[ { "id": 1, "key": "m815-sagbita", "name": "Sagbita", "label": "Sagbita", "year": -815, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 815 BC (Encyclopaedia Iranica; the year of Shamshi-Adad V's Median campaign is uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Assyrian campaigns in Media (Shamshi-Adad V)", "theatre": "Zagros (Media)", "place": "Sagbita, royal city of Hanasiruka (unidentified, central Zagros), Iran", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 48.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Assyria" ], "side_b": [ "Media" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shamshi-Adad V (according to his annals)", "commanders_b": "Hanasiruka the Mede", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The warriors of the Median chief Hanasiruka, including horsemen (140 were captured); the annals give no other detail.", "languages": [ "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Assyrian text calls Hanasiruka and his people Medes (Matai), an Iranian-speaking people.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2,300 killed, 140 horsemen captured (Assyrian annals)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shamshi-Adad V's annals record 2,300 Medes killed, 140 of their horsemen captured and Hanasiruka's royal city taken; there is no other source.", "borderline": "an episode of an Assyrian campaign record, not a named battle in modern lists", "doubt": "Borderline: an episode of an Assyrian campaign record, not a named battle in modern lists.", "sources": "Inscriptions of Shamshi-Adad V (Grayson, RIMA 3); Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "The annals also claim 1,200 nearby settlements destroyed and tribute imposed on the Median tribes. Sagbita lay in the district later called Sagbat, in the Assyrian province of Kishesim (Iranica).", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2, "key": "m716-harhar", "name": "Harhar", "label": "Harhar", "year": -716, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "716 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Assyrian campaigns in Media (Sargon II)", "theatre": "Zagros (Media)", "place": "Harhar, renamed Kar-Sharrukin (unidentified, central Zagros, perhaps the Kermanshah area), Iran", "lat": 34.3, "lon": 46.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Assyria" ], "side_b": [ "Media" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sargon II", "commanders_b": "unknown (the townsmen, who had driven out their lord Kibaba)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The people of Harhar in revolt against their pro-Assyrian lord; no numbers or units are recorded.", "languages": [ "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Harhar lay among the Median chiefdoms of the central Zagros, but its population was mixed and the sources do not call its defenders Medes.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sargon besieged and took Harhar, which became the seat of the Assyrian province of Kar-Sharrukin.", "borderline": "a town of the Median borderland: whether its defenders counted as Medes is uncertain, and the siege is known only from Sargon's own texts", "doubt": "Borderline: a town of the Median borderland: whether its defenders counted as Medes is uncertain, and the siege is known only from Sargon's own texts.", "sources": "Annals of Sargon II; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "Iranica adds that Harhar revolted in 715 and the Assyrians had to conquer it again; no detail of that second capture survives, so it is not a separate entry.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 3, "key": "m716-kishesim-716-bc", "name": "Kishesim (716 BC)", "label": "Kishesim (716 BC)", "year": -716, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "716 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Assyrian campaigns in Media (Sargon II)", "theatre": "Zagros (Media)", "place": "Kishesim, renamed Kar-Nergal (unidentified, central Zagros), Iran", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 47.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Assyria" ], "side_b": [ "Media" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sargon II", "commanders_b": "Bel-sharru-usur, city lord of Kishesim", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen and retainers of Bel-sharru-usur, lord of Kishesim; Sargon's texts give no numbers or units.", "languages": [ "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The central Zagros towns had mixed Median and older non-Iranian populations, and the lord's name is Akkadian, so the Median share is a guess.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kishesim fell to Sargon II, who captured its lord Bel-sharru-usur and made the town an Assyrian provincial seat under the name Kar-Nergal.", "borderline": "a town of the Median borderland: whether its lord and defenders counted as Medes is uncertain, and the capture is known only from Sargon's own texts", "doubt": "Borderline: a town of the Median borderland: whether its lord and defenders counted as Medes is uncertain, and the capture is known only from Sargon's own texts.", "sources": "Annals and Display Inscription of Sargon II; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'; en.wikipedia Sargon II", "note": "Iranica treats Kishesim and Harhar, both made provinces in 716, as the start of the Assyrian conquest of Media; Sargon received tribute from 28 Median city lords in the same campaign. Wikipedia spells the town Kisheshim.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 4, "key": "n4", "name": "Cimmerian defeat of Rusa I", "label": "Cimmerian defeat of Rusa I", "year": -714, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 714-713 BCE (Assyrian intelligence letters to Sargon II; date approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cimmerian raids on Urartu", "theatre": "", "place": "Urartu, eastern Anatolia (Uasi/Guriania region; exact site unknown)", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 43.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Cimmerians" ], "side_b": [ "Urartu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Cimmerians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "a Cimmerian (Gimirrai) leader, not named", "commanders_b": "Rusa I of Urartu", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Assyrian reports say the Urartian army and its king were beaten by the Gimirrai, which left Rusa too weak to meet Sargon's 8th campaign (714).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Assyrian state letters to Sargon II (State Archives of Assyria vols 1 and 5); Sargon's letter to the god Assur on the 8th campaign; Ivantchik, Les Cimmeriens au Proche-Orient (1993); Diakonoff, CHI 2 (1985)", "note": "The Cimmerians' language is unknown; many scholars call them Iranian-speaking, others Thracian or unclassified. The fight is known only from Assyrian secondhand reports and details are vague.", "peoples": [ "Cimmerians (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ane", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 5, "key": "m691-halule", "name": "Halule", "label": "Halule", "year": -691, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "691 BC (some date it 692)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sennacherib's Babylonian wars", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Halule on the Tigris (unidentified, perhaps near Samarra), Iraq", "lat": 34.2, "lon": 43.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Elam", "Babylonia" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Persians (Anshan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humban-nimena III of Elam, Mushezib-Marduk of Babylon, Humban-undasha (Elamite commander, killed), Nabu-shuma-ishkun (captured)", "commanders_b": "Sennacherib", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The contingents of Parsuash (the Persians) and Anzan (Anshan) among the allies of Elam listed by Sennacherib, beside Ellipi, Pashiru and the Chaldean and Aramaean tribes; no numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Elamite" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Sennacherib names Parsuash (Persians) and Anzan; the Anzan troops may have been Elamite-speaking, so the Iranian share of this small contingent is uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy (Sennacherib claims a great slaughter)", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sennacherib claims a crushing victory but the Babylonian Chronicle says the Elamite king forced an Assyrian retreat, and modern historians treat the battle as indecisive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sennacherib's annals (Chicago and Taylor prisms); Babylonian Chronicle (ABC 1); en.wikipedia Battle of Halule; Encyclopaedia Iranica", "note": "Contingent: the Persians were a small part of Elam's coalition. Whether Parsuash here means the Persians of Fars or the Zagros Parsua, and whether Anzan was then Persian-ruled, is debated; Wikipedia's infobox names Achaemenes as a commander, an unproven modern identification, and gives an 'Assyrian victory' while its text calls the battle indecisive.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Persians (Anshan): an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 6, "key": "n6", "name": "Hubushna (Esarhaddon v Teushpa)", "label": "Hubushna", "year": -679, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 679 BCE (early in Esarhaddon's reign; exact year uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Esarhaddon's Cimmerian wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Hubushna (Hupisna), on the Cilician/Cappadocian border near Eregli, Turkey", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 34.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Assyria" ], "side_b": [ "Cimmerians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Cimmerians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Esarhaddon (or a field commander in his name)", "commanders_b": "Teushpa the Cimmerian", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Esarhaddon's prism inscriptions claim that he defeated Teushpa the Cimmerian in the land of Hubushna.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Esarhaddon Nineveh Prism A (Borger, Die Inschriften Asarhaddons); Ivantchik 1993; Diakonoff, CHI 2 (1985)", "note": "Teushpa is the first Cimmerian leader named in cuneiform; the report is a royal claim, so the scale of the fighting is unknown. Cimmerian speech is unclassified (probably Iranian, perhaps not).", "peoples": [ "Cimmerians (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ane", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 7, "key": "n7", "name": "Esarhaddon v Ishpakaia (Scythians and Mannaeans)", "label": "Esarhaddon v Ishpakaia", "year": -676, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 676-675 BCE (Assyrian dating; Schmitt gives c. 675)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Esarhaddon's wars on the north-eastern frontier", "theatre": "", "place": "Mannaean country and the Hubuskia border, in the Median borderlands of north-western Iran (site unknown)", "lat": 36.9, "lon": 45.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Assyria" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians", "Mannaeans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Cimmerians" ], "persian_state": "Scythians & Mannaeans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Esarhaddon", "commanders_b": "Ishpakaia the Scythian (killed); Ahsheri, king of the Mannaeans", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Esarhaddon's inscriptions say that he defeated the Ashkuzai (Scythian) force and killed Ishpakaia, who had joined the Mannaeans against Assyria.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Esarhaddon Nineveh Prism A and the Babylon Prism; Assyrian oracle queries (SAA 4); Ivantchik 1993; Diakonoff 1985; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishpakaia; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians", "note": "This is the first Scythian leader named in Assyrian sources. The Scythians were allies of the Mannaeans, with Cimmerians possibly on the same side; the fight itself is told only in royal inscriptions, and the place is given variously as Mannaean or Median territory.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 8, "key": "m672-kishassu-c-672-bc", "name": "Kishassu (c. 672 BC)", "label": "Kishassu (c. 672 BC)", "year": -672, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 672 BC (the oracle queries are dated c. 672-669)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Kashtaritu", "theatre": "Zagros (Media)", "place": "Kishassu (Kishesim, unidentified, central Zagros), Iran", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 47.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Media" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [ "Mannaeans", "Cimmerians" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kashtaritu (city lord of Kar-kashshi), Mamitiarshu (city lord of the Medes), Dusanni of Saparda", "commanders_b": "Assyrian garrison (Esarhaddon king of Assyria)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "result unknown", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Kashtaritu's Medes of Kar-kashshi and the Medes of Mamitiarshu, with Mannaean, Cimmerian and Saparda allies; no numbers survive.", "languages": [ "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The queries name Median leaders (Kashtaritu, Mamitiarshu) at the head of the coalition; the languages of the Mannaean, Cimmerian and Saparda allies are uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Esarhaddon's oracle queries only ask whether Kashtaritu's coalition would take Kishassu and its neighbours and record no result, though the revolt as a whole freed the Medes from Assyrian rule (Iranica).", "borderline": "known only from oracle queries that name the threatened towns but record no fighting or result; not a named battle in modern lists", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored. Borderline: known only from oracle queries that name the threatened towns but record no fighting or result; not a named battle in modern lists.", "sources": "Esarhaddon's oracle queries to Shamash (Starr, SAA 4); Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'; en.wikipedia Kashtariti", "note": "Kishassu is usually taken as the later spelling of Kishesim, whose Sagbat district held Kashtaritu's seat Kar-kashshi; Iranica says the rebels attacked the fortresses of Harhar and Kishesim. Kashtaritu has been identified with Herodotus' Phraortes, but many reject this. Wikipedia also counts Scythians in his alliance and mentions a planned raid on Kilman.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 9, "key": "m653-nineveh-cyaxares-c-653-bc", "name": "Nineveh (Cyaxares, c. 653 BC)", "label": "Nineveh (Cyaxares, c. 653 BC)", "year": -653, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 653 BC (shortly after Phraortes' death; some put it c. 625)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Median-Assyrian wars (Herodotus)", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "near Nineveh (Mosul), Iraq", "lat": 36.36, "lon": 43.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Media" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyaxares", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Cyaxares' army, which Herodotus says he gathered from all his subjects and was the first to divide into separate units of spearmen, archers and horsemen.", "languages": [ "Median", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus' Cyaxares led the Medes and their subject peoples, chiefly the Persians; no contingents are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herodotus says Cyaxares met and defeated the Assyrians and then sat down before Nineveh; the siege was broken off only when the Scythians arrived.", "borderline": "no conventional name; the field battle is recorded in a single clause of Herodotus", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Herodotus 1. Borderline: no conventional name; the field battle is recorded in a single clause of Herodotus.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.103; en.wikipedia Cyaxares", "note": "Herodotus makes the attack revenge for Phraortes. The siege that followed is not scored separately: it was abandoned because of the Scythian invasion, not an Assyrian defence (see the next entry).", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 10, "key": "m653-nineveh-phraortes-c-653-bc", "name": "Nineveh (Phraortes, c. 653 BC)", "label": "Nineveh (Phraortes, c. 653 BC)", "year": -653, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 653 BC (traditional dating of Phraortes' death; c. 625 if Herodotus' reign lengths are counted back from 550 without a separate Scythian interval)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Median-Assyrian wars (Herodotus)", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "Assyria, near Nineveh (Mosul) (site unknown), Iraq", "lat": 36.36, "lon": 43.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Assyria" ], "side_b": [ "Media" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal by the usual dating)", "commanders_b": "Phraortes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Median army of Phraortes, who according to Herodotus had first subdued the Persians and other peoples of Asia; no units or numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Median", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus' Median kingdom drew on the Medes and the subject Persians; nothing more is recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Phraortes and most of his army (Herodotus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herodotus says Phraortes perished with most of his army in his campaign against the Assyrians of Nineveh.", "borderline": "no conventional name: Herodotus names the enemy (the Assyrians of Nineveh) but not the site", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Herodotus 1. Borderline: no conventional name: Herodotus names the enemy (the Assyrians of Nineveh) but not the site.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.102; en.wikipedia Phraortes", "note": "Wikipedia (Phraortes) gives his reign as c. 675-653 and says he was killed by the Assyrian king, generally taken to be Ashurbanipal.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 11, "key": "m653-scythian-invasion-of-media", "name": "Scythian invasion of Media", "label": "Scythian invasion of Media", "year": -653, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 653 BC (Wikipedia dates Scythian rule over Media c. 653-625; Iranica c. 653/635-625/615)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Scythian invasion of Media", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Media (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 48.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Media" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Scythians v Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Scythians", "faction_b": "Media", "commanders_a": "Madyes son of Protothyes", "commanders_b": "Cyaxares", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Scythians", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cyaxares' Median army, called back from the siege of Nineveh; Herodotus gives no detail.", "languages": [ "Median", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The army was that of the Median kingdom, Medes with subject Persians; no units are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herodotus says the Medes met the Scythians, were beaten in the battle and lost their rule.", "borderline": "the name is Wikipedia's title for the war; the battle itself has no name or site", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Herodotus 1. Borderline: the name is Wikipedia's title for the war; the battle itself has no name or site.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.103-106; en.wikipedia Scythian invasion of Media; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "Herodotus says the Scythians, pursuing the Cimmerians, came upon Cyaxares while he was besieging Nineveh. Cyaxares later ended Scythian rule by murdering their leaders at a banquet (a massacre, not a battle; not an entry). Wikipedia's infobox result ('Medes victory') contradicts its own text.", "peoples": [ "Medes", "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 12, "key": "n12", "name": "Sardis (Cimmerian capture, c. 652 BC)", "label": "Sardis", "year": -652, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 652 BCE (other dates for Gyges' death and the sack: c. 644 or c. 637 BCE)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Cimmerian invasion of Lydia", "theatre": "", "place": "Sardis (Sart), Lydia, Turkey", "lat": 38.488, "lon": 28.04, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Cimmerians" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Cimmerians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lygdamis (Tugdamme/Dugdamme)", "commanders_b": "Gyges (killed in the war); his son Ardys", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Strabo says Lygdamis' Cimmerians took Sardis except the citadel; Ashurbanipal's inscriptions say that they killed Gyges.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Strabo 1.3.21, 13.4.8; Herodotus 1.6, 1.15; Callinus fr. 5a; Ashurbanipal's prisms (Rassam cylinder, on Gyges); Ivantchik 1993", "note": "The Lydian king Gyges died fighting the Cimmerians; the Lydians kept the acropolis and the Cimmerians later withdrew or were driven out (Ardys, Alyattes). The Cimmerians' Iranian speech is uncertain, so this is a doubtful qualifier.", "peoples": [ "Cimmerians (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ane", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 13, "key": "m615-arrapha", "name": "Arrapha", "label": "Arrapha", "year": -615, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "Arahsamnu (October-November) 615 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "Arrapha (Kirkuk), Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Media" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Medes (Cyaxares, by inference)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Median army of Cyaxares; the chronicle gives no detail of units or numbers.", "languages": [ "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Babylonian Chronicle names the attackers as Medes.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Medes took Arrapha and its region and used it as their base against Assyria in 614; the chronicle line itself is broken.", "borderline": "the chronicle breaks off after 'the Medes went down to Arrapha'; the capture is inferred and no fighting is described", "doubt": "Borderline: the chronicle breaks off after 'the Medes went down to Arrapha'; the capture is inferred and no fighting is described.", "sources": "Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3 (Fall of Nineveh Chronicle), year 11; en.wikipedia Sinsharishkun; Cyaxares; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "Not the Babylonian victory over the Assyrians at Madanu near Arrapha in 616, in which no Medes are recorded. Wikipedia (Sinsharishkun) dates the Median move to late 615 or 614.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 14, "key": "m614-assur-siege", "name": "Assur (siege)", "label": "Assur (siege)", "year": -614, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "614 BC (after Abu, i.e. late summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "Assur (Qal'at Sherqat), Iraq", "lat": 35.46, "lon": 43.26, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Media" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyaxares (Umakishtar)", "commanders_b": "unknown (Sinsharishkun king of Assyria)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cyaxares' Median army; the chronicle gives no numbers or units.", "languages": [ "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The chronicle says the Mede encamped against Assur and did battle against the city; the Babylonians took no part.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy: the chronicle says the Medes 'inflicted a terrible defeat on a great people'", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Assur fell to the Medes, who stormed and sacked it; Nabopolassar's Babylonians arrived only after the city had fallen.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3, year 12; en.wikipedia Fall of Assur; Sinsharishkun; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "Wikipedia titles it 'Fall of Assur'. Cyaxares and Nabopolassar met by the city and made their alliance, later sealed by the marriage of Nebuchadnezzar and Amytis.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 15, "key": "m614-tarbisu", "name": "Tarbisu", "label": "Tarbisu", "year": -614, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "Abu (July-August) 614 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "Tarbisu (Sherif Khan, just north of Nineveh), Iraq", "lat": 36.41, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Media" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Medes (Cyaxares)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Cyaxares' Median army; no units or numbers are recorded.", "languages": [ "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Babylonian Chronicle names the attackers as Medes.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The chronicle records that the Medes captured Tarbisu, a city in the district of Nineveh.", "borderline": "a capture recorded in one line of the chronicle; the fighting is not described", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture recorded in one line of the chronicle; the fighting is not described.", "sources": "Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3, year 12; en.wikipedia Sinsharishkun; Cyaxares; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "The broken line before it is usually restored as a Median march on Nineveh in the same month (Wikipedia's Sinsharishkun adds Nimrud; Cyaxares calls it a feint); Nineveh did not fall and that attack is not a separate entry. Wikipedia's article on the war misdates Tarbisu to 615.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 16, "key": "m612-nineveh-siege-612-bc", "name": "Nineveh (siege, 612 BC)", "label": "Nineveh (siege, 612 BC)", "year": -612, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "Simanu to Abu (June-August) 612 BC; the city fell in August", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "Nineveh (Mosul), Iraq", "lat": 36.36, "lon": 43.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Media", "Babylonia" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyaxares (Umakishtar), Nabopolassar", "commanders_b": "Sinsharishkun (killed), Ashur-uballit II (escaped)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cyaxares' Median army (the Umman-manda of the chronicle), which Iranica and Wikipedia say played the major part; whether Scythian or other steppe contingents served with it is debated.", "languages": [ "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The chronicle's Umman-manda here are the Medes under their king; a Scythian share, also Iranian-speaking, is possible but unproven.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the city was sacked and burned", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Nineveh fell to the Medes and Babylonians in August 612 after a three-month siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3, year 14; Herodotus 1.106; en.wikipedia Battle of Nineveh (612 BC); Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "Wikipedia titles it 'Fall of Nineveh' and lists Scythians as allies of the Babylonians, without detail. Sinsharishkun is commonly held to have died in the defence; Ashur-uballit II then took the throne at Harran.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 17, "key": "m610-harran-siege", "name": "Harran (siege)", "label": "Harran (siege)", "year": -610, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "Arahsamnu (November) 610 BC; the city was taken in 610 or early 609", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Harran, Turkey", "lat": 36.86, "lon": 39.03, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Babylonia" ], "side_b": [ "Assyria" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [ "Egypt" ], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nabopolassar; the Umman-manda (Medes; Wikipedia names Cyaxares)", "commanders_b": "Ashur-uballit II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Assyria", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Umman-manda (Medes), who came to help the king of Akkad and joined their army to his as a separate force; no numbers.", "languages": [ "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The chronicle names the Umman-manda, the Medes, as the Babylonians' partners.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ashur-uballit and his Egyptian allies abandoned Harran, which the Babylonians and Medes then captured and plundered.", "borderline": "the defenders fled before the main attack; one translation of the chronicle has the Babylonian king fight a battle before taking the city", "doubt": "Borderline: the defenders fled before the main attack; one translation of the chronicle has the Babylonian king fight a battle before taking the city.", "sources": "Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3, year 16; en.wikipedia Fall of Harran; Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "The Medes plundered the temple Ehulhul and went home (Iranica). In 609 Ashur-uballit and an Egyptian army besieged the Babylonian garrison of Harran until Ululu and failed; no Median force is recorded then, so that siege is not an entry. Wikipedia's 'Fall of Harran' treats 610-609 as one event.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 18, "key": "n18", "name": "Scythian slaves' revolt (Herodotus)", "label": "Scythian slaves' revolt", "year": -600, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 625-585 BCE (after the Scythians' return from Asia; no firm date)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Scythian civil conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "the Scythian ditch between the Tauric mountains and Lake Maeotis, Crimea/steppe (site unknown)", "lat": 45.4, "lon": 34.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Scythian slaves' sons" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Scythians v Scythian slaves' sons", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Scythians", "faction_b": "Scythian slaves' sons", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herodotus says the Scythians failed with spears and bows but routed the slaves' sons by charging with whips.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Herodotus 4.1-4", "note": "Told by Herodotus as a story of the Scythians' return from their 28 years in Asia. It is more legend than record, but it is a named engagement of Scythians against Scythians.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 19, "key": "m585-halys", "name": "Halys", "label": "Halys", "year": -585, "month": 5, "day": 28, "date": "28 May 585 BC (the date of the solar eclipse; alternatives 582 or 581 BC, or a lunar eclipse in 609 or 587)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Lydian-Median War", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "near the Halys (Kizilirmak) river (site unknown), Turkey", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 34.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Media" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyaxares", "commanders_b": "Alyattes", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Lydia", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "Cyaxares' army after the conquest of Assyria; Herodotus gives no composition, so presumably the Median spearmen, archers and horsemen with contingents of subject peoples.", "languages": [ "Median", "Persian", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Median kingdom's army was raised from the Medes and their Iranian subjects, with Urartian and other conquered peoples; no source names the units.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Herodotus says the fighting stopped when day turned to night and both sides at once made peace, with no victor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Herodotus 1.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.73-74; en.wikipedia Eclipse of Thales; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Media'", "note": "Also called the Battle of the Eclipse. The war lasted five years with victories on both sides (Herodotus). Syennesis of Cilicia and Labynetus of Babylon mediated a peace fixing the Halys as the border, sealed by the marriage of Astyages and Aryenis, daughter of Alyattes. Herodotus does not name the site; the Halys is an assumption. Iranica gives 29 May.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Media: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 20, "key": "m552-hyrba", "name": "Hyrba", "label": "Hyrba", "year": -552, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "552 BC (uncertain; Wikipedia gives winter-spring 552; some accounts put all the battles of the revolt in 550)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Medo-Persian conflict (Cyrus's revolt)", "theatre": "Persis", "place": "Hyrba (unidentified, on the road from Media into Persis), Iran", "lat": 31.8, "lon": 52.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Cyrus the Great" ], "side_b": [ "Astyages" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Persians (Anshan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Cyrus the Great (Persians)", "faction_b": "Astyages (Medes)", "commanders_a": "Cyrus, Oebares", "commanders_b": "unnamed commander of Astyages' horsemen (Nicolaus); Harpagus in Herodotus' first battle", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cyrus' side: the inhabitants of Hyrba, whom he armed, and Persian troops (1,000 horse and 5,000 foot were asked of his father); Astyages' side: 300 Median horsemen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranian: Persians of Hyrba and Persis against Median cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry requested from Persia (Nicolaus; whether they fought is uncertain)", "strength_b": "300 cavalry (Nicolaus)", "losses_a": "very light", "losses_b": "250 killed (Nicolaus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In Nicolaus' account Cyrus' men killed 250 of the 300 Median horsemen sent after him and the rest fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Nicolaus of Damascus (after Ctesias), whose story of Cyrus' revolt is full of legendary elements; Herodotus has instead a first battle in which Harpagus and most of the Medes went over to Cyrus.", "sources": "Nicolaus of Damascus, FGrH 90 F66; Herodotus 1.127; en.wikipedia Battle of Hyrba; Medo-Persian conflict", "note": "Civil: Persians (Anshan) against Media. Ctesias (as summarised by Wikipedia) has Cyrus defeat the Medes near Hyrba before Astyages won the next fight. Iranica (Astyages) counts only three battles in Nicolaus and Justin, so Hyrba is the preliminary clash.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 21, "key": "m551-persian-border", "name": "Persian Border", "label": "Persian Border", "year": -551, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "551 BC (uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Medo-Persian conflict (Cyrus's revolt)", "theatre": "Persis", "place": "on the border of Media and Persis, on the road from Ecbatana to Pasargadae (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 52.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Astyages" ], "side_b": [ "Cyrus the Great" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Media", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Astyages (Medes)", "faction_b": "Cyrus the Great (Persians)", "commanders_a": "Astyages", "commanders_b": "Cyrus, Oebares, Cyrus' father (Atradates in Nicolaus; Cambyses I in Wikipedia), who died of his wounds or in captivity", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Astyages' Median army, said to be enormous, against Cyrus' Persian tribal levy; no credible figures survive.", "languages": [ "Median", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Iranian: the Median royal army against the Persian tribes.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After two days' fighting the Persians fell back to Pasargadae and Astyages took the town they had defended, so the Medes held the field (Nicolaus).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Nicolaus of Damascus (after Ctesias); Polyaenus and Justin also speak of early Persian defeats, but the details are legendary and the battle is absent from the Babylonian sources.", "sources": "Nicolaus of Damascus, FGrH 90 F66; Polyaenus 7.6; Justin 1.6; en.wikipedia Battle of the Persian Border; Medo-Persian conflict; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Astyages'", "note": "Civil: Media against the Persians (Anshan). Wikipedia's article on this battle gives a 'Persian victory' (a first-day success) and an infobox of 60,000 horse and 3,000 chariots for the Medes and 50,000 horse and 100 chariots for the Persians, figures of unclear origin; the Medo-Persian conflict article and Iranica (Cyrus lost the first two battles) support the Median victory followed here.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 22, "key": "m550-ecbatana", "name": "Ecbatana (550 BC)", "label": "Ecbatana (550 BC)", "year": -550, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "550 BC (Nabonidus' sixth year, 550/549)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Medo-Persian conflict (Cyrus's revolt)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Ecbatana (Hamadan), Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Cyrus the Great" ], "side_b": [ "Astyages" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Persians (Anshan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Cyrus the Great (Persians)", "faction_b": "Astyages (Medes)", "commanders_a": "Cyrus", "commanders_b": "Astyages (already captured; in Ctesias hiding in the palace)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cyrus' Persian army with the Median troops who had gone over to him; nothing is known of any defenders.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Cyrus' army was the Persian tribal levy reinforced by Median deserters.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Cyrus marched to Ecbatana and carried off its treasure to Anshan (Nabonidus Chronicle); no defence or fighting is recorded.", "borderline": "a capture after the Median army's collapse; no fighting is recorded (Wikipedia's Persian Revolt suggests the walls may have allowed some resistance)", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture after the Median army's collapse; no fighting is recorded (Wikipedia's Persian Revolt suggests the walls may have allowed some resistance).", "sources": "Nabonidus Chronicle (ABC 7) ii 1-4; Ctesias (Photius); en.wikipedia Medo-Persian conflict; Persian Revolt; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Astyages'", "note": "Civil: Persians (Anshan) against Media. In Ctesias Astyages hid in the palace with his daughter Amytis and her husband Spitamas; Oebares carried the treasure to Persia. Ecbatana became an Achaemenid royal capital.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 23, "key": "m550-pasargadae", "name": "Pasargadae", "label": "Pasargadae", "year": -550, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "550 BC (the Nabonidus Chronicle dates Astyages' fall to Nabonidus' sixth year, 550/549)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Medo-Persian conflict (Cyrus's revolt)", "theatre": "Persis", "place": "near Pasargadae (perhaps the Morghab plain), Iran", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 53.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Cyrus the Great" ], "side_b": [ "Astyages" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Persians (Anshan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Cyrus the Great (Persians)", "faction_b": "Astyages (Medes)", "commanders_a": "Cyrus, Oebares", "commanders_b": "Astyages", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cyrus' Persian tribal levy (Herodotus 1.125: the Pasargadae, Maraphii and Maspii, the farming tribes and the nomad Dai, Mardi, Dropici and Sagartii) with Median deserters, against Astyages' Median royal army.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Iranian: Herodotus names the Persian tribes Cyrus raised, and the Medes opposed them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "On the second day the Persians, shamed by their women on the mountain, routed the Medes and took their camp (Nicolaus), and Strabo too places Cyrus' last victory over Astyages at Pasargadae.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: The battle story (two days, the women baring themselves to shame the fleeing men) comes from Nicolaus of Damascus after Ctesias, with echoes in Polyaenus, Justin and Plutarch, and is legendary; the decisive defeat and capture of Astyages c.", "sources": "Nicolaus of Damascus, FGrH 90 F66; Herodotus 1.127-128; Strabo 15.3.8; Polyaenus 7.6, 7.45; Justin 1.6; Nabonidus Chronicle (ABC 7) ii 1-4; Sippar cylinder of Nabonidus; en.wikipedia Medo-Persian conflict; Persian Revolt; Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Astyages'", "note": "Civil: Persians (Anshan) against Media. Herodotus (1.128) says Astyages armed the remaining Medes, was defeated and captured; the Nabonidus Chronicle says his army mutinied and handed him over to Cyrus; the Sippar cylinder that Cyrus 'scattered the large army of the Umman-manda with his small army'. Wikipedia's campaign box lists a 'Siege of Pasargadae Hill' (no article), apparently the mountain phase of this battle, which is not a separate entry here. Accounts differ on whether Astyages was taken in this battle, in a later fight or hiding at Ecbatana.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 24, "key": "m547-pteria", "name": "Pteria", "label": "Pteria", "year": -547, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 547 BC (traditional date; possibly later in the 540s)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cyrus's Lydian war", "theatre": "Anatolia (Cappadocia)", "place": "Pteria (probably Kerkenes Dag, near Sorgun), Turkey", "lat": 39.75, "lon": 35.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyrus II", "commanders_b": "Croesus", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Lydia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cyrus's Persians and Medes, joined by levies of 'all who dwelt in the lands between' gathered on the march (Herodotus 1.76); no numbers in the sources.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names only Cyrus's own (Persian and Median) army and the peoples picked up on the march through Media, Armenia and Cappadocia.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy (Herodotus: many fell on both sides)", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Night parted the armies with neither side victorious (Herodotus 1.76); Croesus marched back to Sardis the next day, which is a strategic matter.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 1.76-77; Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander; en.wikipedia Battle of Pteria", "note": "Pteria is usually identified with Kerkenes Dag (some prefer Bogazkoy). Wikipedia's 95,000 Lydians and 20,000 Persians are not in Herodotus. The 547 date rests on a now doubted reading of the Nabonidus Chronicle; many date the Lydian war c. 547-541.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 25, "key": "m547-sardis-siege-547-bc", "name": "Sardis (siege, 547 BC)", "label": "Sardis (siege, 547 BC)", "year": -547, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 547 BC or 546 BC (14 days; possibly later in the 540s)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Cyrus's Lydian war", "theatre": "Anatolia (Lydia)", "place": "Sardis (Sart), Turkey", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 28.04, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyrus II; Hyroeades the Mardian led the escalade", "commanders_b": "Croesus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Lydia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cyrus's Persian and Median army after the victory before Sardis; the assault was led by Hyroeades of the Mardi, a Persian mountain tribe (Herodotus 1.84).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus speaks of Cyrus's Persians and names a Mardian (Persian tribesman) as first on the wall.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Sardis fell to the besiegers on the fourteenth day, when Persians climbed an unguarded stretch of the acropolis cliff (Herodotus 1.84).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 1.80-87; Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.2; Nabonidus Chronicle ii.15-18 (disputed); en.wikipedia Siege of Sardis (547 BC)", "note": "The Nabonidus Chronicle entry for 547 (Cyrus marched to 'Lu-...' and killed its king) was long read as Lydia; the reading is now doubted, so the fall of Sardis may date anywhere from 547 to c. 541. Herodotus has Croesus spared on the pyre.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 26, "key": "m547-thymbra", "name": "Thymbra", "label": "Thymbra", "year": -547, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 547 BC (traditional date; possibly later in the 540s)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cyrus's Lydian war", "theatre": "Anatolia (Lydia)", "place": "the plain before Sardis (Thymbra in Xenophon), near Sart, Turkey", "lat": 38.53, "lon": 27.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyrus II, Harpagus", "commanders_b": "Croesus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Lydia", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "Persian infantry and cavalry with the baggage camels, mounted by men armed as horsemen, placed in front on Harpagus' advice (Herodotus 1.80); Xenophon adds Medes, Armenians, Hyrcanians, Arabs, scythed chariots and siege towers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus's army is Cyrus's Persians; Xenophon's adds Armenian, Hyrcanian and Arab allies around a Persian and Median core.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "196,000 (Xenophon)", "strength_b": "420,000 (Xenophon)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the Lydian cavalry destroyed (Xenophon)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Lydian cavalry was broken (by the smell of the camels, in Herodotus) and the Lydians fled into Sardis, leaving the field to the Persians.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: A battle on the plain before Sardis is told by Herodotus (1.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.79-80; Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.2-7.1; en.wikipedia Battle of Thymbra", "note": "Modern estimates (Wikipedia) put the Persians at 20,000-50,000. Wikipedia lists Arab, Babylonian and Egyptian mercenaries with Croesus (Xenophon); Herodotus says Croesus had dismissed his mercenaries and fought with the Lydians alone. Xenophon's Egyptians later took service with Cyrus.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 27, "key": "m546-phocaea-siege", "name": "Phocaea (siege)", "label": "Phocaea (siege)", "year": -546, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 546-545 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Harpagus' conquest of western Anatolia", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "Phocaea (Foca), Turkey", "lat": 38.67, "lon": 26.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Harpagus' army, the Persian and Median force left in Asia Minor after the Lydian war; it took the Ionian cities by mounds (Herodotus 1.162-164). Not described further.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Harpagus was a Mede commanding Cyrus's western army; Herodotus says Ionian and Aeolian levies were added only after Ionia was subdued.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The city fell: under siege by a mound, the Phocaeans sailed away during a truce and Harpagus occupied the empty town (Herodotus 1.164).", "borderline": "a siege with siege works but no recorded assault; the city was abandoned", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege with siege works but no recorded assault; the city was abandoned.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.162-167; en.wikipedia Phocaea", "note": "Phocaea is the city in the Greek list; most Phocaeans went to Chios and then to Alalia in Corsica, later founding Elea (the battle of Alalia against Carthaginians and Etruscans involved no Persians).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 28, "key": "m546-sardis-siege-546-bc", "name": "Sardis (siege, 546 BC)", "label": "Sardis (siege, 546 BC)", "year": -546, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "546 BC or 545 BC (the year after the fall of Sardis)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Pactyes", "theatre": "Anatolia (Lydia)", "place": "Sardis (Sart), Turkey", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 28.04, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Lydia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tabalus (commander of the acropolis); Mazares (relief army)", "commanders_b": "Pactyes", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Lydia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tabalus' Persian garrison shut in the acropolis, relieved by an army under the Mede Mazares sent by Cyrus (Herodotus 1.153-157).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The garrison commander was a Persian and the relief army was led by a Mede; neither force is described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege was abandoned: Pactyes fled to Cyme at the approach of Mazares' relief army, and Tabalus kept the acropolis (Herodotus 1.154-157).", "borderline": "a siege with little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege with little recorded fighting.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.153-161", "note": "Pactyes, a Lydian in charge of Croesus's treasure, hired mercenaries on the coast and raised the coastal Greeks. Mazares then enslaved Priene and plundered the Maeander plain and Magnesia (Herodotus 1.161); no battle is recorded there.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 29, "key": "n29", "name": "Cyrus v Amorges (Saka)", "label": "Cyrus v Amorges", "year": -545, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 545-540 BCE (Ctesias' story, no firm date)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cyrus the Great's wars in Central Asia", "theatre": "", "place": "Saka country east of the Caspian (site not given by Ctesias)", "lat": 42.0, "lon": 64.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan/Kazakhstan", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Saka" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire v Saka", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Achaemenid Empire", "faction_b": "Saka", "commanders_a": "Cyrus II", "commanders_b": "Amorges (Amorges, king of the Saka); his wife Sparethra", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesias says that Cyrus took Amorges but that Sparethra then defeated the Persians and recovered him, and the two peoples made peace as allies.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' epitome; the Saka and Amorges episode); Polyaenus, Strategemata, book 7 (Cyrus); Lenfant, Ctesias de Cnide (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka", "note": "Ctesias is an unreliable source and Herodotus has no such war; the Saka here are the Haumavarga of Amorges, not the Massagetae of Tomyris. Included because the Saka are named opponents and Cyrus (Persian) leads the other side.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 30, "key": "m545-teos-siege", "name": "Teos (siege)", "label": "Teos (siege)", "year": -545, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 545 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Harpagus' conquest of western Anatolia", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "Teos (near Sigacik, Seferihisar), Turkey", "lat": 38.18, "lon": 26.78, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Harpagus' Persian and Median army (not described).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Same army as at Phocaea; Herodotus does not describe it.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Harpagus took the walls by a mound, and the Teians took ship and sailed off to found Abdera in Thrace (Herodotus 1.168).", "borderline": "fighting is implied (the wall taken by a mound) but not described", "doubt": "Borderline: fighting is implied (the wall taken by a mound) but not described.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.168-169", "note": "Herodotus adds that the other Ionians except Miletus fought Harpagus city by city and were defeated (1.169); those fights are unnamed and not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 31, "key": "m544-lide-siege", "name": "Lide (siege)", "label": "Lide (siege)", "year": -544, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 545-540 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Harpagus' conquest of western Anatolia", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "Mount Lide, near Pedasa (Gokceler, near Bodrum), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 27.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Carians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Carians", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Harpagus' Persian and Median army with the Ionian and Aeolian levies he compelled to serve against the Carians, Caunians and Lycians (Herodotus 1.171).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Ionian and Aeolian Greek levies alongside Harpagus' Iranian army; the proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Pedasians held out for a long time on fortified Mount Lide but were finally subdued (Herodotus 1.175).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 1.171, 1.175", "note": "The Pedasians were the only Carians to resist; the site of Mount Lide is uncertain (near Pedasa on the Bodrum peninsula). Herodotus dates nothing in Harpagus' campaign; it is placed c. 546-540 BC.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 32, "key": "m540-caunus-siege-540-bc", "name": "Caunus (siege, 540 BC)", "label": "Caunus (siege, 540 BC)", "year": -540, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 540 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Harpagus' conquest of western Anatolia", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "Caunus (near Dalyan), Turkey", "lat": 36.83, "lon": 28.62, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Carians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Carians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Harpagus' Persian and Median army with Ionian and Aeolian levies (Herodotus 1.171).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As at Xanthos: Iranian army with named Greek levies; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the defenders (Herodotus: 'for the most part' they did as the Lycians)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Caunians, like the Lycians of Xanthos, fought to the end and their city fell (Herodotus 1.176).", "borderline": "known from one sentence of Herodotus", "doubt": "Borderline: known from one sentence of Herodotus.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.172, 1.176", "note": "Herodotus treats the Caunians as distinct from the Carians (they claimed Cretan origin) though they spoke Carian; listed under Carians. The year in the name distinguishes it from any later Caunus entry (e.g. 396 BC).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 33, "key": "m540-xanthos-siege", "name": "Xanthos (siege)", "label": "Xanthos (siege)", "year": -540, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 540 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Harpagus' conquest of western Anatolia", "theatre": "Lycia", "place": "Xanthos (near Kinik), Turkey", "lat": 36.36, "lon": 29.32, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Lycians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Lycians", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Harpagus' Persian and Median army with Ionian and Aeolian levies (Herodotus 1.171, 1.176).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Ionian and Aeolian levies with Harpagus' Iranian army; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Herodotus: 'many')", "strength_b": "unknown (Herodotus: 'few')", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "all the fighting men killed; only 80 families who were away survived (Herodotus 1.176)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Lycians were beaten on the Xanthian plain, burned their families in the acropolis and died in a last sally, and Xanthos fell (Herodotus 1.176).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 1.171, 1.176; en.wikipedia Xanthos", "note": "A field battle on the plain north of the city followed by a siege and last stand; one entry. Date c. 540 (Harpagus' campaign is undated, c. 546-540).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 34, "key": "m539-opis", "name": "Opis", "label": "Opis", "year": -539, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "month Tashritu (late September or early October) 539 BC, before 10 October", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Achaemenid conquest of Babylonia", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Opis, on the Tigris (perhaps Tell al-Mujailat, southeast of Baghdad), Iraq", "lat": 33.2, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Babylonia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cyrus II; Ugbaru (Gobryas), governor of Gutium", "commanders_b": "Nabonidus (probably); Belshazzar (uncertain)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Babylonia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cyrus's army of Persians and Medes, with the troops of Gutium under Ugbaru (Gobryas), a Babylonian governor who had gone over to Cyrus (Nabonidus Chronicle).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Chronicle names only 'the army of Cyrus' and the army of Gutium; the royal army was Persian and Median.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Babylonian army was defeated at Opis and the town plundered (Nabonidus Chronicle iii.12-14); Sippar surrendered without battle a few days later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Nabonidus Chronicle iii.12-16; Cyrus Cylinder; en.wikipedia Battle of Opis; Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander", "note": "Translators disagree whether the Chronicle's massacre of 'the people of Akkad' was Cyrus's work or Nabonidus's. Wikipedia's 70,000 Persians attributed to Herodotus is not reliable (Herodotus does not mention Opis). The site of Opis is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 35, "key": "m539-babylon-siege-539-bc", "name": "Babylon (siege, 539 BC)", "label": "Babylon (siege, 539 BC)", "year": -539, "month": 10, "day": 12, "date": "12 October 539 BC (16 Tashritu); Cyrus entered on 29 October", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Achaemenid conquest of Babylonia", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Babylon (near Hillah), Iraq", "lat": 32.54, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Babylonia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ugbaru (Gobryas); Cyrus II", "commanders_b": "Nabonidus (captured), Belshazzar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Babylonia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Cyrus's Persian and Median army with Ugbaru's troops of Gutium, who made the entry (Nabonidus Chronicle iii.15-16).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Opis; the Gutian contingent's language is unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Babylon fell: the army of Gutium under Ugbaru entered the city on 16 Tashritu (12 October 539) and Nabonidus was taken.", "borderline": "the Nabonidus Chronicle and Cyrus Cylinder say the city was taken 'without battle'; Herodotus and Xenophon tell of a siege and a night entry along the lowered Euphrates", "doubt": "Borderline: the Nabonidus Chronicle and Cyrus Cylinder say the city was taken 'without battle'; Herodotus and Xenophon tell of a siege and a night entry along the lowered Euphrates.", "sources": "Nabonidus Chronicle iii.15-18; Cyrus Cylinder; Herodotus 1.188-191; Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.5; Daniel 5; en.wikipedia Fall of Babylon", "note": "Wikipedia title: Fall of Babylon. Briant doubts the 'without battle' claim as Persian court propaganda. Xenophon and Daniel have Belshazzar killed that night; unconfirmed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 36, "key": "m530-massagetae-530-bc", "name": "Massagetae (530 BC)", "label": "Massagetae (530 BC)", "year": -530, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "530 BC (between August and December, from the Babylonian dating of Cyrus's death)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cyrus's war with the Massagetae", "theatre": "Central Asia", "place": "beyond the Araxes (probably the Syr Darya), Kazakhstan", "lat": 43.5, "lon": 66.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Kazakhstan", "side_a": [ "Massagetae" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Massagetae v Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Massagetae", "faction_b": "Achaemenid Empire", "commanders_a": "Tomyris", "commanders_b": "Cyrus II (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Massagetae", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cyrus's royal army of Persians and Medes (not described beyond 'the Persians'; Herodotus 1.214).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No contingents are named; the royal army was Persian and Median at its core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the Persian army and Cyrus (Herodotus)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "In Herodotus's account the Massagetae won the field, destroying most of the Persian army and killing Cyrus (1.214).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Herodotus says his version was the most credible of several; Ctesias has Cyrus mortally wounded fighting the Derbices and their Indians, Berossus has him fall against the Dahae, Xenophon has him die in bed.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.205-216; Ctesias, Persica (Photius' epitome); Berossus; Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.7; en.wikipedia Tomyris, Cyrus the Great", "note": "In Ctesias the Derbices, with elephants and Indian allies, wound Cyrus, but the Saka of Amorges come to his aid and the Persians win; Cyrus dies three days later. Under Herodotus's version, which this entry follows, the Massagetae won. Site unknown (Araxes = Syr Darya, Amu Darya or Uzboy).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Massagetae" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 37, "key": "m530-massagetae-camp-ambush-530-bc", "name": "Massagetae (camp ambush, 530 BC)", "label": "Massagetae (camp ambush, 530 BC)", "year": -530, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "530 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cyrus's war with the Massagetae", "theatre": "Central Asia", "place": "beyond the Araxes (probably the Syr Darya), Kazakhstan", "lat": 43.5, "lon": 66.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Kazakhstan", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Massagetae" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire v Massagetae", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Achaemenid Empire", "faction_b": "Massagetae", "commanders_a": "Cyrus II (on Croesus' advice)", "commanders_b": "Spargapises (captured; killed himself)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Massagetae", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cyrus's royal army of Persians and Medes; the weakest part was left in the camp with the feast and was killed before the main body returned (Herodotus 1.207-211).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus speaks only of 'the Persians'; Cyrus's army was Persian and Median at its core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a third of the Massagetae army (Herodotus)", "losses_a": "the troops left in the camp", "losses_b": "many killed and more captured (Herodotus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians returned on the drunken Massagetae in the captured camp, killed many and took Spargapises and many others prisoner (Herodotus 1.211).", "borderline": "an episode without a conventional name", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Herodotus, who tells a folktale-like ruse (a camp left with wine) in a campaign of which he admits several versions; Ctesias and Berossus tell Cyrus's last war differently. Borderline: an episode without a conventional name.", "sources": "Herodotus 1.205-211", "note": "Herodotus's Araxes has been taken as the Syr Darya, the Amu Darya or the Uzboy; the site is unknown. Spargapises was Tomyris' son.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Massagetae" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 38, "key": "m525-gaza-siege-525-bc", "name": "Gaza (siege, 525 BC)", "label": "Gaza (siege, 525 BC)", "year": -525, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "probably 526-525 BC (Cambyses' march on Egypt); undated", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "theatre": "Palestine", "place": "Gaza (Cadytis), Israel & Palestine", "lat": 31.5, "lon": 34.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Philistines" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cambyses II (probably)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Philistines", "flags": [ "result unknown", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Presumably Cambyses' invasion army (Persians and Medes with subject levies); not described.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of Cambyses' army; the source says nothing.