat": 40.59, "lon": 36.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus, M. Fabius Hadrianus, Sornatius", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI, Menemachus, Myron, Taxiles", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 15–17; App. Mith. 79–82; Memnon 29.8–30.1; Sall. Hist. 4", "note": "Campaign of several actions: early Pontic cavalry successes, then the destruction of the cavalry sent against Lucullus' supply convoys, followed by panic and collapse of Mithridates' army. Counted as one battle.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 72, "id": 680 }, { "name": "Tenedos", "year": -72, "date": "72/71 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "off Tenedos", "lat": 39.83, "lon": 26.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Valerius Triarius", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon 33.1–2", "note": "Triarius with 70 triremes destroyed the Pontic squadron (just under 80 ships) returning from Crete and Spain. Known only from Memnon.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 73, "id": 681 }, { "name": "Crete (Antonius' defeat)", "year": -71, "date": "72/71 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Roman–Cretan War", "place": "off western Crete, near Cydonia", "lat": 35.55, "lon": 23.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Cretans" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lasthenes, Panares", "commanders_b": "M. Antonius (Creticus)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Flor. 1.42.1–3; Diod. 40.1; Livy Per. 97; App. Sic. 6; Sall. Hist. 3", "note": "Cretan cities led by Cydonia and Knossos captured much of Antonius' fleet and hanged prisoners from the rigging; exact site unknown.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 74, "id": 682 }, { "name": "Heraclea Pontica", "year": -70, "date": "71/70 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "approach to the harbour of Heraclea Pontica", "lat": 41.29, "lon": 31.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Heraclea Pontica" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Valerius Triarius", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon 34.1–7", "note": "Triarius' 43 ships (20 of them Rhodian) defeated the 30-ship Heracleote fleet during the siege of the city (Heraclea was allied to Mithridates; siege not counted).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 75, "id": 683 }, { "name": "Sinope", "year": -70, "date": "70 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "off Sinope", "lat": 42.03, "lon": 35.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Sinope" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleochares", "commanders_b": "Censorinus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Memnon 37.1–2", "note": "Ships of the Sinope garrison defeated Censorinus' 15 triremes escorting grain transports and seized the transports, during Lucullus' siege of Sinope.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 76, "id": 684 }, { "name": "Cydonia", "year": -69, "date": "69 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Roman–Cretan War", "place": "near Cydonia, western Crete", "lat": 35.48, "lon": 24.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Cretans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Caecilius Metellus (Creticus)", "commanders_b": "Lasthenes, Panares", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Sic. 6.5; Livy Per. 98; Phlegon fr. 12.12", "note": "Metellus defeated the Cretan army (Lasthenes of Knossos, Panares of Cydonia), then besieged Cydonia, Knossos and other cities (sieges not counted).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 77, "id": 685 }, { "name": "Arsanias", "year": -68, "date": "68 BCE (summer)", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "river Arsanias (Murat), Armenia, on Lucullus' march to Artaxata", "lat": 39.15, "lon": 42.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia", "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Tigranes II, Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Luc. 31.4–8; App. Mith. 87; Dio 36.4–5; Sall. Hist. 4", "note": "Included because Mithridates was co-commander (Appian says Tigranes gave him the command; Plutarch has him leading a large cavalry force and fleeing first). Also called the battle of Artaxata; site disputed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 78, "id": 686 }, { "name": "Pontus (Fabius' defeat)", "year": -68, "date": "68 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "Pontus, near Cabira (site unknown)", "lat": 40.55, "lon": 36.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "M. Fabius Hadrianus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 88; Dio 36.9.2–5; Plut. Luc. 35.1; Sall. Hist. 5", "note": "Returning to Pontus, Mithridates defeated Lucullus' legate Fabius, who was saved only when Mithridates was wounded.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 79, "id": 687 }, { "name": "Comana", "year": -68, "date": "68 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "near Comana (Pontica)", "lat": 40.35, "lon": 36.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Valerius Triarius", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dio 36.10–11", "note": "Known only from Dio; identification of Comana uncertain.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 80, "id": 688 }, { "name": "Zela", "year": -67, "date": "67 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "plain near Zela (and Gaziura), Pontus", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 35.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "C. Valerius Triarius", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 89; Plut. Luc. 35.1; Dio 36.12–13", "note": "About 7,000 Romans killed, including 24 tribunes and 150 centurions.