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Polybius says only that Gaza alone withstood a siege when the Persians invaded; it was under Persian rule afterwards, but whether it fell or came to terms is not recorded.", "borderline": "known only from a passing remark of Polybius; date, commander and outcome are not stated", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored. Borderline: known only from a passing remark of Polybius; date, commander and outcome are not stated.", "sources": "Polybius 16.22a; Herodotus 3.5; en.wikipedia Battle of Pelusium", "note": "Gaza (Herodotus' Cadytis) was a Philistine city, so 'Philistines' is used as the opponent (a new name). Wikipedia's History of Gaza has a confused entry on a failed Persian attack in 529 BC; not used.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 39, "key": "m525-memphis-siege-525-bc", "name": "Memphis (siege, 525 BC)", "label": "Memphis (siege, 525 BC)", "year": -525, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "525 BC, after Pelusium", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Memphis (Mit Rahina), Egypt", "lat": 29.85, "lon": 31.25, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cambyses II", "commanders_b": "Psamtik III (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cambyses' Persian and Median army with Greek subjects and a river fleet (a Mytilenean ship carried the herald; Herodotus 3.13).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Same army as at Pelusium; the Mytilenean ship's crew were Greek subjects.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "a Persian herald and the 200 men of a Mytilenean ship, killed before the siege", "losses_b": "2,000 young Egyptian nobles executed after the fall, ten for each Mytilenean (Herodotus 3.14)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Memphis surrendered after a siege and Psamtik III was captured (Herodotus 3.13).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 3.13-15; en.wikipedia Battle of Pelusium, First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "note": "Wikipedia's conquest article calls it 'a long siege'. The later expeditions to the Ammonians (Siwa) and to Kush ended without battles (the army lost in the sand, the march abandoned for hunger) and are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 40, "key": "m525-pelusium-525-bc", "name": "Pelusium (525 BC)", "label": "Pelusium (525 BC)", "year": -525, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 525 BC (some date it 526)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Pelusium (Tell el-Farama), Egypt", "lat": 31.04, "lon": 32.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cambyses II; Phanes of Halicarnassus (adviser)", "commanders_b": "Psamtik III", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cambyses' Persian and Median army with his Ionian and Aeolian Greek subjects (Herodotus 3.1), backed by a Phoenician, Cypriot and Ionian fleet; the Arab king of the desert road supplied water (Herodotus 3.4-9, 3.19).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek", "Phoenician", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Greek subjects and Phoenician and Cypriot ships, but the land army's core was the Persian and Median royal army; no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "7,000 (Ctesias)", "losses_b": "50,000 (Ctesias)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a hard fight with many dead on both sides the Egyptians broke and fled to Memphis, leaving the field to the Persians (Herodotus 3.11).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 3.1-13; Ctesias, Persica; Polyaenus 7.9; en.wikipedia Battle of Pelusium, First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "note": "Psamtik's Greek and Carian mercenaries killed the sons of the turncoat Phanes before the battle (Herodotus 3.11). Polyaenus' story of cats held before the Persian ranks is late and doubtful. The Arabs (Qedar) gave passage and water across Sinai; Herodotus does not say they fought.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 41, "key": "m522-sikayauvati", "name": "Sikayauvati", "label": "Sikayauvati", "year": -522, "month": 9, "day": 29, "date": "29 September 522 BC (10 Bagayadi)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "the fortress of Sikayauvati, district of Nisaya, Media (unlocated), Iran", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 47.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I and the Seven" ], "side_b": [ "Gaumata" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I and the Seven", "faction_b": "Gaumata (the 'false Bardiya')", "commanders_a": "Darius I with Intaphernes, Otanes, Gobryas, Hydarnes, Megabyzus and Ardumanish", "commanders_b": "Gaumata the Magian (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Darius and six Persian nobles 'with a few men' (Behistun §13).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "All seven conspirators were Persian nobles, named in the inscription and in Herodotus.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "seven nobles and a few men", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (Herodotus: Intaphernes lost an eye)", "losses_b": "Gaumata and his foremost followers killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Darius and his fellow conspirators killed Gaumata and his foremost followers in the fortress (Behistun §13).", "borderline": "a palace coup and assassination rather than a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a palace coup and assassination rather than a battle.", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§10-13; Herodotus 3.61-79; Ctesias; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii", "note": "Herodotus (3.76-79) describes a fight in the royal apartments; Ctesias names the Magus Sphendadates. Whether Gaumata was an impostor or the real Bardiya, son of Cyrus, is disputed. Nisaya is often placed near Bisotun; the coordinates are regional.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 42, "key": "m522-izala", "name": "Izala", "label": "Izala", "year": -522, "month": 12, "day": 31, "date": "31 December 522 BC (15 Anamaka)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia and Assyria", "place": "Izala district (Mount Izla, Tur Abdin), 'in Assyria', Turkey", "lat": 37.4, "lon": 41.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vaumisa", "commanders_b": "Armenian rebels (leader unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "An army under the Persian Vaumisa sent by Darius; not described (the royal army was Persian and Median).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: detached from Darius's Persian and Median army under a Persian commander.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The inscription says Vaumisa's army defeated the rebels who came against him (Behistun §29).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §29; Livius.org Behistun translation", "note": "Vaumisa afterwards waited in Armenia for Darius, which suggests the victory was not decisive. The rebels belong to the inscription's Armenian section, though the battle was fought in Assyria; Izala is the Tur Abdin (Mount Izla) near Mardin.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 43, "key": "m522-kapishakanish", "name": "Kapishakanish", "label": "Kapishakanish", "year": -522, "month": 12, "day": 29, "date": "29 December 522 BC (13 Anamaka)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Arachosia", "place": "the fortress of Kapishakanish, Arachosia (unlocated), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 65.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Vahyazdata" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Vivana, satrap of Arachosia)", "faction_b": "Vahyazdata (the army he sent to Arachosia)", "commanders_a": "Vivana", "commanders_b": "a commander of Vahyazdata (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Vivana's satrapal army of Arachosia, loyal to Darius; not described (presumably Arachosian levies and Persian garrison troops).", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A satrapal army raised in Arachosia, an Iranian-speaking land, under a Persian satrap.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vivana's army defeated the rebel army at the fortress (Behistun §45).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §45; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii", "note": "Vahyazdata, who claimed to be Bardiya, son of Cyrus, had risen in Persis and sent this army east. Kapishakanish has been compared with Kapisa (Bagram), which lies outside Arachosia; unlocated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 44, "key": "m522-tigris-522-bc", "name": "Tigris (522 BC)", "label": "Tigris (522 BC)", "year": -522, "month": 12, "day": 13, "date": "13 December 522 BC (26 Aciyadiya)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "a crossing of the Tigris (unlocated, probably near Opis), Iraq", "lat": 33.2, "lon": 44.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Babylonia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Darius I", "commanders_b": "Nidintu-Bel (Nebuchadnezzar III)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Babylonia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Darius's own army, which he calls 'the Persian and Median army which was with me' (Behistun §25); some crossed on skins, some on camels and horses (§18).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The inscription describes Darius's field army of 522-521 as Persian and Median.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Darius crossed the river on inflated skins, camels and horses and routed the Babylonian army holding the bank (Behistun §18).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§16-18; Livius.org Behistun translation; en.wikipedia Nebuchadnezzar III", "note": "Nidintu-Bel claimed to be Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus; his troops held the reed thickets and boats on the river. The site of the crossing is not named.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 45, "key": "m522-zazana", "name": "Zazana", "label": "Zazana", "year": -522, "month": 12, "day": 18, "date": "18 December 522 BC (2 Anamaka)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Zazana, on the Euphrates (unlocated, probably near Sippar), Iraq", "lat": 33.0, "lon": 44.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Babylonia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Darius I", "commanders_b": "Nidintu-Bel (Nebuchadnezzar III)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Babylonia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Darius's Persian and Median field army (Behistun §§19, 25).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As at the Tigris.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (many drowned, Behistun)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Babylonians were routed and partly driven into the river; Nidintu-Bel fled to Babylon with a few horsemen (Behistun §19).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§19-20; Livius.org Behistun translation; en.wikipedia Nebuchadnezzar III", "note": "Darius then took Babylon and Nidintu-Bel (§20); the first Babylonian tablet dated by Darius is of 22 December 522, so the city fell within days and no separate siege entry is made. Herodotus' 19-month siege and the Zopyrus story (3.150-160) fit neither Babylonian revolt.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 46, "key": "m521-sagartia", "name": "Sagartia", "label": "Sagartia", "year": -521, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "521 BC (undated in the inscription; Chiçantakhma was a prisoner by mid-July 521)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Media and Sagartia", "place": "Sagartia (location uncertain), Iran", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 48.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Chiçantakhma" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Takhmaspada)", "faction_b": "Chiçantakhma (Sagartian rebels)", "commanders_a": "Takhmaspada, a Mede", "commanders_b": "Chiçantakhma (Tritantaechmes), captured", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A Persian and Median army under the Mede Takhmaspada (Behistun §33).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The inscription names the force as Persian and Median.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Takhmaspada's army defeated the rebels and captured Chiçantakhma, who was impaled at Arbela (Behistun §33).", "borderline": "the inscription names no site or date", "doubt": "Borderline: the inscription names no site or date.", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §33; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii; en.wikipedia Behistun inscription", "note": "Chiçantakhma claimed descent from Cyaxares. Iranica (after Borger's reading of the Babylonian version) puts his capture by 15 July 521. Sagartia is variously placed in the Zagros or eastern Media; coordinates regional.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 47, "key": "m521-marush", "name": "Marush", "label": "Marush", "year": -521, "month": 1, "day": 12, "date": "12 January 521 BC (27 Anamaka)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Marush, Media (unlocated), Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Fravartish" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Hydarnes)", "faction_b": "Fravartish (Median rebels)", "commanders_a": "Hydarnes (Vidarna)", "commanders_b": "the army of Fravartish (Phraortes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A detachment of Darius's small 'Persian and Median army' under the Persian Hydarnes (Behistun §25).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The inscription calls it part of the Persian and Median army with Darius.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (a small force)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The only source, the inscription, says Hydarnes' army defeated the Median rebels (Behistun §25); he then halted at Kampanda to wait for Darius.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§24-25; Livius.org Behistun translation", "note": "Many historians judge Marush indecisive, since Hydarnes waited at Kampanda until Darius came; the field test follows the inscription. Fravartish claimed to be Khshathrita of the line of Cyaxares.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 48, "key": "m521-gandutava", "name": "Gandutava", "label": "Gandutava", "year": -521, "month": 2, "day": 21, "date": "21 February 521 BC (7 Viyakhna)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Arachosia", "place": "Gandutava district, Arachosia (unlocated), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 65.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Vahyazdata" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Vivana, satrap of Arachosia)", "faction_b": "Vahyazdata (the army he sent to Arachosia)", "commanders_a": "Vivana", "commanders_b": "a commander of Vahyazdata (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Vivana's satrapal army of Arachosia (not described).", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Kapishakanish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vivana again routed the rebel army (Behistun §46); its commander fled to the fortress of Arshada, where Vivana caught and killed him.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§46-47; Livius.org Behistun translation", "note": "The capture of the rebel commander at Arshada (§47) is a pursuit and capture, not listed separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 49, "key": "m521-vishpauzatish", "name": "Vishpauzatish", "label": "Vishpauzatish", "year": -521, "month": 3, "day": 8, "date": "8 March 521 BC (22 Viyakhna)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Parthia", "place": "Vishpauzatish, Parthia (unlocated), Iran", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 58.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Parthian and Hyrcanian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Vishtaspa)", "faction_b": "Parthian and Hyrcanian rebels (partisans of Fravartish)", "commanders_a": "Vishtaspa (Hystaspes), Darius's father", "commanders_b": "unnamed", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Vishtaspa's loyal forces of Parthia, before the Persian reinforcement arrived (Behistun §35).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The loyal army of the Parthian satrapy under the king's father; the inscription does not describe it.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The inscription says Vishtaspa defeated the rebels (Behistun §35), though he needed reinforcements before he could finish the revolt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §35; Livius.org Behistun translation; en.wikipedia Patigrabana", "note": "Parthia and Hyrcania rose for Fravartish of Media. Historians often treat this battle as indecisive because Vishtaspa waited for reinforcements.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 50, "key": "m521-kunduru", "name": "Kunduru", "label": "Kunduru", "year": -521, "month": 5, "day": 8, "date": "8 May 521 BC (25 Adukanaisha)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Kundurush, Media (perhaps Kangavar), Iran", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 47.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Fravartish" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I", "faction_b": "Fravartish (Median rebels)", "commanders_a": "Darius I", "commanders_b": "Fravartish (Phraortes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Darius's own field army, 'the Persian and Median army which was with me' (Behistun §§25, 31).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The inscription calls Darius's army Persian and Median.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Darius routed Fravartish's army; Fravartish fled towards Raga with a few horsemen and was caught and impaled at Ecbatana (Behistun §§31-32).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§31-32; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii", "note": "The decisive battle of the Median revolt. The identification of Kundurush with Kangavar is a guess.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 51, "key": "m521-rakha", "name": "Rakha", "label": "Rakha", "year": -521, "month": 5, "day": 24, "date": "24 May 521 BC (12 Thuravahara)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Persis", "place": "Rakha, Persis (unlocated), Iran", "lat": 29.9, "lon": 52.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Vahyazdata" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Artavardiya)", "faction_b": "Vahyazdata (Persian rebels)", "commanders_a": "Artavardiya", "commanders_b": "Vahyazdata", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Part of 'the Persian and Median army which was with me', detached under the Persian Artavardiya while the rest went with Darius to Media (Behistun §41).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The inscription names the force as Persian and Median.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artavardiya defeated Vahyazdata, who fled with a few horsemen to Paishiyauvada (Behistun §41).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§40-41; Livius.org Behistun translation", "note": "Vahyazdata claimed to be Bardiya, son of Cyrus, and rose at Tarava in Yautiya with Persian support.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 52, "key": "m521-tigra", "name": "Tigra", "label": "Tigra", "year": -521, "month": 5, "day": 30, "date": "30 May 521 BC (18 Thuravahara)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "the stronghold of Tigra, Armenia (unlocated), Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 43.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dadarshi", "commanders_b": "Armenian rebels (leader unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Dadarshi's army (not described; see Zuzahya).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Zuzahya.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The inscription says Dadarshi's army defeated the rebels at the stronghold (Behistun §27).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §27; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Dadarsis", "note": "A battle at a stronghold, not described as a siege.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 53, "key": "m521-zuzahya", "name": "Zuzahya", "label": "Zuzahya", "year": -521, "month": 5, "day": 20, "date": "20 May 521 BC (8 Thuravahara)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Zuzahya, Armenia (unlocated), Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 43.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dadarshi, an Armenian in Darius's service", "commanders_b": "Armenian rebels (leader unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "An army sent with Dadarshi; the inscription does not describe it (presumably royal Persian and Median troops, perhaps with loyal Armenians).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from Darius's royal army; the commander himself was Armenian (or Urartian).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The inscription says Dadarshi's army defeated the rebels (Behistun §26).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §26; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Dadarsis", "note": "Achaemenid Armina lay around Lake Van and the upper Euphrates; Zuzahya is unlocated (coordinates regional). The rebels' names are Urartian rather than Armenian (Iranica).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 54, "key": "m521-autiyara", "name": "Autiyara", "label": "Autiyara", "year": -521, "month": 6, "day": 11, "date": "11 June 521 BC (last day of Thuravahara)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Autiyara district, Armenia (unlocated), Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 43.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vaumisa", "commanders_b": "Armenian rebels (leader unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Vaumisa's army (not described; the royal army was Persian and Median).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred, as at Izala.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2,045 killed, 1,558 captured (Babylonian version, partly restored)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The inscription says Vaumisa's army defeated the rebels (Behistun §30); the Babylonian version counts the rebel dead and prisoners.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §30; Babylonian version lines 55-57 ('On the rocks: the unfinished story of the Babylonian version of the Bisotun inscription', Iraq, 2025); Livius.org Behistun translation", "note": "Vaumisa then waited in Armenia until Darius came to Media, suggesting the revolt was not yet over.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 55, "key": "m521-uyama", "name": "Uyama", "label": "Uyama", "year": -521, "month": 6, "day": 20, "date": "20 June 521 BC (9 Thaigarchish)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "the fortress of Uyama, Armenia (unlocated), Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 43.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dadarshi", "commanders_b": "Armenian rebels (leader unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Dadarshi's army (not described; see Zuzahya).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Zuzahya.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The inscription says Dadarshi's army defeated the rebels at the fortress (Behistun §28).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §28; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Dadarsis", "note": "Dadarshi then waited in Armenia until Darius came to Media; Iranica calls Uyama the decisive defeat of the Armenian rebels.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 56, "key": "m521-parga", "name": "Parga", "label": "Parga", "year": -521, "month": 7, "day": 15, "date": "15 July 521 BC (5 Garmapada)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Persis", "place": "Mount Parga, Persis (unlocated; perhaps Forg near Darab), Iran", "lat": 29.0, "lon": 54.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Vahyazdata" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Artavardiya)", "faction_b": "Vahyazdata (Persian rebels)", "commanders_a": "Artavardiya", "commanders_b": "Vahyazdata (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Artavardiya's Persian and Median detachment (Behistun §§41-42).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As at Rakha.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artavardiya routed Vahyazdata's second army and captured him; he was impaled at Uvadaicaya (Behistun §§42-43).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§42-43; Livius.org Behistun translation; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii", "note": "Vahyazdata had raised a new army at Paishiyauvada after Rakha. The Forg identification is old and uncertain; coordinates regional.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 57, "key": "m521-patigrabana", "name": "Patigrabana", "label": "Patigrabana", "year": -521, "month": 7, "day": 11, "date": "11 July 521 BC (1 Garmapada)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Parthia", "place": "Patigrabana, Parthia (unlocated; Mashhad has been suggested), Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Parthian and Hyrcanian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Vishtaspa)", "faction_b": "Parthian and Hyrcanian rebels (partisans of Fravartish)", "commanders_a": "Vishtaspa (Hystaspes)", "commanders_b": "unnamed", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Vishtaspa's Parthian loyalists reinforced by a Persian army that Darius sent from Raga (Behistun §36).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The inscription names the Persian reinforcement joined to the loyal Parthian forces.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vishtaspa, reinforced from Raga, routed the rebels and Parthia submitted (Behistun §36).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §36; Livius.org Behistun translation; en.wikipedia Patigrabana", "note": "Wikipedia dates it 'around 520 BC'; the inscription's date converts to 11 July 521. The Mashhad identification is speculative.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 58, "key": "m521-babylon-siege-521-bc", "name": "Babylon (siege, 521 BC)", "label": "Babylon (siege, 521 BC)", "year": -521, "month": 11, "day": 27, "date": "27 November 521 BC (22 Markazanash)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Babylon (near Hillah), Iraq", "lat": 32.54, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Babylonia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Intaphernes (Vindafarna)", "commanders_b": "Arakha (Nebuchadnezzar IV), captured", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Babylonia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "An army sent by Darius under the Persian Intaphernes, his bow-bearer; not described (Behistun §50).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from Darius's Persian and Median royal army; the force is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Arakha and 2,497 of his followers executed (Babylonian version)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babylon fell to Intaphernes on 22 Markazanash (27 November 521) and Arakha and his chief followers were taken (Behistun §50).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§49-50; Livius.org Behistun translation; en.wikipedia Nebuchadnezzar IV, Fall of Babylon", "note": "Arakha, son of Haldita, an 'Armenian' (Urartian), revolted on 25 August 521 claiming to be Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus. Herodotus' 19-month siege and Zopyrus' stratagem (3.150-160) are sometimes referred to this revolt but fit neither; his 3,000 impaled may echo it. Parts of the walls were pulled down after the capture.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 59, "key": "m521-margiana", "name": "Margiana", "label": "Margiana", "year": -521, "month": 12, "day": 28, "date": "28 December 521 BC (23 Aciyadiya; 10 December 522 is the alternative)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Margiana", "place": "Margiana (Merv oasis), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 62.19, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Darius I" ], "side_b": [ "Frada" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius I (Dadarshi, satrap of Bactria)", "faction_b": "Frada (Margian rebels)", "commanders_a": "Dadarshi, satrap of Bactria", "commanders_b": "Frada (captured and executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The army of the Bactrian satrapy under its satrap Dadarshi (Behistun §38).", "languages": [ "East Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A satrapal army raised in Bactria (Bactrian, an East Iranian language) under a Persian-named satrap; not described further.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "55,243 killed and 6,972 captured (Aramaic version); 55,2[..] killed and 6,572 captured (Babylonian version)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dadarshi's army crushed the Margians (Behistun §38).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Behistun (DB) §§38-39 with the Babylonian and Aramaic versions; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Frada and Dadarsis; Livius.org Behistun translation", "note": "No site is named beyond Margiana. Iranica prefers 28 December 521 because Frada is the last rebel on the relief. The casualty figures are generally thought inflated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 60, "key": "m520-elam-520-bc", "name": "Elam (520 BC)", "label": "Elam (520 BC)", "year": -520, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "520 or 519 BC (Darius's second or third year)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolts against Darius I (Behistun campaigns)", "theatre": "Elam", "place": "Elam (Khuzestan), Iran", "lat": 32.19, "lon": 48.26, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Elam" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gobryas (Gaubaruva)", "commanders_b": "Atamaita (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Elam", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An army under the Persian Gobryas; not described (the royal army was Persian and Median).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred; the column V text does not describe the army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gobryas defeated the Elamites and captured their leader Atamaita, who was brought to Darius and killed (Behistun col. V).", "borderline": "the inscription names no site", "doubt": "Borderline: the inscription names no site.", "sources": "Behistun (DB) col. V (§71); Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii", "note": "The third Elamite revolt. The first two (Açina, Martiya, 522-521) ended without battles: Açina was handed over bound and the Elamites killed Martiya themselves.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 61, "key": "m519-saka-campaign-of-darius-i", "name": "Saka campaign of Darius I", "label": "Saka campaign of Darius I", "year": -519, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "519 BC (Darius's second or third year, 520-518)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Darius I's Saka campaign", "theatre": "Central Asia", "place": "beyond the 'sea' (draya): the Caspian, Aral, Amu Darya or Syr Darya, Central Asia", "lat": 43.0, "lon": 60.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Saka" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire v Saka", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Achaemenid Empire", "faction_b": "Saka", "commanders_a": "Darius I", "commanders_b": "Skunkha (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Saka", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Darius's royal army, not described in the inscription (normally a Persian and Median core).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the royal army; the text says only 'with all my army'.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Behistun: 'smote exceedingly')", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After crossing the 'sea' with all his army Darius routed the Saka and their chief Skunkha was captured and brought to him (Behistun col. V).", "borderline": "a campaign entry: the inscription records a victory but names no site", "doubt": "Borderline: a campaign entry: the inscription records a victory but names no site.", "sources": "Behistun (DB) col. V (§74) and relief; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Bisotun iii; en.wikipedia Skunkha", "note": "Against the Saka tigraxauda ('pointed caps'). A few scholars refer the 'sea' to the Bosporus and the campaign to the European Scythians. Polyaenus' tale of the herdsman Sirakes leading Darius's army into the desert (7.12) is legendary and not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 62, "key": "m517-samos-517-bc", "name": "Samos (517 BC)", "label": "Samos (517 BC)", "year": -517, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 517 BC (some put it c. 519)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian conquest of Samos", "theatre": "Aegean (Ionia)", "place": "Samos town (Pythagoreio), Greece", "lat": 37.69, "lon": 26.94, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Otanes; Syloson", "commanders_b": "Maeandrius, Charilaus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Otanes' Persian army, carried by sea to install Syloson (Herodotus 3.141-147); the ships were presumably from the subject Ionians and Phoenicians.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus speaks of 'the Persians' (many of high rank among the dead); the ships' crews are not named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "many Persians of high rank killed in the sortie (Herodotus 3.146)", "losses_b": "the Samians massacred (Herodotus 3.147)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians drove Charilaus' mercenaries back into the acropolis after their surprise sortie, then massacred the Samians and handed the island to Syloson (Herodotus 3.146-149).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 3.139-149; en.wikipedia Syloson", "note": "Herodotus calls Samos the first of all Greek and barbarian cities that Darius took. Maeandrius escaped by a secret passage and sailed to Sparta.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 63, "key": "m513-barca-siege", "name": "Barca (siege)", "label": "Barca (siege)", "year": -513, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 513 BC (nine months; dated 515-512)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Achaemenid expedition to Libya", "theatre": "Libya (Cyrenaica)", "place": "Barca (al-Marj), Libya", "lat": 32.5, "lon": 20.88, "loc": "known", "country": "Libya", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amasis, a Maraphian (army); Badres, a Pasargadan (fleet); sent by Aryandes, satrap of Egypt", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "'All the army of Egypt, by land and sea' under two Persian commanders (Herodotus 4.167): the Persian garrison troops of Egypt with subject levies and a fleet; miners dug under the walls.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Egyptian", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The army of the Egyptian satrapy had a Persian and Iranian core with Egyptian and other subject troops; Herodotus gives no proportions.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the leaders impaled by Pheretime and the rest enslaved; some deported to Bactria (Herodotus 4.202-204)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Barca fell after a nine-month siege, taken by a broken oath sworn over a plank-covered trench (Herodotus 4.200-202).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 4.145, 4.165-167, 4.200-205; en.wikipedia Barca (ancient city)", "note": "Sent at the request of Pheretime of Cyrene; Herodotus thinks the real aim was the conquest of Libya. The army went on to Euesperides, and Libyans harried it on the march home (4.203), unnamed skirmishes not listed. Herodotus puts it at the time of the Scythian campaign; Wikipedia's Barca article says 515.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 64, "key": "m513-scythian-campaign-of-darius-i", "name": "Scythian campaign of Darius I", "label": "Scythian campaign of Darius I", "year": -513, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 513 BC (514-512 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Scythian campaign of Darius I", "theatre": "Pontic steppe", "place": "the steppe north of the Danube towards the Oarus (southern Ukraine), Ukraine", "lat": 47.0, "lon": 33.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Scythians v Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Scythians", "faction_b": "Achaemenid Empire", "commanders_a": "Idanthyrsus, Scopasis, Taxacis", "commanders_b": "Darius I; Megabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Scythians", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The royal army of all the subject nations, 700,000 men with 600 ships in Herodotus (4.87); the Ionian, Aeolian and Hellespontine Greeks guarded the Danube bridge while the land army marched into Scythia.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The field army beyond the Danube was levied from many nations around a Persian and Median core; the Greeks stayed at the bridge; no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "700,000 men and 600 ships (Herodotus 4.87); 80,000 left with Megabazus afterwards (4.143)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the sick and weak abandoned in the camp (Herodotus 4.135)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "No pitched battle was fought; after weeks of Scythian raids Darius withdrew by night, leaving his sick and his camp, and the Scythians held the field (Herodotus 4.128-136).", "borderline": "a campaign of raids and skirmishes without a pitched battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a campaign of raids and skirmishes without a pitched battle.", "sources": "Herodotus 4.1, 4.83-144; Ctesias; en.wikipedia Scythian campaign of Darius I", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox calls it a Persian victory, its text a costly stalemate; the field test gives it to the Scythians, whom the Sauromatae (listed as Sarmatians), Budini and Geloni joined. On the way the Getae resisted and were at once subdued (Herodotus 4.93), and the empty wooden town of Gelonus was burned (4.123); neither is listed. Herodotus' figures are impossible.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Scythians", "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 65, "key": "m512-perinthus", "name": "Perinthus", "label": "Perinthus", "year": -512, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 512 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Megabazus' Thracian campaign", "theatre": "Thrace (Propontis)", "place": "Perinthus (Marmara Ereglisi), Propontis, Turkey", "lat": 40.97, "lon": 27.96, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Megabazus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Megabazus' army of 80,000 left in Europe by Darius after the Scythian campaign (Herodotus 4.143, 5.1-2).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus calls the force 'the Persians'; it was part of the royal army of the Scythian campaign, whose make-up is not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "80,000 (Herodotus 4.143)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Perinthians fought bravely for their freedom but were overcome by the numbers of Megabazus' army and the city was subdued (Herodotus 5.2).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 4.143-144, 5.1-2", "note": "Same as Ancient Greek Battles: Perinthus, c. 512 BC, Persian victory; the opponent there is named 'Perinthus'. If Perinthus (siege, 340 BC) is also in this set, this entry should become 'Perinthus (512 BC)'. Megabazus then subdued Thrace and deported the Paeonians without a recorded battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 66, "key": "m511-lemnos", "name": "Lemnos", "label": "Lemnos", "year": -511, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 511 BC (511-510)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Otanes' Hellespontine campaign", "theatre": "Aegean (Thracian Sea)", "place": "Lemnos (Hephaistia and Myrina), Greece", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 25.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Otanes, son of Sisamnes", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Otanes' Persian army carried on ships supplied by the Lesbians (Herodotus 5.26).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names the Lesbian (Greek) ships that carried Otanes' Persians; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy ('brought to ruin', Herodotus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Lemnians fought hard but were in time overcome, and the Persians set Lycaretus over the survivors (Herodotus 5.27).", "borderline": "known from two sentences of Herodotus", "doubt": "Borderline: known from two sentences of Herodotus.", "sources": "Herodotus 5.25-27", "note": "The Lemnians were then 'Pelasgians' (Tyrsenians), not Greeks; listed under Greek cities. In the same campaign Otanes took Constantinople, Chalcedon, Antandrus, Lamponium and Imbros (Herodotus 5.26) with no fighting described; not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 67, "key": "m499-naxos-siege-499-bc", "name": "Naxos (siege, 499 BC)", "label": "Naxos (siege, 499 BC)", "year": -499, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "499 BC (a siege of about four months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ionian Revolt (prelude)", "theatre": "Aegean (Cyclades)", "place": "Naxos (Chora), Naxos island, Greece", "lat": 37.11, "lon": 25.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Naxian people, who had expelled their oligarchs)", "commanders_b": "Megabates (cousin of Darius), Aristagoras of Miletus; sent by the satrap Artaphernes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A royal fleet of about 200 triremes raised by Artaphernes, carrying 'many Persians and other allies' (Herodotus 5.32), with Aristagoras' Milesians and the Naxian exiles; the ships were crewed by Aegean subjects (a ship of Myndus in Caria is named).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus says many Persians sailed, but the 200 ships' crews (some 30,000-40,000 rowers) were Ionian, Carian and other Aegean subjects, so Iranians were probably a small part of the force.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "8,000 shield-bearers (Herodotus 5.30)", "strength_b": "200 triremes (Herodotus 5.32); about 8,000 soldiers aboard (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "An initial attack was repelled and after four months the besiegers ran out of money and sailed away without taking the town.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 5.28-34; en.wikipedia Siege of Naxos (499 BC); en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "Allies_b 'Greek cities' = Miletus under Aristagoras and the exiled Naxian oligarchs. Herodotus' story that Megabates warned the Naxians after a quarrel with Aristagoras may be Aristagoras' later excuse. The failure set off the Ionian Revolt.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 68, "key": "m498-ephesus", "name": "Ephesus (498 BC)", "label": "Ephesus (498 BC)", "year": -498, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "498 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "near Ephesus (Selcuk), Turkey", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 27.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels", "Athens", "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian commanders west of the Halys (unnamed by Herodotus; Wikipedia gives Artaphernes)", "commanders_b": "Charopinus, Hermophantus, Eualcides of Eretria (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ionian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persians holding lands west of the Halys, who gathered to relieve Sardis and followed the Greeks to Ephesus (Herodotus 5.102); probably mostly cavalry (Holland).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus calls the relieving force Persians, i.e. the Iranian settlers and garrisons of western Anatolia, who would have been joined by local levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed, among them Eualcides of Eretria (Herodotus 5.102)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians caught the Greeks retreating from Sardis outside Ephesus and routed them; the survivors scattered to their cities.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 5.102-103; en.wikipedia Battle of Ephesus (498 BC)", "note": "Name kept as in Ancient Greek Battles; Wikipedia: Battle of Ephesus (498 BC). Side_b 'Greek cities' = Eretria. Afterwards the Athenians left the revolt.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 69, "key": "m498-sardis-siege-498-bc", "name": "Sardis (siege, 498 BC)", "label": "Sardis (siege, 498 BC)", "year": -498, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "498 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ionian Revolt", "theatre": "Lydia", "place": "Sardis (Sart, near Salihli), Turkey", "lat": 38.48, "lon": 28.04, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels", "Athens", "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artaphernes (satrap of Sardis)", "commanders_b": "Charopinus (brother of Aristagoras) and Hermophantus (Milesians), Melanthius (Athenians)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ionian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Artaphernes' garrison of the citadel and the Persians and Lydians of the city, who gathered in the agora by the Pactolus and fought the Greeks there (Herodotus 5.100-101).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Persians and Lydians fighting together; their proportions are not known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (the Ionian army with the crews of 20 Athenian and 5 Eretrian ships)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The attackers took and burned the lower city but failed to take the citadel held by Artaphernes and withdrew when the Persians and Lydians massed against them in the agora, so the place did not fall.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 5.97-105; en.wikipedia Siege of Sardis (498 BC)", "note": "Side_b 'Greek cities' = Eretria. Wikipedia's infobox reads 'Greek retreat, city burned'; the fire destroyed most of the lower city and the temple of Cybebe and moved Darius to vow vengeance on Athens (Herodotus 5.105).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 70, "key": "m497-labraunda", "name": "Labraunda", "label": "Labraunda", "year": -497, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "497 or 496 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt (Carian campaign)", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "sanctuary of Zeus Stratios, Labraunda (near Milas), Turkey", "lat": 37.42, "lon": 27.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Carians", "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Daurises", "commanders_b": "unnamed Carian and Milesian leaders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Carians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Daurises' army of Persians, as at the Marsyas.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus calls the attackers Persians; the satrapal army also included local levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, especially the Milesians (Herodotus 5.120)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians attacked the Carians and the Milesian relief army at the sanctuary and routed them, the Milesians losing most heavily.", "borderline": "no standalone Wikipedia article (treated as a battle in the Ionian Revolt article)", "doubt": "Borderline: no standalone Wikipedia article (treated as a battle in the Ionian Revolt article).", "sources": "Herodotus 5.119-120; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "Ionian rebels = the Milesians and their allies.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 71, "key": "m497-marsyas-river", "name": "Marsyas River", "label": "Marsyas River", "year": -497, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "497 or 496 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt (Carian campaign)", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "the White Pillars on the Marsyas (Cine river), near its confluence with the Maeander, Turkey", "lat": 37.8, "lon": 27.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Carians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Daurises, Amorges, Sisimaces", "commanders_b": "unnamed Carian leaders (Pixodarus son of Mausolus of Cindye proposed fighting with the river behind them)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Carians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Daurises' army, fresh from retaking the Hellespontine towns; Herodotus calls its men Persians.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus counts 2,000 Persian dead, implying a strong Persian core, though satrapal armies also took in local levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "2,000 killed (Herodotus 5.119)", "losses_b": "10,000 killed (Herodotus 5.119)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a long fight the Carians were beaten and fled to Labraunda, leaving the field to the Persians.", "borderline": "no standalone Wikipedia article (treated as a battle in the Ionian Revolt article)", "doubt": "Borderline: no standalone Wikipedia article (treated as a battle in the Ionian Revolt article).", "sources": "Herodotus 5.117-119; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "The site of the White Pillars is unknown; coordinates are for the lower Marsyas valley. Most date the Carian battles to 497, some to 496.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 72, "key": "m497-pedasus", "name": "Pedasus", "label": "Pedasus", "year": -497, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "497 BC (possibly 496)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt (Carian campaign)", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "the road to Pedasa (Gokceler, near Bodrum), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 27.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Carians" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclides son of Ibanollis of Mylasa", "commanders_b": "Daurises, Amorges, Sisimaces, Myrsus son of Gyges (all killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Carians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Daurises' army of Persians marching on the Carian cities (Herodotus 5.121).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus calls the army Persians and names its Persian generals; its levies are not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the army destroyed with its generals (Herodotus 5.121)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Carians ambushed the Persian army at night on the road to Pedasus and destroyed it with its generals.", "borderline": "no standalone Wikipedia article (a named ambush, treated as a battle in the Ionian Revolt article)", "doubt": "Borderline: no standalone Wikipedia article (a named ambush, treated as a battle in the Ionian Revolt article).", "sources": "Herodotus 5.121; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "Which Pedasus is meant is uncertain (the Lelegian Pedasa near Halicarnassus is usual); coordinates approximate. Wikipedia notes a 496 date would give the Carians time to regroup.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 73, "key": "m497-salamis-in-cyprus", "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (497 BC)", "label": "Salamis in Cyprus (497 BC)", "year": -497, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "497 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt (Cypriot revolt)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "plain before Salamis (near Famagusta), Cyprus", "lat": 35.17, "lon": 33.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artybius (killed)", "commanders_b": "Onesilus of Salamis (killed), Aristocyprus of Soli (killed), Stesenor of Curium (changed sides)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Cypriot kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Artybius' 'great army of Persians' shipped over from Cilicia (Herodotus 5.108-112), probably with Cilician levies; the loyal Amathusians were on the Persian side.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus speaks of an army of Persians facing the picked Salaminians and Solians; the other troops are not named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "Artybius killed", "losses_b": "heavy; Onesilus and Aristocyprus killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Cypriot line broke after Stesenor of Curium and the Salaminian chariots went over to the Persians, Onesilus fell, and the Persians held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 5.104, 5.108-115; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "Side_b = Salamis, Soli, Curium and the other rebel Cypriot kingdoms. Fought the same day as the sea battle off Salamis, which the Ionians won.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 74, "key": "m497-salamis-in-cyprus-sea", "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (sea) (497 BC)", "label": "Salamis in Cyprus (sea) (497 BC)", "year": -497, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "497 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt (Cypriot revolt)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "sea off Salamis (near Famagusta), Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Samians distinguished themselves)", "commanders_b": "unknown (the Phoenician fleet)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ionian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Phoenician fleet that brought Artybius' army to Cyprus (Herodotus 5.108, 5.112).", "languages": [ "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The fleet was Phoenician; any Iranian commanders or marines aboard are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ionian fleet defeated the Phoenician fleet off Salamis (Herodotus 5.112).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 5.108-112; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "The victory was wasted by the defeat on land the same day; the Ionians sailed home.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 75, "key": "m497-soli-in-cyprus-siege-497-bc", "name": "Soli in Cyprus (siege, 497 BC)", "label": "Soli in Cyprus (siege, 497 BC)", "year": -497, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "497 BC (or 496), five months", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ionian Revolt (Cypriot revolt)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "Soli (near Karavostasi), Cyprus", "lat": 35.14, "lon": 32.81, "loc": "known", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed Persian generals", "commanders_b": "unknown (King Aristocyprus had fallen at Salamis)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Cypriot kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian army victorious at Salamis, with Phoenician naval support; its make-up at the siege is not recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from Artybius' Persian army and the Phoenician fleet that served in Cyprus; not stated for the siege.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Soli fell in the fifth month after the Persians undermined its wall (Herodotus 5.115).", "borderline": "no Wikipedia battle article; Herodotus describes the siege (mining) in one sentence", "doubt": "Borderline: no Wikipedia battle article; Herodotus describes the siege (mining) in one sentence.", "sources": "Herodotus 5.115-116", "note": "Herodotus says the other rebel cities were besieged and retaken within the year and Soli held out longest. The excavated Persian siege mound and Cypriot counter-mines at Old Paphos (Kouklia) belong to the same campaign, but no written account of that siege survives.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 76, "key": "m494-lade", "name": "Lade", "label": "Lade", "year": -494, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "494 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "sea off the island of Lade (now silted up, near Balat), Turkey", "lat": 37.52, "lon": 27.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed Persian generals (Wikipedia suggests Datis may have commanded the fleet)", "commanders_b": "Dionysius of Phocaea", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ionian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A fleet of 600 ships from the Phoenicians (the keenest), the Cypriots, the Cilicians and the Egyptians (Herodotus 6.6, 6.9).", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek", "Anatolian", "Egyptian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names only Phoenician, Cypriot, Cilician and Egyptian contingents; Iranians served at most as commanders and marines.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "600 ships (Herodotus 6.9)", "strength_b": "353 triremes (Herodotus 6.8)", "losses_a": "unknown (Wikipedia's infobox: 57 ships)", "losses_b": "heavy, above all the Chians; 49 of 60 Samian ships and the Lesbians deserted (Wikipedia's infobox: 246 ships)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Ionian line collapsed when most of the Samians and the Lesbians fled, the Chians withdrew after heavy losses, and the Persian fleet held the sea off Miletus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 6.6-17; en.wikipedia Battle of Lade", "note": "Some modern historians doubt Herodotus' Samian story of desertion, which he probably had from Samian sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 77, "key": "m494-miletus-siege-494-bc", "name": "Miletus (siege, 494 BC)", "label": "Miletus (siege, 494 BC)", "year": -494, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "494 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ionian Revolt", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "Miletus (near Balat), Turkey", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed Persian generals", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ionian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian land armies of Asia Minor, combined into one army for the siege (Herodotus 6.6), with the victorious fleet blockading by sea.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus speaks only of 'the Persians'; the satrapal armies had a Persian core with Anatolian levies, and the blockading fleet was Phoenician, Cypriot, Cilician and Egyptian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the men killed, the women and children enslaved, the survivors deported to Ampe on the Persian Gulf (Herodotus 6.19-20)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Miletus fell to the besiegers after they mined its walls and brought up engines, in the sixth year of the revolt (Herodotus 6.18).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 6.6, 6.18-21; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt; en.wikipedia Battle of Lade", "note": "No standalone Wikipedia article for this siege. Phrynichus' play 'The Capture of Miletus' was staged at Athens soon after.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 78, "key": "m493-malene", "name": "Malene", "label": "Malene", "year": -493, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "493 BC (or late 494)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ionian Revolt", "theatre": "Aeolis (Mysia)", "place": "Malene, territory of Atarneus (near Dikili), Turkey", "lat": 39.05, "lon": 26.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harpagus (under the satrap Artaphernes)", "commanders_b": "Histiaeus of Miletus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ionian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A large Persian army under Harpagus; the Persian cavalry decided the battle (Herodotus 6.28-29).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus credits the Persian cavalry with the victory; the infantry is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (Histiaeus' foragers, Ionians and Aeolians from Lesbos)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed; Histiaeus captured and impaled at Sardis by Artaphernes", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a long fight a Persian cavalry charge routed Histiaeus' men and he was captured in the flight.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 6.26-30; en.wikipedia Ionian Revolt", "note": "Histiaeus, the former tyrant of Miletus, was by then fighting as a freebooter with a Lesbian fleet; Wikipedia places the battle in 494-493 without a firm date.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 79, "key": "m492-brygian-night-raid", "name": "Brygian night raid", "label": "Brygian night raid", "year": -492, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "492 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Persian invasion of Greece (Mardonius' campaign)", "theatre": "Macedonia", "place": "Mardonius' camp in Macedonia (site unknown), Greece", "lat": 40.75, "lon": 22.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Thracians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mardonius (wounded)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Thracians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mardonius' land army that crossed the Hellespont in 492 (the fleet had been wrecked off Athos); its make-up is not recorded. Achaemenid field armies of the time were built round Persian and Median infantry and Iranian cavalry with subject levies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of a royal field army under a Persian general; Herodotus says nothing of its units.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "many killed; Mardonius wounded (Herodotus 6.45)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Brygi killed many Persians and wounded Mardonius in their night attack but did not take the camp, which the Persians held (Herodotus 6.45); their later subjection is a separate matter.", "borderline": "a night raid told in one sentence by Herodotus; no Wikipedia battle article (named 'Brygian night raid' in the campaign article)", "doubt": "Borderline: a night raid told in one sentence by Herodotus; no Wikipedia battle article (named 'Brygian night raid' in the campaign article).", "sources": "Herodotus 6.43-45; en.wikipedia First Persian invasion of Greece", "note": "Side_b 'Thracians' = the Brygi (Bryges), whom Herodotus calls Thracians. Their homeland is placed near Mt Bermion or further north-west (Lake Ohrid, Pelagonia, now North Macedonia), so the site is uncertain. Judged by the raid alone, the Brygi inflicted the heavier recorded loss.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 80, "key": "m490-eretria-siege-490-bc", "name": "Eretria (siege, 490 BC)", "label": "Eretria (siege, 490 BC)", "year": -490, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "490 BC (August or September, a week before Marathon)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Persian invasion of Greece (Datis and Artaphernes)", "theatre": "Euboea", "place": "Eretria, Euboea, Greece", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 23.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Datis, Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes)", "commanders_b": "unknown (Euphorbus son of Alcimachus and Philagrus son of Cyneas betrayed the city)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Datis' expeditionary army, landed at Tamynae, Choereae and Aegilia (Herodotus 6.101), with cavalry; modern estimates about 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Persians and Saka as the core of the same army at Marathon a week later; the Ionian and Aeolian contingents served in the fleet.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "600 triremes (Herodotus 6.95); about 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry (modern)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy (Herodotus 6.101)", "losses_b": "heavy; the city sacked, its temples burned and its people deported to Arderikka in Kissia (Herodotus 6.101, 6.119)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After six days of assaults with heavy losses on both sides, Eretria fell on the seventh when Euphorbus and Philagrus opened the gates.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 6.99-101, 6.119; en.wikipedia Siege of Eretria", "note": "Side_b 'Greek cities' = Eretria. The 4,000 Athenian cleruchs of Chalcis sent to help left before the siege (Herodotus 6.100-101).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 81, "key": "m490-karystos-siege-490-bc", "name": "Karystos (siege, 490 BC)", "label": "Karystos (siege, 490 BC)", "year": -490, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "490 BC (summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Persian invasion of Greece (Datis and Artaphernes)", "theatre": "Euboea", "place": "Karystos, Euboea, Greece", "lat": 38.02, "lon": 24.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Datis, Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Datis' expeditionary army (modern estimates about 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry), carried by a fleet with Ionian and Aeolian contingents (Herodotus 6.98).", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Persians and Saka as the core of Datis' army at Marathon; the fleet's crews (not counted as the besieging army) were Ionians, Aeolians and Phoenicians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry (modern estimate for the expedition)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Carystians, besieged and their land ravaged, submitted to the Persians (Herodotus 6.99).", "borderline": "Herodotus records a siege and the ravaging of the land but no assault; it ended in surrender", "doubt": "Borderline: Herodotus records a siege and the ravaging of the land but no assault; it ended in surrender.", "sources": "Herodotus 6.99; en.wikipedia First Persian invasion of Greece", "note": "Side_b 'Greek cities' = Karystos (Carystus).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 82, "key": "m490-lindos-siege-490-bc", "name": "Lindos (siege, 490 BC)", "label": "Lindos (siege, 490 BC)", "year": -490, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "490 BC (spring or summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Persian invasion of Greece (Datis and Artaphernes)", "theatre": "Aegean (Rhodes)", "place": "acropolis of Lindos, Rhodes, Greece", "lat": 36.09, "lon": 28.09, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Datis", "commanders_b": "unknown (the Lindian magistrates)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Datis' expeditionary fleet and army on its way into the Aegean (600 triremes for the whole expedition, Herodotus 6.95); the force at Lindos is not described.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Phoenician", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from Datis' expedition, whose soldiers were Persians and Saka (Herodotus 6.113) and whose crews were Phoenician and Ionian subjects.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "By the Lindian Chronicle, Datis ended the blockade with a pact of friendship while the town was still invested, after rain relieved its water shortage.", "borderline": "a blockade with no recorded fighting, known only from a temple chronicle", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from a miracle story of Athena in the Lindian Chronicle (inscribed 99 BC), not from Herodotus; Datis' fleet may well have touched Rhodes, but the siege and its ending are temple legend. Borderline: a blockade with no recorded fighting, known only from a temple chronicle.", "sources": "Lindian Chronicle (Epiphany D); en.wikipedia First Persian invasion of Greece", "note": "Side_b 'Greek cities' = Lindos (and the country people of Rhodes who fled there). Wikipedia says the attempt 'failed'; under the siege test a siege ended by treaty is a draw.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 83, "key": "m490-marathon", "name": "Marathon", "label": "Marathon", "year": -490, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "August or September 490 BC (traditionally 12 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Persian invasion of Greece (Datis and Artaphernes)", "theatre": "Attica", "place": "plain of Marathon, Greece", "lat": 38.12, "lon": 23.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Miltiades, Callimachus (killed), Aristides, Themistocles, Stesilaus (killed); Arimnestus (Plataeans)", "commanders_b": "Datis, Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes); the exiled tyrant Hippias as guide", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Datis' expeditionary army: the Persians and the Saka held the centre and broke through (Herodotus 6.113); the cavalry may not have been engaged.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Persians and Saka in the centre; the troops of the wings are not named and may have included subject levies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans", "strength_b": "about 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry (modern estimates); 600 ships (Herodotus)", "losses_a": "192 Athenians killed (Herodotus 6.117)", "losses_b": "6,400 killed and 7 ships captured (Herodotus 6.115-117); modern estimates 1,000-2,000 killed", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Athenian and Plataean wings routed the Persian wings and then the victorious Persian centre, driving the Persians to their ships and holding the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 6.102-117; Nepos, Miltiades 4-6; Pausanias 1.32; en.wikipedia Battle of Marathon", "note": "Allies_a 'Greek cities' = Plataea. The traditional date (Boeckh) is 12 September; some prefer August. The Persians then sailed round Sunium but found the Athenian army back at Athens and returned to Asia.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 84, "key": "m480-olynthus-siege-480-bc", "name": "Olynthus (siege, 480 BC)", "label": "Olynthus (siege, 480 BC)", "year": -480, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 480/479 BC (during the siege of Potidaea)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Chalcidice", "place": "Olynthus (near Nea Olynthos), Greece", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 23.35, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artabazus", "commanders_b": "unknown (the Bottiaeans of Olynthus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Artabazus' corps of 60,000 picked from Mardonius' army (Herodotus 8.126).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "East Iranian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Potidaea: a corps drawn from Mardonius' mainly Iranian picked army; its units are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "60,000 (Herodotus 8.126)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the defenders massacred (Herodotus 8.127)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artabazus took Olynthus and massacred its Bottiaean defenders by a nearby lake (Herodotus 8.127).", "borderline": "Herodotus records the siege and capture but not the fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: Herodotus records the siege and capture but not the fighting.", "sources": "Herodotus 8.127; en.wikipedia Second Persian invasion of Greece", "note": "Side_b 'Greek cities' = Olynthus, then held by the Bottiaeans (a people driven out of Macedonia, not Greeks in the strict sense). Artabazus gave the town to Critobulus of Torone and the Chalcidians.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 85, "key": "m480-potidaea-siege-480-bc", "name": "Potidaea (siege, 480 BC)", "label": "Potidaea (siege, 480 BC)", "year": -480, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 480/479 BC (about three months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Chalcidice", "place": "Potidaea (Nea Poteidaia), Greece", "lat": 40.19, "lon": 23.33, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Potidaeans)", "commanders_b": "Artabazus; Timoxenus of Scione (would-be traitor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Artabazus' 60,000 men picked from Mardonius' army to escort Xerxes to the Hellespont (Herodotus 8.126); in 480 Artabazus had led the Parthians and Chorasmians (Herodotus 7.66).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "East Iranian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mardonius kept the best Iranian contingents (Persians, Medes, Saka, Bactrians) and Artabazus' corps was drawn from that army; its exact make-up is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "60,000 (Herodotus 8.126)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many drowned or killed in the flood (Herodotus 8.129)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After three months Artabazus' attack across the shallows at low tide was caught by a great flood, many drowned or were killed by the Potidaeans in boats, and he raised the siege (Herodotus 8.129).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 8.126-129; en.wikipedia Second Persian invasion of Greece", "note": "Side_a 'Greek cities' = Potidaea, which had revolted with the other towns of Pallene (Herodotus 8.126). The flood is often read as a tsunami; Herodotus blamed Poseidon. Some date the end of the siege to early 479.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 86, "key": "m480-artemisium", "name": "Artemisium", "label": "Artemisium", "year": -480, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August or September 480 BC (three days, the same days as Thermopylae)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Aegean (Euboea)", "place": "strait off Cape Artemisium, northern Euboea, Greece", "lat": 39.03, "lon": 23.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eurybiades, Themistocles, Adeimantus", "commanders_b": "Achaemenes, Ariabignes, Prexaspes, Megabazus (the four admirals), Artemisia I, Damasithymus", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal fleet (1,207 ships at Doriscus by Herodotus' count, reduced by storms): Phoenician, Egyptian, Cypriot, Cilician, Ionian, Hellespontine, Carian, Lycian, Pamphylian and other ships, each with 30 Persian, Median or Saka marines (Herodotus 7.89-96, 7.184).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Phoenician", "Anatolian", "Egyptian", "Persian", "Median", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus says each ship carried 30 Persian, Median or Saka marines besides a native crew of about 200, so Iranians were roughly an eighth of the men.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "271 triremes, 324 after 53 Athenian reinforcements (Herodotus 8.1-2, 8.14)", "strength_b": "1,207 ships at the start of the campaign less storm losses (Herodotus); modern estimates far lower", "losses_a": "heavy; half the Athenian ships damaged (Herodotus 8.18); Wikipedia's infobox: 100 ships", "losses_b": "about 30 ships on day 1, a Cilician squadron on day 2 and more than the Greeks on day 3 (Herodotus); about 200 more wrecked in a storm off Euboea; Wikipedia's infobox: 400 ships", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "On the third day the fleets broke off with heavy losses, the Persians having lost more ships (Herodotus 8.16) but the Greeks leaving the strait that night, so the ships lost and the sea area point opposite ways.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 8.1-23; Diodorus 11.12-13; en.wikipedia Battle of Artemisium", "note": "Outcome kept as a draw, as in Ancient Greek Battles; Wikipedia's infobox calls it a Persian victory (the Persians then took Euboea). The preliminary skirmish off Sciathus, where Persian scouts took two Greek guard ships, is counted within this battle. Allies_a 'Greek cities' = Corinth, Aegina, Megara, Chalcis, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Eretria, Troezen and others.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 87, "key": "m480-thermopylae", "name": "Thermopylae", "label": "Thermopylae", "year": -480, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August or September 480 BC (Wikipedia gives 21-23 July, 20 August or 8-10 September; three days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Central Greece (Malis)", "place": "pass of Thermopylae, Greece", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 22.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thebes", "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xerxes I, Mardonius, Hydarnes, Artapanus", "commanders_b": "Leonidas I (killed), Demophilus of Thespiae (killed), Leontiades of Thebes", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Xerxes' land army: the Medes and Kissians attacked first, then the Immortals (the 10,000 Persian guard) under Hydarnes, then picked troops of every nation; the Immortals turned the pass (Herodotus 7.210-225).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Elamite", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The units Herodotus names in the assaults are Medes, Kissians (Elamite-speaking Susians) and the Persian Immortals; the rest of the multi-ethnic army joined later.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "40,000-300,000 (modern estimates); Herodotus gives 2,641,610 fighting men for the whole army", "strength_b": "about 7,000", "losses_a": "about 20,000 (Herodotus 8.24)", "losses_b": "about 4,000 (Herodotus); about 2,000 probable (Wikipedia)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "On the third day the Persians, having turned the pass by the Anopaea path, destroyed the Greek rearguard and held the pass.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 7.175-233; Diodorus 11.4-10; en.wikipedia Battle of Thermopylae", "note": "Allies_b 'Greek cities' = Thespiae, Phocis, Opuntian Locris, Tegea, Mantinea, Corinth, Phlius, Mycenae and other Peloponnesians. Fought on the same days as Artemisium; the date is disputed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 88, "key": "m480-athens-siege-480-bc", "name": "Athens (siege, 480 BC)", "label": "Athens (siege, 480 BC)", "year": -480, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 480 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Attica", "place": "Acropolis of Athens, Greece", "lat": 37.97, "lon": 23.73, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xerxes I", "commanders_b": "unknown (the temple treasurers)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Xerxes' land army: Persians posted on the Areopagus shot fire-arrows into the wooden barricade, and a party climbed the north face (Herodotus 8.52-53).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus calls the attackers Persians but uses the name loosely; Xerxes' land army was led by Persian, Median and other Iranian contingents among dozens of subject peoples.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a few: the temple treasurers and poor Athenians behind a wooden barricade (Herodotus 8.51)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "all killed (Herodotus 8.53)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persians took the Acropolis by climbing the cliff near the shrine of Aglauros and killed its defenders (Herodotus 8.53).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 8.50-55; en.wikipedia Achaemenid destruction of Athens; en.wikipedia Second Persian invasion of Greece", "note": "Wikipedia's article 'Achaemenid destruction of Athens' covers this siege and the burning of 480 and Mardonius' razing of 479, which saw no fighting and is not a separate entry. Exiled Pisistratids accompanied Xerxes and parleyed with the defenders.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 89, "key": "m480-delphi-480-bc", "name": "Delphi (480 BC)", "label": "Delphi (480 BC)", "year": -480, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "late summer 480 BC (after Thermopylae)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Central Greece (Phocis)", "place": "below the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, Delphi, Greece", "lat": 38.48, "lon": 22.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Delphians)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A detachment of Xerxes' army sent through Phocis to plunder Delphi; its units are not recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Herodotus does not say which troops formed the detachment.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (60 Delphians stayed, the rest fled to Parnassus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed (Herodotus 8.38)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herodotus says the Persian detachment fled when thunderbolts and falling rocks struck it near the shrine of Athena Pronaia, and the Delphians pursued and killed many.", "borderline": "a miracle story; no Wikipedia battle article", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Herodotus' miracle story (8. Borderline: a miracle story; no Wikipedia battle article.", "sources": "Herodotus 8.35-39; Diodorus 11.14", "note": "Side_a 'Greek cities' = Delphi.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 90, "key": "m480-salamis", "name": "Salamis", "label": "Salamis", "year": -480, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "late September 480 BC (26 or 27 September per Wikipedia)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Saronic Gulf", "place": "straits between Salamis and Attica, Greece", "lat": 37.95, "lon": 23.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Themistocles, Eurybiades, Adeimantus of Corinth, Aristides (at Psyttaleia)", "commanders_b": "Xerxes I (watching from the shore), Ariabignes (killed), Achaemenes, Artemisia I of Halicarnassus, Damasithymus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal fleet: Phoenicians on the west wing facing the Athenians, Ionians on the east facing the Spartans, with Egyptian, Cypriot, Cilician, Carian, Pamphylian and Lycian ships; Persian, Median and Saka marines aboard; and about 400 troops on Psyttaleia (Herodotus 8.85, 8.95).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Phoenician", "Anatolian", "Egyptian", "Persian", "Median", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As at Artemisium, the crews were Phoenician, Greek, Egyptian and Anatolian subjects, with 30 Iranian marines a ship (Herodotus 7.96, 7.184), roughly an eighth of the men.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "378 ships (Herodotus 8.48); 371-378 (Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "about 600-800 ships (modern estimates); 1,207 before losses (Herodotus)", "losses_a": "40 ships (Diodorus 11.19)", "losses_b": "over 200 ships (Diodorus 11.19); 300 (Wikipedia's infobox)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Greeks broke the Persian fleet in the straits, sinking or taking some 200 ships, and held the sea; the Persian fleet fell back to Phaleron and then to Asia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 8.40-96; Aeschylus, Persians; Diodorus 11.15-19; Plutarch, Themistocles 11-15; en.wikipedia Battle of Salamis", "note": "Allies_a 'Greek cities' = Aegina, Corinth, Megara, Chalcis, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Eretria, Troezen, Naxos, Leucas, Ambracia and others. The destruction of the Persian troops on Psyttaleia by Aristides' hoplites is counted within this battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 91, "key": "m479-sestos-siege-479-bc", "name": "Sestos (siege, 479 BC)", "label": "Sestos (siege, 479 BC)", "year": -479, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 479 to winter 479/478 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greek counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Hellespont (Thracian Chersonese)", "place": "Sestos (near Eceabat), Turkey", "lat": 40.23, "lon": 26.41, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Ionian rebels", "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xanthippus", "commanders_b": "Artayctes (captured and executed), Oeobazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Artayctes' garrison: the Persians of Sestos and the neighbouring towns and Oeobazus' party from Cardia, with the Aeolian townspeople (Herodotus 9.115-118).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Persians and 'their other allies' in the town, whose people were Aeolian Greeks; no numbers are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Artayctes and his son captured and executed; Oeobazus caught and sacrificed by the Apsinthian Thracians", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sestos fell after the starving Persian garrison slipped out by night and the townspeople opened the gates to the Athenians (Herodotus 9.118).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 9.114-121; Thucydides 1.89; en.wikipedia Greco-Persian Wars", "note": "Allies_a = the Ionian and Hellespontine allies who stayed with the Athenians after Leotychides' Peloponnesians went home. Herodotus ends his history with this siege; the town fell in winter 479/478 or spring 478. Wikipedia has no standalone article (Siege of Sestos redirects to Greco-Persian Wars).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 92, "key": "m479-dryoskephalai", "name": "Dryoskephalai", "label": "Dryoskephalai", "year": -479, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 479 BC (the eighth day of the stand-off on the Asopus)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece (Plataea campaign)", "theatre": "Boeotia", "place": "Dryoskephalai pass over Mt Cithaeron (near Eleutherae), Greece", "lat": 38.19, "lon": 23.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mardonius (on the advice of Timagenidas of Thebes)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mardonius' cavalry, sent by night to the pass (Herodotus 9.39).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "East Iranian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus does not say which squadrons rode; Mardonius' cavalry was Persian, Median, Bactrian, Indian and Saka, with Boeotian horse.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a supply convoy of 500 pack animals with drivers", "losses_a": "none recorded", "losses_b": "the convoy taken or killed (Herodotus 9.39)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian cavalry caught a convoy of 500 pack animals coming down the pass, killed men and beasts and drove the rest back to the Persian camp (Herodotus 9.39).", "borderline": "a cavalry raid on a supply convoy within the Plataea campaign, named only by its pass", "doubt": "Borderline: a cavalry raid on a supply convoy within the Plataea campaign, named only by its pass.", "sources": "Herodotus 9.38-39; en.wikipedia Battle of Plataea", "note": "Side_b 'Greek cities' = the supply train of the Greek allied army. Wikipedia's Plataea article mentions the raid without naming the pass.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 93, "key": "m479-erythrae-479-bc", "name": "Erythrae (479 BC)", "label": "Erythrae (479 BC)", "year": -479, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 479 BC (about ten days before Plataea)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece (Plataea campaign)", "theatre": "Boeotia", "place": "foothills of Cithaeron near Erythrae (near Erythres), Greece", "lat": 38.21, "lon": 23.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pausanias; Olympiodorus son of Lampon (300 Athenians and archers)", "commanders_b": "Masistius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The whole of Mardonius' cavalry attacking by squadrons under Masistius (Herodotus 9.20); his horse were Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Indians and Saka.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "East Iranian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names Persian, Bactrian, Indian and Saka horse in Mardonius' army (8.113, 9.31); Masistius himself was a Persian noble.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "3,000 Megarians, relieved by 300 Athenian picked men and archers", "strength_b": "unknown (all the cavalry)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Masistius killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian cavalry fell back after Masistius was killed and failed to recover his body, leaving the field to the Greeks (Herodotus 9.22-25).", "borderline": "a preliminary engagement of the Plataea campaign, described in the Plataea article but not separately named", "doubt": "Borderline: a preliminary engagement of the Plataea campaign, described in the Plataea article but not separately named.", "sources": "Herodotus 9.19-25; Plutarch, Aristides 14; en.wikipedia Battle of Plataea", "note": "Side_a 'Greek cities' = Megara. The Greeks then moved down from Erythrae to the Asopus ridge near Plataea.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 94, "key": "m479-mycale", "name": "Mycale", "label": "Mycale", "year": -479, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 479 BC (traditionally the same day as Plataea)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "shore beneath Mt Mycale (near Priene), Turkey", "lat": 37.65, "lon": 27.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens", "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities", "Ionian rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leotychides, Xanthippus, Perilaus of Sicyon (killed)", "commanders_b": "Tigranes (killed), Mardontes (killed), Artayntes, Ithamitres, Masistes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tigranes' army left to guard Ionia (60,000 by Herodotus 9.96) with the marines and crews of the beached fleet; the Persians fought hardest, while the disarmed Samians, the Milesians and other Ionians turned on them (Herodotus 9.99-104).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus calls the land army Persians and says the Persians fought best (Tigranes had led the Medes in 480), but the force also held Ionian contingents that changed sides.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the crews and marines of 110 ships (Herodotus 8.131)", "strength_b": "60,000 (Herodotus 9.96); modern estimates much lower", "losses_a": "considerable, especially the Sicyonians (Herodotus 9.102-103)", "losses_b": "most of the army killed; the camp and ships burned (about 4,000 killed by a modern estimate)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Greeks broke the Persian shield-wall, stormed the stockaded camp and burned the beached fleet, holding the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 9.90-106; Diodorus 11.34-36; en.wikipedia Battle of Mycale", "note": "Allies_a: 'Greek cities' = Corinth, Sicyon, Troezen; 'Ionian rebels' = the Samians, Milesians and other Ionians who changed sides during the battle. The Phoenician ships had been sent away before the battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 95, "key": "m479-plataea", "name": "Plataea", "label": "Plataea", "year": -479, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 479 BC (27 or 28 August per Wikipedia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Persian invasion of Greece (Plataea campaign)", "theatre": "Boeotia", "place": "near Plataea, Boeotia, Greece", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 23.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [ "Thebes", "Macedon", "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pausanias, Euryanax, Aristides, Arimnestus, Amompharetus (killed)", "commanders_b": "Mardonius (killed), Artabazus; Theban leaders Attaginus and Timagenidas", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mardonius' picked army: Persians (with the Immortals), Medes, Bactrians, Indians and Saka, foot and horse, with Phrygian, Thracian, Mysian, Paeonian, Ethiopian and Egyptian units and about 50,000 Medising Greeks (Herodotus 8.113, 9.31-32).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "East Iranian", "Greek", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "In Herodotus' line-up Persians, Medes, Bactrians and Saka fill most of the battle line and the cavalry, with the Medising Greeks facing the Athenians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "110,000 (Herodotus 9.30: 38,700 hoplites and light troops)", "strength_b": "300,000 and 50,000 Greek allies (Herodotus 9.32); 70,000-120,000 (modern estimates)", "losses_a": "159 (Herodotus 9.70); 1,360 (Plutarch); over 10,000 (Diodorus)", "losses_b": "all but 3,000 of those not with Artabazus (Herodotus 9.70); 100,000 (Diodorus)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Spartans and Tegeans killed Mardonius and routed the Persians, and the Greeks stormed the Persian stockade and held the field; Artabazus marched off with 40,000 men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 9.12-89; Diodorus 11.29-33; Plutarch, Aristides 11-21; en.wikipedia Battle of Plataea", "note": "Allies_a 'Greek cities' = Tegea, Corinth, Megara, Sicyon, Plataea, Aegina, Phlius, Epidaurus, Troezen, Eretria, Chalcis and others. Allies_b 'Greek cities' = the other Boeotians, Thessalians, Locrians, Malians and Phocians; the Thebans fought the Athenians hard. Traditionally fought on the same day as Mycale.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 96, "key": "m478-byzantium-siege-478-bc", "name": "Byzantium (siege, 478 BC)", "label": "Byzantium (siege, 478 BC)", "year": -478, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "478 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Greco-Persian Wars (Hellenic League counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Bosporus", "place": "Byzantium (later Constantinople), Turkey", "lat": 41.01, "lon": 28.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta", "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pausanias (with Aristides and Cimon leading the Athenians, per Plutarch)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Byzantium ('held by the Medes'), which included Persian nobles who were kinsmen of the King (Thucydides 1.94, 1.128).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Thucydides calls the garrison 'the Medes' (i.e. Persians) and names royal kinsmen among the prisoners.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20 Peloponnesian ships, 30 Athenian and many other allied ships (Thucydides 1.94)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison captured, including kinsmen of the King (later released secretly by Pausanias)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Constantinople fell to the besiegers and its Persian garrison was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.94, 1.128; Plutarch, Aristides 23, Cimon 6; en.wikipedia Greco-Persian Wars, Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Thucydides puts it after Pausanias' campaign in Cyprus in the same year, where he 'subdued most of the island' (no named battle).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 97, "key": "m476-eion", "name": "Eion", "label": "Eion", "year": -476, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "477-475 BC (usually 476)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "theatre": "Thrace", "place": "Eion at the mouth of the Strymon (near Amphipolis), Greece", "lat": 40.79, "lon": 23.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "Boges", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of the governor Boges, supplied by Thracian allies until Cimon drove them off (Herodotus 7.107; Plutarch, Cimon 7).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodotus and Plutarch speak of Boges' Persians and Thucydides of 'the Medes' holding Eion.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison destroyed; Boges killed himself; the inhabitants enslaved", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Cimon beat the Persians outside the walls and starved Eion into falling; the governor Boges burned himself rather than surrender.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 7.107; Thucydides 1.98; Plutarch, Cimon 7; en.wikipedia Wars of the Delian League", "note": "The battle outside the walls and the siege are one entry, as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 98, "key": "m475-doriskos-siege", "name": "Doriskos (siege)", "label": "Doriskos (siege)", "year": -475, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 476-465 BC (several undated attempts)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "theatre": "Thrace", "place": "Doriskos, near the mouth of the Hebrus (Evros), Greece", "lat": 40.86, "lon": 26.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Delian League" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mascames son of Megadostes", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of the governor Mascames, appointed by Xerxes in 480; its make-up is not recorded (an Achaemenid garrison was normally Persians with local troops).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus names only the Persian governor; the class is inferred from other Achaemenid garrisons in Thrace.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mascames held Doriskos against every Greek attempt and the fort was never taken (Herodotus 7.106).", "borderline": "several unsuccessful attempts mentioned in one sentence by Herodotus; no single described engagement", "doubt": "Borderline: several unsuccessful attempts mentioned in one sentence by Herodotus; no single described engagement.", "sources": "Herodotus 7.105-106; en.wikipedia Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Herodotus says 'the Greeks' tried; Wikipedia takes them to be Athenian attempts. The Persians probably withdrew the garrison around 465 BC, and the King sent gifts every year to Mascames' descendants for his defence.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 99, "key": "m466-eurymedon", "name": "Eurymedon", "label": "Eurymedon", "year": -466, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 466 BC (some date 469)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "theatre": "Pamphylia", "place": "banks of the Eurymedon (Koprucay) near Aspendos, Antalya, Turkey", "lat": 36.88, "lon": 31.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "Pherendates (army, per Ephorus); Ariomandes son of Gobryas (overall, per Callisthenes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal army gathered at Aspendos under Pherendates, joined by the crews of the beached Phoenician ships; no ancient source gives its size.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Phoenician", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Plutarch speaks of the Persian foot; the crews who fled ashore were Phoenician, and Pamphylian and Cilician levies are likely but not attested.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the hoplite marines of about 200 triremes (perhaps 5,000)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the camp taken", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Cimon's landed hoplites routed the Persian army after a hard fight and took its camp.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.100; Plutarch, Cimon 12-13; Diodorus 11.60-62; en.wikipedia Battle of the Eurymedon", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox marks Pherendates as killed. Diodorus puts the sea battle off Cyprus and the land battle at the Eurymedon the same day.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 100, "key": "m466-eurymedon-sea", "name": "Eurymedon (sea)", "label": "Eurymedon (sea)", "year": -466, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 466 BC (some date 469)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "theatre": "Pamphylia", "place": "off the mouth of the Eurymedon (Koprucay), Antalya, Turkey", "lat": 36.82, "lon": 31.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "Tithraustes (fleet, per Ephorus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal fleet of 200 Phoenician triremes (Thucydides; 350 per Ephorus, 600 per Phanodemus), waiting for 80 more Phoenician ships from Cyprus; marines probably Iranian, as in 480.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Thucydides calls the ships Phoenician; Iranian marines are inferred from the fleet of 480 (Herodotus 7.184).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 200 triremes", "strength_b": "200 ships (Thucydides), 350 (Ephorus), 600 (Phanodemus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "200 ships captured or destroyed (Thucydides)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian fleet was broken at the river mouth and 200 Phoenician triremes were taken or destroyed (Thucydides 1.100).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.100; Plutarch, Cimon 12-13; Diodorus 11.60-61; en.wikipedia Battle of the Eurymedon", "note": "Plutarch adds that Cimon then destroyed the 80 Phoenician ships coming from Cyprus; Thucydides is silent and some historians doubt it, so it is not entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 101, "key": "m465-chersonese-465-bc", "name": "Chersonese (465 BC)", "label": "Chersonese (465 BC)", "year": -465, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 465 BC (after the Eurymedon)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League", "theatre": "Hellespont", "place": "Thracian Chersonese (Gallipoli peninsula), Turkey", "lat": 40.35, "lon": 26.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Thracians" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cimon", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Persians who had stayed in the Chersonese with at least 13 ships, and Thracians from the interior whom they called in (Plutarch, Cimon 14).", "languages": [ "Persian", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Plutarch names Persians with Thracian helpers; their proportions are not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "4 triremes", "strength_b": "at least 13 ships, with Thracian allies", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "13 ships captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Cimon with four triremes took 13 Persian ships and drove the Persians out of the Chersonese (Plutarch, Cimon 14).", "borderline": "minor action known only from Plutarch, with no conventional name", "doubt": "Borderline: minor action known only from Plutarch, with no conventional name.", "sources": "Plutarch, Cimon 14.1; en.wikipedia Wars of the Delian League", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 102, "key": "m460-nile", "name": "Nile", "label": "Nile", "year": -460, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 460/459 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Egyptian revolt of Inaros)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "the Nile, Egypt (exact site unknown)", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 31.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Charitimides", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A royal fleet of 50 ships supporting Achaemenes' army, probably Phoenician (Ctesias calls them Persian ships; Wikipedia, Phoenician).", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Achaemenid fleets were crewed by Phoenicians and other subject seafarers, with Iranian marines.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "40 ships", "strength_b": "50 ships", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "20 ships captured, 30 sunk", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Charitimides' 40 Athenian ships captured 20 of the 50 Persian ships with their crews and sank the other 30 (Ctesias).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' summary) 36; en.wikipedia Inaros II, Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Known only from Ctesias' summary; the site and exact date are unknown, but it belongs to the campaign of Achaemenes.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 103, "key": "m460-papremis", "name": "Papremis", "label": "Papremis", "year": -460, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 460/459 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Egyptian revolt of Inaros)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Papremis, western Nile Delta (site unidentified), Egypt", "lat": 30.95, "lon": 30.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Egypt", "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Inaros; Charitimides (Ctesias)", "commanders_b": "Achaemenes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army of the satrap Achaemenes, brother of Xerxes, raised from the empire: over 300,000 horse and foot (Diodorus 11.74) or 400,000 with 80 ships (Ctesias), figures much exaggerated.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodotus (3.12) saw the skulls of the Persians who fell with Achaemenes; the rest of the army came from the western satrapies and is not detailed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Egyptian rebels and the Athenian expedition (200 ships came from Cyprus)", "strength_b": "300,000 (Diodorus) or 400,000 (Ctesias)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Achaemenes and, by Ctesias' figure, 100,000 men killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Inaros' Egyptians and the Athenians broke Achaemenes' army, which fled to Memphis; Achaemenes was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Herodotus 3.12, 7.7; Thucydides 1.104; Diodorus 11.74; Ctesias (Photius) 36; en.wikipedia Inaros II, Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Thucydides does not name the battle; Herodotus and Ctesias do. Some date it to 459.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 104, "key": "m456-memphis", "name": "Memphis", "label": "Memphis", "year": -456, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 456 BC (relief of the White Castle, besieged since c. 459)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Egyptian revolt of Inaros)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "near Memphis (Mit Rahina), Egypt", "lat": 29.85, "lon": 31.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Megabyzus, Artabazus", "commanders_b": "Inaros", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The White Castle garrison (Persians and Medes, with the Egyptians who had not joined the revolt, Thucydides 1.104) and Megabyzus' relief army, drilled for a year in Cilicia (300,000 per Diodorus, 200,000 per Ctesias; modern estimate about 25,000), with Phoenician, Cilician and Cypriot ships.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Median", "Aramaic", "Egyptian", "Phoenician", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Thucydides names Persians and Medes in the White Castle; the relief army came from the western satrapies and its fleet from Phoenicia, Cilicia and Cyprus.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "300,000 men and 300 triremes (Diodorus 11.75); 200,000 men and 300 ships under Oriscus (Ctesias); modern estimate about 25,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Megabyzus beat the Egyptians and Athenians in battle and drove them from Memphis, raising their siege of the White Castle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.104, 1.109; Diodorus 11.74-77; Ctesias (Photius) 37; en.wikipedia Inaros II, Megabyzus, Wars of the Delian League", "note": "One entry for the siege of the White Castle (c. 459-456, at least three years) and the relief battle, as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 105, "key": "m456-prosopitis-siege", "name": "Prosopitis (siege)", "label": "Prosopitis (siege)", "year": -456, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 456-454 BC (18 months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Egyptian revolt of Inaros)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "island of Prosopitis, western Nile Delta (near Nikiou), Egypt", "lat": 30.45, "lon": 30.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Athens", "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Delian League" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Megabyzus", "commanders_b": "Inaros; Athenian generals (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Megabyzus' army and the Phoenician fleet (Thucydides 1.109-110).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic", "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Megabyzus' army had a Persian core with levies from Syria and Cilicia; the ships were Phoenician.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "the Athenian expedition's remaining fleet and the Egyptian rebels", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the fleet burned or taken; the whole Egyptian expedition cost Athens about 250 ships (modern estimate)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After 18 months Megabyzus drained the channel round the island, took it and destroyed the Athenian fleet; only a few Athenians escaped through Libya to Cyrene (Thucydides 1.109-110).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.109-110; Diodorus 11.77; Ctesias (Photius) 37-38; en.wikipedia Inaros II, Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Diodorus says the Egyptians went over and the Athenians left under a truce; Ctesias says Megabyzus took Inaros and the Greeks at Byblos on terms. Either way the place fell. Not in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 106, "key": "m454-mendesian-mouth", "name": "Mendesian mouth", "label": "Mendesian mouth", "year": -454, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 454 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Egyptian revolt of Inaros)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Mendesian mouth of the Nile (Lake Manzala area), Egypt", "lat": 31.35, "lon": 32.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Delian League" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Phoenician fleet attacking from the sea and Persian infantry from the shore (Thucydides 1.110).", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Thucydides names the Phoenician fleet and the land army; the army had a Persian core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "50 triremes", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the 50 ships", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Phoenician fleet and the Persian land army destroyed most of the 50 relief triremes; only a few escaped (Thucydides 1.110).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.110; en.wikipedia Inaros II, Wars of the Delian League", "note": "The squadron arrived unaware that Prosopitis had fallen.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 107, "key": "m450-kition-siege-450-bc", "name": "Kition (siege, 450 BC)", "label": "Kition (siege, 450 BC)", "year": -450, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "451/450 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Cimon's Cyprus campaign)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "Kition (Larnaca), Cyprus", "lat": 34.92, "lon": 33.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_b": [ "Delian League" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the king of Kition)", "commanders_b": "Cimon (died during the siege)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Phoenician kingdom of Kition defending its city as a subject of the King; Persian royal forces (Artabazus' fleet, Megabyzus' army) were in the region (Diodorus 12.3) but none is said to have been inside.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Kition was a Phoenician city on Cyprus; no Iranian troops are attested in the siege.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "200 ships at the start, less 60 sent to Amyrtaeus in Egypt (Thucydides 1.112)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Cimon died (of sickness or a wound)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Athenians gave up the siege for lack of food after Cimon's death and sailed away (Thucydides 1.112).", "borderline": "the defenders were the Phoenician kingdom of Kition, a Persian vassal; no Persian troops are named in the siege", "doubt": "Borderline: the defenders were the Phoenician kingdom of Kition, a Persian vassal; no Persian troops are named in the siege.", "sources": "Thucydides 1.112; Plutarch, Cimon 18-19; Diodorus 12.3; en.wikipedia Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Diodorus (12.3) says Cimon took Kition and Marion by storm; Thucydides, followed here, says the siege was abandoned. Not in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 108, "key": "m450-salamis-in-cyprus", "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (450 BC)", "label": "Salamis in Cyprus (450 BC)", "year": -450, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 450 BC (about 30 days after the Athenians left Kition)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Cimon's Cyprus campaign)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "near Salamis (near Famagusta), Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (Cimon's death was kept secret)", "commanders_b": "Artabazus and Megabyzus (Diodorus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Phoenicians, Cyprians and Cilicians (Thucydides 1.112); Diodorus places the royal army of Megabyzus (300,000) in Cilicia.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek", "Anatolian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Thucydides names only Phoenicians, Cyprians and Cilicians; Persians would have been officers and marines.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "the fleet of about 140 ships and its troops (200 less 60 sent to Egypt)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Athenians beat the Phoenicians, Cyprians and Cilicians on land as well as at sea and then sailed home unhindered (Thucydides 1.112).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.112; Diodorus 12.3-4; Plutarch, Cimon 18-19; en.wikipedia Wars of the Delian League", "note": "Diodorus tells the campaign differently: Cimon took 100 of Artabazus' 300 ships off Cyprus, then landed in Cilicia and beat Megabyzus' army, before besieging Salamis.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 109, "key": "m450-salamis-in-cyprus-sea", "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (sea) (450 BC)", "label": "Salamis in Cyprus (sea) (450 BC)", "year": -450, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 450 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Delian League (Cimon's Cyprus campaign)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "sea off Salamis (near Famagusta), Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Delian League" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (Cimon's death was kept secret)", "commanders_b": "Artabazus (Diodorus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal fleet of Phoenicians, Cyprians and Cilicians (Thucydides 1.112); 300 ships under Artabazus (Diodorus 12.3).", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The crews were Phoenician, Cypriot and Cilician; Iranians would only have been commanders and marines.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 140 ships", "strength_b": "300 ships (Diodorus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "100 ships taken with their crews, many sunk (Diodorus)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Athenians defeated the Phoenician, Cyprian and Cilician fleet off Salamis (Thucydides 1.112); Diodorus says they took 100 ships.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 1.112; Diodorus 12.3-4; en.wikipedia Wars of the Delian League", "note": "The Peace of Callias, if historical, followed; Thucydides does not mention it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 110, "key": "m448-megabyzus-revolt-menostanes", "name": "Megabyzus' revolt (Menostanes)", "label": "Megabyzus' revolt (Menostanes)", "year": -448, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 448-445 BC (after the defeat of Usiris; date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Megabyzus", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 38.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Megabyzus" ], "side_b": [ "Artaxerxes I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Megabyzus (rebel satrap of Syria)", "faction_b": "Artaxerxes I", "commanders_a": "Megabyzus", "commanders_b": "Menostanes son of Artarius (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Megabyzus' Syrian army against a second royal army under the King's nephew Menostanes; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Aramaic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Megabyzus' army was raised in Syria (Ctesias); the royal army's make-up is not stated.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesias says Megabyzus wounded Menostanes and the royal army fled.", "borderline": "no conventional name; known only from Ctesias", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Ctesias (Photius' summary 41), whose account of the revolt is a court romance; modern historians doubt the details and some the battles themselves. Borderline: no conventional name; known only from Ctesias.", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' summary) 41; en.wikipedia Megabyzus", "note": "Megabyzus then submitted on terms negotiated by Artarius, Amytis and Artoxares and was pardoned.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 111, "key": "m448-megabyzus-revolt-usiris", "name": "Megabyzus' revolt (Usiris)", "label": "Megabyzus' revolt (Usiris)", "year": -448, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 448-445 BC (some years after the execution of Inaros; date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Megabyzus", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Syria (site unknown)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 38.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Megabyzus" ], "side_b": [ "Artaxerxes I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Megabyzus (rebel satrap of Syria)", "faction_b": "Artaxerxes I", "commanders_a": "Megabyzus", "commanders_b": "Usiris (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Megabyzus' army of 150,000 foot raised in his satrapy of Syria against Usiris' royal army of 200,000 (Ctesias), both figures incredible.", "languages": [ "Aramaic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Megabyzus' army was raised in Syria, so mostly Aramaic-speaking levies under Persian officers; the royal army's make-up is not stated.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "150,000 foot (Ctesias)", "strength_b": "200,000 (Ctesias)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesias says Megabyzus routed Usiris' royal army after the two generals wounded each other, and took Usiris prisoner.", "borderline": "no conventional name; known only from Ctesias", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Ctesias' romantic court history (Photius' summary 40), with incredible numbers and a duel of generals; Wikipedia's Megabyzus article treats the encounters as duels rather than pitched battles. Borderline: no conventional name; known only from Ctesias.", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' summary) 40; en.wikipedia Megabyzus", "note": "Usiris is called an Egyptian by Ctesias.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 112, "key": "m420-arsites-revolt-first-battle", "name": "Arsites' revolt (first battle)", "label": "Arsites' revolt (first battle)", "year": -420, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 420 BC (early in the reign of Darius II; date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Arsites and Artyphius", "theatre": "unknown", "place": "unknown (perhaps Syria)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 38.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Arsites and Artyphius" ], "side_b": [ "Darius II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Arsites and Artyphius (rebels)", "faction_b": "Darius II", "commanders_a": "Artyphius son of Megabyzus", "commanders_b": "Artasyras", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Artyphius' army with Greek mercenaries against the royal army of Artasyras; no numbers given (Ctesias).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Ctesias names only Artyphius' Greek mercenaries; the rest of both armies is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesias says the royal general Artasyras was defeated by Artyphius.", "borderline": "no name or place; one of three battles known only from one sentence of Ctesias' summary", "doubt": "Borderline: no name or place; one of three battles known only from one sentence of Ctesias' summary.", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' summary) 52", "note": "Arsites was a full brother of Darius II. The site is unknown; Syria is a guess because Artyphius' father Megabyzus had been satrap there.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 113, "key": "m420-arsites-revolt-second-battle", "name": "Arsites' revolt (second battle)", "label": "Arsites' revolt (second battle)", "year": -420, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 420 BC (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Arsites and Artyphius", "theatre": "unknown", "place": "unknown (perhaps Syria)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 38.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Arsites and Artyphius" ], "side_b": [ "Darius II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Arsites and Artyphius (rebels)", "faction_b": "Darius II", "commanders_a": "Artyphius son of Megabyzus", "commanders_b": "Artasyras", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Artyphius' army with Greek mercenaries against the royal army of Artasyras; no numbers given (Ctesias).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Ctesias names only Artyphius' Greek mercenaries.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesias says Artasyras was defeated a second time.", "borderline": "no name or place; known only from one sentence of Ctesias' summary", "doubt": "Borderline: no name or place; known only from one sentence of Ctesias' summary.", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' summary) 52", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 114, "key": "m420-arsites-revolt-third-battle", "name": "Arsites' revolt (third battle)", "label": "Arsites' revolt (third battle)", "year": -420, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 420 BC (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Arsites and Artyphius", "theatre": "unknown", "place": "unknown (perhaps Syria)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 38.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Darius II" ], "side_b": [ "Arsites and Artyphius" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Darius II", "faction_b": "Arsites and Artyphius (rebels)", "commanders_a": "Artasyras", "commanders_b": "Artyphius son of Megabyzus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The royal army of Artasyras against Artyphius, whose Greek mercenaries had been bought off (Ctesias).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Ctesias names only the Greek mercenaries; the royal army is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesias says Artasyras won the third battle after bribing Artyphius' Greek mercenaries, all but three Milesians, and Artyphius surrendered.", "borderline": "no name or place; known only from one sentence of Ctesias' summary", "doubt": "Borderline: no name or place; known only from one sentence of Ctesias' summary.", "sources": "Ctesias, Persica (Photius' summary) 52", "note": "Artyphius and later Arsites surrendered on promises of safety and were put to death in the ashes at Parysatis' urging.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 115, "key": "m412-iasos", "name": "Iasos", "label": "Iasos", "year": -412, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer or autumn 412 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War); revolt of Amorges", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "Iasos (Kiyikislacik), Mugla, Turkey", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 27.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Therimenes; Hermocrates (Syracusans)", "commanders_b": "Amorges (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The rebel Amorges, bastard son of the satrap Pissouthnes, with his mercenaries, mostly Peloponnesian, and the people of Iasos (Thucydides 8.28).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Anatolian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Thucydides says Amorges' mercenaries were mostly Peloponnesians; the Iasians were Greeks and Carians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "the Peloponnesian and Syracusan fleet of 55 ships", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Amorges captured; his mercenaries taken into Peloponnesian service; the town sacked", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Peloponnesian and Syracusan fleet took Iasos by a surprise assault, captured Amorges and handed him and the town to Tissaphernes (Thucydides 8.28).", "borderline": "the Persian side was a rebel against the King; the attackers acted at the urging and in the pay of the loyal satrap Tissaphernes, who received the town (could be treated as civil or left out)", "doubt": "Borderline: the Persian side was a rebel against the King; the attackers acted at the urging and in the pay of the loyal satrap Tissaphernes, who received the town (could be treated as civil or left out).", "sources": "Thucydides 8.5, 8.26-28 (no Wikipedia article)", "note": "Amorges had held Caria in revolt since about 414 with Athenian support; Syracusans were with the Peloponnesians (Greek cities).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 116, "key": "m412-miletus-412-bc", "name": "Miletus (412 BC)", "label": "Miletus (412 BC)", "year": -412, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer 412 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "before Miletus (near Balat), Turkey", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities", "Sparta", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phrynichus, Onomacles, Scironides", "commanders_b": "Tissaphernes; Milesian and Peloponnesian commanders unnamed", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tissaphernes in person with his cavalry and a body of foreign mercenaries (Thucydides 8.25); no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Thucydides names Tissaphernes' cavalry, Persian in western Asia Minor, and his mercenaries, probably Greek and Anatolian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1,000 Athenian hoplites, 1,500 Argives, 1,000 allies, 48 ships (Thucydides 8.25)", "strength_b": "800 Milesian hoplites, the Peloponnesians of Chalcideus' fleet, Tissaphernes' mercenaries and cavalry", "losses_a": "nearly 300 Argives killed", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Athenians routed the Peloponnesians and Tissaphernes' troops, set up a trophy and began to wall off Miletus, though the Milesians beat the Argives on the other wing (Thucydides 8.25).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Thucydides 8.25-27", "note": "Miletus (Greek cities) and the Peloponnesians led the defending side. The Athenians withdrew to Samos when a Peloponnesian and Syracusan fleet of 55 ships arrived (a strategic matter). No Wikipedia article; Persian role could be judged a contingent.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 117, "key": "m411-abydos-411-bc", "name": "Abydos (411 BC)", "label": "Abydos (411 BC)", "year": -411, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn (October/November) 411 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "theatre": "Hellespont", "place": "off Abydos (Nara Burnu), Dardanelles, Canakkale, Turkey", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 26.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thrasybulus, Thrasyllus, Alcibiades", "commanders_b": "Mindarus, Dorieus, Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pharnabazus' army of cavalry and foot, which he led down to the beach, riding into the sea himself, to protect the Peloponnesian ships (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.6).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The satrap's cavalry in Hellespontine Phrygia was Persian; his foot were local Anatolian levies and Greek mercenaries (inferred).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "74 ships, then 18 more with Alcibiades", "strength_b": "97 ships (as given in Wikipedia's infobox), with Pharnabazus' army", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "30 ships captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alcibiades' arrival turned the day; the Peloponnesians fled to Abydos and lost 30 ships, while Pharnabazus' troops on the shore saved the rest (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.4-7).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.4-7; Diodorus 13.45-46; en.wikipedia Battle of Abydos", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox lists only Athens and Sparta; the Persian role rests on Xenophon and Diodorus. The land battle of 409/408 at the same place keeps its set-12 name 'Abydos' below; the merged list may need years on both.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 118, "key": "m410-cyzicus", "name": "Cyzicus", "label": "Cyzicus", "year": -410, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 410 BC (usually May or June; one view March)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "theatre": "Propontis", "place": "off Cyzicus and on the shore near Cleri, Sea of Marmara (near Erdek), Turkey", "lat": 40.42, "lon": 27.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, Theramenes, Chaereas", "commanders_b": "Mindarus (killed), Clearchus, Hermocrates, Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pharnabazus' satrapal army, foot and an important cavalry force, drawn up on the beach where Mindarus ran his ships ashore (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.14-18; Diodorus 13.49-51).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Pharnabazus' cavalry was Persian; his foot were mainly local levies and mercenaries (inferred).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "86 triremes and Chaereas' landing force", "strength_b": "60 triremes (Xenophon) or 80 (Diodorus), with Pharnabazus' army", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "the entire fleet (the Syracusans burned their own); Mindarus killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Athenians destroyed or took the whole Peloponnesian fleet and beat the Spartans and Pharnabazus' troops on the beach, killing Mindarus; Cyzicus surrendered the next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.11-18; Diodorus 13.49-51; Plutarch, Alcibiades 28; en.wikipedia Battle of Cyzicus", "note": "Syracusan ships fought with the Peloponnesians (Greek cities).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 119, "key": "m409-abydos", "name": "Abydos", "label": "Abydos", "year": -409, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 409/408 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "theatre": "Hellespont", "place": "near Abydos (Nara Burnu), Dardanelles, Canakkale, Turkey", "lat": 40.19, "lon": 26.41, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcibiades, Thrasyllus", "commanders_b": "Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pharnabazus with a large force of cavalry and foot from his satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Xenophon stresses Pharnabazus' horsemen, who in this satrapy were Persians and Iranian settlers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the combined army of Thrasyllus and Alcibiades (30 ships with Thrasyllus)", "strength_b": "many cavalry (Xenophon)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pharnabazus came to the relief of Abydos with many horsemen and was routed; Alcibiades pursued with his cavalry and 120 hoplites until dark (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.15-17).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.15-17; Plutarch, Alcibiades 29; en.wikipedia Thrasyllus", "note": "Name and date as in Ancient Greek Battles; the sea battle of 411 at the same place is entered as 'Abydos (411 BC)'. The Athenians did not take Abydos; the Abydenes (Greek cities) fought with Pharnabazus.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 120, "key": "m409-ephesus", "name": "Ephesus (409 BC)", "label": "Ephesus (409 BC)", "year": -409, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 409 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "before Ephesus, near Koressos and the marsh (near Selcuk), Turkey", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 27.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Greek cities", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tissaphernes; the Syracusan and Selinuntine captains (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Thrasyllus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The troops Tissaphernes mustered to save the shrine of Artemis, with his Persian cavalry and the levy of the countryside (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.6).