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 81, "id": 689 }, { "name": "Lycus", "year": -66, "date": "66 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "place": "by the river Lycus, near later Nicopolis, Lesser Armenia", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 38.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pompey", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Plut. Pomp. 32; App. Mith. 99–100; Dio 36.48–49; Oros. 6.4.3–5", "note": "Pompey's night attack on Mithridates' army in a defile; Pompey founded Nicopolis on the site. Also called the battle of Nicopolis or Dasteira.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 82, "id": 690 }, { "name": "Pelusium", "year": -55, "date": "55 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Restoration of Ptolemy XII", "place": "eastern Delta, on the march from Pelusium", "lat": 30.95, "lon": 32.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Judea" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "A. Gabinius, M. Antonius", "commanders_b": "Archelaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dio 39.58.1–2; Plut. Ant. 3; Joseph. AJ 14.98–99", "note": "Roman army restoring Ptolemy XII against the regime of Berenice IV; after Pelusium was taken (Antony's cavalry), Gabinius defeated the Egyptians the same day. Hyrcanus/Antipater's Judaeans gave support.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 83, "id": 691 }, { "name": "Nile", "year": -55, "date": "55 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Restoration of Ptolemy XII", "place": "on and beside the Nile in the Delta (site unknown)", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 31.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "A. Gabinius, M. Antonius", "commanders_b": "Archelaus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dio 39.58.2–3; Strabo 12.3.34, 17.1.11; Plut. Ant. 3", "note": "Combined land and river battle in which Archelaus was killed; Ptolemy XII restored.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 84, "id": 692 }, { "name": "Massalia", "year": -49, "date": "49 BCE (June)", "type": "sea", "war": "Caesar's siege of Massalia", "place": "off Massalia, near the island opposite the city", "lat": 43.28, "lon": 5.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Massalia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Caesar", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "D. Junius Brutus Albinus", "commanders_b": "L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (Pompeian)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Caes. BC 1.56–58; Dio 41.21", "note": "Massaliote fleet of 17 warships (with Domitius' Pompeian crews) defeated by Brutus; 9 ships lost.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 85, "id": 693 }, { "name": "Tauroeis", "year": -49, "date": "49 BCE (July)", "type": "sea", "war": "Caesar's siege of Massalia", "place": "off Tauroeis (Tauroentum), east of Massalia", "lat": 43.07, "lon": 5.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Massalia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Caesar", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "D. Junius Brutus Albinus", "commanders_b": "L. Nasidius (Pompeian squadron)", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Caes. BC 2.3–7; Lucan 3.509–762", "note": "Second Massaliote fleet, joined by Nasidius' 16 Pompeian ships (which fled without fighting), defeated with 9 ships lost. The city later capitulated (siege not counted).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 86, "id": 694 }, { "name": "Alexandria (harbour)", "year": -48, "date": "48 BCE (autumn)", "type": "sea", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "Great Harbour of Alexandria", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 29.89, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar", "commanders_b": "Achillas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "Caes. BC 3.111–112; Plut. Caes. 49; Dio 42.38", "note": "Fight for the Egyptian fleet in the harbour; Caesar burned the ships (fire said to have reached the Library) and occupied the Pharos tower. Egypt's side was the army of Ptolemy XIII (later Arsinoe IV and Ganymedes), opposed to Cleopatra VII.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 87, "id": 695 }, { "name": "Nicopolis", "year": -48, "date": "48 BCE (December, Roman calendar)", "type": "land", "war": "Pharnaces II's war with Rome", "place": "near Nicopolis, Lesser Armenia", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 38.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome", "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Cappadocia" ], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pharnaces II", "commanders_b": "Cn. Domitius Calvinus, Deiotarus", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 34–40; App. Mith. 120; Dio 42.46", "note": "Pharnaces II, king of the Cimmerian Bosporus, fighting to recover his father's Pontic kingdom (counted as Pontus). Two of Calvinus' four legions were Deiotarus' Galatians; Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia sent cavalry.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 88, "id": 696 }, { "name": "Chersonesus", "year": -47, "date": "winter 48/47 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "off Chersonesus, west of Alexandria", "lat": 31.11, "lon": 29.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar, Euphranor", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 9–11", "note": "Egyptian ships attacked Caesar's fleet while it covered the arrival of the 37th legion; Euphranor's Rhodian ships bore the brunt; one quadrireme captured and another sunk.