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Tissaphernes' cavalry was Persian; the levies he summoned were Lydians and Ionians (inferred).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "1,000 hoplites, 100 cavalry and 50 triremes, with 5,000 sailors armed as peltasts (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.1)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "several hundred killed (Xenophon and Diodorus give different figures)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ephesians, Tissaphernes' troops and the Syracusan and Selinuntine crews routed both Athenian landing forces, at Koressos and at the marsh, and set up two trophies (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.6-10).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.6-10; Diodorus 13.64; en.wikipedia Thrasyllus", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles lists Ephesus, Persia and Syracuse as the winners; Ephesus had been under Tissaphernes since 412. The Ionian revolt's battle of 498 BC at Ephesus may require a year in the merged list.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 121, "key": "m408-chalcedon", "name": "Chalcedon", "label": "Chalcedon", "year": -408, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 408 BC (some 409)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Peloponnesian War (Ionian War)", "theatre": "Bosporus", "place": "before the Athenian siege wall at Chalcedon (Kadikoy, across the Bosporus from Constantinople), Turkey", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 29.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alcibiades, Thrasyllus", "commanders_b": "Hippocrates (killed), Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pharnabazus' army of foot and a large cavalry force, which came up to the Heracleion of Chalcedon to relieve the town (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.3.5).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Pharnabazus' cavalry was Persian; his foot were local levies (inferred).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Hippocrates and many of his men killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Thrasyllus beat Hippocrates' sortie and killed him while Alcibiades held off Pharnabazus, who could not break through the siege wall and fell back to his camp at the Heracleion (Xenophon, Hellenica 1.3.4-7).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 1.3.4-7; Diodorus 13.66; Plutarch, Alcibiades 30", "note": "The siege then ended in an agreement with Pharnabazus: Chalcedon to pay tribute to Athens again, and Pharnabazus to escort Athenian envoys to the King.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 122, "key": "m401-centrites", "name": "Centrites", "label": "Centrites", "year": -401, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late autumn 401 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Cyrus the Younger (retreat of the Ten Thousand)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "the Centrites (Botan) near its confluence with the Tigris, Siirt, Turkey", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 41.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenophon, Cheirisophus", "commanders_b": "Orontas, Artuchas", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ten Thousand", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Cavalry on the far bank and infantry on the bluffs: the troops of Orontas and Artuchas, Armenians, Mardians and Chaldaean mercenaries (Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.3-4).", "languages": [ "Armenian", "Persian", "other Iranian", "other" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Xenophon names Armenians, Mardians (an Iranian people) and Chaldaean mercenaries under Persian commanders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Ten Thousand", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Greeks forced the ford after a feint; the Persian cavalry on the bank and the infantry on the bluffs fled, and the rearguard beat off the Carduchians (Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3).", "borderline": "an episode of the Anabasis with no battle article", "doubt": "Borderline: an episode of the Anabasis with no battle article.", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3; en.wikipedia Ten Thousand (Greek mercenaries)", "note": "Kentrites in Greek; usually identified with the Botan (Bohtan) Su. The Carduchians who attacked the rear were not Persian allies.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 123, "key": "m401-tiribazus-camp", "name": "Tiribazus' camp", "label": "Tiribazus' camp", "year": -401, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter (December) 401 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Cyrus the Younger (retreat of the Ten Thousand)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "western Armenia, between the Teleboas and the Euphrates (north-west of Lake Van), Turkey", "lat": 39.1, "lon": 42.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenophon, Cheirisophus", "commanders_b": "Tiribazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ten Thousand", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tiribazus, hyparch of western Armenia, with his own troops and Chalybian and Taochian mercenaries (Xenophon, Anabasis 4.4.18).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian", "other Caucasian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Xenophon names only the Chalybian and Taochian mercenaries; the governor's own troops would be Persian and Armenian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "part of the Ten Thousand", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "a few killed; camp, tent and household taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Greeks fell on Tiribazus' camp before he could spring his ambush in the pass, routed his men and took his tent with its silver-footed couches and his household (Xenophon, Anabasis 4.4.18-22).", "borderline": "camp raid of the retreat with no conventional name", "doubt": "Borderline: camp raid of the retreat with no conventional name.", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 4.4.4-22; en.wikipedia Ten Thousand (Greek mercenaries)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 124, "key": "m401-tissaphernes-attacks-tigris-valley", "name": "Tissaphernes' attacks (Tigris valley)", "label": "Tissaphernes' attacks (Tigris valley)", "year": -401, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 401 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Cyrus the Younger (retreat of the Ten Thousand)", "theatre": "Assyria (Upper Tigris)", "place": "Tigris valley north of Mespila (Nineveh, at Mosul) and the hills beyond, Iraq", "lat": 36.6, "lon": 42.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenophon, Cheirisophus", "commanders_b": "Tissaphernes, Orontas", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ten Thousand", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tissaphernes' own cavalry, the army of Orontas (satrap of Armenia, the King's son-in-law), Cyrus' former Asian troops and troops given by the King, with many archers and slingers (Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.13).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Xenophon names Persian cavalry, Orontas' Armenian levies and Cyrus' old Asian troops; no proportions.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Ten Thousand", "strength_b": "a large army (no figure)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Greek slingers and archers outranged Tissaphernes' missile troops near Mespila and the Greeks won the race for the summit in the hills, so Tissaphernes drew off each time without stopping the march (Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.13-49).", "borderline": "several days of skirmishing grouped as one entry; no conventional name", "doubt": "Borderline: several days of skirmishing grouped as one entry; no conventional name.", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.13-3.5.1; en.wikipedia Ten Thousand (Greek mercenaries), Anabasis (Xenophon)", "note": "Tissaphernes then burned the villages and the Greeks entered the Carduchian mountains, where no Persian forces fought them.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 125, "key": "m401-zapatas", "name": "Zapatas", "label": "Zapatas", "year": -401, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 401 BC (a few days after the arrest of the Greek generals)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Cyrus the Younger (retreat of the Ten Thousand)", "theatre": "Assyria (Upper Tigris)", "place": "beyond the Great Zab (Zapatas) near its confluence with the Tigris, Iraq", "lat": 36.05, "lon": 43.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenophon, Cheirisophus", "commanders_b": "Mithradates", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ten Thousand", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mithradates' force: on the first day about 200 horse and 400 archers and slingers, on the second 1,000 horse and 4,000 archers and slingers lent by Tissaphernes (Xenophon, Anabasis 3.3.6, 3.4.2).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Xenophon gives no peoples; Persian cavalry and missile troops of a satrapal army are inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Ten Thousand, with 200 Rhodian slingers and 50 horsemen newly formed", "strength_b": "1,000 horse and 4,000 archers and slingers", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "some foot killed in the ravine; 18 horsemen captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "On the second day the Greek slingers and new cavalry charged Mithradates' horse and missile troops at a ravine and routed them, taking 18 horsemen alive (Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.1-5).", "borderline": "a skirmish of the retreat with no conventional name; named after the river", "doubt": "Borderline: a skirmish of the retreat with no conventional name; named after the river.", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 3.3.6-3.4.5; en.wikipedia Ten Thousand (Greek mercenaries)", "note": "On the first day (Anabasis 3.3.6-11) Mithradates harassed the Greeks without loss and drew off; this entry scores the second day.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 126, "key": "m401-cunaxa", "name": "Cunaxa", "label": "Cunaxa", "year": -401, "month": 9, "day": 3, "date": "3 September 401 BC (day conventional)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Cyrus the Younger", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Cunaxa, on the Euphrates north of Babylon (near Baghdad), Iraq", "lat": 33.33, "lon": 44.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Artaxerxes II" ], "side_b": [ "Cyrus the Younger" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Artaxerxes II", "faction_b": "Cyrus the Younger", "commanders_a": "Artaxerxes II (wounded), Tissaphernes, Gobryas, Arbaces", "commanders_b": "Cyrus the Younger (killed), Clearchus, Ariaeus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Royal army: Tissaphernes' cavalry, 6,000 horse under Artagerses, wicker-shield infantry, Egyptian heavy infantry, archers and 200 scythed chariots. Cyrus' army: 10,400 Greek hoplites and 2,500 peltasts, about 1,000 Paphlagonian horse, his 600 Persian horsemen, Ariaeus' Asian levies and 20 scythed chariots (Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7-8).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian", "Egyptian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Persian-led and largely Iranian; Cyrus' Greek mercenaries (about 13,000) were a minority of the combined forces.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "900,000 present of a nominal 1,200,000, with 200 scythed chariots (Xenophon); 400,000 (Ctesias); about 40,000 (modern estimate in Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "10,400 Greek hoplites, 2,500 peltasts, 100,000 Asian troops and 20 scythed chariots (Xenophon); modern estimates of the Asian troops 10,000-20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Cyrus killed; one Greek wounded (Xenophon)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Cyrus was killed and his Asian troops fled the field with Ariaeus; only the Greek mercenaries held their ground, and they withdrew to their plundered camp at nightfall.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7-10; Plutarch, Artaxerxes 7-13; Diodorus 14.22-24; Ctesias (Photius) 63-64; en.wikipedia Battle of Cunaxa", "note": "Xenophon and Ctesias stress that the Greeks were victorious on their wing; under the test the royal side won, as the rebel army left the field and its claimant was dead. Abrocomas' 300,000 arrived five days late.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 127, "key": "m400-calpe", "name": "Calpe", "label": "Calpe", "year": -400, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 400 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Retreat of the Ten Thousand", "theatre": "Bithynia", "place": "Calpe Harbour (Kerpe), Turkey", "lat": 41.16, "lon": 30.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "side_b": [ "Bithynians", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xenophon and the generals of the Ten Thousand", "commanders_b": "Bithynian chiefs; commanders of Pharnabazus' cavalry (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ten Thousand", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The cavalry of Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, sent to help the Bithynian Thracians keep the Greeks out of Phrygia; the day before it had cut up a Greek foraging party under Neon (Anabasis 6.4.23-24).", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Xenophon does not describe the horsemen; the satrapal cavalry of Hellespontine Phrygia was drawn from the Persian nobility and Iranian settlers of the satrapy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Ten Thousand, reunited (several thousand hoplites and peltasts)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 500 of Neon's foragers killed the day before (Xenophon)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Greeks routed the Bithynian infantry and Pharnabazus' horsemen and held the field (Xenophon, Anabasis 6.5).", "borderline": "no conventional battle name; a minor battle known from Xenophon", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name; a minor battle known from Xenophon.", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 6.4.23-6.5.32", "note": "Persia is listed as the Bithynians' ally: Pharnabazus sent his cavalry to their aid. Calpe Harbour was the Ten Thousand's base on the Black Sea coast.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 128, "key": "m400-cyme-siege", "name": "Cyme (siege)", "label": "Cyme (siege)", "year": -400, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 400 BC (raised at the onset of winter 400/399)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (prelude: Tissaphernes against the Ionian and Aeolian cities)", "theatre": "Aeolis (western Asia Minor)", "place": "Cyme (near Aliaga), Turkey", "lat": 38.76, "lon": 26.94, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Tissaphernes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tissaphernes' satrapal army; the source gives no composition. Western satrapal armies then combined Persian and other Iranian cavalry with Anatolian (Carian, Lydian) levies and Greek mercenaries (said here, not in the source).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the satrapal armies of western Asia Minor, an Iranian cavalry core with Anatolian levies and Greek mercenaries (Diodorus 14.80.1 gives Tissaphernes 10,000 horse and 50,000 foot in 395).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "many captives taken in the countryside, later ransomed", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tissaphernes ravaged Cyme's territory but could not take the city and raised the siege as winter came on, releasing his captives for ransom (Diodorus 14.35.7).", "borderline": "a minor siege known only from Diodorus", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor siege known only from Diodorus.", "sources": "Diodorus 14.35.6-7", "note": "Tissaphernes' attacks on the Greek cities led them to appeal to Sparta, which sent Thibron (399).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 129, "key": "m399-asidates-tower-raid", "name": "Asidates' tower (raid)", "label": "Asidates' tower (raid)", "year": -399, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 399 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (the Ten Thousand join Thibron)", "theatre": "Mysia (western Asia Minor)", "place": "Plain of the Caicus near Pergamum (Bergama), Turkey", "lat": 39.1, "lon": 27.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asidates; Itabelius", "commanders_b": "Xenophon", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Ten Thousand", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Asidates' household defending his tower, then the relief forces: Itabelius with his own troops, Assyrian hoplites and about 80 Hyrcanian horsemen in the King's pay from Comania, about 800 peltasts, and men from Parthenium and Apollonia, including horsemen (Anabasis 7.8.15).", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian", "Aramaic", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Xenophon names a Persian lord's household and Hyrcanian horsemen beside Assyrian hoplites; the peltasts were probably local Mysians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "the tower garrison and relief forces (above)", "strength_b": "a picked force of a few hundred of Xenophon's men, with more horse and peltasts sent after them", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many wounded (Xenophon)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The night assault failed to take Asidates' fortified tower, and the Greeks withdrew with their booty under attack from the Persian relief forces, leaving the field to them (Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.12-19).", "borderline": "a raid on a Persian noble's estate; no conventional name", "doubt": "Borderline: a raid on a Persian noble's estate; no conventional name.", "sources": "Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.8-23", "note": "Xenophon's account ends with Asidates captured with his family and goods in a second sortie soon afterwards, so the raid as a whole ended in the Greeks' favour; the fight at the tower is scored as above.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 130, "key": "m399-larisa-siege", "name": "Larisa (siege)", "label": "Larisa (siege)", "year": -399, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "399 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Aeolis (western Asia Minor)", "place": "Larisa 'the Egyptian' (probably Larisa Phrikonis, near Buruncuk), Turkey", "lat": 38.66, "lon": 27.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Thibron", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Larisa, held for the King; Xenophon (Cyropaedia 7.1.45) says their ancestors were Egyptian soldiers settled there by Cyrus.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Egyptian" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were the town's own military colonists, of Egyptian descent according to Xenophon; no Persian troops are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "Thibron's army", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The defenders filled Thibron's water-shaft and burned his siege shed in sorties, and he abandoned the siege when ordered to Caria (Xenophon, Hellenica 3.1.7).", "borderline": "a Persian-held town defended by its own colonists; no Persian army present", "doubt": "Borderline: a Persian-held town defended by its own colonists; no Persian army present.", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 3.1.7; Cyropaedia 7.1.45", "note": "Dercylidas took Larisa without a fight later in 399.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 131, "key": "m399-magnesia-399-bc", "name": "Magnesia (399 BC)", "label": "Magnesia (399 BC)", "year": -399, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "399 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Ionia (western Asia Minor)", "place": "Magnesia on the Maeander (near Tekin), Turkey", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 27.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Thibron", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The town's defenders under Tissaphernes' rule; no Persian troops are named.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Diodorus says only that the town was subject to Tissaphernes; any garrison is unrecorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "Thibron's army: about 5,000 Peloponnesians and neodamodeis, 2,000 Asiatic Greeks and the Cyreans (Xenophon, Hellenica 3.1.4-6)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Thibron took Magnesia, a town subject to Tissaphernes, at the first assault (Diodorus 14.36.2).", "borderline": "a Persian-held Greek town taken at the first assault; no Persian army is named", "doubt": "Borderline: a Persian-held Greek town taken at the first assault; no Persian army is named.", "sources": "Diodorus 14.36.2-3", "note": "Thibron then moved the unwalled town to the hill Thorax. Xenophon's account of 399 does not mention Magnesia or Tralles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 132, "key": "m399-tralles-siege", "name": "Tralles (siege)", "label": "Tralles (siege)", "year": -399, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "399 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Caria and Ionia (western Asia Minor)", "place": "Tralles (Aydin), Turkey", "lat": 37.86, "lon": 27.83, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ten Thousand" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Thibron", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of a town held for Tissaphernes; composition not given. Tissaphernes' cavalry soon forced Thibron back to Ephesus.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Diodorus gives no detail of the defenders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "Thibron's army (about 7,000 plus the Cyreans)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Thibron could achieve nothing against the strong town and abandoned the siege (Diodorus 14.36.3).", "borderline": "a siege known only from Diodorus; no fighting described", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege known only from Diodorus; no fighting described.", "sources": "Diodorus 14.36.3", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 133, "key": "m396-caunus-siege", "name": "Caunus (siege)", "label": "Caunus (siege)", "year": -396, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "396 BC (Diodorus 396/395)", "type": "sea", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Caria (Aegean coast)", "place": "Caunus (near Dalyan), Turkey", "lat": 36.83, "lon": 28.62, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Conon, Pharnabazus, Artaphernes", "commanders_b": "Pharax", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Conon's 40 triremes of the King's fleet (raised in Cyprus, Cilicia and Phoenicia) and the land forces of Pharnabazus and Artaphernes.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Phoenician", "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The fleet's crews were Cypriot, Cilician and Phoenician; Iranians were only in the satraps' relieving forces and the command.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "40 triremes, then land forces of two satraps", "strength_b": "120 ships (Diodorus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pharax raised his blockade of Conon at Caunus when Artaphernes and Pharnabazus came up with strong forces, and sailed back to Rhodes (Diodorus 14.79.5).", "borderline": "a blockade raised without recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a blockade raised without recorded fighting.", "sources": "Diodorus 14.79.4-5; Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 9 (Conon at Caunus)", "note": "Rhodes revolted from Sparta soon afterwards and received Conon.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 134, "key": "m395-gordium-siege", "name": "Gordium (siege)", "label": "Gordium (siege)", "year": -395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 395 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Phrygia (central Asia Minor)", "place": "Gordium (Yassihuyuk), Turkey", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 31.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rathines (Rathanes)", "commanders_b": "Agesilaus II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of Gordium under the Persian Rathines; its composition is not given (Phrygian strongholds were normally held by Persian officers with local troops).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Only the Persian commander is named; the garrison's make-up is unrecorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "Agesilaus' army", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Agesilaus attacked the well-provisioned hill fortress for several days without success and marched away (Hellenica Oxyrhynchia).", "borderline": "known only from the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia.", "sources": "Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (Agesilaus' march through Phrygia, autumn 395)", "note": "On the same march Agesilaus also failed against the fortresses of Leonton Kephalai and Miletou Teichos before going on to Paphlagonia.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 135, "key": "m395-kaue", "name": "Kaue", "label": "Kaue", "year": -395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 395/394 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "place": "Kaue, a village in Hellespontine Phrygia (site unknown, in the region of Dascylium), Turkey", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 28.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Herippidas, Spithridates", "commanders_b": "Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Pharnabazus' field camp with his household troops and outposts; Xenophon gives no numbers. Earlier that winter the satrap had attacked Greek foragers with two scythed chariots and about 400 horsemen (Hellenica 4.1.17-19).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a satrap's mobile force was his Iranian household cavalry with local troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a picked force of hoplites and peltasts with Spithridates' cavalry", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herippidas' dawn attack overran Pharnabazus' camp; the satrap fled and the Greeks took the camp and its booty (Xenophon, Hellenica 4.1.20-26).", "borderline": "a raid on a camp; no conventional name", "doubt": "Borderline: a raid on a camp; no conventional name.", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 4.1.20-27; Plutarch, Agesilaus 11", "note": "The quarrel over the booty made Spithridates and the Paphlagonians desert Agesilaus. The village is Kaue in Xenophon (translated 'Cave').", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 136, "key": "m395-sardis-395-bc", "name": "Sardis (395 BC)", "label": "Sardis (395 BC)", "year": -395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 395 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Spartan War (399-394)", "theatre": "Lydia (western Asia Minor)", "place": "plain near the Pactolus, outside Sardis (Sart), Turkey", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 28.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sparta" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agesilaus II (Xenocles led the ambush in the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia and Diodorus)", "commanders_b": "Tissaphernes (in Sardis during the battle, according to Xenophon)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tissaphernes' Persian cavalry, fighting without its infantry, which had not come up (Xenophon); Diodorus gives the satrap 10,000 horse and 50,000 foot shadowing Agesilaus.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Xenophon says only the Persian cavalry fought, a force drawn from the Iranian nobility and settlers of Lydia; the infantry (Anatolian levies and mercenaries) was absent.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Agesilaus' army: 30 Spartiates, 2,000 neodamodeis, 6,000 allies, with the Cyreans and Asiatic Greeks (Xenophon)", "strength_b": "10,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry with Tissaphernes (Diodorus 14.80.1); only the cavalry engaged", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "over 6,000 killed (Diodorus 14.80.4); much lower in the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Agesilaus routed the Persian cavalry by the Pactolus and took its camp; the Spartans held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 3.4.20-25; Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 11-12; Diodorus 14.80; Pausanias 3.9.6; en.wikipedia Battle of Sardis (395 BC)", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles calls it 'Sardis'; the year is added because the Persian set has other Sardis entries (547, 498 BC). Xenophon describes a set battle by the Pactolus, the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia and Diodorus an ambush by Xenocles on the march. Tissaphernes was executed soon afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 137, "key": "m394-cnidus", "name": "Cnidus", "label": "Cnidus", "year": -394, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 394 BC (shortly before the eclipse of 14 August)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Corinthian War", "theatre": "Aegean (Carian coast)", "place": "sea off Cnidus (near Yazikoy), Turkey", "lat": 36.68, "lon": 27.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pharnabazus, Conon", "commanders_b": "Peisander (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The King's fleet of more than 90 triremes (Diodorus): Phoenician squadrons under Pharnabazus and the Greek squadron under Conon, largely Cypriot (Evagoras of Salamis), with Cilician ships.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek", "Anatolian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The crews were Phoenician, Cypriot Greek and Cilician; Iranians were only the satrap's staff and probably some marines.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "more than 90 triremes (Diodorus 14.83.4)", "strength_b": "85 triremes (Diodorus)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "50 triremes and about 500 men captured (Diodorus 14.83.7); Peisander killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The royal fleet routed Peisander's fleet, captured 50 triremes (Diodorus) and held the sea off Cnidus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 4.3.10-12; Diodorus 14.83.4-7; Isocrates, Evagoras 56; Pausanias 1.1.3; en.wikipedia Battle of Cnidus", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles lists Salamis (Cyprus) as Persia's ally; here 'Cypriot kingdoms' (Evagoras of Salamis supplied most of Conon's ships).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 138, "key": "m393-cythera", "name": "Cythera", "label": "Cythera", "year": -393, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "393 BC (spring)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Corinthian War", "theatre": "Laconia (Peloponnese coast)", "place": "Cythera (Kythira), Greece", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 23.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pharnabazus, Conon", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The royal fleet after Cnidus, Phoenician and Cypriot Greek ships with the troops they carried, under Pharnabazus and Conon.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A fleet manned mainly by Phoenicians and Greeks, with Iranians only in the satrap's suite.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Conon took the town of Cythera at the first assault and sent the Cytherians to Laconia under truce (Diodorus 14.84.5).", "borderline": "a capture with little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture with little recorded fighting.", "sources": "Diodorus 14.84.4-5; Xenophon, Hellenica 4.8.7-8", "note": "On the same cruise the fleet raided the Laconian coast (Pherae, Phoenicus). A garrison under the Athenian Nicophemus was left on Cythera.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 139, "key": "m391-maeander-thibron", "name": "Maeander (Thibron)", "label": "Maeander (Thibron)", "year": -391, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "391 BC (Diodorus 390/389)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Corinthian War", "theatre": "Ionia (western Asia Minor)", "place": "Maeander valley near Ephesus, Turkey", "lat": 37.8, "lon": 27.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Struthas", "commanders_b": "Thibron (killed), Diphilas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Sparta", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Struthas' cavalry, which Xenophon makes the only arm engaged.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A satrapal cavalry force of Lydia, drawn from the Persian nobility and Iranian settlers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 8,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Thibron, Diphilas and most of the force killed (Xenophon)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Struthas' cavalry caught Thibron's disorderly raiding force, killed Thibron and most of his men and drove the rest off the field (Xenophon, Hellenica 4.8.18-19).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Xenophon, Hellenica 4.8.17-19; Diodorus 14.99.1-3", "note": "Diodorus dates it 390/389. The survivors were taken over by Diphridas.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 140, "key": "m385-egypt-invasion-385-383-bc", "name": "Egypt (invasion, 385-383 BC)", "label": "Egypt (invasion, 385-383 BC)", "year": -385, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 385-383 BC (dates disputed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Achaemenid attempts to reconquer Egypt", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Nile Delta, Egypt", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 31.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hakor (Achoris)", "commanders_b": "Abrocomas, Tithraustes, Pharnabazus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The royal army of Abrocomas, Tithraustes and Pharnabazus; no composition survives. Royal armies of the time joined Persian and other Iranian troops with levies of the western satrapies and Greek mercenaries (said here, not in the source).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of later royal armies against Egypt (373, 343).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Isocrates says the King's generals suffered more harm than they did in three years of fighting in Egypt and then withdrew, leaving Hakor in possession (Panegyricus 140); no single battle is described.", "borderline": "a campaign known only in outline; no named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a campaign known only in outline; no named battle.", "sources": "Isocrates, Panegyricus 140-141; en.wikipedia Battle of Pelusium (373 BC) (background)", "note": "The Athenian Chabrias served Hakor in these years, but his part in this war is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 141, "key": "m381-citium", "name": "Citium", "label": "Citium", "year": -381, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "381 BC (Diodorus 386/385)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "War of Evagoras", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "sea off Citium (Larnaca), Cyprus", "lat": 34.9, "lon": 33.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Glos (fleet); Tiribazus and Orontes (overall command)", "commanders_b": "Evagoras I of Salamis", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Cypriot kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal fleet of about 300 triremes under Glos, raised in Ionia, Cilicia and Phoenicia (the army assembled at Phocaea and Cyme), with marines of the royal army.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Phoenician", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The crews came from the Greek, Cilician and Phoenician coastlands; Iranians were few aboard.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 300 triremes (Diodorus 15.2.1)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many ships", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Glos' fleet defeated Evagoras' fleet off Citium, destroying or taking many ships, and Evagoras fled to Salamis (Diodorus 15.3.4-6).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus 15.2-4; Isocrates, Evagoras 60-64; en.wikipedia Evagoras I", "note": "Evagoras' Salamis is 'Cypriot kingdoms' (Ancient Greek Battles: Salamis (Cyprus)). Glos was the son of Tamos, an Egyptian of Memphis in Persian service. Cimon's siege of Kition (450/449 BC) is a separate entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 142, "key": "m381-salamis-in-cyprus-siege-381-bc", "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (siege, 381 BC)", "label": "Salamis in Cyprus (siege, 381 BC)", "year": -381, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "381-380 BC (Diodorus 386/385-385/384)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War of Evagoras", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "Salamis (near Famagusta), Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.9, "loc": "known", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Egypt" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tiribazus, then Orontes", "commanders_b": "Evagoras I", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Cypriot kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The royal army of Tiribazus and Orontes, put by Diodorus at 300,000 men, with Glos' fleet: Persian and other Iranian troops with levies of the western satrapies and Greek mercenaries.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian", "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from royal armies of the time; Diodorus gives only the total.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "300,000 men and 300 triremes (Diodorus 15.2.1)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Salamis was still invested by land and sea when Orontes ended the war by treaty: Evagoras kept his city as a tribute-paying vassal king (Diodorus 15.8-9).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus 15.4, 15.8-9; Isocrates, Evagoras 64; en.wikipedia Evagoras I", "note": "Egypt (Hakor) gave Evagoras some help during the siege. Wikipedia's Evagoras article keeps an older chronology (invasion 385, peace 376).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 143, "key": "m373-pelusium-373-bc", "name": "Pelusium (373 BC)", "label": "Pelusium (373 BC)", "year": -373, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "373 BC (summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Achaemenid attempts to reconquer Egypt", "theatre": "Nile Delta", "place": "Pelusium (Tell el-Farama) and the Mendesian mouth of the Nile, Egypt", "lat": 31.35, "lon": 31.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nectanebo I", "commanders_b": "Pharnabazus, Iphicrates", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pharnabazus' royal army, given as 200,000 'barbarians' with 20,000 Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates, 300 triremes and 200 thirty-oared ships (Diodorus 15.41.3).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Aramaic", "Phoenician", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Diodorus separates the Greek mercenaries (about a tenth) from the 'barbarians', who were Persian troops and levies of the western satrapies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "220,000 men and 500 ships (Diodorus)", "losses_a": "many killed and taken at the Mendesian fort", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the one battle described, the Persians and Iphicrates' mercenaries routed the Egyptian force that came out against their landing at the Mendesian mouth and stormed the fort (Diodorus 15.42.4-5); the halt short of Memphis and the withdrawal when the Nile rose are strategic matters.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus 15.41-43; Nepos, Iphicrates 2; en.wikipedia Battle of Pelusium (373 BC)", "note": "Wikipedia also calls it the Battle of Mendes. Pelusium was too strongly fortified to attack, so the fleet entered the Mendesian mouth, where the fort was stormed (a Persian success); Pharnabazus refused Iphicrates' plan to march on Memphis. Coordinates are for the Mendesian mouth (approximate). Wikipedia's 'Port Said' for Pelusium is wrong.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 144, "key": "m366-assos-siege", "name": "Assos (siege)", "label": "Assos (siege)", "year": -366, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "366 or 365 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Satraps' Revolt", "theatre": "Troad (Hellespontine Phrygia)", "place": "Assos (Behramkale), Turkey", "lat": 39.49, "lon": 26.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ariobarzanes" ], "side_b": [ "Autophradates and Mausolus" ], "allies_a": [ "Sparta" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ariobarzanes (rebel satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia)", "faction_b": "Autophradates and Mausolus (royal satraps)", "commanders_a": "Ariobarzanes; Agesilaus II", "commanders_b": "Autophradates, Mausolus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides Persian: Ariobarzanes' satrapal troops and mercenaries, helped by Agesilaus' mercenaries; the besiegers were the satrapal army of Lydia under Autophradates and Mausolus' Carian forces, with 100 ships (Xenophon).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: satrapal armies with Iranian cavalry, Anatolian levies and Greek mercenaries; Mausolus' fleet was Carian and Greek.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "including 100 ships (Mausolus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Autophradates raised the siege on Agesilaus' approach and Mausolus sailed away, so the defender won (Xenophon, Agesilaus 2.26).", "borderline": "a siege raised without recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege raised without recorded fighting.", "sources": "Xenophon, Agesilaus 2.26-27; en.wikipedia Ariobarzanes of Phrygia (as Adramyttium); en.wikipedia Revolt of the Satraps", "note": "Xenophon names Assos; Wikipedia and the Cambridge History of Iran place the siege of Ariobarzanes at Adramyttium. Cotys of Thrace besieged Sestos at the same time.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 145, "key": "m366-datames-against-autophradates", "name": "Datames against Autophradates", "label": "Datames against Autophradates", "year": -366, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 366 BC (date uncertain; 367-363 proposed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Satraps' Revolt", "theatre": "Cappadocia", "place": "a defile in Cappadocia near the Cilician Gates, Turkey", "lat": 37.6, "lon": 34.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Datames" ], "side_b": [ "Autophradates" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Datames (rebel satrap of Cappadocia)", "faction_b": "Autophradates (royal army of Artaxerxes II)", "commanders_a": "Datames", "commanders_b": "Autophradates", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides Persian. Autophradates' royal army (Nepos, Datames 8): 20,000 horse and 100,000 Cardaces infantry, 3,000 slingers, with Cappadocian, Armenian, Paphlagonian, Phrygian, Lydian, Aspendian and Pisidian, Cilician and Captianian contingents, 3,000 Greek mercenaries and many light troops; Datames' army, mainly Cappadocians, was 'not a twentieth part' as large.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Armenian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Nepos lists Iranian cavalry and the Cardaces beside many Anatolian, Armenian and Greek contingents; the Cardaces' origin is debated and the figures are inflated.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "under a twentieth of the royal army (Nepos)", "strength_b": "20,000 horse, 100,000 Cardaces and some 50,000 others (Nepos)", "losses_a": "about 1,000 (Nepos)", "losses_b": "many thousands (Nepos)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Datames caught the royal army in a narrow defile, killed many thousands for the loss of about 1,000, set up a trophy on the field, and Autophradates made a truce and withdrew to Phrygia (Nepos, Datames 8).", "borderline": "an unnamed campaign known only from Nepos; date uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: an unnamed campaign known only from Nepos; date uncertain.", "sources": "Nepos, Datames 7-8; en.wikipedia Revolt of the Satraps; en.wikipedia Datames", "note": "Nepos alone tells it; the chronology of Datames' revolt is obscure.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 146, "key": "m366-samos-siege-366-bc", "name": "Samos (siege, 366 BC)", "label": "Samos (siege, 366 BC)", "year": -366, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "366-365 BC (ten months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Satraps' Revolt (Athens against the King's garrison in Samos)", "theatre": "Aegean (Ionia)", "place": "Samos (Pythagoreio), Greece", "lat": 37.69, "lon": 26.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Athens" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timotheus", "commanders_b": "Cyprothemis (for Tigranes, the King's hyparch)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Athens", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison put into Samos by Cyprothemis with the backing of Tigranes, the King's hyparch (Demosthenes 15.9); probably mercenaries.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrisons of this kind were mostly Greek mercenaries under Persian authority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "8,000 peltasts and 30 ships (Isocrates 15.111, for the expedition)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Samos fell to Timotheus after a ten-month siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Isocrates, Antidosis 108-111; Demosthenes 15.9; Nepos, Timotheus 1; en.wikipedia Timotheus (general)", "note": "Timotheus was sent to aid Ariobarzanes but, finding him in open revolt, attacked Samos instead. Athens then settled cleruchs on Samos.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 147, "key": "n147", "name": "Bosporus (Leucon v Heracleots)", "label": "Bosporus", "year": -365, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 370–360 BCE (undated)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bosporan–Heracleote War", "theatre": "", "place": "Bosporan territory (Kerch peninsula), site unknown", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Heraclea Pontica" ], "allies_a": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bosporan Kingdom", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Leucon I", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polyaenus 6.9.3–4", "note": "The Heracleots landed from a large fleet and raided. Leucon posted Scythian archers behind his hoplites to cut down anyone who fled, then defeated the invaders. Date and site are uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 148, "key": "m362-datames-against-artabazus", "name": "Datames against Artabazus", "label": "Datames against Artabazus", "year": -362, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 362 BC (Diodorus 362/361)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Satraps' Revolt", "theatre": "Cappadocia", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown), Turkey", "lat": 38.7, "lon": 35.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Datames" ], "side_b": [ "Artabazus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Datames (rebel satrap of Cappadocia)", "faction_b": "Artabazus (royal army)", "commanders_a": "Datames", "commanders_b": "Artabazus; Mithrobarzanes (deserter)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides Persian: Datames' Cappadocian cavalry and mercenary infantry against the royal army of Artabazus; no breakdown is given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Anatolian satrapal armies of Iranian cavalry with local and mercenary infantry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a large army (Diodorus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy among the deserters", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Datames pursued his father-in-law's cavalry as it deserted to Artabazus and cut it down beside the royal army, which was defeated and withdrew (Diodorus 15.91.2-7).", "borderline": "an unnamed battle", "doubt": "Borderline: an unnamed battle.", "sources": "Diodorus 15.91.2-7; Nepos, Datames 6; en.wikipedia Datames; en.wikipedia Artabazus II", "note": "Nepos (Datames 6) tells the same stratagem against Mithrobarzanes' desertion, but in a war against the Pisidians; the two may be versions of one event.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 149, "key": "m355-chares-victory-over-the-satraps", "name": "Chares' victory over the satraps", "label": "Chares' victory over the satraps", "year": -355, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "355 BC (Diodorus 356/355)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Artabazus", "theatre": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "place": "Hellespontine Phrygia (site unknown), Turkey", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 27.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Artabazus" ], "side_b": [ "Royal satraps" ], "allies_a": [ "Athens" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Artabazus (rebel satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia)", "faction_b": "Royal satraps (Artaxerxes III)", "commanders_a": "Artabazus II; Chares of Athens", "commanders_b": "the King's satraps (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides Persian: Artabazus' own small force, with Chares' Athenian mercenary army doing most of the fighting, against the royal satraps' army of 70,000 (Diodorus).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The winning side was mostly Greek mercenaries; the royal army was a satrapal levy of Iranian cavalry and Anatolian infantry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "Artabazus' few troops and Chares' army", "strength_b": "70,000 (Diodorus 16.22.1)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Chares' mercenary army and Artabazus defeated the royal satraps' army (Diodorus 16.22.1).", "borderline": "an unnamed battle; Athens fought as Artabazus' paid ally", "doubt": "Borderline: an unnamed battle; Athens fought as Artabazus' paid ally.", "sources": "Diodorus 16.22.1-2; Demosthenes 4.24 and scholia; en.wikipedia Chares of Athens; en.wikipedia Artabazus II", "note": "Artaxerxes III's protest and threat to aid Athens' rebel allies made Athens recall Chares and end the Social War.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 150, "key": "m353-pammenes-victories-over-the-satraps", "name": "Pammenes' victories over the satraps", "label": "Pammenes' victories over the satraps", "year": -353, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "353 BC (Diodorus 353/352)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Artabazus", "theatre": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "place": "Hellespontine Phrygia (sites unknown), Turkey", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 27.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Artabazus" ], "side_b": [ "Royal satraps" ], "allies_a": [ "Thebes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Artabazus (rebel satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia)", "faction_b": "Royal satraps (Artaxerxes III)", "commanders_a": "Artabazus II; Pammenes of Thebes", "commanders_b": "the King's satraps (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides Persian: Artabazus' forces with 5,000 Theban troops under Pammenes, against the royal satraps' armies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: satrapal armies of Iranian cavalry and Anatolian infantry on both sides, with Greek allies and mercenaries.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "5,000 Thebans with Artabazus' army (Diodorus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pammenes' Thebans and Artabazus defeated the satraps in two great battles (Diodorus 16.34.1-2).", "borderline": "two unnamed battles combined in one entry", "doubt": "Borderline: two unnamed battles combined in one entry.", "sources": "Diodorus 16.34.1-2; en.wikipedia Artabazus II", "note": "Artabazus later fell out with Pammenes; the revolt collapsed and Artabazus fled to Philip II with Memnon.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 151, "key": "m352-halicarnassus-c-352-bc", "name": "Halicarnassus (c. 352 BC)", "label": "Halicarnassus (c. 352 BC)", "year": -352, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 352-351 BC (under Artemisia II, 353-351)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Hecatomnids (Caria against Rhodes)", "theatre": "Caria and Rhodes", "place": "Halicarnassus (Bodrum), Turkey, and Rhodes", "lat": 37.04, "lon": 27.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artemisia II (satrap of Caria)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The fleet and troops of the Hecatomnid satrapy of Caria under Artemisia, using Mausolus' secret harbour.", "languages": [ "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Hecatomnid forces were Carian and Greek; no Iranians are attested.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the Rhodian landing party killed, the fleet captured (Vitruvius)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In Vitruvius' story Artemisia's men seized the Rhodian ships in the harbour, killed the Rhodians who had landed, and then took Rhodes with the captured fleet.", "borderline": "a Carian satrap's own war; counted as Persian because the Hecatomnids were the King's satraps", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Vitruvius (2. Borderline: a Carian satrap's own war; counted as Persian because the Hecatomnids were the King's satraps.", "sources": "Vitruvius 2.8.14-15; Demosthenes 15; en.wikipedia Artemisia II of Caria", "note": "The Rhodian oligarchs were backed by Caria; Demosthenes' speech On the Liberty of the Rhodians (351) shows Rhodes under Carian control.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 152, "key": "m351-egypt-invasion-351-bc", "name": "Egypt (invasion, 351 BC)", "label": "Egypt (invasion, 351 BC)", "year": -351, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "351/350 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Achaemenid attempts to reconquer Egypt", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "eastern Nile Delta, Egypt", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 31.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nectanebo II; Diophantus of Athens and Lamius of Sparta", "commanders_b": "Artaxerxes III", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Artaxerxes III's royal army; no composition survives. It will have been like the army of 343: Persian and other Iranian troops, imperial levies and Greek mercenaries (said here, not in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the royal army of 343 (Diodorus 16.47).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Egyptians, led by their Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius, repulsed the royal invasion and the King withdrew without reconquering Egypt (Diodorus 16.40.3, 16.48.2; Isocrates, Philippus 101).", "borderline": "a campaign; no named battle known", "doubt": "Borderline: a campaign; no named battle known.", "sources": "Diodorus 16.40.3-6, 16.44.1, 16.48.1-2; Isocrates, Philippus 101; en.wikipedia Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "note": "The failure set off the revolts of Phoenicia (Sidon) and Cyprus.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 153, "key": "m346-mentor-s-victory-over-the-satraps", "name": "Mentor's victory over the satraps", "label": "Mentor's victory over the satraps", "year": -346, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 346 BC (date uncertain; Diodorus narrates the revolt under 351/350)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Phoenician revolt (Tennes of Sidon)", "theatre": "Phoenicia", "place": "Phoenicia, near Sidon (Saida), Lebanon", "lat": 33.56, "lon": 35.37, "loc": "region", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Phoenicians" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tennes of Sidon; Mentor of Rhodes", "commanders_b": "Belesys (satrap of Syria), Mazaeus (satrap of Cilicia)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Phoenicians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The satrapal armies of Syria (Belesys) and Cilicia (Mazaeus); no figures. Such armies combined Persian cavalry and garrison troops with Syrian, Cilician and mercenary infantry (said here, not in the source).", "languages": [ "Aramaic", "Persian", "Anatolian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred; Diodorus gives no detail of the satraps' armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Sidonians with 4,000 Greek mercenaries sent by Nectanebo II (Diodorus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tennes and Mentor's 4,000 Greek mercenaries defeated the two satraps and drove them out of Phoenicia (Diodorus 16.42.1-2).", "borderline": "an unnamed battle", "doubt": "Borderline: an unnamed battle.", "sources": "Diodorus 16.41-42; en.wikipedia Tennes; en.wikipedia Mentor of Rhodes", "note": "The mercenaries were lent by Nectanebo II of Egypt, hence Egypt as ally.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 154, "key": "m345-sidon-siege", "name": "Sidon (siege)", "label": "Sidon (siege)", "year": -345, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "345 BC (some date it 346 or 343; Diodorus 351/350)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Phoenician revolt (Tennes of Sidon)", "theatre": "Phoenicia", "place": "Sidon (Saida), Lebanon", "lat": 33.56, "lon": 35.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Phoenicians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artaxerxes III; Mentor of Rhodes (after changing sides)", "commanders_b": "Tennes (who betrayed the city)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Phoenicians", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Artaxerxes III's royal army (Diodorus: 300,000 foot, 30,000 horse, 300 triremes, 500 transports) with about 10,000 Greek mercenaries (1,000 Thebans under Lacrates, 3,000 Argives under Nicostratus, 6,000 Asiatic Greeks), joined by Mentor's 4,000.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "other Iranian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The royal field army was built on Persian and other Iranian infantry and cavalry with imperial levies and Greek mercenaries; Diodorus gives only totals for the Asiatic troops.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "300,000 foot and 30,000 horse (Diodorus 16.40)", "strength_b": "the Sidonians and Mentor's 4,000 mercenaries", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "over 40,000 dead in the fire (Diodorus 16.45); 100 leading citizens and 500 suppliants killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sidon fell to Artaxerxes III when Tennes and Mentor betrayed it; the Sidonians burned the city with themselves inside (Diodorus 16.45).", "borderline": "taken by betrayal, with little fighting at the walls", "doubt": "Borderline: taken by betrayal, with little fighting at the walls.", "sources": "Diodorus 16.41-45; en.wikipedia Tennes", "note": "The Sidonians had burned their own ships to prevent flight. Tennes was executed afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 155, "key": "m344-salamis-in-cyprus-siege-344-bc", "name": "Salamis in Cyprus (siege, 344 BC)", "label": "Salamis in Cyprus (siege, 344 BC)", "year": -344, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 344 BC (Diodorus 351/350-350/349)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Cypriot revolt (Artaxerxes III)", "theatre": "Cyprus", "place": "Salamis (near Famagusta), Cyprus", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 33.9, "loc": "known", "country": "Cyprus", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Cypriot kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Evagoras II and Phocion of Athens (for Idrieus, satrap of Caria)", "commanders_b": "Pnytagoras", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Cypriot kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The force sent by Idrieus, satrap of Caria, on the King's orders: 40 triremes and 8,000 mercenaries under Evagoras II and Phocion (Diodorus 16.42.7).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Diodorus describes Greek mercenaries and a Carian fleet; no Iranian troops are mentioned.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "40 triremes and 8,000 mercenaries (Diodorus 16.42.7)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Besieged by land and sea, Pnytagoras surrendered Salamis by submitting to the King and was left as his vassal (Diodorus 16.46.1-3).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus 16.42.3-9, 16.46.1-3; Plutarch, Phocion", "note": "The other Cypriot kingdoms were reduced in the same campaign; Evagoras II, who hoped to recover Salamis, was set aside. Pnytagoras' submission is treated as a surrender (the place fell); if read as a negotiated peace the result would be a draw.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 156, "key": "m343-pelusium-343-bc", "name": "Pelusium (343 BC)", "label": "Pelusium (343 BC)", "year": -343, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "343 BC (Diodorus 351/350; some date the conquest 340/339)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "theatre": "Nile Delta", "place": "Pelusium (Tell el-Farama), Egypt", "lat": 31.04, "lon": 32.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artaxerxes III; Lacrates of Thebes and Rhosaces; Nicostratus of Argos and Aristazanes; Mentor of Rhodes and Bagoas", "commanders_b": "Nectanebo II; Philophron (garrison of Pelusium); Cleinius of Cos (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Artaxerxes III's royal army (Diodorus: 300,000 foot, 30,000 horse) with about 14,000 Greeks in three divisions, each under a Greek and a Persian commander: Lacrates' Thebans with Rhosaces' cavalry and Asiatic infantry, Nicostratus' Argives with Aristazanes and 80 triremes, Mentor's mercenaries with Bagoas.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "other Iranian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Diodorus names Persian commanders and 'barbarian' cavalry and infantry beside the Greek divisions, which were about a tenth of the army.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "300,000 foot, 30,000 horse, 300 triremes (Diodorus); 14,000 Greeks", "strength_b": "about 100,000: 20,000 Greek mercenaries, 20,000 Libyans, 60,000 Egyptians (Diodorus 16.47); 5,000 Greeks in Pelusium", "losses_a": "part of the army lost earlier in the Barathra marshes", "losses_b": "Cleinius and over 5,000 of his men killed (Diodorus)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Pelusium surrendered to Lacrates on terms after Nicostratus' division crossed the Nile and destroyed Cleinius' counterattack and Nectanebo fell back on Memphis (Diodorus 16.48-49).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus 16.46.4-16.51; en.wikipedia Battle of Pelusium (343 BC) (archived); en.wikipedia Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt", "note": "Wikipedia has merged the battle article into 'Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt', which dates the conquest 340/339. Bubastis and the other Delta towns then surrendered, and Nectanebo fled south.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 157, "key": "m340-perinthus-siege", "name": "Perinthus (siege)", "label": "Perinthus (siege)", "year": -340, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "340 BC (spring to autumn)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Philip II's Propontis campaign (340-339)", "theatre": "Propontis (Thrace)", "place": "Perinthus (Marmara Ereglisi), Turkey", "lat": 40.97, "lon": 27.96, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Greek cities", "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Athens" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Apollodorus (commander of the force sent by Arsites); the Perinthians", "commanders_b": "Philip II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mercenaries, money, grain and missiles sent by the coastal satraps on Artaxerxes III's orders (Diodorus 16.75.1-2); Pausanias (1.29.10) names Apollodorus as commander of the mercenaries sent by Arsites, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.", "languages": [ "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Persian contribution was a body of Greek mercenaries with supplies and money.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (larger than the defenders, with siege engines)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Philip failed to take Perinthus and broke off the siege to attack Byzantium (Diodorus 16.74-77).", "borderline": "the size of the Persian force is unknown; it may have been only a contingent", "doubt": "Borderline: the size of the Persian force is unknown; it may have been only a contingent.", "sources": "Diodorus 16.74-77; Pausanias 1.29.10; Arrian 2.14.5; en.wikipedia Siege of Perinthus", "note": "Constantinople also sent troops and artillery. 'Greek cities' = Perinthus and Constantinople.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 158, "key": "n158", "name": "Ateas (Scythians)", "label": "Ateas", "year": -339, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "339 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Philip II's Scythian campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "Dobruja, south of the Danube delta", "lat": 44.3, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip II", "commanders_b": "Ateas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Justin 9.2; Frontin. Str. 2.8.14; Strabo 7.3.18; Lucian Macr. 10", "note": "About 20,000 women and children reportedly captured. Site unknown.