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 89, "id": 697 }, { "name": "Alexandria (sea)", "year": -47, "date": "winter 48/47 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "off Alexandria, by the shoals west of Pharos", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 29.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar, Euphranor", "commanders_b": "Ganymedes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 12–16", "note": "Caesar's 34 ships (9 Rhodian, led by Euphranor) defeated the fleet Ganymedes had rebuilt.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 90, "id": 698 }, { "name": "Pharos", "year": -47, "date": "winter 48/47 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "island and town of Pharos, Alexandria", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 29.88, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar", "commanders_b": "Ganymedes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 17–18", "note": "Amphibious assault: Caesar captured the Pharos island town from its defenders.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 91, "id": 699 }, { "name": "Heptastadion", "year": -47, "date": "winter 48/47 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "Heptastadion mole, Alexandria", "lat": 31.2, "lon": 29.89, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ganymedes", "commanders_b": "Julius Caesar", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 19–21; Plut. Caes. 49; Suet. Caes. 64; Dio 42.40", "note": "Fight for the mole the day after Pharos, with Egyptian ships joining in; Caesar's men were routed (c. 400 legionaries and many sailors lost) and Caesar escaped by swimming.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 92, "id": 700 }, { "name": "Canopus", "year": -47, "date": "winter 48/47 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "off Canopus (Abu Qir)", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 30.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ti. Claudius Nero, Euphranor", "commanders_b": "Ganymedes", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 25; Suet. Tib. 4; Dio 42.40", "note": "Egyptian attempt to intercept supply convoys was repulsed, but Euphranor, pursuing too far, was surrounded and killed; arguably indecisive.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 93, "id": 701 }, { "name": "Delta (Jews' Camp)", "year": -47, "date": "47 BCE (Roman calendar; early 47 Julian)", "type": "land", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "Nile Delta, at the place called the Camp of the Jews", "lat": 30.29, "lon": 31.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Judea" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Nabataeans", "Ituraeans" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates of Pergamon, Antipater", "commanders_b": "Dioscorides", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 26–28; Joseph. AJ 14.133–136, BJ 1.190–192", "note": "Caesar's relief army under Mithridates of Pergamon (Syrian, Cilician, Nabataean and Ituraean contingents, 3,000 Jews under Antipater) defeated the Egyptian force sent against it after the capture of Pelusium; Josephus credits Antipater with saving the day. Identified with Tell el-Yahudiya (approx.).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 94, "id": 702 }, { "name": "Nile", "year": -47, "date": "47 BCE (27 March Roman calendar; c. January 47 Julian)", "type": "land", "war": "Alexandrian War", "place": "near a Nile tributary, western Delta", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 31.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Judea" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar, Mithridates of Pergamon", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy XIII", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 28–31; Livy Per. 112; Joseph. AJ 14.136; Dio 42.43; Oros. 6.16", "note": "Ptolemy XIII drowned in the flight; Cleopatra VII restored with Ptolemy XIV.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 95, "id": 703 }, { "name": "Zela", "year": -47, "date": "47 BCE (2 August, Roman calendar)", "type": "land", "war": "Pharnaces II's war with Rome", "place": "hill near Zela, Pontus", "lat": 40.31, "lon": 35.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Celts" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar, Deiotarus", "commanders_b": "Pharnaces II", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 2, "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 72–77; Plut. Caes. 50; Suet. Caes. 35, 37; App. BC 2.91, Mith. 120; Dio 42.47", "note": "'Veni, vidi, vici.' Pharnaces II (king of the Bosporus) counted as Pontus.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 96, "id": 704 }, { "name": "Bosporus (Pharnaces v Asander)", "year": -47, "date": "47 BCE (autumn)", "type": "land", "war": "Bosporan civil war", "place": "European Bosporus, near Panticapaeum (site unknown)", "lat": 45.35, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Asander", "faction_b": "Pharnaces II", "commanders_a": "Asander", "commanders_b": "Pharnaces II", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. Mith. 120; Dio 42.47.5; Strabo 13.4.3", "note": "After Zela, Pharnaces recovered Theodosia and Panticapaeum but was killed fighting his rebel governor Asander.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 97, "id": 705 }, { "name": "Bosporus (Mithridates of Pergamon v Asander)", "year": -46, "date": "47/46 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Bosporan civil war", "place": "Cimmerian Bosporus (site unknown)", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Asander", "faction_b": "Mithridates of Pergamon", "commanders_a": "Asander", "commanders_b": "Mithridates of Pergamon", "outcome": "A", "civil": true, "fame": 1, "sources": "Strabo 13.4.3; Dio 42.48.4", "note": "Mithridates of Pergamon, made king of the Bosporus by Caesar, was 'overthrown' by Asander and died; that it was a pitched battle is probable but not explicit.