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 159, "key": "m336-magnesia-336-bc", "name": "Magnesia (336 BC)", "label": "Magnesia (336 BC)", "year": -336, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "336 BC (or very early 335)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Macedonian advance force in Asia Minor (Parmenion and Attalus)", "theatre": "Ionia (western Asia Minor)", "place": "near Magnesia (probably on the Maeander), Turkey", "lat": 37.85, "lon": 27.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Memnon of Rhodes", "commanders_b": "Parmenion, Attalus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Memnon's mercenary army of about 4,000 men (Polyaenus 5.44.4), Greek mercenaries in Persian pay.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Memnon commanded Greek mercenaries; any Persian horse with him is unrecorded.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 4,000 (Polyaenus)", "strength_b": "about 10,000 (Polyaenus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed or captured (Polyaenus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Memnon surprised the Macedonians at their evening meal, killed or captured many and drove the survivors into Magnesia (Polyaenus 5.44.4).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polyaenus 5.44.4; Diodorus 17.7.8-10 (the campaign); en.wikipedia Memnon of Rhodes; Livius, Memnon of Rhodes", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles calls it 'Magnesia'; the year is added because of the separate entry for Thibron's capture of Magnesia (399 BC). Polyaenus places it near Magnesia held by Parmenion and Attalus; Memnon's later actions (Cyzicus, Pitane, the Troad) belong to 335.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 160, "key": "m335-cyzicus-335", "name": "Cyzicus (335)", "label": "Cyzicus (335)", "year": -335, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "335 BC (Diodorus' year; some date it to 336)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Macedonian advance force in Asia Minor)", "theatre": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "place": "Cyzicus (near Erdek), Turkey", "lat": 40.38, "lon": 27.89, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Cyzicenes)", "commanders_b": "Memnon of Rhodes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Memnon's 5,000 Greek mercenaries (Diodorus 17.7.3).", "languages": [ "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Diodorus names only Memnon's mercenaries, who were Greeks.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "5,000 mercenaries", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Memnon's surprise attack narrowly failed to take the city, and he withdrew after ravaging its territory (Diodorus 17.7.3).", "borderline": "a failed surprise attack on a city; the fighting is barely described", "doubt": "Borderline: a failed surprise attack on a city; the fighting is barely described.", "sources": "Diodorus 17.7.3; livius.org Memnon of Rhodes", "note": "Cyzicus was on the Macedonian side. Diodorus narrates the operations of Memnon and Parmenion under 335; Livius dates them to 336.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 161, "key": "m335-pitane-siege", "name": "Pitane (siege)", "label": "Pitane (siege)", "year": -335, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "335 BC (Diodorus' year; some date it to 336)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Macedonian advance force in Asia Minor)", "theatre": "Aeolis", "place": "Pitane (Çandarlı), Turkey", "lat": 38.94, "lon": 26.94, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Memnon of Rhodes", "commanders_b": "Parmenion", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Memnon's relief army, not described; earlier that year he led 5,000 Greek mercenaries (Diodorus 17.7.3), and the Persian forces of the north-west were then mercenaries with the satrapal cavalry of Hellespontine Phrygia.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Memnon's field force in 335 was built round Greek mercenaries; any Persian cavalry with him is not mentioned.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Parmenion raised the siege when Memnon's relief army appeared (Diodorus 17.7.10).", "borderline": "a siege raised when a relief army approached; no fighting is recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege raised when a relief army approached; no fighting is recorded.", "sources": "Diodorus 17.7.9-10; livius.org Memnon of Rhodes", "note": "Just before, Parmenion stormed Grynium and enslaved its people (Diodorus 17.7.9); no Persian force is recorded there, so it is not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 162, "key": "m335-troad", "name": "Troad", "label": "Troad", "year": -335, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "335 BC (Diodorus' year; some date it to 336)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Macedonian advance force in Asia Minor)", "theatre": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "place": "the Troad (near Rhoeteum), Turkey", "lat": 39.95, "lon": 26.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed Persian commanders", "commanders_b": "Calas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian army many times larger than Calas' force (Diodorus), not described; the western satraps then fielded Persian cavalry with Greek mercenaries and local levies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the satrapal armies of Asia Minor, whose cavalry was Persian and whose foot were mercenaries and levies; Diodorus gives no detail.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "much larger than Calas' force (Diodorus)", "strength_b": "Macedonians and mercenaries (number not given)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Calas, far outnumbered, was beaten and withdrew to Rhoeteum (Diodorus 17.7.10).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus 17.7.10; livius.org Memnon of Rhodes", "note": "Name, year and site as in Ancient Greek Battles. Diodorus does not name the Persian commander; Memnon is often assumed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 163, "key": "m334-halicarnassus-siege", "name": "Halicarnassus (siege)", "label": "Halicarnassus (siege)", "year": -334, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 334 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "Halicarnassus (Bodrum), Turkey", "lat": 37.04, "lon": 27.43, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Perdiccas", "commanders_b": "Memnon of Rhodes, Orontobates, Ephialtes (killed), Thrasybulus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Orontobates' Persian and Carian troops and Greek mercenaries (among them Athenian exiles under Ephialtes and Thrasybulus), supported by the Persian fleet (Arrian 1.20-23; Diodorus 17.24-27).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Anatolian", "Persian", "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources stress Memnon's Greek mercenaries and Carian troops; only Orontobates' own Persians were Iranian.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 40 killed in the last sortie (Arrian 1.22.7); 16 killed and 300 wounded in an earlier fight", "losses_b": "about 1,000 killed in the last sortie (Arrian 1.22.7); 170 in an earlier fight", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After their sorties were beaten back, Memnon and Orontobates set fire to the town and withdrew to the citadels and Cos, and the town fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 1.20-23; Diodorus 17.23-27; en.wikipedia Siege of Halicarnassus", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles lists this as 'Halicarnassus (sortie)', autumn 334, because it counts a siege only through a battle fought in it (here Ephialtes' sortie from the Tripylon gate); this entry covers the whole siege, the sorties included, and the result is the same. The citadels Salmakis and Zephyrion held out into 333 (see 'Caria').", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 164, "key": "m334-miletus-siege-334", "name": "Miletus (siege, 334)", "label": "Miletus (siege, 334)", "year": -334, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 334 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "Miletus (near Balat), Turkey", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Nicanor (fleet), Philotas", "commanders_b": "Hegesistratus (garrison commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hegesistratus' garrison of Greek mercenaries with the Milesians; the Persian fleet of 400 ships, mainly Phoenician and Cypriot, lay off Mycale but could not intervene (Arrian 1.18-19).", "languages": [ "Greek", "Phoenician" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders named are Greek mercenaries and Milesians, and the fleet was crewed mainly by Phoenicians and Cypriots.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "the army and 160 ships", "strength_b": "garrison unknown (Wikipedia: 300 Milesians); 400 ships offshore, not engaged", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy; 300 mercenaries who fled to an islet were taken into Alexander's service (Arrian 1.19.6)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Miletus was stormed after Nicanor's fleet at Lade cut it off from the Persian fleet.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 1.18-19; Diodorus 17.22; en.wikipedia Siege of Miletus", "note": "A raid by five Persian ships on the Macedonian anchorage was beaten off (Arrian 1.19.9-11); it is counted here as part of the siege. Not in Ancient Greek Battles, which counts sieges only through a battle fought in them.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 165, "key": "m334-granicus", "name": "Granicus", "label": "Granicus", "year": -334, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 334 BC (Macedonian month Daisios)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Hellespontine Phrygia", "place": "river Granicus (Biga Çayı), Turkey", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 27.26, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Parmenion", "commanders_b": "Arsites, Spithridates (killed), Arsames, Rheomithres, Memnon of Rhodes, Omares (killed), Mithrobuzanes (killed), Mithridates (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The cavalry of the western satraps along the river (Persian horse, 1,000 Medes, 2,000 Bactrians, Hyrcanians under Spithridates, Paphlagonians under Arsites) with Greek mercenary infantry under Omares behind; Arrian gives 20,000 horse and nearly 20,000 mercenary foot.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Median", "East Iranian", "other Iranian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The cavalry was mostly Iranian (Persian landholders of Asia Minor, Medes, Bactrians, Hyrcanians) with Paphlagonians, while the foot were Greek mercenaries (and perhaps local levies), so roughly half the army spoke Iranian languages (Arrian 1.14).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 18,000 engaged (modern estimate); the whole expedition about 32,000 foot and 5,100 horse (Diodorus 17.17)", "strength_b": "20,000 horse and nearly 20,000 mercenary foot (Arrian); 10,000 horse and 100,000 foot (Diodorus); modern estimate about 14,000-15,000 (Devine)", "losses_a": "about 115 killed (Arrian 1.16.4)", "losses_b": "about 1,000 cavalry killed, most of the mercenaries killed and 2,000 captured (Arrian 1.16.2); Diodorus: over 10,000 foot and 2,000 horse killed, over 20,000 captured", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Persian cavalry broke and fled and the Greek mercenaries were surrounded and cut down; the Macedonians held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 1.13-16; Diodorus 17.18-21; Plutarch, Alexander 16; en.wikipedia Battle of the Granicus", "note": "Macedon's allies were the Thessalian cavalry and the Hellenic League contingents (Ancient Greek Battles lists 'Thessaly'). Arsites killed himself after the battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 166, "key": "m333-caria", "name": "Caria", "label": "Caria", "year": -333, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "333 BC (before Issus)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "Caria (site unknown), Turkey", "lat": 37.15, "lon": 27.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy (strategos), Asander", "commanders_b": "Orontobates", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Orontobates' satrapal army of Caria, not described; it held the citadels of Halicarnassus and would have been Persian, Carian and Greek mercenary troops.", "languages": [ "Anatolian", "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Persian forces in Caria in 334 (Carians and Greek mercenaries under Persian officers).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 700 foot and 50 horse killed, at least 1,000 captured (Arrian 2.5.7)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ptolemy and Asander defeated Orontobates in battle, killing about 700 foot and 50 horse (Arrian 2.5.7).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 2.5.7", "note": "Afterwards the Macedonians took Myndus, Caunus, Thera, Callipolis, Cos and Triopium (Arrian 2.5.7). Name, year and site as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 167, "key": "m333-memphis-333", "name": "Memphis (333)", "label": "Memphis (333)", "year": -333, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 333/332 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (after Issus)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Memphis (Mit Rahina), Egypt", "lat": 29.85, "lon": 31.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek mercenaries" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Egypt" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazaces (satrap of Egypt)", "commanders_b": "Amyntas son of Antiochus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek mercenaries", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Memphis under the satrap Mazaces; not described, but the Achaemenid garrisons of Egypt were Persian troops with Aramaean, Jewish and other soldiers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Curtius calls the garrison 'Persians'; the make-up of the Egyptian garrisons (Persians with Aramaic-speaking troops) is inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 4,000 mercenaries (Diodorus 17.48.2; Arrian 2.13.2 has 8,000 escape from Issus with Amyntas and others) and Egyptian supporters", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Amyntas and most of his men killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Amyntas first beat the garrison before Memphis, but Mazaces' sally caught his men scattered for plunder and killed him and most of them (Curtius 4.1.30-33; Diodorus 17.48.3-5).", "borderline": "no conventional name; it is the fight of Amyntas' mercenaries with the Persian garrison before Memphis", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; it is the fight of Amyntas' mercenaries with the Persian garrison before Memphis.", "sources": "Curtius 4.1.27-33; Diodorus 17.48.2-5; Arrian 2.13.2-3; en.wikipedia Amyntas (son of Antiochus)", "note": "Amyntas, a Macedonian exile in Persian service, fled from Issus with Greek mercenaries via Tripolis and Cyprus to Pelusium, claimed to act for Darius, and tried to take Egypt for himself; Arrian says only that he was killed by the Egyptians. New entity: 'Greek mercenaries'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 168, "key": "m333-mytilene-siege-333", "name": "Mytilene (siege, 333)", "label": "Mytilene (siege, 333)", "year": -333, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring-summer 333 BC (Memnon died during the siege)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Memnon's Aegean campaign)", "theatre": "Aegean", "place": "Mytilene, Lesbos, Greece", "lat": 39.11, "lon": 26.56, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Macedon" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Memnon of Rhodes (died during the siege), Pharnabazus, Autophradates", "commanders_b": "unknown (the Mytileneans and Alexander's mercenary garrison)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian fleet (about 300 ships, mainly Phoenician and Cypriot: Diodorus 17.29.2) and Memnon's Greek mercenaries, who shut the city in with a double stockade and five camps (Arrian 2.1.1-2).", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The fleet was Phoenician and Cypriot and the troops Greek mercenaries; the Persians were the commanders and marines.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 300 ships (Diodorus 17.29.2)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mytilene, walled off by land and blockaded by sea, capitulated to Pharnabazus and Autophradates and took a Persian garrison (Arrian 2.1).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 2.1; Diodorus 17.29; livius.org Memnon of Rhodes", "note": "Mytilene was allied to Alexander. The terms expelled his mercenaries and restored the exiles; Lycomedes of Rhodes commanded the Persian garrison and Diogenes became tyrant (Arrian 2.1.4-5). Before this Memnon took Chios by betrayal and most of Lesbos without a battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 169, "key": "m333-siphnos", "name": "Siphnos", "label": "Siphnos", "year": -333, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 333 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Memnon's Aegean campaign)", "theatre": "Aegean", "place": "off Siphnos, Cyclades, Greece", "lat": 36.97, "lon": 24.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Proteas", "commanders_b": "Datames", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Datames' squadron of 10 ships detached from the Persian fleet of Pharnabazus and Autophradates (Arrian 2.2.4-5); its crews are not described.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Persian fleet was crewed mainly by Phoenicians, Cypriots and Greeks under Persian officers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15 ships", "strength_b": "10 ships", "losses_a": "none recorded", "losses_b": "8 ships captured with their crews", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Proteas surprised Datames' squadron at dawn and captured eight of its ten ships.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 2.2.4-5", "note": "Name, year and site as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 170, "key": "m333-issus", "name": "Issus", "label": "Issus", "year": -333, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 333 BC (Wikipedia gives 5 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Cilicia", "place": "river Pinarus (Payas or Deli Çay) near Issus, Turkey", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Parmenion, Craterus", "commanders_b": "Darius III, Nabarzanes, Arsames (killed), Rheomithres (killed), Atizyes (killed), Sabaces (killed), Thymondas", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Darius' royal army: Greek mercenary hoplites (Arrian 30,000; modern estimates about 10,000-12,000), the Cardaces (Persian infantry), the Persian guard (Immortals, the kinsmen cavalry), the Persian, Median and Hyrcanian heavy cavalry under Nabarzanes on the seaward wing, and light-armed levies (Arrian 2.8; Curtius 3.9).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Median", "other Iranian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Apart from the Greek mercenaries the named units (Cardaces, guards, Persian, Median and Hyrcanian cavalry) were Iranian; the eastern levies of Gaugamela were not present.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 37,000-40,000", "strength_b": "600,000 (Arrian, Plutarch), 400,000 (Diodorus, Justin), 250,000 (Curtius); modern estimates mostly under 100,000", "losses_a": "182 killed, 504 wounded, 302 missing (Curtius 3.11.27); 300 foot and 150 horse killed (Diodorus 17.36.6)", "losses_b": "100,000 foot and 10,000 horse killed (Arrian 2.11.8; Diodorus); modern estimates far lower (Wikipedia: 20,000-40,000)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Darius fled and his army broke and was pursued off the field; the Macedonians took his camp and family.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 2.6-11; Curtius 3.8-11; Diodorus 17.32-36; Plutarch, Alexander 20; en.wikipedia Battle of Issus", "note": "The day (5 November) is a modern calculation and is not in the ancient sources. Macedon's allies were the Thessalian cavalry and Hellenic League troops.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 171, "key": "m332-gaza-siege-332", "name": "Gaza (siege, 332)", "label": "Gaza (siege, 332)", "year": -332, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 332 BC (about two months; Wikipedia: October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Levant", "place": "Gaza, Israel & Palestine", "lat": 31.5, "lon": 34.46, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arabs" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great (wounded), Hephaestion", "commanders_b": "Batis", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Batis' garrison of Persian troops and the Arab mercenaries he had hired (Arrian 2.25.4; Curtius 4.6.7-30).", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Curtius counts Persians and Arabs among the dead; the Arab mercenaries were probably the larger part (Arrian 2.25.4), so the Iranian share is a guess.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the Macedonian army", "strength_b": "unknown (Wikipedia gives 15,000)", "losses_a": "unknown; Alexander wounded", "losses_b": "about 10,000 Persians and Arabs killed (Curtius 4.6.30); the men killed and the women and children enslaved (Arrian 2.27.7)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Gaza was stormed at the fourth assault and its defenders were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 2.25-27; Curtius 4.6.7-30; Diodorus 17.48.7; en.wikipedia Siege of Gaza (332 BC)", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles lists this as 'Gaza (sortie)', autumn 332 (the defenders' sally against the siege works, in which Alexander was wounded: Arrian 2.26.4-27.2); this entry covers the whole siege, the sortie included, with the same result. Curtius (4.6.29) says Batis was dragged behind a chariot.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 172, "key": "m332-hellespont", "name": "Hellespont", "label": "Hellespont", "year": -332, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 333/332 BC", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (after Issus)", "theatre": "Aegean", "place": "Hellespont (Dardanelles), Turkey", "lat": 40.25, "lon": 26.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Macedonian fleet summoned from Greece (commanders not named)", "commanders_b": "Aristomenes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Aristomenes' squadron, not described; the Persian fleet was then crewed mainly by Phoenicians, Cypriots and Greeks.", "languages": [ "Phoenician", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the Persian fleet in the Aegean.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the ships taken or sunk", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Macedonian fleet defeated Aristomenes, sent by Darius to recover the Hellespont coast, and took or sank his ships (Curtius 4.1.36).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Curtius 4.1.36", "note": "Known only from Curtius' short notice. The Macedonian Hellespont fleet raised in 333 was under Amphoterus and Hegelochus. Name, year and site as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 173, "key": "m332-lydia", "name": "Lydia", "label": "Lydia", "year": -332, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "333/332 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (after Issus)", "theatre": "Asia Minor", "place": "Lydia and neighbouring regions (three battles, sites unknown), Turkey", "lat": 38.6, "lon": 28.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus Monophthalmus", "commanders_b": "Persian generals who escaped from Issus (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The commanders and troops who escaped from Issus, reinforced with Cappadocian and Paphlagonian recruits (Curtius 4.1.34).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Curtius names Persian survivors of Issus and Cappadocian and Paphlagonian levies; the Paphlagonians and most Cappadocians spoke Anatolian languages.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Antigonus defeated the Persian generals in three battles in different places (Curtius 4.1.35).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Curtius 4.1.34-35; 4.5.13", "note": "One entry for three battles, as in Ancient Greek Battles. Heckel identifies the three as Antigonus in Lycaonia, Calas in Paphlagonia and Balacrus at Miletus (Curtius 4.5.13), so this entry may overlap 'Miletus (332)'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 174, "key": "m332-miletus-332", "name": "Miletus (332)", "label": "Miletus (332)", "year": -332, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "332 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (after Issus)", "theatre": "Ionia", "place": "Miletus (near Balat), Turkey", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Balacrus", "commanders_b": "Hydarnes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hydarnes' force, not described; the Persian counter-offensive of 332 used Issus survivors, Anatolian levies and mercenaries.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Greek", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Curtius names only the commander.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Balacrus defeated Hydarnes, Darius' general, and recovered Miletus (Curtius 4.5.13).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Curtius 4.5.13", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles calls this 'Miletus'; the year is added here because of 'Miletus (siege, 334)'. See also 'Lydia'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 175, "key": "m332-mytilene-siege-332", "name": "Mytilene (siege, 332)", "label": "Mytilene (siege, 332)", "year": -332, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "332 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (after Issus)", "theatre": "Aegean", "place": "Mytilene, Lesbos, Greece", "lat": 39.11, "lon": 26.56, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hegelochus", "commanders_b": "Chares the Athenian", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 2,000 troops 'of the Persians' (Arrian 3.2.6) under the Athenian Chares, probably mostly mercenaries in Persian pay.", "languages": [ "Greek", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Arrian calls the garrison Persians, but under an Athenian commander it was probably largely mercenary.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hegelochus besieged Mytilene and Chares surrendered it on terms and left with his men (Arrian 3.2.6).", "borderline": "a blockade ended by capitulation; no assault is recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: a blockade ended by capitulation; no assault is recorded.", "sources": "Arrian 3.2.3-7; Curtius 4.5.14-22", "note": "In the same campaign Hegelochus recovered Tenedos, Chios (where the citizens let him in and Pharnabazus was captured) and Cos without battles; those captures are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 176, "key": "n176", "name": "Scythia", "label": "Scythia", "year": -331, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 331 BCE (or 326/325)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zopyrion's Scythian campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "Scythia, north-west of the Black Sea (site unknown)", "lat": 46.7, "lon": 31.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "Zopyrion", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Just. 2.3.4, 12.1.4, 12.2.16–17, 37.3.2; Curt. 10.1.43–44; Macrob. Sat. 1.11.33; Oros. 3.18.1", "note": "Zopyrion, Alexander's governor in Thrace ('Pontus' in Justin), invaded Scythia with 30,000 men and besieged Olbia (Macrobius). He then perished with his whole army. Justin dates it c. 331; Curtius puts the news in 325. No details of the battle survive.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 177, "key": "m331-gaugamela", "name": "Gaugamela", "label": "Gaugamela", "year": -331, "month": 10, "day": 1, "date": "1 October 331 BC (fixed by the Babylonian astronomical diaries)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Gaugamela (probably Tel Gomel, near Erbil), Iraq", "lat": 36.56, "lon": 43.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [ "Saka" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Parmenion", "commanders_b": "Darius III, Bessus, Mazaeus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The levy of the whole empire: Persian guards (Immortals, kinsmen) and about 2,000 Greek mercenaries in the centre; Bactrian, Sogdian, Dahae, Saka, Arachosian, Persian, Susian and Cadusian horse under Bessus on the left; Median, Parthian, Hyrcanian, Tapurian, Syrian, Mesopotamian, Armenian, Cappadocian and Albanian horse under Mazaeus on the right; Indians, Mardian archers, scythed chariots and 15 elephants (Arrian 3.8, 3.11).", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Median", "Parthian", "other Iranian", "Aramaic", "Armenian", "Indian", "Greek", "other Caucasian", "Anatolian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Arrian's order of battle (from a captured Persian document) is dominated by Iranian peoples: Persians, Medes, Parthians, Hyrcanians, Bactrians, Sogdians, Saka, Dahae and Arachosians.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "about 47,000: 40,000 foot and 7,000 horse (Arrian 3.12.5)", "strength_b": "1,000,000 foot and 40,000 horse (Arrian 3.8.6); 800,000 foot and 200,000 horse (Diodorus 17.53.3); 200,000 foot and 45,000 horse (Curtius); modern estimates about 50,000-120,000", "losses_a": "about 100 men and 1,000 horses (Arrian 3.15.6); 300 (Curtius); 500 (Diodorus)", "losses_b": "300,000 killed (Arrian 3.15.6); 90,000 (Diodorus); 40,000 (Curtius)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Darius fled, the Persian centre and left broke and Mazaeus' wing withdrew; the Macedonians held the field and pursued to Arbela.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 3.8-15; Curtius 4.12-16; Diodorus 17.53-61; Plutarch, Alexander 31-33; en.wikipedia Battle of Gaugamela", "note": "Arrian (3.8.3) says the Saka came not as Bessus' subjects but as allies of Darius. Macedon's allies were the Thessalian cavalry and Hellenic League troops.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 178, "key": "m331-uxian-defile", "name": "Uxian Defile", "label": "Uxian Defile", "year": -331, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 331 BC (or January 330)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Zagros", "place": "the Uxian pass on the road from Susa to Persis (site disputed), Iran", "lat": 31.3, "lon": 49.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Uxians" ], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Craterus", "commanders_b": "Madates (Medates)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Uxian hillmen (Arrian) or Madates' garrison holding the pass and his town for Darius (Curtius 5.3); numbers not given.", "languages": [ "Elamite", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The Uxians' language is unknown (perhaps descended from Elamite); Madates' own men were presumably Persians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 8,000 (Arrian 3.17.2)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "many killed (not counted)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alexander turned the pass, and the Uxians, caught between his column and Craterus on the heights, were routed and sued for terms (Arrian 3.17).", "borderline": "Persian role depends on the source: Arrian's Uxians were independent hillmen who took tolls even from the Persian kings, while Curtius makes it a stand by Darius' kinsman Madates, governor of the Uxians", "doubt": "Borderline: Persian role depends on the source: Arrian's Uxians were independent hillmen who took tolls even from the Persian kings, while Curtius makes it a stand by Darius' kinsman Madates, governor of the Uxians.", "sources": "Arrian 3.17; Curtius 5.3.1-16; Diodorus 17.67; en.wikipedia Battle of the Uxian Defile", "note": "Curtius has Madates besieged in his town and pardoned at Sisygambis' plea. The tribute imposed was 100 horses, 500 cattle and 30,000 sheep a year (Arrian 3.17.6). Wikipedia's coordinates are those of Susa; the pass was in the Zagros east of Susa. New entity: 'Uxians'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 179, "key": "m330-artacoana-siege", "name": "Artacoana (siege)", "label": "Artacoana (siege)", "year": -330, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 330 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Bessus' war)", "theatre": "Aria", "place": "Artacoana (near Herat), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Craterus", "commanders_b": "Satibarzanes (fled before the fighting)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Arian rebels who had risen for Satibarzanes when he went over to Bessus (Curtius: 13,000 armed men on the rock).", "languages": [ "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Arians of the Herat region, an Iranian people.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "13,000 (Curtius 6.6.23)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many burned or killed (not counted)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alexander took the rebels' wooded rock by setting fire to it, and those who had joined the revolt were killed or enslaved (Curtius 6.6.23-34; Diodorus 17.78.1-2).", "borderline": "a minor siege known from Curtius and Diodorus; Arrian mentions only the pursuit and punishment of the rebels", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor siege known from Curtius and Diodorus; Arrian mentions only the pursuit and punishment of the rebels.", "sources": "Curtius 6.6.20-34; Diodorus 17.78.1-2; Arrian 3.25.5-7", "note": "Satibarzanes, satrap of Aria, submitted to Alexander and then revolted for Bessus, who had taken the title Artaxerxes V; hence 'Achaemenid Empire'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 180, "key": "m330-persian-gate", "name": "Persian Gate", "label": "Persian Gate", "year": -330, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 330 BC (some date it to December 331)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (conquest of the Achaemenid Empire)", "theatre": "Persis", "place": "the Persian Gates pass (north of Yasuj), Iran", "lat": 30.71, "lon": 51.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great, Craterus, Philotas, Ptolemy", "commanders_b": "Ariobarzanes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ariobarzanes' army of Persis behind a wall across the pass: 40,000 foot and 700 horse (Arrian 3.18.2), 25,000 foot (Curtius; Diodorus, with 300 horse); modern estimates are far lower.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Ariobarzanes was satrap of Persis and his men were Persians of the homeland defending the road to Persepolis.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "Alexander's division (Wikipedia: about 17,000); Parmenion took the rest by the wagon road", "strength_b": "40,000 foot and 700 horse (Arrian); 25,000 foot and 300 horse (Diodorus 17.68.1); modern estimates as low as 700-2,000 (Wikipedia)", "losses_a": "unknown; heavy in the first frontal attack", "losses_b": "most of the army killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Alexander's flanking column came down behind the Persian wall while Craterus attacked from the front, and the defenders were destroyed or scattered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 3.18; Curtius 5.3.17-5.4.34; Diodorus 17.68; en.wikipedia Battle of the Persian Gate", "note": "Arrian says Ariobarzanes escaped with a few horsemen; Curtius (5.4.33-34) that he broke out, was refused entry at Persepolis and died fighting. The modern Iranian story of his sister Youtab is not in the ancient sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 181, "key": "m329-aria", "name": "Aria", "label": "Aria", "year": -329, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 330 or spring 329 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Bessus' war)", "theatre": "Aria", "place": "Aria (site unknown), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Achaemenid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Achaemenid Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Erigyius, Caranus, Artabazus, Phrataphernes", "commanders_b": "Satibarzanes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Satibarzanes' Arian rebels with 2,000 horsemen sent by Bessus (Arrian 3.28.2).", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Arians and Bessus' Bactrian horse, both Iranian peoples.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "6,000 Greek foot and 600 horse, with Phrataphernes' troops (Arrian 3.28.2)", "strength_b": "2,000 horse from Bessus and the Arian rebels", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Satibarzanes was killed in single combat by Erigyius and his army fled (Arrian 3.28.3; Curtius 7.4.33-40).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 3.28.2-3; Curtius 7.3.2, 7.4.32-40; Diodorus 17.83.4-6", "note": "Bessus (Artaxerxes V) was still free, so this counts as 'Achaemenid Empire'. The Persian nobles Artabazus and Phrataphernes fought on Alexander's side. Name, year and site as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Achaemenid Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 182, "key": "m329-cyropolis-siege", "name": "Cyropolis (siege)", "label": "Cyropolis (siege)", "year": -329, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 329 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana", "place": "Cyropolis (probably Kurkath or Istaravshan), Tajikistan", "lat": 39.91, "lon": 69.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great (wounded), Craterus (wounded)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 15,000 Sogdian fighters, the best of the region (Arrian 4.3.4).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Sogdians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (Wikipedia gives 10,000)", "strength_b": "about 15,000 (Arrian 4.3.4)", "losses_a": "unknown; Alexander and Craterus wounded", "losses_b": "about 8,000 killed (Arrian 4.3.4)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Macedonians got in by a dry watercourse and opened the gates, and the citadel surrendered for lack of water (Arrian 4.3.1-4).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.2-3; Curtius 7.6.16-23; en.wikipedia Siege of Cyropolis", "note": "Ptolemy said the town surrendered, Aristobulus that it was stormed (Arrian 4.3.5). Curtius' siege of the city of the Memaceni is probably the same. Wikipedia's coordinates (40.28, 69.63) are those of Khujand (Alexandria Eschate).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 183, "key": "m329-gaza-sogdiana", "name": "Gaza (Sogdiana)", "label": "Gaza (Sogdiana)", "year": -329, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 329 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana", "place": "Gaza (perhaps Nau, south-west of Khujand), Tajikistan", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 69.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Sogdian townsmen and the rebels of the region gathered in the seven Jaxartes towns (Arrian 4.2.1-2).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Sogdians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the men killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alexander stormed the town with ladders on the first day; the men were killed and the women and children enslaved (Arrian 4.2.3-4).", "borderline": "the first of seven towns taken in a few days; a minor assault", "doubt": "Borderline: the first of seven towns taken in a few days; a minor assault.", "sources": "Arrian 4.2.2-4", "note": "Arrian says five of the seven towns fell within two days; Cyropolis is entered separately. Site identification uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 184, "key": "n184", "name": "Jaxartes (329 BC)", "label": "Jaxartes", "year": -329, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "329 BCE (late summer or autumn)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alexander's Central Asian campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "north bank of the Jaxartes (Syr Darya) opposite Alexandria Eschate (Khujand), Tajikistan/Uzbekistan", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Saka" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saka", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III", "commanders_b": "no commander named (a Saka king and his brother Carmanes are mentioned in Curtius)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Alexander crossed the river under a catapult barrage, routed the Scythian horse (Saka) and pursued them into the steppe (Arrian 4.4).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian, Anabasis 4.2.1-4.4.9; Curtius 7.6.1-7.9.17; Plutarch, Alexander 45; Bosworth, Conquest and Empire (1988); Ancient Greek Battles ('Jaxartes')", "note": "The Saka (the 'Asiatic Scythians' of Arrian) had helped the Sogdian rebels. Alexander fell ill from the river water; the fight was a quick cavalry victory that kept the frontier on the Jaxartes.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 185, "key": "m329-maracanda-siege", "name": "Maracanda (siege)", "label": "Maracanda (siege)", "year": -329, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer-autumn 329 BC (two blockades)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana", "place": "Maracanda (Afrasiyab, Samarkand), Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.67, "lon": 66.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Saka" ], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison of the citadel (commander not named)", "commanders_b": "Spitamenes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Spitamenes' Sogdian rebels, joined in the second blockade by Scythian (Saka) horsemen (Arrian 4.5-6).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Sogdians and Saka, both East Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Spitamenes twice gave up the blockade of the citadel, first when Pharnuches' relief column approached and again when Alexander came (Arrian 4.5.2-3, 4.6.3-4).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.5.2-3, 4.6.3-4; Curtius 7.6.24", "note": "In the first blockade the garrison made a sortie and then withdrew into the citadel (Arrian 4.5.2).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 186, "key": "m329-polytimetus", "name": "Polytimetus", "label": "Polytimetus", "year": -329, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 329 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana", "place": "river Polytimetus (Zeravshan), Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Saka" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Spitamenes", "commanders_b": "Pharnuches, Andromachus, Caranus, Menedemus (all killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Spitamenes' Sogdians with about 600 Scythian horse archers (Arrian 4.5.4), probably Massagetae or Dahae.", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Sogdians and Saka horsemen, both East Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,360: 60 Companions, 800 mercenary horse, 1,500 mercenary foot (Arrian 4.3.7); Curtius: 3,000 foot and 800 horse", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "over 2,000 killed (Arrian 4.6.2); 2,000 foot and 300 horse (Curtius 7.7.39)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Spitamenes' horse archers surrounded the Macedonian column at a river crossing and destroyed it; only about 300 foot and 40 horse escaped (Arrian 4.5.4-4.6.2).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.3.7, 4.5-6; Curtius 7.6.24, 7.7.30-39; en.wikipedia Battle of the Polytimetus", "note": "Arrian (4.6.1-2) also gives Aristobulus' version, an ambush in a wooded park. Ancient Greek Battles lists the winners as 'Sogdians' and 'Saka'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 187, "key": "m328-gabai", "name": "Gabai", "label": "Gabai", "year": -328, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 328 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana", "place": "near Gabai (Bagae), on the border of Sogdiana and the Massagetae (site unknown), Uzbekistan", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 65.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Massagetae" ], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Coenus", "commanders_b": "Spitamenes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 3,000 Massagetae horsemen with Spitamenes' Sogdian and Bactrian rebels (Arrian 4.17.4-5).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Massagetae, Sogdians and Bactrians, all East Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 3,000 Massagetae horse with Sogdians and Bactrians", "losses_a": "25 horse and 12 foot killed (Arrian 4.17.6)", "losses_b": "over 800 horsemen killed (Arrian 4.17.6)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Coenus routed Spitamenes' horsemen, killing over 800, and the Sogdian and Bactrian rebels deserted him (Arrian 4.17.4-7).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.17.4-7; en.wikipedia Wars of Alexander the Great", "note": "Afterwards the Massagetae killed Spitamenes and sent his head to Alexander (Arrian 4.17.7); Curtius (8.3) says his wife killed him. Name, year and site as in Ancient Greek Battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 188, "key": "m328-xenippa", "name": "Xenippa", "label": "Xenippa", "year": -328, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 328 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Bactria", "place": "Xenippa (site unknown, perhaps the Baysun area), Uzbekistan", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 67.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amyntas (satrap of Bactria)", "commanders_b": "unknown (Bactrian exiles)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 2,500 Bactrian exiles, all horsemen, driven out of Xenippa (Curtius 8.2.15).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The rebels were Bactrians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,500 horse", "losses_a": "80 killed, 350 wounded", "losses_b": "700 killed, 300 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a long and even fight the Bactrian exiles broke, losing 700 killed and 300 captured (Curtius 8.2.16-17).", "borderline": "known only from Curtius", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from Curtius.", "sources": "Curtius 8.2.14-18", "note": "Curtius says the exiles were pardoned. The site is unknown; it lay on the Bactrian-Sogdian border, possibly near Baysun.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 189, "key": "m328-zariaspa", "name": "Zariaspa", "label": "Zariaspa", "year": -328, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 328 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Bactria", "place": "edge of the desert near Zariaspa (Bactra, Balkh), Afghanistan", "lat": 36.95, "lon": 66.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Massagetae" ], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Craterus", "commanders_b": "Spitamenes (not named in the fight)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Spitamenes' raiders: the Massagetae with over 1,000 other horsemen (Arrian 4.17.1); Curtius calls them Dahae.", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Massagetae and Dahae (Saka) with Sogdian and Bactrian exiles, all East Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "the Massagetae and over 1,000 other horse", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 150 killed (Arrian 4.17.1); 1,000 Dahae killed (Curtius 8.1.6)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Craterus caught the raiders at the edge of the desert and beat them; about 150 were killed and the rest escaped into the desert (Arrian 4.17.1).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.17.1; Curtius 8.1.6", "note": "Ancient Greek Battles has this as 'Zariaspa' (Macedon against the Saka, with Sogdian allies). It counts here as Spitamenes' force because the raiders were his band; Spitamenes himself is not named in the fight, which would make the Massagetae the principals.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 190, "key": "m328-zariaspa-ambush", "name": "Zariaspa (ambush)", "label": "Zariaspa (ambush)", "year": -328, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 328 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Bactria", "place": "near Zariaspa (Bactra, Balkh), Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "side_b": [ "Macedon" ], "allies_a": [ "Massagetae" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Spitamenes", "commanders_b": "Peithon son of Sosicles (captured), Aristonicus the harpist (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Spitamenes and the Sogdian exiles with about 600 Massagetae horsemen (Arrian 4.16.4).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Sogdian exiles and Massagetae, both East Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 600 Massagetae horse with the Sogdian exiles", "strength_b": "about 80 mercenary horse with some royal pages and Companions (Arrian 4.16.6)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "7 Companions and 60 mercenary horse killed (Arrian 4.16.7)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Spitamenes' horsemen ambushed the sortie from Zariaspa as it returned with the recovered booty, killing most of it and taking Peithon (Arrian 4.16.6-7).", "borderline": "no conventional name; Arrian's account of the sortie from Zariaspa", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; Arrian's account of the sortie from Zariaspa.", "sources": "Arrian 4.16.4-7; Curtius 8.1.3-5", "note": "Just before, Spitamenes stormed a Bactrian fort and captured its commander (Arrian 4.16.4). Curtius (8.1.3-5) tells of Attinas, killed with his 300 horsemen in a Massagetae ambush, probably the same event.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 191, "key": "m327-paraetacene-327", "name": "Paraetacene (327)", "label": "Paraetacene (327)", "year": -327, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 327 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana (Paraetacene)", "place": "Paraetacene (the Hissar region, site unknown), Tajikistan", "lat": 38.6, "lon": 68.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Craterus", "commanders_b": "Catanes (killed), Austanes (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The rebels of Paraetacene, horse and foot, under the local lords Catanes and Austanes (Arrian 4.22.1-2).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The rebels were Sogdians and Bactrians of Paraetacene.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "120 horse and about 1,500 foot killed (Arrian 4.22.2)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Craterus won a hard-fought battle in which Catanes fell and Austanes was captured (Arrian 4.22.2).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.22.1-2; Curtius 8.5.2", "note": "The last fight of the Sogdian and Bactrian revolt; the year is added to the name to keep it apart from the Diadochi battle of Paraitacene (317).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 192, "key": "m327-rock-of-chorienes-siege", "name": "Rock of Chorienes (siege)", "label": "Rock of Chorienes (siege)", "year": -327, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 327 BC (Curtius: 328)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana (Paraetacene)", "place": "Rock of Chorienes (probably Kuh-e Nur on the Vakhsh), Tajikistan", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 69.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great", "commanders_b": "Chorienes (Sisimithres)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Chorienes' Sogdian followers in Paraetacene (numbers not given).", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Sogdians of Paraetacene.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Curtius: many killed by slings and arrows)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Chorienes surrendered after the Macedonians filled the ravine and brought the rock within bowshot (Arrian 4.21; Curtius 8.2.19-33).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.21; Curtius 8.2.19-33; iranicaonline.org Chorienes", "note": "Encyclopaedia Iranica takes Arrian's Chorienes and Curtius' Sisimithres to be the same man (Bosworth thought them different) and places the rock at Kuh-e Nur by the Vakhsh. Chorienes was restored as governor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 193, "key": "m327-sogdian-rock-siege", "name": "Sogdian Rock (siege)", "label": "Sogdian Rock (siege)", "year": -327, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early spring 327 BC (Curtius: 328)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Alexander the Great (Sogdian and Bactrian revolt)", "theatre": "Sogdiana", "place": "Sogdian Rock, or Rock of Ariamazes (site disputed, perhaps near Derbent in the Baysun range), Uzbekistan", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 67.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander the Great", "commanders_b": "Ariamazes (Arimazes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ariamazes' Sogdians (Curtius 7.11.1: 30,000 armed men), sheltering the family of the Bactrian lord Oxyartes, Roxane among them.", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Sogdians and Bactrians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "300 climbers (Arrian 4.18.7)", "strength_b": "30,000 (Curtius 7.11.1)", "losses_a": "about 30 climbers fell (Arrian 4.19.2)", "losses_b": "none in fighting; Curtius says Ariamazes and his kin were crucified", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The defenders surrendered when 300 climbers reached the heights above them (Arrian 4.18.4-4.19.4).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian 4.18.4-4.19.6; Curtius 7.11; en.wikipedia Siege of the Sogdian Rock", "note": "Wikipedia places the rock at 40.4 N, 69.4 E (near Khujand); most modern proposals are in the south, in the Baysun-Hissar ranges. The coordinates are a regional guess.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 194, "key": "n194", "name": "Hydaspes", "label": "Hydaspes", "year": -326, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 326 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alexander's Indian campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "left bank of the Hydaspes (Jhelum), Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.83, "lon": 73.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Paurava" ], "allies_a": [ "Taxila" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Macedon", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander III, Craterus, Coenus", "commanders_b": "Porus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Alexander's cavalry, opened by the Dahae mounted archers, drove Porus' horse back on his infantry and the Macedonian phalanx finished it (Arrian 5.14-18).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arrian, Anabasis 5.12.2, 5.14-18 (the Bactrian, Sogdian and Scythian horse and 1,000 Dahae horse archers); Curtius 8.13-14; Diodorus 17.87-89; Plutarch, Alexander 60; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes", "note": "Alexander's cavalry included Bactrian, Sogdian and Scythian (Saka) squadrons and about 1,000 Dahae horse archers, who began the fight by harassing the Indian right wing. The Iranian horse formed a large part of the cavalry but a small part of the whole army, so this counts as a named unit rather than a fifth.", "peoples": [ "Saka", "Dahae", "Sogdians", "Bactrians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 195, "key": "m322-cappadocia-322", "name": "Cappadocia (322)", "label": "Cappadocia (322)", "year": -322, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 322 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of the Diadochi (Perdiccas' conquest of Cappadocia)", "theatre": "Cappadocia", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown), Turkey", "lat": 38.7, "lon": 35.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Macedon" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Perdiccas, Eumenes", "commanders_b": "Ariarathes I (captured and crucified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Macedon", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ariarathes' army, mainly Cappadocian: 30,000 foot and 15,000 horse (Diodorus 18.16.2).", "languages": [ "Anatolian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Cappadocia had a Persian landed nobility, which would have supplied much of the cavalry, over a native Anatolian population; the sources give no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the royal army under Perdiccas", "strength_b": "30,000 foot and 15,000 horse (Diodorus 18.16.2)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 4,000 killed and 5,000 captured (Diodorus 18.16.2)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Perdiccas defeated Ariarathes in battle, killing about 4,000 and capturing 5,000 with the king (Diodorus 18.16.2).", "borderline": "Ariarathes was the Achaemenid satrap of Cappadocia and never submitted to Alexander, but Cappadocia is not one of this set's Persian states and this set counts the Iranian resistance only to 327: probably out", "doubt": "Borderline: Ariarathes was the Achaemenid satrap of Cappadocia and never submitted to Alexander, but Cappadocia is not one of this set's Persian states and this set counts the Iranian resistance only to 327: probably out.", "sources": "Diodorus 18.16.1-3; Appian, Mithridatic Wars 8; Plutarch, Eumenes 3", "note": "His nephew Ariarathes II recovered Cappadocia about 301 with Armenian help (Diodorus 31.19.5); that fight is not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 196, "key": "n196", "name": "Paraitacene", "label": "Paraitacene", "year": -317, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "317 BCE (or 316, low chronology)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "theatre": "", "place": "Paraitacene, near Isfahan", "lat": 32.63, "lon": 51.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Eumenes" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eumenes", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eumenes, Peucestas, Eudamus, Antigenes", "commanders_b": "Antigonus I, Demetrius, Peithon", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Eumenes' phalanx routed Antigonus' and Antigonus lost far more men, but Antigonus' cavalry broke Eumenes' left and Antigonus camped on the field and claimed victory. Wikipedia infobox: Eumenes victory", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 19.26–32; Plut. Eum. 15; Nep. Eum. 8", "note": "Peucestas brought 10,000 Persian archers and slingers and 3,000 Persians armed in the Macedonian manner, besides the levies of the upper satraps (Diod. 19.14, 19.27-28)", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Peucestas brought 10,000 Persian archers and slingers and 3,000 Persians armed in the Macedonian manner, besides the levies of the upper satraps (Diod. 19.14, 19.27-28)", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 197, "key": "n197", "name": "Parthia (Peithon v the upper satraps)", "label": "Parthia", "year": -317, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "318/317 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "theatre": "", "place": "Parthia", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Upper satraps" ], "side_b": [ "Peithon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Upper satraps", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Peucestas and the satraps of the upper provinces defeated Peithon, satrap of Media, after he had killed Philip of Parthia. Both sides Macedonian.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 19.14.1–3", "note": "The upper satraps (Peucestas of Persis and others) drove Peithon out of Parthia with their native levies (Diod. 19.14)", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The upper satraps (Peucestas of Persis and others) drove Peithon out of Parthia with their native levies (Diod. 19.14)", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 198, "key": "n198", "name": "Gabiene", "label": "Gabiene", "year": -316, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 317/316 or 316/315 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second War of the Diadochi", "theatre": "", "place": "Gabiene, Isfahan province", "lat": 31.78, "lon": 51.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Antigonus I" ], "side_b": [ "Eumenes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eumenes", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antigonus I, Demetrius, Peithon", "commanders_b": "Eumenes, Peucestas, Antigenes, Teutamus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Tactically mixed: Eumenes' Silver Shields routed Antigonus' phalanx, but Antigonus' cavalry won and captured the baggage; the Silver Shields then handed Eumenes over. Wikipedia: inconclusive, Antigoni", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 19.39–43; Plut. Eum. 16–17; Nep. Eum. 10; Polyaen. 4.6.13", "note": "Peucestas' Persians and the upper satraps' levies in Eumenes' army (Diod. 19.40-43)", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Peucestas' Persians and the upper satraps' levies in Eumenes' army (Diod. 19.40-43)", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 199, "key": "n199", "name": "Callatis", "label": "Callatis", "year": -313, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "313 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third War of the Diadochi (Lysimachus v Pontic cities)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dobruja, near Callatis (site unknown)", "lat": 43.85, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Lysimachus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lysimachus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 19.73.1–5", "note": "Pitched battle against the Scythians who came to help rebel Callatis; the Thracians changed sides before the fighting. Followed by a siege of Callatis.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 200, "key": "n200", "name": "Tigris", "label": "Tigris", "year": -311, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "311 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babylonian War", "theatre": "", "place": "marshes by the Tigris, east of Babylonia (site unknown)", "lat": 33.0, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Antigonus I", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Seleucus I", "commanders_b": "Nicanor (satrap of Media), Evagoras (satrap of Aria, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Night attack from concealment in the marshes; Evagoras killed, most of Nicanor's army went over to Seleucus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 19.92.1–5", "note": "Nicanor, satrap of Media, led a force raised in Media and the upper satrapies (Diod. 19.92)", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Nicanor, satrap of Media, led a force raised in Media and the upper satrapies (Diod. 19.92)", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 201, "key": "n201", "name": "Aripharnes' fortress (siege, 310 BC)", "label": "Aripharnes' fortress", "year": -310, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "310/309 BCE (after the battle on the Thates)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bosporan civil war (Satyrus II v Eumelus)", "theatre": "", "place": "the stronghold of Aripharnes, king of the Siraces, across the Thates (Kuban), Taman/Kuban region (site unknown)", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 38.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom", "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Siraces" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek and Thracian mercenaries" ], "allies_b": [ "Eumelus' Bosporan faction" ], "persian_state": "Bosporan Kingdom v Siraces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bosporan Kingdom, Scythians", "faction_b": "Siraces", "commanders_a": "Satyrus II (mortally wounded)", "commanders_b": "Aripharnes, king of the Siraces", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Satyrus II was wounded in the assaults and died; his son Prytanis raised the siege and withdrew, so the fortress held (Diodorus 20.23).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diodorus Siculus 20.22.3-23; Ancient Greek Battles (note to 'Thates River'); Minns, Scythians and Greeks (1913); Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks (1922)", "note": "Satyrus' army was mostly Scythian; Aripharnes' Siraces were Sarmatian-type nomads. The siege followed Satyrus' victory at the Thates and ended the war in Eumelus' favour.", "peoples": [ "Scythians", "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 202, "key": "n202", "name": "Thates River", "label": "Thates River", "year": -310, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "310/309 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bosporan civil war", "theatre": "", "place": "across the Thates river, Asian Bosporus (Kuban; site unknown)", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 38.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom", "Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom", "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek and Thracian mercenaries" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bosporan Kingdom", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bosporan Kingdom, Scythians", "faction_b": "Bosporan Kingdom, Sarmatians", "commanders_a": "Satyrus II", "commanders_b": "Eumelus; Aripharnes, king of the Siraces", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 20.22.3–23", "note": "Satyrus' army was mostly Scythian (c. 20,000 foot, 10,000 horse); Eumelus' mostly the Siraces (Sarmatians) of Aripharnes. Satyrus was killed soon afterwards besieging Aripharnes' fortress (siege, not listed). Diodorus spells the river Thates (often 'Thatis').", "peoples": [ "Scythians", "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 203, "key": "n203", "name": "Cappadocia (Ariarathes v Amyntas)", "label": "Cappadocia", "year": -301, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 301 BCE (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Recovery of Cappadocia", "theatre": "", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.7, "lon": 35.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Cappadocia", "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Antigonus I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Cappadocia & Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ariarathes II, with troops of Ardoates of Armenia", "commanders_b": "Amyntas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Diodorus says only that Ariarathes 'slew Amyntas the Macedonian general' and drove out the Macedonians while the Successors fought each other. Amyntas' master (probably Antigonus, possibly a post-Ipsu", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Diod. 31.19.5", "note": "Ariarathid dynasty of Cappadocia, of Persian descent (Ariarathes I a Persian satrap; Diod. 31.19)", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ariarathid dynasty of Cappadocia, of Persian descent (Ariarathes I a Persian satrap; Diod. 31.19)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 204, "key": "n204", "name": "Ancyra", "label": "Ancyra", "year": -239, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 240/239 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War of the Brothers", "theatre": "", "place": "near Ancyra (Ankara), Galatia", "lat": 39.93, "lon": 32.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire", "Celts", "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Seleucid Empire & Celts", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus Hierax; Mithridates II of Pontus", "commanders_b": "Seleucus II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Trogus credits the Gauls with the victory; Eusebius says it was against Mithridates and that about 20,000 of Seleucus' men fell. Seleucus barely escaped, and Asia Minor west of the Taurus was left to", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Trogus Prol. 27; Justin 27.2.10–11; Porphyry FGrH 260 F32.8", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans; Mithridates II of Pontus led his own army as Hierax's ally", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans; Mithridates II of Pontus led his own army as Hierax's ally", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 205, "key": "m238-parni-conquest-of-parthia", "name": "Parni conquest of Parthia", "label": "Parni conquest of Parthia", "year": -238, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 238 BC (dates between c. 247 and 238 BC are proposed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Parni conquest of Parthia)", "theatre": "Parthia", "place": "Parthia (Astabene and Parthyene; site unknown), Iran", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Arsaces I, Tiridates (his brother, in Arrian's version)", "commanders_b": "Andragoras (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Parni, a tribe of the Dahae steppe horsemen from the Ochus (Tejen) region, led by Arsaces (Strabo 11.9.2-3; Justin 41.4); no numbers.", "languages": [ "East Iranian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Strabo calls the Parni a branch of the Dahae, Iranian-speaking (Scythian) nomads, who soon took up the Parthian language of the province they conquered.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Andragoras killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Arsaces overpowered and killed the satrap Andragoras and took Parthia (Justin 41.4.7); no battle is described, so the result rests on the conquest itself.", "borderline": "a conquest campaign rather than a named battle: Andragoras was killed, but no battle is described", "doubt": "Borderline: a conquest campaign rather than a named battle: Andragoras was killed, but no battle is described.", "sources": "Justin 41.4.6-7; Strabo 11.9.2-3; Arrian, Parthica (in Photius and Syncellus); en.wikipedia Parni conquest of Parthia; Seleucid-Parthian Wars", "note": "Andragoras had probably made himself independent of Seleucus II before the invasion (his coins), so the opponent is a breakaway Seleucid satrapy. Arrian's version (via Syncellus) has Arsaces and Tiridates kill a satrap called Pherecles or Agathocles instead. Hyrcania was taken soon after.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 206, "key": "m228-parthia-arsaces-i-v-seleucus-ii", "name": "Parthia (Arsaces I v Seleucus II)", "label": "Parthia (Arsaces I v Seleucus II)", "year": -228, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 230-227 BC (c. 235 BC on en.wikipedia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Seleucus II's eastern expedition)", "theatre": "Parthia and Hyrcania", "place": "Parthia/Hyrcania (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Arsaces I", "commanders_b": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Arsaces' Parni and Parthian horsemen, perhaps reinforced from the Apasiacae, the steppe nomads to whom he had first withdrawn (Strabo 11.8.8); no figures.", "languages": [ "East Iranian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The early Arsacid army was the Parni tribal horse with the Parthian and Hyrcanian population of the conquered provinces, all Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Justin reports that Arsaces defeated Seleucus in battle, a day the Parthians kept ever after as the beginning of their liberty; Seleucus withdrew.", "borderline": "known only from Justin; no site or conventional name", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from Justin; no site or conventional name.", "sources": "Justin 41.4.8-10; Strabo 11.8.8; Athenaeus 4.153a (Posidonius); en.wikipedia Seleucid-Parthian Wars", "note": "Strabo says only that Arsaces fled from Seleucus to the Apasiacae, and some historians doubt a pitched battle; a report that Seleucus was captured (Posidonius in Athenaeus 4.153a) is disputed and may refer to a later Seleucus. Seleucus was recalled west by a rising (Justin). Date disputed (c. 235-227 BC).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 207, "key": "n207", "name": "Sinope (siege, c. 220 BC)", "label": "Sinope", "year": -220, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 220 BCE (Polybius 4.56, in his narrative of 220)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Pontic-Sinopean war (Mithridates of Pontus against Sinope)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sinope (Sinop), Black Sea coast, Turkey", "lat": 42.03, "lon": 35.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Sinope" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rhodes" ], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates of Pontus", "commanders_b": "not recorded (the Sinopeans, with a general sent from Rhodes)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sinope, supplied by Rhodes, was not taken and stayed independent until Pharnaces I took it in 183 BCE (Polybius 4.56; Strabo 12.3.11).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polybius 4.56; Strabo 12.3.11; Wikipedia 'Mithridates III of Pontus'", "note": "The Pontic king belonged to the Mithridatid house of Persian descent; Polybius gives only the blockade and the Rhodian relief, not an assault, and the king's numbering (II or III) varies between scholars. Weak entry: a blockade with no recorded fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 208, "key": "n208", "name": "Raphia", "label": "Raphia", "year": -217, "month": 6, "day": 22, "date": "22 June 217 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fourth Syrian War", "theatre": "", "place": "Raphia (Rafah), on the Egyptian-Palestinian border, Gaza Strip", "lat": 31.29, "lon": 34.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Palestine (Gaza)", "side_a": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Seleucid Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ptolemy IV, Arsinoe III, Echecrates, Andromachus", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III; Aspasianus the Mede, Byttacus, Menedemus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Ptolemy's phalanx broke the Seleucid left and centre after Antiochus' wing had routed the Ptolemaic left, and Antiochus withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polybius 5.79-86; Walbank, Commentary on Polybius vol. 1; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raphia", "note": "The Seleucid order of battle lists 5,000 Medes, Cissians, Cadusians and Carmanians under Aspasianus the Mede, 5,000 light-armed Dahae, Carmanians and Cilicians under Byttacus, and 2,000 Persian and Agrianian archers and slingers: perhaps a seventh of the army, and several named units. The Dahae are the steppe element.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Medes", "Daylamites", "Dahae" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 209, "key": "n209", "name": "Arsamosata (siege, c. 212 BC)", "label": "Arsamosata", "year": -212, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 212 or 211 BCE (Polybius 8.23-25; the year is inferred from his narrative order)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Antiochus III's Armenian expedition (submission of Xerxes of Armenia and Sophene)", "theatre": "", "place": "Arsamosata (Haraba, near Elazig), Turkey; site approximate", "lat": 38.65, "lon": 39.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia and Sophene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia and Sophene", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III", "commanders_b": "Xerxes of Armenia (Orontid)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shut up in Arsamosata, Xerxes came to terms: he paid tribute, kept his kingdom and married Antiochus' sister Antiochis (Polybius 8.25).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Polybius 8.23-25; Wikipedia 'Xerxes of Sophene' and 'Arsamosata'; Strabo 11.14.15", "note": "Xerxes belonged to the Orontid (Eruandid) house, of Iranian origin that claimed Achaemenid descent (uncertain; some regard the Orontids as only Iranianised). Polybius calls him king of Armenia; modern historians place him as ruler of Sophene (and Commagene). The siege ended by agreement rather than assault, so the 'result' is the Seleucid gain of submission and tribute.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 210, "key": "m209-mount-labus", "name": "Mount Labus", "label": "Mount Labus", "year": -209, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "209 BC (210 BC per Bar-Kochva)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Antiochus III's eastern anabasis)", "theatre": "Hyrcania", "place": "pass over Mount Labus (Elburz range), between Hecatompylos and Hyrcania, Iran", "lat": 36.62, "lon": 54.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Seleucids" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III; Diogenes, Nicomedes of Cos, Nicolaus the Aetolian, Polyxenidas", "commanders_b": "Arsaces II (overall command; Polybius names no commander at the pass)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The 'barbarians' sent by Arsaces II to hold the pass with ambushes and rolled stones: Parthian and Hyrcanian light troops and mountaineers (Polybius 10.29-31); no numbers.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "other Iranian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Polybius calls the defenders only barbarians; they were Arsaces' Parthian subjects and the Hyrcanian highlanders of the Elburz, both Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Antiochus' anabasis army)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a day-long fight the Parthian defenders of the pass were outflanked by Seleucid light troops at night and abandoned the summit to Antiochus (Polybius 10.29-31).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polybius 10.28-31; en.wikipedia Battle of Mount Labus; Seleucid-Parthian Wars", "note": "en.wikipedia (Seleucid-Parthian Wars) describes the fight as a stalemate turned into a Seleucid success by the night flank attack. Arsaces II later accepted Seleucid suzerainty (208 BC).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 211, "key": "m209-syrinx-siege", "name": "Syrinx (siege)", "label": "Syrinx (siege)", "year": -209, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "209 BC (210 BC per Bar-Kochva)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Antiochus III's eastern anabasis)", "theatre": "Hyrcania", "place": "Syrinx (Sirynx), Hyrcania (site unknown, in the Gorgan plain), Iran", "lat": 36.8, "lon": 54.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Seleucids" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III", "commanders_b": "unknown (garrison of Arsaces II)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Parthian garrison and the Hyrcanian 'barbarians' who had gathered in Syrinx after the loss of the Labus pass (Polybius 10.31); no numbers.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Hyrcanian and Parthian subjects of Arsaces II, Iranian-speaking; the Greek townsmen were massacred by them before the fall.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Antiochus filled the ditches, mined the walls and took Syrinx by assault after the defenders had killed its Greek inhabitants (Polybius 10.31).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polybius 10.31; en.wikipedia Seleucid-Parthian Wars; List of wars involving Iran (before 1979)", "note": "Polybius calls the defenders only barbarians; en.wikipedia says the city held a Parthian garrison while Arsaces II was at Nisa. Tambrax, a nearby unwalled city with a palace, fell without a fight.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 212, "key": "n212", "name": "Arius", "label": "Arius", "year": -208, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "208 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Eastern anabasis of Antiochus III (Bactrian campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "ford of the river Arius (Hari Rud), on the road from Aria into Bactria", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 61.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Greco-Bactria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Greco-Bactria", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus III, Panaetolus", "commanders_b": "cavalry of Euthydemus I (Euthydemus himself was at 'Tapuria'/Guriana)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: A cavalry battle: Antiochus forced the ford at night, then routed the 10,000 Bactrian horse at dawn; he was wounded in the mouth and his horse was killed. Euthydemus fell back to Zariaspa/Bactra, and", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polyb. 10.49; cf. Polyb. 11.34; 29.12.8", "note": "Euthydemus' 10,000 horse at the Arius were Bactrian cavalry (Polyb. 10.49)", "peoples": [ "Bactrians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Euthydemus' 10,000 horse at the Arius were Bactrian cavalry (Polyb. 10.49)", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 213, "key": "n213", "name": "Magnesia", "label": "Magnesia", "year": -190, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "December 190 or January 189 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Seleucid War", "theatre": "", "place": "plain near Magnesia ad Sipylum (Manisa), Lydia, Turkey", "lat": 38.65, "lon": 27.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucid Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Achaean League" ], "allies_b": [ "Galatians", "Cappadocia" ], "persian_state": "Seleucid Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Cornelius Scipio, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Eumenes II", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Eumenes' cavalry routed the Seleucid left, panicked the scythed chariots and the phalanx was shot down and broken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Livy 37.37-44 (37.40, army list); Appian, Syriaca 30-36; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia", "note": "Antiochus III's right wing, where he commanded, included 1,200 Dahae horse archers (Livy), with Cyrtian slingers and Elymaean archers; the Dahae are a named unit, far below a fifth of the army. Also in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Dahae" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 214, "key": "m187-elymais-death-of-antiochus-iii", "name": "Elymais (death of Antiochus III)", "label": "Elymais (death of Antiochus III)", "year": -187, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "early July 187 BC (Babylonian King List)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid wars in the east (Antiochus III's raid on the temple of Bel)", "theatre": "Elymais", "place": "temple of Bel in Elymais (site unknown, in the Zagros foothills of Khuzestan), Iran", "lat": 31.94, "lon": 49.29, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Elymais" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Elymais", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the Elymaeans of the temple district)", "commanders_b": "Antiochus III (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Elymaean highlanders around the temple, who rose against the plunderers (Strabo's 'neighbouring barbarians'); no numbers or leaders recorded.", "languages": [ "Elamite", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Nothing is known of the Elymaean language; the population probably descended from the Elamites and wrote in Aramaic, so an Iranian share cannot be stated.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (Antiochus' escort)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Antiochus III and his force killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Seleucid force that attacked the temple by night was overwhelmed by the local Elymaeans and Antiochus III was killed with his men (Diodorus 28.3, 29.15; Strabo 16.1.18; Justin 32.2.1-2).", "borderline": "a fight over a temple raid, not a named battle; Elymais was still a Seleucid province, so whether it 'fought on its own account' is a judgment", "doubt": "Borderline: a fight over a temple raid, not a named battle; Elymais was still a Seleucid province, so whether it 'fought on its own account' is a judgment.", "sources": "Diodorus 28.3, 29.15; Strabo 16.1.18; Justin 32.2.1-2; en.wikipedia Elymais", "note": "Elymais counts here only because the Elymaeans fought on their own account against the king; Elymais became an independent kingdom only under Kamnaskires I (c. 147 BC). A similar attempt by Antiochus IV in 164 BC was foiled without a recorded battle (Polybius 31.9; 1 Maccabees 6.1-4).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Elymais: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 215, "key": "n215", "name": "Sinope (siege, 183 BC)", "label": "Sinope", "year": -183, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "183 BCE (season not recorded)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Pharnaces I's expansion on the Black Sea (Pontic capture of Sinope)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sinope (Sinop), Black Sea coast, Turkey", "lat": 42.03, "lon": 35.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Sinope" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pharnaces I of Pontus", "commanders_b": "not recorded (the magistrates of Sinope)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pharnaces took Sinope and made it his capital; Rhodes' protest to Rome came to nothing (Polybius 23.9; Strabo 12.3.11).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Polybius 23.9.2 and 24.1; Strabo 12.3.11; Wikipedia 'Pharnaces I of Pontus' (fetched 1 Nov 2026)", "note": "Pharnaces I belonged to the Mithridatid house of Pontus, of Persian descent (claimed Achaemenid ancestry; Wikipedia: 'of Persian and Greek ancestry'). Sinope fell to a sudden attack and the details of the fighting are not recorded, so this is a thin 'siege'; the war with Eumenes II and Ariarathes IV that followed (181-179 BCE) has no named battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 216, "key": "m138-media-capture-of-demetrius-ii", "name": "Media (capture of Demetrius II)", "label": "Media (capture of Demetrius II)", "year": -138, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "July/August 138 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Demetrius II's eastern campaign)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "mountains of Media (exact site unknown), Iran", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 47.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Elymais", "Persis", "Greco-Bactrians" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates I (his general Bagasis had held the Seleucids for a year)", "commanders_b": "Demetrius II Nicator (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mithridates I's Parthian army, chiefly cavalry, with the forces of his governor in Media, Bagasis; no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Parthian armies of this time were raised from the Parthian nobility and their retainers, with levies from newly conquered Media, all Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "army destroyed; Demetrius captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Demetrius' army was destroyed and he himself was captured (Justin 36.1, 38.9; Josephus Ant. 13.186; Babylonian astronomical diaries).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Justin 36.1.2-6, 38.9.2; Josephus Ant. 13.184-186; 1 Maccabees 14.1-3; Appian, Syriaca 67; en.wikipedia Seleucid-Parthian Wars", "note": "Justin says Demetrius was taken by a ruse during peace talks after winning several fights; the Babylonian diaries date the capture to summer 138 BC. Justin says the Persians (of Persis), Elymaeans and Bactrians aided Demetrius in the war, not necessarily in this battle; Persis and Elymais are thus on the Seleucid side here, as allies only.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 217, "key": "m130-lycus-great-zab", "name": "Lycus (Great Zab)", "label": "Lycus (Great Zab)", "year": -130, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "130 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Antiochus VII's eastern campaign)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Assyria)", "place": "river Lycus (Great Zab), northern Mesopotamia, Iraq", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 43.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Seleucids" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [ "Jews" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus VII Sidetes; John Hyrcanus (Jewish contingent)", "commanders_b": "Indates", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Indates' Parthian field army in Mesopotamia; the sources give no details, and it was presumably Parthian cavalry with local levies.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: Parthian field armies were built on the Parthian nobles' horse; Mesopotamian (Aramaic-speaking) levies may have served too.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 80,000 armed men for the whole campaign (Justin 38.10)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Antiochus defeated the Parthian general Indates and set up a trophy by the Lycus (Nicolaus of Damascus in Josephus, Ant. 13.251-252).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Josephus Ant. 13.249-253 (Nicolaus of Damascus); Justin 38.10; Diodorus 34/35.15-17; en.wikipedia Battle of Ecbatana", "note": "One of three Seleucid victories in 130 BC (Justin 38.10); the other two are unnamed. The army halted two days at the river at Hyrcanus' request for a Jewish festival.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 218, "key": "m129-ecbatana", "name": "Ecbatana (129 BC)", "label": "Ecbatana (129 BC)", "year": -129, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 129 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Antiochus VII's eastern campaign)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Media, near Ecbatana (Hamadan), Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phraates II", "commanders_b": "Antiochus VII Sidetes (killed), Athenaeus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Phraates II's Parthian army, chiefly cavalry, supported by the Median towns that rose against the Seleucid troops billeted on them (Justin 38.10; Diodorus 34/35.17).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Phraates' army was the Parthian royal and noble cavalry; the rising Median townsmen who joined it spoke Iranian dialects.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "Antiochus' own column small (probably the royal guard); the whole army about 80,000 armed men with 300,000 camp followers (Justin 38.10)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Antiochus killed; his guard destroyed; most of the army in winter quarters killed or captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Antiochus' column was destroyed and he was killed (or killed himself); the Seleucid troops in their Median winter quarters were killed or captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Justin 38.10, 39.1; Diodorus 34/35.15-17; Appian, Syriaca 68; Josephus Ant. 13.253; en.wikipedia Battle of Ecbatana", "note": "The sources place the battle only in Media; 'Ecbatana' is the conventional label. Antiochus' son Seleucus was captured. The Seleucid prisoners were drafted into Phraates' army and deserted him against the Saka.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 219, "key": "m127-phraates-ii-v-saka", "name": "Phraates II v Saka", "label": "Phraates II v Saka", "year": -127, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 128/127 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian wars with the Saka and Yuezhi", "theatre": "Eastern Iran", "place": "Parthia (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 58.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Saka" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saka v Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Saka", "faction_b": "Parthia", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Phraates II (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Saka", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Phraates II's Parthian army, with the Greek soldiers captured from Antiochus VII's army, who deserted in the battle (Justin 42.1).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Justin names the Parthian army and the Greek ex-Seleucid prisoners serving in it; the Greeks' share is not known, but the army was the Parthian host.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the army destroyed; Phraates II killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "When the Parthian line wavered the Greek prisoners in Phraates' army went over to the Saka; the Parthian army was cut to pieces and the king killed (Justin 42.1.4-5).", "borderline": "no conventional name or site; known only from Justin", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name or site; known only from Justin.", "sources": "Justin 42.1.1-5; en.wikipedia Phraates II", "note": "The Saka had been hired for the war against Antiochus VII, arrived too late, were refused pay and ravaged Parthia; Phraates left Himerus in charge of Babylonia when he marched east. Date 128 or 127 BC.", "peoples": [ "Parthians", "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 220, "key": "m124-artabanus-i-v-tocharians", "name": "Artabanus I v Tocharians", "label": "Artabanus I v Tocharians", "year": -124, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 124/123 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian wars with the Saka and Yuezhi", "theatre": "Eastern frontier (Margiana or Bactria)", "place": "eastern frontier of Parthia (site unknown), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 61.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Yuezhi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artabanus I (mortally wounded)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Yuezhi", "flags": [ "result unknown", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Artabanus I's Parthian army on the eastern frontier; no details (presumably Parthian cavalry).", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: the Parthian royal army of the time was raised from Parthian nobles and their retainers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "Artabanus I killed", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Justin says only that Artabanus was wounded in the arm in the war with the Tochari and died of it at once; the outcome of the fight is not reported.", "borderline": "no conventional name or site; a single sentence of Justin", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored. Borderline: no conventional name or site; a single sentence of Justin.", "sources": "Justin 42.2.2; en.wikipedia Artabanus I of Parthia", "note": "The Tochari are usually identified with the Yuezhi or a part of them; older numbering calls the king Artabanus II. Coordinates are nominal.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 221, "key": "n221", "name": "Chersonesus", "label": "Chersonesus", "year": -110, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 110 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Diophantus' Crimean campaigns", "theatre": "", "place": "near Chersonesus, south-west Crimea", "lat": 44.61, "lon": 33.49, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [ "Chersonesus" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus v Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pontus", "faction_b": "Scythians", "commanders_a": "Diophantus", "commanders_b": "Palacus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "IOSPE I² 352 (Syll.³ 709); Strabo 7.4.3–4; Justin 37.3.1–2", "note": "Diophantus, sent by Mithridates VI to aid Chersonesus, routed Palacus' Scythians who attacked him with a large army; chronology of the campaigns (c. 110–107) disputed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 222, "key": "n222", "name": "Scythian Neapolis (siege)", "label": "Scythian Neapolis", "year": -109, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 110-107 BCE (Diophantus' first Crimean expedition; chronology disputed)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Pontic wars in Crimea (Diophantus v Palacus)", "theatre": "", "place": "Scythian Neapolis (near Simferopol), Crimea", "lat": 44.94, "lon": 34.12, "loc": "known", "country": "Ukraine (Crimea)", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [ "Chersonesus" ], "allies_b": [ "Tauri" ], "persian_state": "Pontus v Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pontus", "faction_b": "Scythians", "commanders_a": "Diophantus", "commanders_b": "Palacus (probably)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Chersonesus decree for Diophantus and later accounts say he took the Scythian strongholds, and Neapolis shows a destruction layer of this age.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "IOSPE I2 352 (Syll.3 709); Strabo 7.4.3-7; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantus_(general); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_Neapolis", "note": "Neapolis was the seat of the Crimean Scythian kings; the identification of the specific storming with Diophantus' campaign, and its date, are uncertain. It may overlap with the Greek-set entries for Chersonesus (110) and Crimea (108), which are imported separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 223, "key": "n223", "name": "Crimea (Roxolani)", "label": "Crimea", "year": -108, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 108/107 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Diophantus' Crimean campaigns", "theatre": "", "place": "Crimean steppe (site unknown)", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 34.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians", "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [ "Chersonesus" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus v Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pontus", "faction_b": "Sarmatians, Scythians", "commanders_a": "Diophantus", "commanders_b": "Tasius (Roxolani), Palacus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Strabo 7.3.17; IOSPE I² 352 (Syll.³ 709)", "note": "Strabo: 6,000 under Diophantus defeated about 50,000 Roxolani who had come to help Palacus; the decree calls them Rheuxinali.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Scythians", "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 224, "key": "n224", "name": "Cimmerian Bosporus", "label": "Cimmerian Bosporus", "year": -107, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 110–107 BCE (winter)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pontic conquest of the Bosporus", "theatre": "", "place": "on the frozen Strait of Kerch", "lat": 45.3, "lon": 36.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus v Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pontus", "faction_b": "Scythians", "commanders_a": "Neoptolemus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Strabo 2.1.16, 7.3.18", "note": "Cavalry battle fought on the ice of the strait; Strabo says only 'the barbarians' (probably Scythians or Maeotians). Date uncertain, probably soon after Diophantus' campaigns.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Scythians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "set12" }, { "id": 225, "key": "n225", "name": "Yucheng (siege, 104 BC)", "label": "Yucheng", "year": -104, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 104 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War of the Heavenly Horses", "theatre": "", "place": "Yucheng (Uzgen), eastern Ferghana, Kyrgyzstan", "lat": 40.77, "lon": 73.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Kyrgyzstan", "side_a": [ "Han" ], "side_b": [ "Dayuan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dayuan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Li Guangli; Wang Shensheng and Hu Chongguo", "commanders_b": "the king of Yucheng", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Han detachment of about 1,000 was routed by a 3,000-man sortie and Li Guangli's main army, weakened by the march, withdrew to Dunhuang.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Shiji 123 (Dayuan liezhuan); Hanshu 61; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses", "note": "Whether the Dayuan were Iranian-speaking is doubtful: Sima Qian says that from Dayuan to Anxi (Parthia) the languages differed but were close, which points to a Saka or Sogdian-type speech; Tocharian and Greek-descended elites have also been proposed. Yucheng fell to Shangguan Jie in 102 and its king fled to the Kangju.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 226, "key": "n226", "name": "Guishan/Ershi (siege, 102-101 BC)", "label": "Guishan/Ershi", "year": -102, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 102 to spring 101 BCE (forty-day siege)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War of the Heavenly Horses", "theatre": "", "place": "Guishan, capital of Dayuan (Ferghana; the 'Ershi' of the Han sources; site uncertain), Uzbekistan", "lat": 40.5, "lon": 71.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Han" ], "side_b": [ "Dayuan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dayuan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Li Guangli", "commanders_b": "King Wugua (Mugua); the general Jianmi (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Han cut the city's water, broke the outer wall and captured Jianmi; the Dayuan nobles killed Wugua and gave horses for a Han withdrawal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Shiji 123; Hanshu 61; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses", "note": "The Dayuan cavalry sortie was beaten by Han crossbowmen before the siege. Li took about 3,000 horses and enthroned the noble Meicai. Whether the Dayuan were Iranian-speaking is doubtful (see the note on Yucheng); the earlier note about a Saka king of Ferghana named Mauakes is a modern guess at the name Wugua.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 227, "key": "n227", "name": "Cappadocia (Sulla)", "label": "Cappadocia", "year": -96, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 96 BCE (or 92)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Cappadocian succession (Roman intervention)", "theatre": "", "place": "Cappadocia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 35.48, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Cappadocia", "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Cappadocia & Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Cornelius Sulla", "commanders_b": "Gordius", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Sulla killed many Cappadocians of Gordius' pro-Pontic regime and more Armenians who came to help them, and installed Ariobarzanes I. Date of Sulla's mission disputed (96 or 92).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Plut. Sulla 5.3; App. Mith. 10, 57", "note": "Gordius and the Armenian troops of Tigranes II (Artaxiad); Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Gordius and the Armenian troops of Tigranes II (Artaxiad); Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 228, "key": "m92-antiochus-x-v-parthians", "name": "Antiochus X v Parthians", "label": "Antiochus X v Parthians", "year": -92, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 92 BC (alternatively 89/88 BC)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid-Parthian Wars (Parthian advance into Syria)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia and Syria", "place": "unknown (in support of Laodice, queen of the 'Gileadites' or Sameni), Syria", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 39.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (generals of Mithridates II)", "commanders_b": "Antiochus X Eusebes (killed); Laodice, queen of the Sameni", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Unknown: presumably a Parthian army of Mithridates II's western frontier, chiefly cavalry; not described.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only from the usual make-up of Parthian armies under Mithridates II.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Antiochus X killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Josephus says Antiochus X fell fighting bravely against the Parthians; no other detail of the battle survives.", "borderline": "no name or site; known from one sentence of Josephus", "doubt": "Borderline: no name or site; known from one sentence of Josephus.", "sources": "Josephus Ant. 13.371; en.wikipedia Antiochus X Eusebes", "note": "Appian has Antiochus X expelled by Tigranes and Eusebius has him flee to the Parthians; modern historians generally prefer Josephus. The identity of Laodice and her people (Sameni, perhaps Arab nomads or Commagene) is disputed. Date 92 BC (most) or 89/88 BC (Hoover).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 229, "key": "n229", "name": "Amnias", "label": "Amnias", "year": -89, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "89 BCE (some date 88)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "river Amnias (Gökırmak), Paphlagonia", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 34.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Bithynia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Archelaus, Neoptolemus", "commanders_b": "Nicomedes IV", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Pontic scythed chariots and cavalry routed Nicomedes' much larger army.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 17–18; Memnon 22.6; Strabo 12.3.40; Justin 38.3.8", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 230, "key": "n230", "name": "Mount Scorobas", "label": "Mount Scorobas", "year": -89, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "89 BCE (spring)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Mount Scorobas, on the Bithynian-Pontic frontier, northern Turkey", "lat": 41.12, "lon": 30.63, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Bithynia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "a Sarmatian horse detachment (leader not named)", "commanders_b": "a Bithynian cavalry commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Appian says that 100 Sarmatian horse of Mithridates defeated 800 Bithynian cavalry.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Appian, Mithridatica 19; Ancient Greek Battles ('Mount Scorobas')", "note": "A small cavalry fight, but the whole Pontic force in it was Sarmatian. Mithridates VI also claimed Persian (Achaemenid) descent, which would qualify the whole war under the dynasty-by-descent ruling; this entry stands on the Sarmatian horse alone.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 231, "key": "n231", "name": "Protopachium", "label": "Protopachium", "year": -89, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "89 BCE (some date 88)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Protopachium, eastern Bithynia (site unknown)", "lat": 40.9, "lon": 31.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [ "Bithynia" ], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Neoptolemus, Nemanes the Armenian", "commanders_b": "M'. Aquillius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Aquillius lost about 10,000 men; the Romans abandoned Bithynia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 19; Memnon 22.7–8; Diod. 37.26", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 232, "key": "n232", "name": "Rhodes", "label": "Rhodes", "year": -88, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "88 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "off the harbours of Rhodes", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 28.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rhodian navarchs", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Naval fighting during Mithridates' siege of Rhodes: a fleet action off the harbour in which Mithridates' own ship was rammed by an allied Chian vessel, and a Rhodian attack on storm-scattered Pontic s", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 24–26; Memnon 22.8; Diod. 37.28; Val. Max. 5.2.ext.2", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 233, "key": "n233", "name": "Athens and Piraeus (siege)", "label": "Athens and Piraeus", "year": -87, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 87 BCE to spring 86 BCE (Athens stormed on 1 March 86 BCE)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Athens and its port Piraeus, Attica", "lat": 37.96, "lon": 23.7, "loc": "known", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus", "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus & Greek cities", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla; Gaius Scribonius Curio (Acropolis)", "commanders_b": "Archelaus (Piraeus); Aristion (Athens)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Athens under the tyrant Aristion fell first; Archelaus then abandoned Piraeus by sea and Sulla burned it. Some give 12 February rather than 1 March for the storm of Athens.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plutarch, Sulla 12-14; Appian, Mith. 30-41; Pausanias 1.20.4-7; en.wikipedia Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87-86 BC)", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 234, "key": "m87-beroea-87-bc", "name": "Beroea (87 BC)", "label": "Beroea (87 BC)", "year": -87, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "88/87 BC (late 87 BC on en.wikipedia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seleucid dynastic wars (Demetrius III against Philip I)", "theatre": "Northern Syria", "place": "Demetrius III's camp before Beroea (Aleppo), Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Parthia", "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_a": [ "Seleucids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates Sinaces (Parthian commander), Aziz (Zizon) the Arab phylarch, Straton of Beroea", "commanders_b": "Demetrius III Eucaerus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Seleucids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Parthian force under the governor Mithridates Sinaces, presumably horse archers, fighting beside the archers of the Arab phylarch Aziz; no numbers.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Parthian force was a provincial army of the Parthian empire; the Arab archers of Aziz were an allied force, not under Parthian command.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry (Josephus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the whole army surrendered; Demetrius captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Demetrius, besieged in his camp and worn down by archery and thirst, surrendered with his army (Josephus Ant. 13.384-386).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Josephus Ant. 13.384-386; en.wikipedia Demetrius III Eucaerus", "note": "Named 'Beroea' in Ancient Greek Battles; the year is added because Khosrow I attacked Beroea in AD 540. The Parthians and Arabs came at the call of Straton, tyrant of Beroea and ally of Philip I; Demetrius was sent to the Parthian king Mithridates (II, or possibly a Mithridates III), where he died. A camp besieged in the field, treated as a field battle.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 235, "key": "n235", "name": "Chaeronea", "label": "Chaeronea", "year": -87, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "88/87 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "near Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.49, "lon": 22.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus", "Athens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus & Athens", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Bruttius Sura", "commanders_b": "Archelaus, Aristion", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Three days of fighting, indecisive per Appian (Plutarch implies Sura had the better); Sura withdrew when Spartan and Achaean forces joined Archelaus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 29; Plut. Sulla 11.4–5", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 236, "key": "n236", "name": "Chalcis", "label": "Chalcis", "year": -87, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "87/86 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "near Chalcis, Euboea", "lat": 38.46, "lon": 23.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Minucius", "commanders_b": "Neoptolemus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Sulla's legate Minucius defeated Neoptolemus, killing 1,500 and capturing more.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 34", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 237, "key": "n237", "name": "Sciathos", "label": "Sciathos", "year": -87, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "88/87 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "northern Aegean, near Sciathos", "lat": 39.15, "lon": 23.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Q. Bruttius Sura", "commanders_b": "Metrophanes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Small naval action: Sura sank a large ship and a hemiolia of Metrophanes' squadron, then stormed Sciathos. Site not stated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 29", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 238, "key": "n238", "name": "Chaeronea", "label": "Chaeronea", "year": -86, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "86 BCE (spring)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "plain of Chaeronea, Boeotia", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 22.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sulla", "commanders_b": "Archelaus, Taxiles", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles:", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Sulla 15–19; App. Mith. 42–45; Memnon 22.10", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 239, "key": "n239", "name": "Orchomenus", "label": "Orchomenus", "year": -86, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "86 BCE (autumn; some date 85)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "plain near Orchomenus by the Copaic marshes", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 22.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sulla", "commanders_b": "Archelaus, Dorylaus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Fought over two days (field battle, then storming of the Pontic camp); counted as one battle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Sulla 20–21; App. Mith. 49–50; Frontin. Str. 2.8.12", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 240, "key": "n240", "name": "Lectum", "label": "Lectum", "year": -85, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "85 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "off Cape Lectum, Troad", "lat": 39.47, "lon": 26.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Lucullus' fleet, largely of Rhodian and other allied ships, defeated a royal squadron; no details.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 3.8", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 241, "key": "n241", "name": "Rhyndacus", "label": "Rhyndacus", "year": -85, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "85 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "river Rhyndacus near Miletopolis, Mysia", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 28.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Flavius Fimbria", "commanders_b": "Mithridates (son of Mithridates VI), Taxiles, Diophantus, Menander", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Also called the battle of Miletopolis: a cavalry victory followed by a dawn attack across the river on the Pontic camp.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Memnon 24; Oros. 6.2.10; Frontin. Str. 3.17.5", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 242, "key": "n242", "name": "Tenedos", "label": "Tenedos", "year": -85, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "85 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "First Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "off Tenedos", "lat": 39.83, "lon": 26.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Rhodes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus, Damagoras of Rhodes", "commanders_b": "Neoptolemus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Lucullus fought from a Rhodian ship commanded by Damagoras.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 3.8–10", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 243, "key": "n243", "name": "Halys", "label": "Halys", "year": -82, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "82 BCE (or 81)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "on the river Halys (site unknown)", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 35.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI, Gordius", "commanders_b": "L. Licinius Murena", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Appian: Murena routed and driven back into Phrygia; Memnon calls the battle evenly balanced.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 65; Memnon 26", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 244, "key": "n244", "name": "Chalcedon", "label": "Chalcedon", "year": -74, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "74 BCE (or 73)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "before the walls of Chalcedon", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 29.04, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "M. Aurelius Cotta, P. Rutilius Nudus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Pontic Bastarnae routed the Roman army outside the city (Memnon: 5,300 Roman dead on land). Fought the same day as the harbour battle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 71; Memnon 27.7–8; Plut. Luc. 8; Sall. Hist. 3; Oros. 6.2.13", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 245, "key": "n245", "name": "Cyzicus (siege)", "label": "Cyzicus", "year": -73, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "73 BCE (into winter 73/72 BCE)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Cyzicus (near Erdek), on the Propontis", "lat": 40.38, "lon": 27.88, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus; the Cyzicenes", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Mithridates' army, said to be 300,000 with camp followers, was starved out and broke up.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Appian, Mith. 72-76; Plutarch, Lucullus 9-11; Memnon of Heraclea 28; en.wikipedia Battle of Cyzicus (73 BC)", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 246, "key": "n246", "name": "Granicus", "label": "Granicus", "year": -73, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "73/72 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "crossings of the Aesepus and Granicus, Mysia", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 27.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Hermaeus, M. Marius", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Destruction of the Pontic army retreating from Cyzicus at the river crossings (some 20,000 killed); partly a pursuit rather than a pitched battle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 11.8; App. Mith. 76; Memnon 28.4; Oros. 6.2.20", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 247, "key": "n247", "name": "Lemnos", "label": "Lemnos", "year": -73, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "islet of Neae, between Lemnos and Scyros", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 25.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "M. Marius, Alexander, Dionysius", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Lucullus landed troops behind the beached Pontic squadron and destroyed it (32 ships); the Sertorian M. Marius was captured and executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 12.3–5; App. Mith. 77; Memnon 29, 33.1; Cic. Leg. Man. 21; Oros. 6.2.21–22", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 248, "key": "n248", "name": "Phrygia (Deiotarus v Eumachus)", "label": "Phrygia", "year": -73, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Phrygia (site unknown)", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 30.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Celts" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Deiotarus", "commanders_b": "Eumachus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: The Galatian tetrarch Deiotarus (a Roman ally) defeated and drove out Mithridates' general Eumachus; possibly several engagements.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 75; Livy Per. 94; Oros. 6.2.18", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 249, "key": "n249", "name": "Rhyndacus", "label": "Rhyndacus", "year": -73, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "crossing of the river Rhyndacus, during the siege of Cyzicus", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 28.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Lucullus caught Mithridates' cavalry and baggage train sent away from the Cyzicus siege; 15,000 men and 6,000 horses captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 11.3–6; App. Mith. 75; Memnon 28; Oros. 6.2.15", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 250, "key": "n250", "name": "Tenedos", "label": "Tenedos", "year": -73, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "73 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "between Tenedos and the Achaean harbour, Troad", "lat": 39.8, "lon": 26.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Isidorus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Lucullus captured 13 Pontic quinqueremes; Isidorus killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 12.2; Memnon 29; App. Mith. 77", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 251, "key": "n251", "name": "Amisus (siege)", "label": "Amisus", "year": -72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72-71 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Amisus (Samsun)", "lat": 41.29, "lon": 36.33, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Lucius Licinius Murena", "commanders_b": "Callimachus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Amisus was an Athenian colony; Lucullus restored the surviving citizens.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plutarch, Lucullus 14-19; Appian, Mith. 78, 83; Memnon of Heraclea 30; en.wikipedia Third Mithridatic War", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 252, "key": "n252", "name": "Cabira", "label": "Cabira", "year": -72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72 BCE (or 71)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "near Cabira, Pontus", "lat": 40.59, "lon": 36.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus, M. Fabius Hadrianus, Sornatius", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI, Menemachus, Myron, Taxiles", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Campaign of several actions: early Pontic cavalry successes, then the destruction of the cavalry sent against Lucullus' supply convoys, followed by panic and collapse of Mithridates' army. Counted as", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 15–17; App. Mith. 79–82; Memnon 29.8–30.1; Sall. Hist. 4", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 253, "key": "n253", "name": "Heraclea Pontica (siege)", "label": "Heraclea Pontica", "year": -72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72-71 BCE (others 73-70 BCE)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Heraclea Pontica (Karadeniz Eregli)", "lat": 41.28, "lon": 31.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus", "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus & Greek cities", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marcus Aurelius Cotta; Gaius Valerius Triarius (fleet)", "commanders_b": "Connacorix (Pontic garrison commander); the Heracleots", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Cotta sacked the city; the start date is given as 73 or 72 BCE.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Memnon of Heraclea 27-35; en.wikipedia Third Mithridatic War", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 254, "key": "n254", "name": "Tenedos", "label": "Tenedos", "year": -72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72/71 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "off Tenedos", "lat": 39.83, "lon": 26.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Valerius Triarius", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Triarius with 70 triremes destroyed the Pontic squadron (just under 80 ships) returning from Crete and Spain. Known only from Memnon.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Memnon 33.1–2", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 255, "key": "n255", "name": "Themiscyra (siege)", "label": "Themiscyra", "year": -72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Themiscyra, on the Thermodon (near Terme)", "lat": 41.2, "lon": 36.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "the Themiscyrans", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "result unknown" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Appian does not say whether the town fell; Lucullus moved on against Mithridates at Cabira.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored.", "sources": "Appian, Mith. 78; en.wikipedia Third Mithridatic War", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 256, "key": "n256", "name": "Sinope", "label": "Sinope", "year": -70, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "70 BCE", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "off Sinope", "lat": 42.03, "lon": 35.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Sinope" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cleochares", "commanders_b": "Censorinus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Ships of the Sinope garrison defeated Censorinus' 15 triremes escorting grain transports and seized the transports, during Lucullus' siege of Sinope.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Memnon 37.1–2", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 257, "key": "n257", "name": "Armenia (defeat of Mithrobarzanes)", "label": "Armenia", "year": -69, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "69 BCE (spring or summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "at Lucullus' camp on his march from the Euphrates to Tigranocerta, site unknown", "lat": 38.3, "lon": 40.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sextilius (legate of Lucullus)", "commanders_b": "Mithrobarzanes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Tigranes had sent Mithrobarzanes to stop Lucullus; he fell in the fight and most of his men were killed in flight.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Plutarch, Lucullus 25; en.wikipedia Third Mithridatic War", "note": "Mithrobarzanes, Tigranes II's general (Iranian name); Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithrobarzanes, Tigranes II's general (Iranian name); Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 258, "key": "n258", "name": "Tigranocerta", "label": "Tigranocerta", "year": -69, "month": 10, "day": 6, "date": "6 October 69 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "by the river before Tigranocerta (probably Arzan, near Batman; Silvan has also been proposed)", "lat": 37.98, "lon": 41.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Tigranes II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Plutarch dates it to the day before the Nones of October, the anniversary of Arausio. Tigranes' host is put at over 100,000 (Plutarch: 150,000 foot, 55,000 horse), certainly exaggerated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Plutarch, Lucullus 26-28; Appian, Mith. 84-85; Memnon of Heraclea 38; Frontinus, Strat. 2.1.14; en.wikipedia Battle of Tigranocerta", "note": "Tigranes II, Artaxiad; Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tigranes II, Artaxiad; Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 259, "key": "n259", "name": "Arsanias", "label": "Arsanias", "year": -68, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "68 BCE (summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "river Arsanias (Murat), Armenia, on Lucullus' march to Artaxata", "lat": 39.15, "lon": 42.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia", "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia & Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "L. Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Tigranes II, Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Included because Mithridates was co-commander (Appian says Tigranes gave him the command; Plutarch has him leading a large cavalry force and fleeing first). Also called the battle of Artaxata; site di", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Luc. 31.4–8; App. Mith. 87; Dio 36.4–5; Sall. Hist. 4", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 260, "key": "n260", "name": "Comana", "label": "Comana", "year": -68, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "68 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "near Comana (Pontica)", "lat": 40.35, "lon": 36.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "C. Valerius Triarius", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Known only from Dio; identification of Comana uncertain.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Dio 36.10–11", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 261, "key": "n261", "name": "Nisibis (siege)", "label": "Nisibis", "year": -68, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn-winter 68 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Mygdonia", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus", "commanders_b": "Gouras (brother of Tigranes), Callimachus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans:", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Plutarch, Lucullus 32; Dio 36.6-7; en.wikipedia Third Mithridatic War", "note": "Gouras, brother of Tigranes II; Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Gouras, brother of Tigranes II; Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 262, "key": "n262", "name": "Pontus (Fabius' defeat)", "label": "Pontus", "year": -68, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "68 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "Pontus, near Cabira (site unknown)", "lat": 40.55, "lon": 36.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "M. Fabius Hadrianus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Returning to Pontus, Mithridates defeated Lucullus' legate Fabius, who was saved only when Mithridates was wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 88; Dio 36.9.2–5; Plut. Luc. 35.1; Sall. Hist. 5", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 263, "key": "n263", "name": "Zela", "label": "Zela", "year": -67, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "67 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "plain near Zela (and Gaziura), Pontus", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 35.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates VI", "commanders_b": "C. Valerius Triarius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: About 7,000 Romans killed, including 24 tribunes and 150 centurions.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "App. Mith. 89; Plut. Luc. 35.1; Dio 36.12–13", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 264, "key": "m66-artaxata-siege-66-bc", "name": "Artaxata (siege, 66 BC)", "label": "Artaxata (siege, 66 BC)", "year": -66, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "66 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Parthian-Armenian wars (Tigranes the Younger's revolt)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Artaxata (near Artashat), Armenia", "lat": 39.88, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tigranes II the Great", "commanders_b": "Phraates III, Tigranes the Younger", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Phraates III's Parthian army with the Armenian partisans of the rebel prince Tigranes the Younger; part of the Parthian force stayed behind with the prince (Appian, Mithridatica 104; Dio 36.51).