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 98, "id": 706 }, { "name": "Myndus", "year": -42, "date": "42 BCE (spring)", "type": "sea", "war": "Cassius' war against Rhodes", "place": "off Myndus, Caria", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 27.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Cassius (Liberators)", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Cassius Longinus", "commanders_b": "Alexander, Mnaseas", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. BC 4.65–71; Dio 47.33", "note": "33 Rhodian ships surrounded by Cassius' larger and heavier fleet; 3 captured and 2 sunk.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 99, "id": 707 }, { "name": "Rhodes", "year": -42, "date": "42 BCE (spring)", "type": "sea", "war": "Cassius' war against Rhodes", "place": "off the city of Rhodes", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 28.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Cassius (Liberators)", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Cassius Longinus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "App. BC 4.72; Dio 47.33", "note": "Small engagement: the Rhodians sailed out against Cassius' 80 ships from Loryma, lost two more ships and were shut in; the city then fell (siege not counted).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 100, "id": 708 }, { "name": "Actium", "year": -31, "date": "2 September 31 BCE", "type": "sea", "war": "War of Actium (Octavian v Antony and Cleopatra)", "place": "mouth of the Ambracian Gulf, off Actium", "lat": 38.95, "lon": 20.7, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Cappadocia", "Commagene", "Pontus", "Thracians", "Antony's Roman legions" ], "faction_a": "Octavian", "faction_b": "Antony and Cleopatra VII", "commanders_a": "Octavian, M. Vipsanius Agrippa", "commanders_b": "Mark Antony, Cleopatra VII", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 3, "sources": "Plut. Ant. 61–68; Dio 50.31–35; Vell. 2.84–85; Flor. 2.21; Oros. 6.19", "note": "War formally declared on Cleopatra; Antony's Roman fleet and legions fought with her Egyptian squadron (also a Roman civil war, so Rome appears on both sides). Client kings with Antony included Archelaus of Cappadocia and Mithridates of Commagene; Polemon of Pontus sent troops.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 101, "id": 709 }, { "name": "Paraetonium", "year": -30, "date": "30 BCE (spring/summer)", "type": "land", "war": "War of Actium (Octavian v Antony and Cleopatra)", "place": "Paraetonium (Marsa Matruh), western Egypt", "lat": 31.36, "lon": 27.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Antony's Roman legions" ], "faction_a": "Octavian", "faction_b": "Antony and Cleopatra VII", "commanders_a": "C. Cornelius Gallus", "commanders_b": "Mark Antony", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dio 51.9.1–6; Oros. 6.19.15; Plut. Ant. 69", "note": "Antony's attack on Gallus' army from Cyrenaica failed: his land assault was repulsed and his ships were trapped by chains in the harbour and destroyed.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 102, "id": 710 }, { "name": "Alexandria (Hippodrome)", "year": -30, "date": "late July 30 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Actium (Octavian v Antony and Cleopatra)", "place": "near the Hippodrome, east of Alexandria", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 29.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Antony's Roman legions" ], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "Antony and Cleopatra VII", "faction_b": "Octavian", "commanders_a": "Mark Antony", "commanders_b": "Octavian", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Ant. 74; Dio 51.10.1–4", "note": "Antony's cavalry routed Octavian's tired vanguard cavalry and pursued it to its camp.", "_batch": "08", "_k": 103, "id": 711 }, { "name": "Alexandria", "year": -30, "date": "1 August 30 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "War of Actium (Octavian v Antony and Cleopatra)", "place": "outside Alexandria", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 29.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Antony's Roman legions" ], "faction_a": "Octavian", "faction_b": "Antony and Cleopatra VII", "commanders_a": "Octavian", "commanders_b": "Mark Antony", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Plut. Ant. 75–76; Dio 51.10.4–5; Suet. Aug. 17", "note": "Antony's combined land and sea attack collapsed when his fleet and cavalry went over to Octavian; his infantry was defeated. End of the Ptolemaic kingdom (Antony and Cleopatra's suicides followed).", "_batch": "08", "_k": 104, "id": 712 }, { "name": "Bosporus (Polemon I v the Bosporans)", "year": -14, "date": "14 BCE", "type": "land", "war": "Agrippa's settlement of the Bosporus", "place": "Cimmerian Bosporus (site unknown)", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Polemon I of Pontus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "civil": false, "fame": 1, "sources": "Dio 54.24.4–6", "note": "Agrippa sent Polemon against the usurper Scribonius; the Bosporans had already killed Scribonius but resisted Polemon, fearing he would be made their king. Polemon fought and defeated them, but they submitted only when Agrippa came to Sinope; Polemon then married Dynamis and ruled the Bosporus. Falls after batch 08's end (30 BCE) but inside the brief's range (to c. 10 CE). Polemon's later death at the hands of the Aspurgiani (c. 8 BCE, Strabo 11.2.11, 12.3.29) was a capture after a failed surprise attack, not a recorded battle, so it is not added. Polemon was a Roman client king acting for Agrippa.", "_batch": "zz", "_k": 0, "id": 713 } ]