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The besieging army was Phraates' Parthian host with the prince's Armenian followers; their proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege dragged on, Phraates withdrew with most of his army and Artaxata did not fall; Tigranes the Great then defeated his son and the Parthian troops left with him.", "borderline": "siege with little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: siege with little recorded fighting.", "sources": "Appian, Mithridatica 104; Cassius Dio 36.51; en.wikipedia Siege of Artaxata", "note": "Tigranes the Elder had fled to the mountains; after Phraates left he beat his son, who fled to Pompey. The year is added because Artaxata was attacked again in the Roman-Parthian wars of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 265, "key": "n265", "name": "Lycus", "label": "Lycus", "year": -66, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "66 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Mithridatic War", "theatre": "", "place": "by the river Lycus, near later Nicopolis, Lesser Armenia", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 38.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pompey", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VI", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Pompey's night attack on Mithridates' army in a defile; Pompey founded Nicopolis on the site. Also called the battle of Nicopolis or Dasteira.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plut. Pomp. 32; App. Mith. 99–100; Dio 36.48–49; Oros. 6.4.3–5", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 266, "key": "n266", "name": "Ujjain (Kalakacharya's Saka, traditional)", "label": "Ujjain", "year": -57, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 57 BCE (Jain tradition, tied to the Vikrama era; unreliable)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saka invasion of Malwa (Kalakacharya story)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 23.18, "lon": 75.78, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Saka" ], "side_b": [ "Gardabhilla of Ujjain" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saka", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Saka overlord (Shahanushahi) and his chiefs, led by Kalakacharya", "commanders_b": "Gardabhilla", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the Kalakacharya story the Saka chiefs, brought by the monk, defeated Gardabhilla and took Ujjain.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Kalakacharya-katha (Jain; Prabhavakacarita, Kahavali); Brown, The Story of Kalaka (1933); Sircar, Studies in Indian Coins", "note": "The tradition says Vikramaditya, Gardabhilla's son, later drove the Saka out (the Vikrama era of 57 BCE). The historical Indo-Scythian conquest of Ujjain and Malwa seems later (1st century CE), so the date and the fight itself are doubtful.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 267, "key": "m55-seleucia-siege-55-bc", "name": "Seleucia (siege, 55 BC)", "label": "Seleucia (siege, 55 BC)", "year": -55, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "55-54 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Parthian civil war (Mithridates IV against Orodes II)", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Seleucia on the Tigris (Tell Umar), Iraq", "lat": 33.1, "lon": 44.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Orodes II" ], "side_b": [ "Mithridates IV" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Orodes II", "faction_b": "Mithridates IV", "commanders_a": "Surena", "commanders_b": "Mithridates IV", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Orodes' army led by Surena with his household horse from Sakastan, against Mithridates' Parthian partisans and the Greek citizens of Seleucia who held the city for him.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "East Iranian", "Greek", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Surena's army was Parthian and Saka horse from his estates; the defenders included the Greek and Aramaic-speaking townsmen of Seleucia.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Surena took Seleucia by storm, being himself the first man on the wall (Plutarch, Crassus 21.6).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plutarch, Crassus 21.6; Justin 42.4.1-4; en.wikipedia Mithridates IV of Parthia", "note": "en.wikipedia (after Bivar) puts the siege in 54 BC and has Mithridates offer battle and lose; Justin has him surrender at Babylon after a long siege. Older numbering calls him Mithridates III. Gabinius had brought him to the Euphrates in 55 BC before turning to Egypt.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 268, "key": "m54-babylon-siege-54-bc", "name": "Babylon (siege, 54 BC)", "label": "Babylon (siege, 54 BC)", "year": -54, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "54 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Parthian civil war (Mithridates IV against Orodes II)", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Babylon (near Hillah), Iraq", "lat": 32.54, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Orodes II" ], "side_b": [ "Mithridates IV" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Orodes II", "faction_b": "Mithridates IV", "commanders_a": "Orodes II's generals (perhaps Surena)", "commanders_b": "Mithridates IV (surrendered, executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Orodes' Parthian army against Mithridates' remaining partisans in Babylon; no details.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: both armies were Parthian, the defenders with townsmen of Babylon.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city surrendered; Mithridates executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mithridates, besieged in Babylon for a long time, surrendered because of famine and was put to death (Justin 42.4.2-4).", "borderline": "a siege ended by famine; no fighting is described", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege ended by famine; no fighting is described.", "sources": "Justin 42.4.2-4; en.wikipedia Mithridates IV of Parthia", "note": "Some modern accounts merge this with the fall of Seleucia (above) and have Mithridates defeated in battle near Seleucia.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 269, "key": "m54-ichnae", "name": "Ichnae", "label": "Ichnae", "year": -54, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "54 BC (summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Crassus' invasion)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Ichnae, on the Balikh south of Carrhae, Syria", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 39.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marcus Licinius Crassus", "commanders_b": "Silaces (Dio's Talymenus Ilaces), satrap of Mesopotamia", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The satrap Silaces with a few horsemen (Dio 40.12); no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Parthian satrap's mounted retinue; local Mesopotamian levies may have been present.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about seven legions", "strength_b": "a few horsemen (Dio)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The satrap's small force was beaten and Silaces fled wounded to Orodes; the Romans held the field (Dio 40.12).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 40.12-13; Plutarch, Crassus 17; en.wikipedia Battle of Carrhae", "note": "After the fight Crassus stormed Zenodotium, a Greek town whose people had killed his soldiers; no Parthian force fought there.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 270, "key": "m53-carrhae", "name": "Carrhae", "label": "Carrhae", "year": -53, "month": 6, "day": 9, "date": "9 June 53 BC (Republican calendar; day by tradition, Ovid Fasti 6.465)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Crassus' invasion)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "the plain south of Carrhae (Harran), near the Balikh, Turkey", "lat": 36.85, "lon": 39.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Surena; Silaces", "commanders_b": "Marcus Licinius Crassus, Publius Crassus (killed), Gaius Cassius Longinus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Surena's household army of no fewer than 10,000 horsemen, his vassals and slaves: about 1,000 mail-clad cataphracts and the rest horse archers, supplied with arrows by a train of 1,000 camels (Plutarch, Crassus 21, 24-25).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Surena's retainers were Parthian and Saka horsemen from his family's domains in Sakastan (Plutarch; Encyclopaedia Iranica 'Carrhae').", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 10,000 cavalry (Plutarch)", "strength_b": "about 42,000: seven legions (about 34,000), 4,000 cavalry and 4,000 light troops (Plutarch)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "20,000 killed, 10,000 captured (Plutarch)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Parthians held the field; the Roman army abandoned it at night, leaving 4,000 wounded, and was destroyed in the retreat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plutarch, Crassus 17-33; Cassius Dio 40.16-27; en.wikipedia Battle of Carrhae; Encyclopaedia Iranica 'Carrhae' (Shahbazi)", "note": "The Arab chief of Osroene (Plutarch's Ariamnes, probably Abgar II), a Parthian client, guided Crassus while in Parthian pay and is not counted as a Roman ally; Crassus had Gallic cavalry under Publius, and Artavasdes II of Armenia, who had promised troops, stayed away. Crassus was killed a few days later in a scuffle at a parley near Sinnaca, and Varguntius' detachment was destroyed in the retreat. Orodes II was meanwhile in Armenia with the main army.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 271, "key": "m51-antioch-siege-51-bc", "name": "Antioch (siege, 51 BC)", "label": "Antioch (siege, 51 BC)", "year": -51, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 51 BC (the Parthians besieged Antioch again in 50 BC)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Parthian invasion of Syria, 51-50 BC)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Antioch on the Orontes (Antakya), and the ambush near Antigonea, Turkey", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gaius Cassius Longinus", "commanders_b": "Pacorus (nominal), Osaces (mortally wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A large Parthian cavalry raiding army under the general Osaces with the young prince Pacorus (Dio 40.28-29; Cicero, Ad Familiares 15.1-4); no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Dio and Cicero describe a Parthian cavalry army led by Parthian nobles; no other contingents are named.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (the remnants of Crassus' army and local levies)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed in the ambush; Osaces mortally wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Parthians failed to take Antioch and withdrew, and their force was ambushed near Antigonea, where Osaces was mortally wounded (Dio 40.29; Cicero).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 40.28-30; Cicero, Ad Atticum 5.20-21 and Ad Familiares 2.10, 15.1-4; en.wikipedia Siege of Antioch (51 BC)", "note": "Named 'Antioch (siege)' in Battles of the Romans; the year is added because the Sasanians besieged Antioch later. The Parthians wintered in Cyrrhestica and besieged Bibulus in Antioch in 50 BC without success before leaving Syria. A small Parthian raid of 52 BC had also been repelled by Cassius (Dio 40.28).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 272, "key": "n272", "name": "Nicopolis", "label": "Nicopolis", "year": -48, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "48 BCE (December, Roman calendar)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pharnaces II's war with Rome", "theatre": "", "place": "near Nicopolis, Lesser Armenia", "lat": 40.17, "lon": 38.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Pontus" ], "side_b": [ "Rome", "Celts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Cappadocia" ], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pharnaces II", "commanders_b": "Cn. Domitius Calvinus, Deiotarus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: Pharnaces II, king of the Cimmerian Bosporus, fighting to recover his father's Pontic kingdom (counted as Pontus). Two of Calvinus' four legions were Deiotarus' Galatians; Ariobarzanes III of Cappadoc", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 34–40; App. Mith. 120; Dio 42.46", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 273, "key": "n273", "name": "Pelusium (siege, 47 BC)", "label": "Pelusium", "year": -47, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 48-47 BCE (about January 47)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Alexandrian War (Caesar's relief army from Syria)", "theatre": "", "place": "Pelusium (Tell el-Farama), Nile Delta, Egypt", "lat": 31.04, "lon": 32.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Judaea", "Nabataean, Syrian and Cilician levies" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mithridates of Pergamon (with Antipater)", "commanders_b": "Egyptian garrison of Ptolemy XIII (commander not recorded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mithridates stormed Pelusium on the day he arrived (Bellum Alexandrinum 26; Josephus, BJ 1.187-190).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Caesar (Bellum Alexandrinum) 26; Josephus BJ 1.187-192, AJ 14.127-136; Appian BC 2.89; Wikipedia 'Mithridates of Pergamon' (fetched)", "note": "Mithridates of Pergamon was reputed a son of Mithridates VI by the Galatian Adobogiona (Wikipedia accepts it; Strabo 13.4.3 records the claim as a report), so a Mithridatid of Persian-Greek descent (uncertain). His army was Levantine, so the Iranian part is only the leader.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 274, "key": "n274", "name": "Pharnaces II v Asander (47 BC)", "label": "Pharnaces II v Asander", "year": -47, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "47 BCE (autumn)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bosporan succession after Zela", "theatre": "", "place": "European Bosporus, near Panticapaeum (Kerch), Crimea (site unknown)", "lat": 45.35, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine (Crimea)", "side_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Bosporan Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Scythian and Sarmatian auxiliaries" ], "persian_state": "Bosporan Kingdom", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asander", "commanders_b": "Pharnaces II (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pharnaces, who had retaken Theodosia and Panticapaeum with Scythian and Sarmatian troops, was beaten and killed by his governor Asander.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Appian, Mithridatica 120; Dio 42.47.5; Strabo 13.4.3", "note": "Appian says Pharnaces raised Scythian and Sarmatian troops for the reconquest, and also lists him as a Mithridatid of claimed Persian descent. Ancient Greek Battles has the fight as 'Bosporus (Pharnaces v Asander)'; Scythian and Sarmatian numbers are not given.", "peoples": [ "Scythians", "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 275, "key": "n275", "name": "Zela", "label": "Zela", "year": -47, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "47 BCE (2 August, Roman calendar)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pharnaces II's war with Rome", "theatre": "", "place": "hill near Zela, Pontus", "lat": 40.31, "lon": 35.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Pontus" ], "allies_a": [ "Celts" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pontus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar, Deiotarus", "commanders_b": "Pharnaces II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "As in Ancient Greek Battles: 'Veni, vidi, vici.' Pharnaces II (king of the Bosporus) counted as Pontus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "[Caes.] B. Alex. 72–77; Plut. Caes. 50; Suet. Caes. 35, 37; App. BC 2.91, Mith. 120; Dio 42.47", "note": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mithridatid dynasty of Pontus, Persian in the male line (founder Mithridates I Ktistes of a Persian noble house; App. Mith. 9, 112) and Greek through its Seleucid queens: Mithridates VI's mother Laodice VI was a Seleucid, and Justin 38.7 has him claim Cyrus and Darius on his father's side and Alexander and Seleucus on his mother's; his kingdom was Greek, and its battles are Greek battles in Ancient Greek Battles and Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 276, "key": "n276", "name": "Nile (47 BC)", "label": "Nile", "year": -47, "month": 3, "day": 27, "date": "27 March 47 BCE (the usual date)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alexandrian War", "theatre": "", "place": "Nile Delta, between the Jewish Camp (Tell el-Yahudiya) and Alexandria, Egypt; exact site unknown", "lat": 30.7, "lon": 31.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Rome and the relief army of Mithridates of Pergamon" ], "side_b": [ "Ptolemaic Egypt" ], "allies_a": [ "Judaea", "Syrian and Arab levies" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome and the relief army of Mithridates of Pergamon", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Caesar; Mithridates of Pergamon (commanding the relief army)", "commanders_b": "Ptolemy XIII (drowned in the Nile)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Egyptian army was routed, Ptolemy XIII drowned and Alexandria passed to Caesar (Bellum Alexandrinum 28-31).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Caesar (Bellum Alexandrinum) 26-31; Appian BC 2.90; Dio 42.43; Josephus BJ 1.187-192; Wikipedia 'Mithridates of Pergamon' (fetched)", "note": "Mithridates of Pergamon commanded the relief army that joined Caesar; his descent from Mithridates VI (uncertain) is what qualifies the battle. The army was Levantine, so the Iranian part is only the leader.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "gre", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 277, "key": "m45-apamea-siege-45-bc", "name": "Apamea (siege, 45 BC)", "label": "Apamea (siege, 45 BC)", "year": -45, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "45-44 BC (to 43 BC in Battles of the Romans)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman civil wars (Caecilius Bassus' revolt in Syria)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Apamea on the Orontes (Qalaat al-Mudiq), Syria", "lat": 35.42, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Arabs" ], "allies_b": [ "Jews" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Quintus Caecilius Bassus (Pompeians); Pacorus (Parthian force); Alchaudonius the Arab", "commanders_b": "Gaius Antistius Vetus; then Lucius Staius Murcus and Quintus Marcius Crispus (Caesarians); Antipater", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Parthian force (under the prince Pacorus, per en.wikipedia) that came at Bassus' invitation but left because of winter without achieving anything important (Dio 47.27); size unknown.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A detachment of the Parthian royal army; its size and make-up are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "Bassus' two legions with slaves and levies, Arab archers", "strength_b": "three legions (Murcus) and three (Crispus), with a Jewish force from Antipater", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Apamea never fell: the first Caesarian siege was given up and the second ended in 43 BC when both armies went over to Cassius.", "borderline": "Dio says the Parthians came but left for the winter without doing anything important; en.wikipedia says Pacorus and Alchaudonius drove off Antistius' army. Parthian fighting is uncertain, hence 'contingent'", "doubt": "Borderline: Dio says the Parthians came but left for the winter without doing anything important; en.wikipedia says Pacorus and Alchaudonius drove off Antistius' army. Parthian fighting is uncertain, hence 'contingent'.", "sources": "Cassius Dio 47.26-28; Appian, Civil Wars 3.77-78, 4.58-59; Strabo 16.2.10; Josephus Ant. 14.268-272; en.wikipedia Siege of Apamea", "note": "A Roman civil siege in Battles of the Romans ('Apamea (siege)', civil); not civil here, since only one Persian side took part. The year is added because the Sasanians took Apamea in 540 and 573. Dio credits the archery of Alchaudonius' Arabs with Bassus' success in the first fighting.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 278, "key": "m42-philippi", "name": "Philippi", "label": "Philippi", "year": -42, "month": 10, "day": 3, "date": "3 and 23 October 42 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Liberators' civil war", "theatre": "Macedonia", "place": "Philippi (near Krinides), Greece", "lat": 41.01, "lon": 24.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Greece", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia", "Arabs" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mark Antony, Octavian (Triumvirs)", "commanders_b": "Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus (Liberators)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Parthian and Median horse archers in the Liberators' cavalry: Cassius had 4,000 mounted bowmen, Arabs, Medes and Parthians, and Brutus 2,000 'Parthian and Thessalian' horse (Appian, Civil Wars 4.88).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Appian names Parthians and Medes, with Arabs, among Cassius' 4,000 mounted archers; the Iranian share within that body is not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "19 legions and 13,000 cavalry", "strength_b": "17 legions and 20,000 cavalry", "losses_a": "about 16,000 in the first battle (en.wikipedia)", "losses_b": "about 8,000 in the first battle; the army surrendered after the second", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "In the second battle (23 October) Brutus' army was routed and then surrendered; the first battle (3 October) was indecisive, each side taking one enemy camp.", "borderline": "the Parthian horse archers joined Cassius drawn by his reputation (Appian 4.59) and may not have been a force of the Parthian state", "doubt": "Borderline: the Parthian horse archers joined Cassius drawn by his reputation (Appian 4.59) and may not have been a force of the Parthian state.", "sources": "Appian, Civil Wars 4.59, 4.88, 4.105-131; Plutarch, Brutus 38-52; Cassius Dio 47.35-49; en.wikipedia Battle of Philippi; Roman-Parthian Wars", "note": "en.wikipedia lists a 'Parthian Empire (cavalry force)' among the Liberators. Labienus had been sent to Orodes II to ask for help, but no royal army arrived before the battle. One entry for both engagements; Cassius killed himself after the first.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 279, "key": "m40-decidius-saxa-s-defeat", "name": "Decidius Saxa's defeat", "label": "Decidius Saxa's defeat", "year": -40, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "40 BC (early in the year)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Parthian invasion of 40 BC)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "northern Syria, near Apamea, Syria", "lat": 35.42, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Quintus Labienus, Pacorus", "commanders_b": "Lucius Decidius Saxa", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Orodes II's Parthian cavalry army under Pacorus and the Roman renegade Quintus Labienus, joined by Roman garrison troops in Syria who had served Brutus and Cassius (Dio 48.24-25).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "European", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Dio describes a large Parthian army given to Labienus and Pacorus, with Roman deserters from the Syrian garrison (Latin and Greek speakers) joining it.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Parthian cavalry, about 14,000-20,000 for the whole invasion (modern estimates on en.wikipedia)", "strength_b": "unknown (Saxa's remaining troops, most having gone over)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "army destroyed or gone over; standards taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saxa was beaten in the field and fled to Antioch and then Cilicia, where he was caught and killed (Dio 48.25).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 48.24-26; Plutarch, Antony 30; Livy, Periochae 127; Florus 2.19; en.wikipedia Parthian invasion of 40 BC; Quintus Labienus", "note": "Persian role principal: Labienus commanded a Parthian army in Orodes' service. Apamea first repulsed Labienus, then surrendered on a false report of Saxa's death; Antioch surrendered too.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 280, "key": "m40-stratonicea-siege", "name": "Stratonicea (siege)", "label": "Stratonicea (siege)", "year": -40, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "40-39 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Parthian invasion of 40 BC)", "theatre": "Caria", "place": "Stratonicea (Eskihisar, near Yatagan), Turkey", "lat": 37.31, "lon": 28.06, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Greek cities" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (the citizens of Stratonicea)", "commanders_b": "Quintus Labienus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Labienus' army in Asia: Parthian troops given him by Orodes with Roman deserters and local levies (Dio 48.24-26, 48.39).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "European", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Dio says Labienus took Parthian forces into Asia but was left with local levies once they withdrew; the share at Stratonicea is not known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Labienus besieged Stratonicea for a long time but could not take it (Dio 48.26); the siege ended with Ventidius' advance in 39 BC.", "borderline": "a minor siege with no conventional name; the Persian role is through Labienus' Parthian-backed army", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor siege with no conventional name; the Persian role is through Labienus' Parthian-backed army.", "sources": "Cassius Dio 48.26; Tacitus, Annals 3.62; en.wikipedia Quintus Labienus", "note": "Stratonicea's resistance was later rewarded by Rome (Tacitus, Annals 3.62). Labienus took Alabanda and razed the deserted Mylasa after both had killed his garrisons; no battle is recorded there.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 281, "key": "m39-amanus-pass", "name": "Amanus Pass", "label": "Amanus Pass", "year": -39, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "39 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Parthian invasion of 40 BC; Ventidius' counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Cilicia and Syria", "place": "Amanus pass (Belen pass, the Syrian Gates), between Cilicia and Syria, Turkey", "lat": 36.49, "lon": 36.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Publius Ventidius Bassus, Pompaedius Silo", "commanders_b": "Pharnapates (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Parthian force under Pacorus' lieutenant Pharnapates holding the pass: horse archers and cataphracts; no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Dio calls the force simply Parthian, under a Parthian commander.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "heavy; Pharnapates killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pharnapates' Parthians, who were getting the better of Silo's advance guard, were routed when Ventidius came up, and Pharnapates was killed (Dio 48.41).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 48.41; Plutarch, Antony 33; en.wikipedia Battle of Amanus Pass", "note": "After the defeat Pacorus withdrew beyond the Euphrates and Syria was recovered.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 282, "key": "m39-cilician-gates", "name": "Cilician Gates (39 BC)", "label": "Cilician Gates (39 BC)", "year": -39, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "39 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Parthian invasion of 40 BC; Ventidius' counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Cilicia", "place": "Cilician Gates (Gulek pass), Taurus mountains, Turkey", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 34.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Publius Ventidius Bassus", "commanders_b": "Quintus Labienus; Parthian cavalry commanders (Pharnapates, per en.wikipedia)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Parthian cavalry (horse archers and cataphracts) sent to Labienus, with Labienus' Roman and locally levied infantry camped apart (Dio 48.39-40).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "European", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Dio separates the Parthian cavalry, which did the fighting, from Labienus' Roman deserters and local levies; their proportions are not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (light troops ahead of the main legions)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Labienus' army dispersed or went over", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Parthian cavalry charged Ventidius' camp on high ground without waiting for Labienus and was thrown back with heavy loss; Labienus' army then broke up in Ventidius' night ambushes (Dio 48.39-40).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 48.39-40; Plutarch, Antony 33; en.wikipedia Battle of the Cilician Gates; Quintus Labienus", "note": "Dio places the fight near the Taurus; en.wikipedia names it the Cilician Gates. Labienus fled, was found in Cilicia and killed (other sources have him die in battle).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 283, "key": "n283", "name": "Samosata (siege)", "label": "Samosata", "year": -38, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 38 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Antony's eastern wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Samosata (Samsat), on the Euphrates", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 38.48, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Commagene" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Herodian kingdom" ], "persian_state": "Commagene", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Antiochus I of Commagene", "commanders_b": "Mark Antony, Publius Ventidius Bassus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: The assaults failed and Antony withdrew on terms, taking 300 talents (Plutarch). Commagene was a Hellenistic kingdom with a Greek-speaking court under an Iranian (Orontid) dynasty.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Plutarch Antony 34; Cassius Dio 49.20-22; Josephus BJ 1.321-322, AJ 14.439-447", "note": "Antiochus I of Commagene, who claimed descent from Darius I on his father's side and from Alexander and the Seleucids on his mother's (his mother Laodice Thea was a Seleucid; the two ancestor galleries at Nemrut Dag); Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Antiochus I of Commagene, who claimed descent from Darius I on his father's side and from Alexander and the Seleucids on his mother's (his mother Laodice Thea was a Seleucid; the two ancestor galleries at Nemrut Dag); Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 284, "key": "m38-mount-gindarus", "name": "Mount Gindarus", "label": "Mount Gindarus", "year": -38, "month": 6, "day": 9, "date": "9 June 38 BC (by tradition, the anniversary of Carrhae)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Pacorus' second invasion of Syria)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Mount Gindarus, Cyrrhestica, Syria", "lat": 36.39, "lon": 36.69, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Publius Ventidius Bassus", "commanders_b": "Pacorus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pacorus' Parthian army of horse archers and cataphracts (Dio 49.20); no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe a Parthian cavalry army led by the crown prince and his guards.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "11 legions (en.wikipedia)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "very heavy; Pacorus killed with his guard", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Parthians charged the Roman camp on high ground, were routed by the legionaries and slingers, and Pacorus fell (Dio 49.20; Plutarch, Antony 34).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 49.19-21; Plutarch, Antony 34; Strabo 16.2.8; Frontinus, Strategemata 1.1.6, 2.2.5; Justin 42.4.7-10; en.wikipedia Battle of Mount Gindarus", "note": "Ventidius lured Pacorus across the Euphrates at an unexpected point by a deliberate leak (Frontinus; Dio 49.19). The date on the anniversary of Carrhae is a tradition (Dio 49.21; Eutropius).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 285, "key": "m36-phraaspa-siege", "name": "Phraaspa (siege)", "label": "Phraaspa (siege)", "year": -36, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "August-October 36 BC", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Antony's Atropatene campaign)", "theatre": "Media Atropatene", "place": "Phraaspa (Praaspa), royal city of Media Atropatene (perhaps Maragheh), Iran", "lat": 37.39, "lon": 46.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phraates IV; Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "commanders_b": "Mark Antony", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of the Median royal city, which made sorties (Plutarch, Antony 39), and Phraates IV's Parthian cavalry with the horse of Atropatene, about 24,000 (2,000 cataphracts and 22,000 horse archers) by the estimate given on en.wikipedia.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were the Median (Atropatenian) garrison and Parthian and Median cavalry, all Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 24,000 cavalry (modern estimate on en.wikipedia)", "strength_b": "about 100,000: 60,000 Roman infantry, 10,000 Spanish and Celtic horse and 30,000 allies (Plutarch, Antony 37)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy (see the retreat)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Antony failed to take Phraaspa and abandoned the siege in October, his siege train lost and his foragers harassed by the Parthian cavalry.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plutarch, Antony 38-40; Cassius Dio 49.25-28; Strabo 11.13.3-4; en.wikipedia Antony's Atropatene campaign", "note": "In a foraging battle before the walls Antony put the Parthians to flight but killed only 80 and took 30 (Plutarch, Antony 39). The site of Phraaspa is disputed (Maragheh, or less likely Takht-e Soleyman).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 286, "key": "m36-statianus-convoy-ambush", "name": "Statianus' convoy (ambush)", "label": "Statianus' convoy (ambush)", "year": -36, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer 36 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Antony's Atropatene campaign)", "theatre": "Media Atropatene", "place": "on the road to Phraaspa, Media Atropatene, Iran", "lat": 37.8, "lon": 45.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Pontus", "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phraates IV or his general Monaeses; Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "commanders_b": "Oppius Statianus (killed), Polemon I of Pontus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Phraates IV's Parthian cavalry with the horse of his ally Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene (Dio 49.25); no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Dio names the Parthian and Median kings' horsemen; both peoples were Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "two legions (about 10,000) escorting 300 wagons of siege engines (Plutarch)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "10,000 killed (Plutarch); Polemon captured; the siege train destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Parthian and Median cavalry destroyed the baggage train and its two legions, killing Statianus and burning the siege engines (Plutarch, Antony 38; Dio 49.25).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Plutarch, Antony 38; Cassius Dio 49.25; Velleius 2.82; en.wikipedia Antony's Atropatene campaign; Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "note": "Artavasdes II of Armenia left with his cavalry before the attack, so the Armenian role is nominal. Media Atropatene, itself a Persian state in this set, fought as Phraates' ally. Kelly makes Phraates himself the commander.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 287, "key": "n287", "name": "Zhizhi (36 BC)", "label": "Zhizhi", "year": -36, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn-winter 36 BCE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Han-Xiongnu wars (Chen Tang's expedition)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zhizhi's fortress on the Talas river near Taraz, Kazakhstan", "lat": 42.9, "lon": 71.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Kazakhstan", "side_a": [ "Han" ], "side_b": [ "Northern Xiongnu", "Kangju" ], "allies_a": [ "Wusun", "Tarim Basin city-states" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Northern Xiongnu & Kangju", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Chen Tang; Gan Yanshou", "commanders_b": "Zhizhi Chanyu (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Han and allied troops stormed the fortress, killed Zhizhi and about 1,500 of his men after repelling Kangju cavalry attacks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Hanshu 70 (Chen Tang biography) and 94b; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zhizhi; Hill, Through the Jade Gate", "note": "Zhizhi's father-in-law, the Kangju king, sent several thousand horse (10,000 in one count). The Kangju (north of Sogdiana) were perhaps Iranian-speaking (Saka or Sogdian type) but this is uncertain, so the entry qualifies only if they are counted. Zhizhi's own Xiongnu are not Iranian.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 288, "key": "m36-antony-s-retreat-from-phraaspa", "name": "Antony's retreat from Phraaspa", "label": "Antony's retreat from Phraaspa", "year": -36, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October-November 36 BC (27 days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian Wars (Antony's Atropatene campaign)", "theatre": "Media Atropatene", "place": "the mountain road from Phraaspa to the Araxes, Media Atropatene, Iran", "lat": 38.3, "lon": 45.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Phraates IV (his commanders unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Mark Antony; Flavius Gallus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Phraates IV's Parthian horse archers and cataphracts with Median (Atropatenian) cavalry (Plutarch; Dio 49.28-31); no figures.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The pursuers were the Parthian and Median cavalry named by Plutarch and Dio.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "Antony's surviving army (Plutarch)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 20,000 foot and 4,000 horse, more than half by disease (Plutarch, Antony 50)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "In 27 days and 18 engagements the Parthian cavalry harried an army that left the field to them each day until it crossed the Araxes, having lost about 20,000 foot and 4,000 horse (Plutarch, Antony 40-50).", "borderline": "a fighting retreat of many engagements, not a single battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a fighting retreat of many engagements, not a single battle.", "sources": "Plutarch, Antony 40-51; Cassius Dio 49.28-31; Velleius 2.82; en.wikipedia Antony's Atropatene campaign", "note": "The best known engagement is the destruction of Flavius Gallus' force (3,000 killed, 5,000 wounded; Plutarch, Antony 42-43), which Antony's legions finally checked. A Mardian guide led the army by a mountain road. Antony lost about 8,000 more in the winter march through Armenia (Plutarch, Antony 51).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 289, "key": "m32-artavasdes-i-of-media-v-phraates-iv", "name": "Artavasdes I of Media v Phraates IV", "label": "Artavasdes I of Media v Phraates IV", "year": -32, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 32 BC (between Antony's treaty with the Mede in 33 BC and Actium)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Atropatene-Parthian war", "theatre": "Media Atropatene", "place": "Media Atropatene (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 46.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene" ], "side_b": [ "Phraates IV, with Artaxias II of Armenia" ], "allies_a": [ "Rome" ], "allies_b": [ "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Atropatene", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "faction_b": "Phraates IV (Parthia), with Artaxias II of Armenia", "commanders_a": "Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "commanders_b": "unknown (forces of Phraates IV and Artaxias II)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Artavasdes' Median (Atropatenian) cavalry with Roman troops lent by Antony, against the Parthian army and Artaxias' Armenians.", "languages": [ "Median", "Parthian", "European", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Atropatene's army was its Median nobility and horse, with an unknown number of Roman legionaries; the Parthian side was Parthian with Armenian allies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dio says only that the Median king, with Roman soldiers lent by Antony, defeated the Parthians and Artaxias (Dio 49.44).", "borderline": "no named battle; known only from a summary sentence of Dio", "doubt": "Borderline: no named battle; known only from a summary sentence of Dio.", "sources": "Cassius Dio 49.33, 49.44; Plutarch, Antony 52-53; en.wikipedia Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "note": "Civil because two states of the list (Atropatene and Parthia) fought each other; en.wikipedia says only that the Roman reinforcements helped Artavasdes repel a Parthian attack.", "peoples": [ "Medes" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 290, "key": "m30-artaxias-ii-v-artavasdes-i-of-media", "name": "Artaxias II v Artavasdes I of Media", "label": "Artaxias II v Artavasdes I of Media", "year": -30, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 31/30 BC", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Atropatene-Parthian war", "theatre": "Media Atropatene and Armenia", "place": "Media Atropatene or Armenia (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 46.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Phraates IV and Artaxias II of Armenia", "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Phraates IV (Parthia) and Artaxias II of Armenia", "faction_b": "Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "commanders_a": "Artaxias II (with Parthian support)", "commanders_b": "Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Parthian army with Artaxias II's Armenians against Artavasdes' Median forces, left without their Roman auxiliaries; no details.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Armenian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: the victors were Parthian and Armenian forces, the losers Median; the proportions are unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Artavasdes captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After Antony recalled his Roman troops the Median king was defeated and captured (Dio 49.44.4).", "borderline": "no named battle; known only from a summary sentence of Dio, and the Parthian share of the victors' army is unclear (en.wikipedia names only Artaxias)", "doubt": "Borderline: no named battle; known only from a summary sentence of Dio, and the Parthian share of the victors' army is unclear (en.wikipedia names only Artaxias).", "sources": "Cassius Dio 49.44.4, 51.16.2; Res Gestae 32-33; en.wikipedia Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene", "note": "If Artaxias fought without Parthian forces this would be a defeat of Atropatene by Armenia rather than a civil battle. Artavasdes later escaped during a Parthian civil war and took refuge with Octavian, who gave him Lesser Armenia.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 291, "key": "10-artabanus-first-defeat", "name": "Artabanus' first defeat", "label": "Artabanus' first defeat", "year": 10, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. AD 10 (between 9 and 11)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian succession war (Vonones I against Artabanus II)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "probably near the borders of Media, Iran (site unknown)", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Vonones I" ], "side_b": [ "Artabanus II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Vonones I", "faction_b": "Artabanus II (then king of Media Atropatene)", "commanders_a": "Vonones I", "commanders_b": "Artabanus II", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Parthian noble cavalry on both sides: Vonones had the retinues of the nobles (the Karin and Suren factions) who had brought him from Rome; Artabanus came with forces from Media Atropatene and, Tacitus says, had grown up among the Dahae.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both claimants relied on the cavalry of the Parthian and Median nobility, and Artabanus's Dahae links suggest East Iranian steppe horsemen as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "'a great army' (Josephus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artabanus was routed in the first clash and fell back to the borders of Media (Tacitus; Josephus).", "borderline": "no conventional name: an unnamed battle of the succession war, known only in outline", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: an unnamed battle of the succession war, known only in outline.", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 2.3; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18.46-50; en.wikipedia Vonones I; en.wikipedia Artabanus II of Parthia", "note": "The dates rest on coins: Vonones reigned c. 8-12 and Artabanus struck coins from c. 10/11.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 292, "key": "n292", "name": "Sagala (Rajuvula v Strato II, c. 10 CE)", "label": "Sagala", "year": 10, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 10 CE (the date is drawn from coins and the Mathura Lion Capital; uncertain by a decade)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Scythian conquest of the Punjab", "theatre": "", "place": "Sagala (Sialkot), Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.5, "lon": 74.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Indo-Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Indo-Greek kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Indo-Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rajuvula (Saka satrap and king)", "commanders_b": "Strato II (last Indo-Greek king)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Strato II's coinage ends and Rajuvula takes over Sagala, the Indo-Greek capital of the Punjab.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Mathura Lion Capital inscription; coin evidence (Bopearachchi, Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, 1991); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Scythians", "note": "No fighting is described; the conquest is inferred from coin overstrikes and the end of Strato's coinage, so the entry is a marker for the end of Greek rule in the Punjab.", "peoples": [ "Scythians", "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 293, "key": "12-vonones-defeat", "name": "Vonones' defeat", "label": "Vonones' defeat", "year": 12, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. AD 12 (some date it c. 10/11)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian succession war (Vonones I against Artabanus II)", "theatre": "Media and Mesopotamia", "place": "Media or Babylonia (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Artabanus II" ], "side_b": [ "Vonones I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Artabanus II", "faction_b": "Vonones I", "commanders_a": "Artabanus II", "commanders_b": "Vonones I", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Artabanus' rebuilt army of Median and Parthian nobles, perhaps with Dahae horse, against Vonones' following among the Parthian nobility (no details survive).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Parthian armies of the early first century were the retinues of the Iranian nobility; Artabanus had been raised among the Dahae (Tacitus).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "'a greater army' (Josephus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "'many' killed (Josephus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artabanus beat Vonones, who fled from the field with a few horsemen to Seleucia and then to Armenia (Josephus).", "borderline": "no conventional name: the decisive but unnamed battle of the succession war", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: the decisive but unnamed battle of the succession war.", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 2.3-4; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18.46-52; en.wikipedia Vonones I", "note": "Vonones became king of Armenia in 12 and was later held by the Romans in Syria and Cilicia, where he was killed in 19.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 294, "key": "35-orodes-defeat", "name": "Orodes' defeat", "label": "Orodes' defeat", "year": 35, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "AD 35", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian invasion of Armenia", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Armenia, probably in the Araxes plain (site unknown), Armenia", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Iberia" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [ "Caucasian Albania", "Sarmatians" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iberia v Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Iberia", "faction_b": "Parthia", "commanders_a": "Pharasmanes I of Iberia, his brother Mithridates (the Roman candidate for Armenia)", "commanders_b": "Orodes, son of Artabanus II", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Iberia", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Orodes' Parthian army, mostly horse archers and noble cavalry; Tacitus contrasts it with the Iberian and Albanian foot and the Sarmatian horse of Pharasmanes, and says Orodes failed to hire Sarmatians because the Iberians held the passes.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Tacitus calls Orodes' troops Parthians and describes them fighting as mounted archers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pharasmanes wounded Orodes in single combat and the Parthians, believing their prince dead, fled the field (Tacitus).", "borderline": "no conventional name: the one pitched battle of the Iberian invasion of Armenia", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: the one pitched battle of the Iberian invasion of Armenia.", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 6.33-35; en.wikipedia Iberian invasion of Armenia; en.wikipedia List of wars involving Iran (before 1979)", "note": "Rome backed the invasion but sent no troops; Mithridates of Iberia took the Armenian throne.", "peoples": [ "Parthians", "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 295, "key": "40-seleucia-siege-40-42", "name": "Seleucia (siege, 40-42)", "label": "Seleucia (siege, 40-42)", "year": 40, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 40 to 42 (Seleucia submitted in 42)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Seleucia (c. 35-42) and the war of Vardanes I and Gotarzes II", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Seleucia on the Tigris (near al-Mada'in), Iraq", "lat": 33.1, "lon": 44.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Greek cities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vardanes I", "commanders_b": "the council of Seleucia", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "Greek cities", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Vardanes' Parthian royal army; the sources give no details (Parthian armies of the time were noble cavalry, cataphracts and horse archers, with levies).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of Parthian royal armies, levied from the Iranian nobility.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Seleucia submitted to Vardanes in 42, in the seventh year of its revolt, after a siege interrupted by Gotarzes' return.", "borderline": "a siege known only in outline; the fighting is not described", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege known only in outline; the fighting is not described.", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 11.8-9; en.wikipedia Vardanes I; en.wikipedia Gotarzes II", "note": "Seleucia, the Greek city opposite Ctesiphon, revolted c. 35. Gotarzes used the long siege to raise an army and drive Vardanes east; after the two brothers came to terms, Vardanes took the city's surrender and its right to coin (Wikipedia: June 42).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 296, "key": "45-erindes", "name": "Erindes", "label": "Erindes", "year": 45, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 45 (between 43 and 46; Tacitus tells it under AD 47)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian succession war (Vardanes I against Gotarzes II)", "theatre": "Hyrcania", "place": "the river Erindes (Charinda), on the border of Media and Hyrcania (unidentified), Iran", "lat": 36.6, "lon": 53.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Vardanes I" ], "side_b": [ "Gotarzes II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Vardanes I", "faction_b": "Gotarzes II", "commanders_a": "Vardanes I", "commanders_b": "Gotarzes II", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Vardanes' Parthian royal cavalry against Gotarzes' army from Hyrcania; in the earlier round of the war Gotarzes had called on the Dahae and Hyrcanians (Tacitus 11.8).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies came from the Iranian nobility of Parthia, Media and Hyrcania, and Gotarzes leaned on Dahae steppe horsemen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vardanes won the fierce fight for the river crossing and Gotarzes withdrew (Tacitus).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 11.10; en.wikipedia Vardanes I; en.wikipedia Gotarzes II", "note": "The manuscripts and translations give the river as Erindes or Charinda; Vardanes then subdued the peoples as far as the river Sindes, between the Dahae and the Arians, in unnamed fights.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 297, "key": "49-corma", "name": "Corma", "label": "Corma", "year": 49, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "49 (Tacitus tells it under AD 49; some date it 50 or 51)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian succession war (Gotarzes II against Meherdates)", "theatre": "Media", "place": "near Mount Sanbulos, across the river Corma (perhaps near Bisotun, Kermanshah), Iran", "lat": 34.39, "lon": 47.44, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Gotarzes II" ], "side_b": [ "Meherdates" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Gotarzes II", "faction_b": "Meherdates", "commanders_a": "Gotarzes II", "commanders_b": "Meherdates, Carenes (of the house of Karen)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Gotarzes' Parthian royal army against Meherdates' Parthian partisans led by Carenes; the contingents of Abgar of Edessa and Izates of Adiabene deserted Meherdates before the battle.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Once the Edessan and Adiabenian allies had left, both armies were the cavalry of Parthian noble houses (Tacitus).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Meherdates' army broke after Carenes pursued too far, and Meherdates was betrayed by Parraces and handed to Gotarzes, who cut off his ears (Tacitus).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 12.10-14; en.wikipedia Meherdates; livius.org (Behistun, Parthian relief of Gotarzes II defeating Meherdates)", "note": "Meherdates, a son of Vonones I raised in Rome, was escorted to the Euphrates by Cassius Longinus but had no Roman troops in the battle. Neither Mount Sanbulos nor the Corma is securely identified; Gotarzes' victory relief is at Bisotun.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 298, "key": "n298", "name": "Panda River (Aorsi and Romans v Dandarii, 49 CE)", "label": "Panda River", "year": 49, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "49 CE (summer?); the fight is an episode of the campaign that ends at Uspe", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bosporan war of Mithridates VIII v Cotys I", "theatre": "", "place": "River Panda, in the land of the Dandarii (Kuban/Taman region, Russia; exact river unknown)", "lat": 45.2, "lon": 38.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Bosporan kingdom of Cotys I", "Aorsi" ], "side_b": [ "Mithridates VIII", "Dandarii", "Siraces" ], "allies_a": [ "Rome" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bosporan kingdom of Cotys I v Mithridates VIII", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bosporan kingdom of Cotys I, Aorsi", "faction_b": "Mithridates VIII, Dandarii, Siraces", "commanders_a": "Eunones (king of the Aorsi); Cotys I; C. Julius Aquila (Roman prefect)", "commanders_b": "Mithridates VIII (deposed Bosporan king); Zorsines (king of the Siraces, until he changed sides at Uspe)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tacitus has the Aorsi cavalry and Roman foot beat the Dandarii and cross the Panda, after which Soza falls and the army goes on to Uspe.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 12.15-21; Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks in South Russia (1922); Minns, Scythians and Greeks (1913)", "note": "Tacitus does not give the fight a name and may be summarising a running cavalry action; check that it is not already counted inside the Uspe siege. Whether Zorsines' Siraces fought here (as opposed to at Uspe) is not certain.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 299, "key": "49-uspe-siege", "name": "Uspe (siege)", "label": "Uspe", "year": 49, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "49 CE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman–Bosporan War", "theatre": "", "place": "Uspe, town of the Siraces beyond the river Panda (site unknown, Kuban region)", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 39.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [ "Bosporan Kingdom", "Sarmatians" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome v Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Rome", "faction_b": "Sarmatians", "commanders_a": "Gaius Julius Aquila, Cotys I, Eunones", "commanders_b": "Zorsines", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus Ann. 12.15-17; en.wikipedia Roman–Bosporan War", "note": "Opponent: the Siraces, allies of the deposed Mithridates of the Bosporus; allies_a Sarmatians = the Aorsi. The town was stormed after its offer of 10,000 slaves was refused, and Zorsines submitted.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 300, "key": "n300", "name": "Vannius' defeat (50 CE)", "label": "Vannius' defeat", "year": 50, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 50 CE (Tacitus places it in the 12th book under 50)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt against Vannius, king of the Danubian Suebi", "theatre": "", "place": "Danube frontier of the Suebic kingdom of Vannius (Moravia / western Slovakia); exact site unknown", "lat": 48.5, "lon": 17.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Slovakia / Czechia", "side_a": [ "Hermunduri", "Lugii", "Quadi rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Suebi of Vannius" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iazyges cavalry" ], "persian_state": "Suebi of Vannius", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vibilius (king of the Hermunduri); Vangio and Sido (Vannius' nephews)", "commanders_b": "Vannius (king of the Suebi); the Iazyges chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tacitus says Vannius' Iazyges horsemen would not be shut in the forts, so he fought in the open, was beaten and fled to the Danube fleet; Claudius settled him in Pannonia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 12.29-30; Wolfram, The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples (1997)", "note": "The Iazyges are the first Sarmatians named in the Middle Danube. Their share of Vannius' army is not given, but Tacitus makes them the decisive part (the cavalry).", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 301, "key": "n301", "name": "Artaxata", "label": "Artaxata", "year": 58, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "58 CE (some put it in 59)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63", "theatre": "", "place": "Artaxata, on the Araxes", "lat": 39.88, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "commanders_b": "Tiridates I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: The en.wikipedia list calls it the Sack of Artaxata. Its 'Capture of Tigranocerta' (59) was a surrender without fighting and is not entered; the resistance of Legerda is entered separately.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus Ann. 13.39-41; en.wikipedia List of Roman battles (Sack of Artaxata)", "note": "Tiridates I of Armenia, brother of the Parthian king Vologases I (Tac. Ann. 13.37-41)", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tiridates I of Armenia, brother of the Parthian king Vologases I (Tac. Ann. 13.37-41)", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 302, "key": "n302", "name": "Volandum (siege)", "label": "Volandum", "year": 58, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "58 CE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63", "theatre": "", "place": "Volandum, Armenia (perhaps near Iğdır)", "lat": 39.92, "lon": 44.04, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armenia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "commanders_b": "unknown (partisans of Tiridates)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: Stormed within a day, with three smaller forts; Artaxata surrendered soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus Ann. 13.39; en.wikipedia Roman–Parthian War of 58–63", "note": "Partisans of the Arsacid Tiridates I (Tac. Ann. 13.39)", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Partisans of the Arsacid Tiridates I (Tac. Ann. 13.39)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 303, "key": "n303", "name": "Suoju (Yarkand), 61 CE", "label": "Suoju, 61 CE", "year": 61, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "61 CE (Hou Hanshu: the 4th year of Yongping)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khotan's wars against the oasis states of the Tarim basin", "theatre": "", "place": "Suoju (Shache, modern Yarkand), Xinjiang, China", "lat": 38.41, "lon": 77.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Khotan" ], "side_b": [ "Suoju" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khotan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Guangde (king of Khotan)", "commanders_b": "Xian (king of Suoju, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Hou Hanshu says Guangde of Khotan attacked and killed Xian and Suoju was ruled by Khotan, with thirteen states submitting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hou Hanshu 88 (Western Regions: Yutian); Hill, The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu (2009); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan", "note": "Khotanese is an eastern Iranian (Saka) language; the Hou Hanshu records only the result. Dates in the tradition differ by a year or two.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 304, "key": "61-tigranocerta-siege", "name": "Tigranocerta (siege)", "label": "Tigranocerta (siege)", "year": 61, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "61 CE", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 58-63", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Tigranocerta (perhaps Arzan or Silvan), Turkey", "lat": 38.14, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [ "Adiabene" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tigranes VI of Armenia with the Roman garrison (Corbulo in overall command)", "commanders_b": "Monaeses, Monobazus II of Adiabene (Vologases I at Nisibis)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Monaeses' picked Parthian cavalry, with the infantry of Monobazus of Adiabene, who carried the scaling ladders (Tacitus).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Tacitus names Monaeses' Parthian horse and the Adiabenian foot; their proportions are unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Tigranes' Armenians and a Roman garrison)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "Adiabenians cut down in the sally (Tacitus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Parthian assault was beaten off by a sally and the siege was given up for want of fodder; Tigranocerta held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 15.1-6; Cassius Dio 62.20; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 58-63; en.wikipedia Battle of Rhandeia", "note": "Tigranes' raid into Adiabene provoked the siege. The site of Tigranocerta is disputed (Arzan near Batman or Silvan/Mayafarqin).", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 305, "key": "n305", "name": "Chersonesus (siege, c. 62 CE)", "label": "Chersonesus", "year": 62, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 62-66 CE (the inscription falls under Silvanus' governorship, c. 60-67)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Scythian (Crimean) attack on Chersonesus and its relief by Rome", "theatre": "", "place": "Chersonesus (near Sevastopol), Crimea", "lat": 44.61, "lon": 33.49, "loc": "known", "country": "Ukraine (Crimea)", "side_a": [ "Crimean Scythians" ], "side_b": [ "Chersonesus", "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Bosporan kingdom" ], "persian_state": "Crimean Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Scythian king (not named)", "commanders_b": "Ti. Plautius Silvanus Aelianus (governor of Moesia)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Silvanus' inscription says he compelled the king of the Scythians to raise the siege of Chersonesus, beyond the Borysthenes.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "CIL XIV 3608 (Silvanus Aelianus' elogium from Tibur); Vinogradov and Zolotarev, Chersonesus and Rome (1990); Minns, Scythians and Greeks (1913)", "note": "Silvanus's Roman force and the Bosporan fleet are said to have been used. The Scythians are the late (Crimean) Scythians, an Iranian people by the usual account.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 306, "key": "62-rhandeia", "name": "Rhandeia", "label": "Rhandeia", "year": 62, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 62 CE (Wikipedia: spring 62)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 58-63", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Paetus' winter camp at Rhandeia, on the Arsanias (Murat) near Arsamosata, Turkey", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 39.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vologases I, Tiridates I of Armenia", "commanders_b": "Lucius Caesennius Paetus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Vologases' Parthian royal army of cavalry with Tiridates' Armenians; on the way it destroyed the Roman detachments that Paetus had posted in the Taurus passes.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Armenian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The army was the Parthian king's own levy of noble cavalry, joined by the Armenian forces of his brother Tiridates.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "two legions (IV Scythica, XII Fulminata) with auxiliaries", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the army capitulated; the forts and stores were surrendered", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Paetus, blockaded in his camp, capitulated and the Romans left Armenia before Corbulo's relief arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Annals 15.7-17; Cassius Dio 62.21; en.wikipedia Battle of Rhandeia; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 58-63", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox coordinates (39.40 N, 43.80 E) do not fit its own text; the Roman-set site on the Arsanias is kept. The Romans had to bridge the Arsanias for Vologases; the treaty of Rhandeia (63/64) made Tiridates king of Armenia, crowned by Nero.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 307, "key": "69-moesia", "name": "Moesia", "label": "Moesia", "year": 69, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Winter 68/69 (early 69)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sarmatian raids on Moesia", "theatre": "", "place": "Moesia, south of the lower Danube (site not given)", "lat": 43.7, "lon": 25.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marcus Aponius Saturninus (governor of Moesia)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tacitus, Histories 1.79", "note": "Roxolani (Sarmatians).", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 308, "key": "n308", "name": "Alan invasion of Media and Armenia", "label": "Alan invasion of Media and Armenia", "year": 72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72 CE (Josephus dates it to the 4th year of Vespasian, after the Commagene war)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alan raid through the Caucasus (called in by the king of Hyrcania)", "theatre": "", "place": "Media Atropatene and Armenia (Iranian Azerbaijan, Armenia)", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 45.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran / Armenia / Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Alans" ], "side_b": [ "Media Atropatene", "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [ "Hyrcania" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alans v Media Atropatene", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Alans", "faction_b": "Media Atropatene, Armenia", "commanders_a": "Alan chiefs (not named by Josephus)", "commanders_b": "Pacorus (king of Media, brother of Vologases I); Tiridates I of Armenia (also a brother of Vologases)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Josephus says the Alans routed Pacorus (who fled and later ransomed his wife and concubines for 100 talents) and defeated Tiridates in a battle in which he was nearly lassoed, then went home with plunder.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Josephus, Jewish War 7.244-251; Cassius Dio 66.15; Bivar, 'The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids', CHI 3(1) (1983)", "note": "Both sides were Iranian (the Arsacid brothers of Vologases I were Parthians). Josephus gives no place name for the fight with Tiridates.", "peoples": [ "Parthians", "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 309, "key": "n309", "name": "Commagene", "label": "Commagene", "year": 72, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "72", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Annexation of Commagene", "theatre": "", "place": "Commagene, near Samosata on the Euphrates", "lat": 37.53, "lon": 38.48, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Commagene" ], "allies_a": [ "Chalcis", "Emesa" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Commagene", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Caesennius Paetus", "commanders_b": "Epiphanes and Callinicus, sons of Antiochus IV", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: The battle lasted a whole day without decision; the princes then fled to Parthia and Commagene, a Hellenistic kingdom with a Greek court, was annexed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Josephus, Jewish War 7.219-243", "note": "Sons of Antiochus IV of Commagene; Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sons of Antiochus IV of Commagene; Orontid line (Commagene; Artaxiad Armenia as its branch) widely described as of Iranian origin, but disputed", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 310, "key": "n310", "name": "Gumo (Ban Chao, 78 CE)", "label": "Gumo", "year": 78, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "78 CE (the 3rd year of Jianchu)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ban Chao's reconquest of the Western Regions", "theatre": "", "place": "Gumo (Aksu), Xinjiang, China", "lat": 41.17, "lon": 80.26, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Han" ], "side_b": [ "Gumo", "Kucha" ], "allies_a": [ "Khotan", "Shule", "Kangju" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Han", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ban Chao", "commanders_b": "the king of Gumo (name not preserved)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ban Chao led the troops of Khotan, Shule and other states against Gumo and cut off about 700 heads, according to the Hou Hanshu.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hou Hanshu 47 (Ban Chao biography); Hill (2009); Yu Taishan, Sino-Platonic Papers 131 (2004)", "note": "The troop numbers and the part played by the Khotanese are from Chinese sources; the summary of the campaign is brief. Khotan is named among the allied states.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 311, "key": "n311", "name": "Shache (Ban Chao, 87 CE)", "label": "Shache", "year": 87, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "87 CE (Zhanghe 1); Wikipedia's Ban Chao article has the Yarkand fight in 88", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ban Chao's reconquest of the Western Regions", "theatre": "", "place": "Shache / Suoju (Yarkand), Xinjiang, China", "lat": 38.41, "lon": 77.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Han" ], "side_b": [ "Shache", "Kucha" ], "allies_a": [ "Khotan", "other Tarim states" ], "allies_b": [ "Gumo", "Weitou" ], "persian_state": "Han", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ban Chao; the king of Khotan (Guangde or his successor)", "commanders_b": "the marshals of Kucha (about 50,000 men); the king of Shache", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ban Chao ambushed the 50,000-strong Kucha relief force on the night it marched past, killed 5,000, and Shache surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hou Hanshu 47 (Ban Chao biography); Hill (2009); Yu Taishan (2004)", "note": "Ban Chao drew his 25,000 men from Khotan and other allied states; the share of the Khotanese is not given, but Khotan is the first named and the chief ally of the Han in this region. The date is not identical in all modern accounts.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 312, "key": "n312", "name": "Ban Chao's defeat of the Kushan army (90 CE)", "label": "Ban Chao's defeat of the Kushan army", "year": 90, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "90 CE (second year of Yongyuan; month not given)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kushan-Han war of 90 CE", "theatre": "", "place": "Shule (Kashgar) region, western Tarim Basin, Xinjiang", "lat": 39.47, "lon": 75.99, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Kushan Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Han dynasty" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Tarim Basin allies" ], "persian_state": "Kushan Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xie (Kushan deputy king); Kushan king (probably Vima Takto)", "commanders_b": "Ban Chao", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Xie's army, short of supplies and robbed of its couriers to Kucha, asked leave to withdraw and the Kushans later sent tribute (Hou Hanshu 47).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Hou Hanshu 47 (biography of Ban Chao) and 88 (Western Regions); Hill, J. E., Through the Jade Gate to Rome (2009); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao", "note": "The Han text gives 70,000 Kushans, almost certainly inflated; Ban Chao won by scorched-earth defence and by intercepting envoys sent to the king of Kucha, with little actual fighting. The Kushans ruled Bactria and wrote Bactrian (an Eastern Iranian language), but the dynasty came from the Yuezhi, whose own language is disputed (Tocharian or Iranian), so the identification is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Bactrians", "Kushans (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "A Kushan army led by the deputy king Xie (Hou Hanshu 47) fought Ban Chao; the Kushans are uncertain Iranians (see note).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 313, "key": "n313", "name": "Destruction of Legio XXI Rapax (92 CE)", "label": "Destruction of Legio XXI Rapax", "year": 92, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "92 CE (spring or early summer; the year is certain, the month is not)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Domitian's Pannonian (Suebo-Sarmatian) war", "theatre": "", "place": "Pannonia, on the middle Danube (exact site unknown; between Carnuntum and Brigetio is the usual guess)", "lat": 47.75, "lon": 18.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Hungary / Slovakia", "side_a": [ "Iazyges" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Suebi", "Roxolani", "Dacians" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iazyges", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iazyges chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "the legate of Legio XXI Rapax (name not preserved), killed with the legion", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Suetonius says the Sarmatians cut a legion and its legate to pieces; the legion is not heard of again.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Suetonius, Domitian 6.1; Cassius Dio 67.5-7; Jones, The Emperor Domitian (1992); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazyges", "note": "Suetonius names the Sarmatians as the destroyers; Dio blames the Marcomanni and Quadi, and some modern accounts add Dacians. The identification of the legion as XXI Rapax rests on its disappearance from the record after 92.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 314, "key": "n314", "name": "Yanqi (Ban Chao, 94 CE)", "label": "Yanqi", "year": 94, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "94 CE (the 6th year of Yongyuan, autumn)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ban Chao's reconquest of the Western Regions", "theatre": "", "place": "Yanqi (Karashahr), Xinjiang, China", "lat": 42.06, "lon": 86.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Han" ], "side_b": [ "Yanqi", "Weixu", "Weili" ], "allies_a": [ "Khotan", "Kucha", "Shanshan", "Shule", "other Tarim states" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Han", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ban Chao", "commanders_b": "Guang (king of Yanqi, captured and executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ban Chao's army of Han officers and troops of the Tarim states took Yanqi; King Guang was captured and executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hou Hanshu 47 (Ban Chao biography); Hill (2009); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao", "note": "Khotan is among the allied states named; the Khotanese share of the 70,000 is not given. Ban Chao's earlier defeat of the Kushans (90) is left out, since the Kushans are an uncertain case.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 315, "key": "102-adamclisi", "name": "Adamclisi", "label": "Adamclisi", "year": 102, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Winter 101/102", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Trajan's First Dacian War", "theatre": "", "place": "Adamclisi, Dobruja", "lat": 44.08, "lon": 27.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Dacians", "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Germanic peoples" ], "persian_state": "Dacians & Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Trajan", "commanders_b": "Decebalus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Trajan's Column; Tropaeum Traiani; en.wikipedia Battle of Adamclisi; en.wikipedia List of Roman battles", "note": "Dacians with Roxolani (Sarmatians) and Bastarnae. The Tropaeum Traiani (109) commemorates the victory; the altar may instead commemorate Fuscus' or Oppius Sabinus' dead.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 316, "key": "102-nicopolis-ad-istrum", "name": "Nicopolis ad Istrum", "label": "Nicopolis ad Istrum", "year": 102, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Winter 101/102", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Trajan's First Dacian War", "theatre": "", "place": "Near the later city of Nicopolis ad Istrum, on the Yantra", "lat": 43.22, "lon": 25.61, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Dacians", "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dacians & Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Trajan", "commanders_b": "Decebalus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Trajan's Column; Jordanes, Getica 101; en.wikipedia Trajan's Dacian Wars; en.wikipedia Battle of Adamclisi", "note": "en.wikipedia's Adamclisi article calls the night battle near Nicopolis indecisive; its Dacian Wars article calls it a Roman victory.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 317, "key": "116-ctesiphon-116", "name": "Ctesiphon (116)", "label": "Ctesiphon (116)", "year": 116, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "116 (some date it to late 115)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Trajan's Parthian campaign", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Ctesiphon, on the Tigris (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Trajan", "commanders_b": "Osroes I (fled)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Whatever garrison Osroes I left in his capital; no Parthian field army is recorded (the empire was split between Osroes and Vologases III).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: the royal guard of the Parthian capital would have been Iranian, the townspeople Aramaic- and Greek-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Trajan took Ctesiphon with Osroes' daughter and golden throne; the king had fled and no defence is described.", "borderline": "capture without described fighting; kept to agree with Battles of the Romans", "doubt": "Borderline: capture without described fighting; kept to agree with Battles of the Romans.", "sources": "Cassius Dio 68.28; en.wikipedia Trajan's Parthian campaign", "note": "Trajan took the title Parthicus in February 116, which is why some put the capture in late 115; Wikipedia's campaign article dates it to 115.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 318, "key": "116-maximus-defeat", "name": "Maximus' defeat", "label": "Maximus' defeat", "year": 116, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "116 CE", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Trajan's Parthian campaign (the revolt of 116)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mesopotamia (site unknown), Iraq", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 42.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "probably Sanatruces, nephew of Osroes I", "commanders_b": "Appius Maximus Santra (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Parthian cavalry under Sanatruces, perhaps with Saka archers, acting with the rebellious cities of Mesopotamia.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "East Iranian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Dio speaks of 'the rebels': the Parthian horse of Sanatruces fought alongside Aramaic-, Greek- and Jewish-populated cities in revolt.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the commander killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Maximus' army was defeated in battle and he was killed (Cassius Dio).", "borderline": "no place name; kept to agree with Battles of the Romans", "doubt": "Borderline: no place name; kept to agree with Battles of the Romans.", "sources": "Cassius Dio 68.30; John Malalas, Chronicle 11; en.wikipedia Trajan's Parthian campaign", "note": "Dio says Maximus was sent 'against the rebels'; Battles of the Romans credits the victory to the Parthians, and Wikipedia does not say whether Parthian troops took part.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 319, "key": "116-sanatruces-defeat", "name": "Sanatruces' defeat", "label": "Sanatruces' defeat", "year": 116, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "later 116", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Trajan's Parthian campaign (the revolt of 116)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Mesopotamia (site unknown), Iraq", "lat": 34.0, "lon": 44.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Trajan, Lusius Quietus, Erucius Clarus, Julius Alexander (with Parthamaspates, who deserted Sanatruces)", "commanders_b": "Sanatruces (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Parthian cavalry that Sanatruces had kept together, perhaps reinforced with Saka archers (Wikipedia, after Malalas).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Parthian prince's cavalry army, perhaps with Saka archers; no units are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Sanatruces killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sanatruces' army was beaten and he was killed after Parthamaspates went over to the Romans (Malalas).", "borderline": "no place name; known mainly from Malalas", "doubt": "Borderline: no place name; known mainly from Malalas.", "sources": "John Malalas, Chronicle 11; Cassius Dio 68.30; en.wikipedia Trajan's Parthian campaign", "note": "Trajan then crowned Parthamaspates at Ctesiphon; Dio credits Erucius Clarus and Julius Alexander with retaking and burning rebel Seleucia.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 320, "key": "n320", "name": "Quadratus Bassus' defeat (117 CE)", "label": "Quadratus Bassus' defeat", "year": 117, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "117 CE (the end of Trajan's reign and the first months of Hadrian's)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sarmatian war of 117-118 (Hadrian)", "theatre": "", "place": "Roman Dacia and Lower Moesia, along the Danube/Banat frontier (exact site unknown)", "lat": 45.9, "lon": 22.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania / Serbia", "side_a": [ "Roxolani", "Iazyges" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Roxolani & Iazyges", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Roxolani and Iazyges chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "C. Julius Quadratus Bassus (governor of Dacia, killed); Q. Marcius Turbo sent to restore the frontier", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Roman governor of Dacia, Quadratus Bassus, was killed in the fighting, and Hadrian had to hurry to the Danube and make terms; the Roxolani were soon won over by a tribute adjustment.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Hadrian 5-6; the honorific inscription for Quadratus Bassus from Pergamon; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazyges", "note": "That Bassus died fighting the Sarmatians is attested; the circumstances of the fight are not. Treat as a minor, thinly sourced defeat.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 321, "key": "n321", "name": "Uttamabhadras relief (Ushavadata v Malavas, c. 120 CE)", "label": "Uttamabhadras relief", "year": 120, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 120 CE (Nashik Cave 10 inscription, year 42 of the Saka era)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Western Satrap (Kshaharata) wars in Rajasthan and Malwa", "theatre": "", "place": "Pushkar region (Pokkhara), Rajasthan, India; exact site unknown", "lat": 26.49, "lon": 74.55, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Western Satraps", "Uttamabhadras" ], "side_b": [ "Malavas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Western Satraps & Uttamabhadras", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ushavadata (son-in-law of Nahapana and his viceroy; son of Dinika)", "commanders_b": "Malava chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Nashik Cave 10 inscription says the Malayas fled 'at the mere roar' of Ushavadata's approach, and the Uttamabhadras they had besieged were freed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Nashik Cave 10 inscription of Ushavadata (Epigraphia Indica 8); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Satraps", "note": "Ushavadata (Rishabhadatta) is an Indian-named relative of the Saka Nahapana; the inscription is a boast, and the fight, if any, is not described.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 322, "key": "n322", "name": "Gautamiputra Satakarni v Nahapana (c. 124 CE)", "label": "Gautamiputra Satakarni v Nahapana", "year": 124, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 124 CE (range c. 105-130; Gautamiputra's inscriptions are dated by regnal years 18-19)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Satavahana reconquest of Maharashtra from the Western Satraps (Kshaharatas)", "theatre": "", "place": "Nashik / Govardhana region, western Deccan (exact site unknown)", "lat": 19.99, "lon": 73.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Satavahanas" ], "side_b": [ "Western Satraps" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Western Satraps", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gautamiputra Satakarni", "commanders_b": "Nahapana (Kshaharata satrap); Ushavadata (his son-in-law and viceroy)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Gautamiputra's inscriptions (through his mother Gautami Balasri) say he 'rooted out the Khakharata family' and destroyed Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas; the Jogalthembi hoard of Nahapana's coins overstruck by Gautamiputra shows the recovery of Nashik.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Nashik (Pandavleni) Cave 3 inscription of Gautami Balasri; Jogalthembi coin hoard; Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Satraps", "note": "No battle is described; the war is known from inscriptions and the overstruck coin hoard. The Kshaharatas are called Saka or Pahlava (Parthian) in different accounts; either way they are Iranian.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 323, "key": "n323", "name": "Saketa (Khotan and Kanishka, c. 127)", "label": "Saketa", "year": 127, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 127 CE (the date is that of Kanishka's accession in the Khotan tradition; uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khotanese-Kushan campaign in the Ganges plain (Tibetan Khotan annals)", "theatre": "", "place": "Saketa (Ayodhya), Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.8, "lon": 82.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Kushans", "Khotan" ], "side_b": [ "Saketa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kushans & Khotan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kanishka; Vijaya Kirti (king of Khotan)", "commanders_b": "the king of Saketa (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Tibetan Li yul lung bstan pa says the Khotanese king Vijaya Kirti and Kanishka took Saketa together.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Li yul lung bstan pa (Prophecy of the Li Country), as in Emmerick, Tibetan Texts Concerning Khotan (1967); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan", "note": "Known only from a late Tibetan Buddhist tradition about Khotan; no independent source. Included because the Khotanese king is named as a leader.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 324, "key": "130-salut", "name": "Salut", "label": "Salut", "year": 130, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "130 (traditional; modern guesses range from the 2nd to the 3rd century)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Azd migration into Oman", "theatre": "Oman", "place": "Salut, near Bisya and Bahla, Oman", "lat": 22.9, "lon": 57.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Malik ibn Fahm al-Azdi, Amr ibn Fahm", "commanders_b": "the Persian marzban of Oman (named in the tradition Bara son of Dara son of Bahman)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "In the tradition, the Persian garrison and settlers of Oman under their marzban; no reliable details.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The tradition speaks of a Persian governor and garrison holding the Omani interior.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the Omani tradition the Azd won the battle and the Persians left the interior of Oman.", "borderline": "a traditional battle of uncertain date and Persian state", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Omani and Arab traditions written down many centuries later; modern scholars read it as a memory of the Azd migration rather than a documented event, and the date given by Wikipedia (130) is not explained. Borderline: a traditional battle of uncertain date and Persian state.", "sources": "Omani tradition (al-Awtabi, Ansab al-Arab; the Kashf al-Ghumma); en.wikipedia Battle of Salut (Ulrich 2008, 2019; Wilkinson)", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox says Parthian forces, its text 'Persian'; if the battle is historical but later, it belongs to the Sasanian period.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 325, "key": "n325", "name": "Kashgar's victory over Khotan (132 CE)", "label": "Kashgar's victory over Khotan", "year": 132, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "132 CE (the 1st year of Yangjia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khotan's wars against Keriya and the Han governors", "theatre": "", "place": "Khotan / Keriya area, southern Tarim basin (Xinjiang, China)", "lat": 36.85, "lon": 81.67, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Kashgar" ], "side_b": [ "Khotan" ], "allies_a": [ "Han" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khotan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Chenpan (king of Kashgar), with about 20,000 men", "commanders_b": "Fangqian (king of Khotan)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Hou Hanshu says Chenpan's army of 20,000 beat the Khotanese, cut off several hundred heads, and the king of Keriya was replaced.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hou Hanshu 88 (Yutian); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan", "note": "Fangqian had killed the king of Keriya (129) and kept it against Han orders; this is the Han reply. Details of the fight are thin.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 326, "key": "135-kanishka-s-war-with-parthia", "name": "Kanishka's war with Parthia", "label": "Kanishka's war with Parthia", "year": 135, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 130-140 (modern inference)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kushan-Parthian wars", "theatre": "Eastern Iran and Bactria", "place": "west of the Kushan realm, perhaps Aria or Bactria (site unknown), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Kushans" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kushans v Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kushans", "faction_b": "Parthia", "commanders_a": "Kanishka I", "commanders_b": "the Parthian king (unnamed; perhaps Vologases III)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kushans", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "In the Buddhist account the Parthian king led mounted bowmen, armoured troops, foot archers and spearmen.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Parthian army in the east would have been raised from Parthian, Arian and Margian nobles and their followers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "900,000 killed (the Buddhist text; impossible)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The only source says Kanishka won after a great slaughter of the Parthian army.", "borderline": "a war known from one Buddhist text; no battle or site is named", "doubt": "Traditional: Attested only in the Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan, a Buddhist text translated into Chinese in the 470s, as a moral tale of Kanishka's remorse; the Parthian king is unnamed and the date is a modern inference. Borderline: a war known from one Buddhist text; no battle or site is named.", "sources": "Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan (Taisho 2058); en.wikipedia Kanishka's war with Parthia", "note": "Wikipedia's List of wars involving Iran also lists a first Parthian-Kushan war (45-50s), fought mainly by the Indo-Parthians, with no named battle.", "peoples": [ "Parthians", "Kushans (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 327, "key": "n327", "name": "Rudradaman v Vasishthiputra Satakarni (c. 140-150 CE)", "label": "Rudradaman v Vasishthiputra Satakarni", "year": 145, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "before 150 CE (the Junagadh inscription is dated Saka year 72 = 150 CE); the fights are undated", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Western Satrap-Satavahana wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Dakshinapatha (northern Deccan and the Konkan); exact sites unknown", "lat": 19.0, "lon": 74.0, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Western Satraps" ], "side_b": [ "Satavahanas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Western Satraps", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rudradaman I", "commanders_b": "Vasishthiputra (Pulumavi or Satakarni, Rudradaman's son-in-law)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Junagadh inscription says Rudradaman twice completely defeated the lord of Dakshinapatha, Satakarni, but spared him because of their close relationship.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Junagadh (Girnar) rock inscription of Rudradaman (Epigraphia Indica 8); Kanheri inscription of Vasishthiputra Satakarni's queen; Sircar, Select Inscriptions (2005); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Satraps", "note": "Two battles are implied; entered as one event. Rudradaman's dynasty (Kardamaka, descended from Chashtana) is Saka by the usual account.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 328, "key": "n328", "name": "Rudradaman v the Yaudheyas (c. 150 CE)", "label": "Rudradaman v the Yaudheyas", "year": 150, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 150 CE (the Junagadh inscription of Saka year 72)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rudradaman's conquests", "theatre": "", "place": "Yaudheya country (Haryana / eastern Rajasthan); exact site unknown", "lat": 28.5, "lon": 75.5, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Western Satraps" ], "side_b": [ "Yaudheyas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Western Satraps", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rudradaman I", "commanders_b": "Yaudheya chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Junagadh inscription says Rudradaman 'forcibly uprooted' the Yaudheyas, who were proud of their title 'heroes among all Kshatriyas' and would not submit.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Junagadh (Girnar) rock inscription of Rudradaman, line 11; Sircar (2005); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Satraps", "note": "Known only from a royal inscription's boast; the place and the fighting are not described.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 329, "key": "161-elegeia", "name": "Elegeia", "label": "Elegeia", "year": 161, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 161", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Elegeia, beyond the Cappadocian frontier near the headwaters of the Euphrates (probably Ilica, near Erzurum), Turkey", "lat": 39.95, "lon": 41.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Osroes (Chosroes), general of Vologases IV", "commanders_b": "Marcus Sedatius Severianus (killed himself)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Parthian army that Vologases IV sent into Armenia under Osroes; the sources say only 'the Parthians', i.e. the usual horse archers and cataphracts of the noble levy.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Parthian field armies of the second century were the cavalry of the Iranian nobility; no units are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "one legion (perhaps IX Hispana) with auxiliaries", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the whole force destroyed (perhaps 5,000-6,000 men)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Severianus' army was trapped and destroyed within three days, and he killed himself.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 71.2; Lucian, How to Write History and Alexander 27; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 330, "key": "162-cornelianus-defeat", "name": "Cornelianus' defeat", "label": "Cornelianus' defeat", "year": 162, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 161 or 162", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "northern Syria (site unknown), Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (generals of Vologases IV)", "commanders_b": "Lucius Attidius Cornelianus, governor of Syria", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Parthian army that invaded Syria in 161-162; no details survive (normally the noble cavalry levy).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of Parthian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "the Syrian army", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The governor's army was beaten and fled in disorder (Historia Augusta).", "borderline": "no place name; known only from brief mentions", "doubt": "Borderline: no place name; known only from brief mentions.", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Marcus 8.6; Fronto; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 331, "key": "163-artaxata", "name": "Artaxata", "label": "Artaxata", "year": 163, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "163", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Artaxata, the Armenian capital on the Araxes (near Artashat), Armenia", "lat": 39.88, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marcus Statius Priscus", "commanders_b": "Pacorus (the Parthian-installed king of Armenia)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Parthian troops supporting the Parthian-installed king Pacorus, with Armenian forces; no details survive.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only; the Armenian share of the defence is unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "including I Minervia and V Macedonica", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Statius Priscus captured and destroyed Artaxata.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Marcus 9.1; Fronto; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "The Romans founded a new capital, Kaine Polis, in 164 and made Sohaemus king of Armenia.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 332, "key": "163-edessa-siege-163", "name": "Edessa (siege, 163)", "label": "Edessa (siege, 163)", "year": 163, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "163", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Osrhoene", "place": "Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Osrhoene" ], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vologases IV", "commanders_b": "Ma'nu VIII of Osrhoene", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Parthian army of Vologases IV, with the Edessan partisans of Wa'el; no details survive.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Parthian royal force with local Aramaic-speaking supporters.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Parthians took Edessa and installed Wa'el son of Sahru as their client king.", "borderline": "the siege is known from coins and the Edessan king list; the fighting is not described", "doubt": "Borderline: the siege is known from coins and the Edessan king list; the fighting is not described.", "sources": "Wa'el's coins with the Parthian king's portrait; Edessan king list; en.wikipedia Siege of Edessa (163)", "note": "Ma'nu VIII fled to the Romans; Wa'el ruled Edessa as a Parthian client from 163 to 165.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 333, "key": "163-sura-163", "name": "Sura (163)", "label": "Sura (163)", "year": 163, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "163 or 164", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Syria (middle Euphrates)", "place": "Sura, on the right bank of the Euphrates (near Mansoura), Syria", "lat": 35.91, "lon": 38.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "result unknown" ], "persian_force": "Parthian forces holding the south bank of the Euphrates; nothing more is known.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of Parthian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lucian mentions a battle at Sura only in passing and no source says who won; the Parthians still held the right bank there in 163.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored.", "sources": "Lucian, How to Write History; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "The year is added to the Roman-set name because Khosrow I's capture of Sura (540) is another entry.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 334, "key": "165-ctesiphon-165", "name": "Ctesiphon (165)", "label": "Ctesiphon (165)", "year": 165, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 165", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Ctesiphon and Seleucia, on the Tigris (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gaius Avidius Cassius", "commanders_b": "Vologases IV", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The defenders of the Parthian capital under Vologases IV's officers; no details survive.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: the royal troops would have been Iranian, the twin cities' people Aramaic- and Greek-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (the army brought back plague)", "losses_b": "heavy; Seleucia sacked", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Avidius Cassius took Ctesiphon and burned the royal palace; Seleucia opened its gates and was sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 71.2; Historia Augusta, Verus 8; en.wikipedia Battle of Ctesiphon (165); en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "Wikipedia names it the Battle of Ctesiphon (165) but describes a siege and capture. Avidius Cassius went on into Media in 166 without a recorded battle.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 335, "key": "165-dura-europos-165", "name": "Dura-Europos (165)", "label": "Dura-Europos (165)", "year": 165, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "165", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "Dura-Europos, on the middle Euphrates (near Salhiyeh), Syria", "lat": 34.75, "lon": 40.73, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gaius Avidius Cassius", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Parthian army on the middle Euphrates and the garrison of Dura, a Parthian-held town of Greek and Aramaic speakers; no units are named.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic", "Greek" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Parthian field troops fought beside the local levies of a mixed Greek and Aramaic city.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "including III Gallica", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "2 killed, 7 wounded (a historian mocked by Lucian)", "losses_b": "70,236 killed (the same, mocked by Lucian)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lucian reports a great Roman victory at Europos, and Dura passed into Roman hands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lucian, How to Write History; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "The year is added to the Roman-set name because Shapur I's siege of Dura (256) is another entry.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 336, "key": "165-edessa-siege-165", "name": "Edessa (siege, 165)", "label": "Edessa (siege, 165)", "year": 165, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "165", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Osrhoene", "place": "Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [ "Osrhoene" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucius Verus (nominal), probably Martius Verus or Avidius Cassius; Ma'nu VIII", "commanders_b": "Wa'el son of Sahru and the Parthian garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Parthian garrison of Edessa with the Edessan partisans of Wa'el.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Parthian garrison backed by local Aramaic-speaking supporters of Wa'el; their numbers are unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The citizens killed the Parthian garrison and opened the gates, so Edessa fell to the Roman besiegers.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Edessa (165); en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "Ma'nu VIII was restored with the title Philorhomaios.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 337, "key": "165-nisibis-siege-165", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 165)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 165)", "year": 165, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "165", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "probably Publius Martius Verus", "commanders_b": "Osroes (Chosroes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Parthian army that fell back from Edessa to Nisibis under Osroes; no units are named.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Parthian field army with the garrison of an Aramaic-speaking city.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "including V Macedonica", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nisibis was besieged and taken; the Parthian army dispersed and Osroes escaped by swimming the Tigris (Lucian).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lucian, How to Write History; en.wikipedia Roman-Parthian War of 161-166", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 338, "key": "n338", "name": "Death of Fronto (170 CE)", "label": "Death of Fronto", "year": 170, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "170 CE (the year is certain; Fronto died early in the Marcomannic invasion of Dacia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marcomannic Wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Roman Dacia (the Alburnus Maior and Banat approaches; exact site unknown)", "lat": 46.3, "lon": 23.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Romania", "side_a": [ "Iazyges" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Germans", "Roxolani and Costoboci" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iazyges", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iazyges chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "M. Claudius Fronto (governor of the Dacias, killed)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "result unknown" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fronto's tomb inscription says he fell fighting 'against the Germans and the Iazyges' after earlier successes; it does not say who held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored.", "sources": "CIL VI 1377 (Fronto's monument inscription); Historia Augusta, Marcus Aurelius 22.1; Birley, Marcus Aurelius (1987); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazyges", "note": "The Iazyges hold Dacia's western edge, so they were the natural party in the attack; the inscription names them alongside the Germans.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 339, "key": "173-frozen-danube", "name": "Frozen Danube", "label": "Frozen Danube", "year": 173, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Winter 173/174", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marcomannic Wars", "theatre": "", "place": "On the frozen middle Danube (site unknown)", "lat": 47.5, "lon": 19.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Hungary", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marcus Aurelius (in overall command)", "commanders_b": "", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 71.7", "note": "Iazyges (Sarmatians).", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 340, "key": "n340", "name": "Sauromates II's defeat of the Scythians (c. 180-210)", "label": "Sauromates II's defeat of the Scythians", "year": 190, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 2nd century CE (Sauromates II reigned 174-210)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bosporan wars against the Crimean Scythians", "theatre": "", "place": "Crimea (eastern and central), Bosporan frontier", "lat": 45.0, "lon": 34.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine (Crimea)", "side_a": [ "Bosporan kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Crimean Scythians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Crimean Scythians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sauromates II", "commanders_b": "the Scythian king (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "gre", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Wikipedia summary of the Bosporan kingdom says Sauromates II inflicted a critical defeat on the Scythians and brought the whole Crimean peninsula into his state.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bosporan inscriptions (CIRB); Mielczarek, The Army of the Bosporan Kingdom (1999); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom", "note": "Known from inscriptions and brief summaries; no named battle. Bosporan kings after Sauromates I (93-124) are of mixed (Thracian, Greek and Sarmatian) descent, so only the Scythians are counted here.", "peoples": [ "Scythians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "gre", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 341, "key": "197-nisibis-siege-197", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 197)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 197)", "year": 197, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer 197", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Septimius Severus' Parthian campaigns", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julius Laetus (garrison); Septimius Severus (relief)", "commanders_b": "Vologases V", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Vologases V's royal army, a seasonal levy of the nobles' cavalry; the sources give no breakdown.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of Parthian royal armies, raised from noble contingents for each campaign.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Laetus held Nisibis and the Parthians raised the siege as Severus approached.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 76(75).9; en.wikipedia Septimius Severus' Parthian campaigns", "note": "The earlier siege of Nisibis (194) was by Abgar VIII of Osrhoene, Adiabene and Hatra without Parthian forces, and is left out.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 342, "key": "198-ctesiphon-198", "name": "Ctesiphon (198)", "label": "Ctesiphon (198)", "year": 198, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "late 197 or January 198 (Severus took the title Parthicus Maximus on 28 January 198)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Septimius Severus' Parthian campaigns", "theatre": "Babylonia", "place": "Ctesiphon, on the Tigris (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Parthia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Septimius Severus", "commanders_b": "Vologases V (fled)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison and people of the Parthian capital under Vologases V; the sources give no breakdown.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred only: the royal troops would have been Iranian, the townspeople largely Aramaic-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000 (some six legions)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed; 100,000 captives (Cassius Dio)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Severus stormed and sacked Ctesiphon after strong resistance, and Vologases fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 76(75).9; Herodian 3.9; en.wikipedia Battle of Ctesiphon (198); en.wikipedia Septimius Severus' Parthian campaigns", "note": "Severus failed twice before Hatra (198 and 199), which was defended by the Hatrene army without recorded Parthian troops; those sieges are left out.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 343, "key": "217-nisibis-217", "name": "Nisibis (217)", "label": "Nisibis (217)", "year": 217, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 217", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Parthian war of Caracalla", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Parthia" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Parthia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Artabanus IV", "commanders_b": "Macrinus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Artabanus IV's great levy: horse archers, cataphracts, and armoured lancers mounted on camels (Herodian 4.14-15).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Median", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Herodian names mounted archers and armoured lancers on horses and camels: the camel troops were probably Arab, the rest the Iranian noble cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown ('a great army')", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy (Herodian)", "losses_b": "heavy (Herodian)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Cassius Dio, a contemporary, says Macrinus was beaten in the three days of fighting before Nisibis, and Herodian, who makes the slaughter even, does not have the Parthians leave the field; the 200 million sesterces Macrinus then paid for peace is a strategic matter.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 79(78).26-27; Herodian 4.15; en.wikipedia Battle of Nisibis (217); en.wikipedia Parthian war of Caracalla", "note": "Kept as a Parthian victory as in Battles of the Romans and Wikipedia; Caracalla had been murdered on 8 April 217. His surprise attack on Artabanus' court in 216 (Herodian) was a massacre, not a battle, and is left out.", "peoples": [ "Parthians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Parthia: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 344, "key": "220-ardashir-s-conquest-of-kerman", "name": "Ardashir's conquest of Kerman", "label": "Ardashir's conquest of Kerman", "year": 220, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 220-222 (uncertain; before Hormozdgan, 224)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman province (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 30.28, "lon": 57.08, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ardashir I" ], "side_b": [ "Balash, king of Kerman" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ardashir I (king of Persis)", "faction_b": "Balash, king of Kerman (Parthian vassal)", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I", "commanders_b": "Balash (Valakhsh) of Kerman", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ardashir's army from Persis, the Persian nobility and their mounted retainers, against the local Iranian levy of Kerman.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranian provincial armies of southern Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardashir defeated and captured the king of Kerman and took the province (al-Tabari).", "borderline": "no conventional name: an unnamed battle of Ardashir's rise, known from al-Tabari; date uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: an unnamed battle of Ardashir's rise, known from al-Tabari; date uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, History (tr. Noldeke 1879; tr. Bosworth vol. V); en.wikipedia Ardashir I", "note": "Al-Tabari's account comes from Sasanian royal tradition; modern historians accept the conquest but not every detail. Ardashir made his son, also named Ardashir, king of Kerman.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 345, "key": "222-ardashir-s-conquest-of-isfahan", "name": "Ardashir's conquest of Isfahan", "label": "Ardashir's conquest of Isfahan", "year": 222, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 222-223 (uncertain; before Hormozdgan, 224)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Media (Isfahan)", "place": "Isfahan region (site unknown), Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ardashir I" ], "side_b": [ "Shadh-Shapur, king of Isfahan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ardashir I (king of Persis)", "faction_b": "Shadh-Shapur, king of Isfahan (Parthian vassal)", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I", "commanders_b": "Shadh-Shapur (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ardashir's army of Persian nobles and their retainers, against the levy of the Parthian vassal of Isfahan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Median" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranian provincial armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the king killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardashir defeated and killed Shadh-Shapur, ruler of Isfahan (al-Tabari).", "borderline": "no conventional name: an unnamed battle of Ardashir's rise, known from al-Tabari; date uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: an unnamed battle of Ardashir's rise, known from al-Tabari; date uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, History (tr. Noldeke 1879; tr. Bosworth vol. V); en.wikipedia Ardashir I", "note": "The sequence Kerman, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Mesene, Hormozdgan follows al-Tabari; the dates are approximations.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 346, "key": "223-ardashir-s-conquest-of-khuzestan", "name": "Ardashir's conquest of Khuzestan", "label": "Ardashir's conquest of Khuzestan", "year": 223, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 223 (uncertain; before Hormozdgan, 224)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Khuzestan (al-Ahwaz or Susa; site unknown), Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ardashir I" ], "side_b": [ "Nirufar, king of al-Ahwaz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ardashir I (king of Persis)", "faction_b": "Nirufar, king of al-Ahwaz (Parthian vassal)", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I", "commanders_b": "Nirufar of al-Ahwaz (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ardashir's army of Persian nobles and their retainers, against the forces of the Parthian vassal of Khuzestan (Elymais/Susiana).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ardashir's army was Persian; the Khuzestan levy was mixed Iranian and Aramaic-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the king killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardashir defeated and killed the ruler of Khuzestan and annexed the province (al-Tabari).", "borderline": "no conventional name: an unnamed battle of Ardashir's rise, known from al-Tabari; date uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: an unnamed battle of Ardashir's rise, known from al-Tabari; date uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, History (tr. Noldeke 1879; tr. Bosworth vol. V); en.wikipedia Ardashir I", "note": "Wikipedia calls the slain ruler the governor of Susa; al-Tabari names Nirufar, king of al-Ahwaz, whom Artabanus had ordered to march against Ardashir.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 347, "key": "223-ardashir-s-conquest-of-mesene", "name": "Ardashir's conquest of Mesene", "label": "Ardashir's conquest of Mesene", "year": 223, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 223 (uncertain; before Hormozdgan, 224)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Mesene (Characene)", "place": "Mesene, at the head of the Persian Gulf (near Charax Spasinou), Iraq", "lat": 30.98, "lon": 47.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ardashir I" ], "side_b": [ "Bandu, king of Mesene" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ardashir I (king of Persis)", "faction_b": "Bandu, king of Mesene (Characene, a Parthian vassal)", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I", "commanders_b": "Bandu of Mesene (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ardashir's army of Persian nobles and their retainers, against the forces of the vassal kingdom of Characene.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ardashir's army was Persian; the Characene forces were mainly Aramaic- and Arabic-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the king killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardashir killed the king of Mesene with his own hand and annexed Characene (al-Tabari).", "borderline": "no conventional name: known from al-Tabari; Characene was a Parthian vassal kingdom, treated here as Parthian (civil); date uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name: known from al-Tabari; Characene was a Parthian vassal kingdom, treated here as Parthian (civil); date uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, History (tr. Noldeke 1879; tr. Bosworth vol. V); en.wikipedia Ardashir I", "note": "Ardashir founded Astarabadh-Ardashir (Karkh Maysan) there. Characene had been ruled by Parthian princes since Vologases IV's conquest of 151.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 348, "key": "224-hormozdgan", "name": "Hormozdgan", "label": "Hormozdgan", "year": 224, "month": 4, "day": 28, "date": "28 April 224", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian overthrow of the Parthians (rise of Ardashir I)", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "plain of Hormozdgan, probably near Ram-Hormoz (Khuzestan), Iran", "lat": 31.28, "lon": 49.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ardashir I" ], "side_b": [ "Artabanus IV" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ardashir I (Persis)", "faction_b": "Artabanus IV (Parthians)", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I, his son Shapur", "commanders_b": "Artabanus IV (killed), the chief secretary Dad-windad", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ardashir's army of Persis, about 10,000 horse (later tradition), partly in mail, with his sons and the lords of Persis, Kerman and Elymais; Artabanus led the larger Parthian army of noble cavalry in lamellar armour.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Iranian noble cavalry, Ardashir's from Persis and its neighbours and Artabanus' from the Parthian houses (Tabari; the Firuzabad relief).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 10,000 horse (later tradition)", "strength_b": "larger than Ardashir's (not numbered)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Artabanus IV killed, Dad-windad taken or killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Artabanus IV was killed and his army broke; Ardashir held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tabari 1.818-819; Nihayat al-arab; Bal'ami; Firuzabad relief; Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia Battle of Hormozdgan", "note": "Also spelled Hormozgan or Hormizdagan. The site is disputed: Ram-Hormoz (Bal'ami) is usually preferred; Iranica puts the plain in Media and Widengren at Golpayegan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 349, "key": "227-hatra-siege-227", "name": "Hatra (siege, 227)", "label": "Hatra (siege, 227)", "year": 227, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 227 (dated between 226 and 229)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ardashir I's western campaigns (first Mesopotamian campaign)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Hatra (al-Hadr), Iraq", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 42.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Hatra" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the king of Hatra (probably Sanatruq II)", "commanders_b": "Ardashir I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Hatra", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ardashir's new royal army, the Persian and Parthian noble cavalry that had joined him after Hormozdgan, with levied foot; the sources name no units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ardashir's early armies were the noble cavalry of Persis and of the Parthian houses that had gone over to him (Iranica, Ardasir I).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed in an ambush (Dio)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardashir failed to take Hatra and marched away to Media (Cassius Dio 80.3.2).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cassius Dio 80.3.2; Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia First Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I; en.wikipedia Fall of Hatra", "note": "Iranica dates the attempt c. 226-227, the Wikipedia campaign article c. 229. Dio says Ardashir breached the wall but lost many men in an ambush. Hatra, an Arab kingdom, was then probably a Roman ally.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 350, "key": "230-nisibis-siege-230", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 230)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 230)", "year": 230, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "230", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian war of 230-232 (Severus Alexander)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Roman garrison (commander unknown)", "commanders_b": "Ardashir I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ardashir's invading army, which also sent cavalry raids into Syria and Cappadocia; no units named. It was a levy of Persian and Parthian nobles fighting mainly as horse archers and armoured cavalry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodian describes Ardashir's army as nobles and their followers levied for each campaign, mounted archers above all.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians besieged Nisibis but failed to take it and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zonaras 12.15; Herodian 6.2; Cassius Dio 80.4; Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia Sasanian campaign of Severus Alexander", "note": "Called Nisibis (siege) in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 351, "key": "232-severus-alexander-s-southern-column", "name": "Severus Alexander's southern column", "label": "Severus Alexander's southern column", "year": 232, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 232", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian war of 230-232 (Severus Alexander)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "lower Mesopotamia, on the march towards Ctesiphon (site unknown), Iraq", "lat": 33.5, "lon": 43.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I", "commanders_b": "unknown (Severus Alexander led the campaign with the central column)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ardashir's whole field army of mounted archers and armoured cavalry; the Historia Augusta's 120,000 cataphracts, 700 elephants and 1,800 scythed chariots (Alex. 55-56) are not credible.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herodian describes a levy of Persian and Parthian nobles and their followers fighting with bow and horse; no peoples are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "very large (Herodian); 120,000 cataphracts, 700 elephants, 1,800 scythed chariots (Historia Augusta)", "strength_b": "about 20,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "heavy (Herodian)", "losses_b": "most of the column", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardashir's main army caught the southern column on its own and destroyed most of it (Herodian 6.5).", "borderline": "no conventional name (Battles of the Romans's descriptive name)", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name (Battles of the Romans's descriptive name).", "sources": "Herodian 6.5-6; Historia Augusta, Alexander 55-56; en.wikipedia Sasanian campaign of Severus Alexander", "note": "Herodian says the Persians won by numbers; the Historia Augusta instead claims a great Roman victory, which modern historians reject. The northern column was checked by Ardashir in Media and wrecked by the Armenian winter, without a named battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 352, "key": "237-nisibis-siege-237", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 237)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 237)", "year": 237, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "237 (or 235-238, under Maximinus Thrax)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I, Shapur I", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ardashir's and Shapur's royal army, which took Carrhae next and later Hatra; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the early Sasanian army was a levy of Persian and Parthian noble cavalry with infantry and siege workers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nisibis fell to the Persians.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Syncellus p. 681; Zonaras 12.18; Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia Siege of Nisibis (237)", "note": "Called Nisibis (siege) in Battles of the Romans. The Cambridge Ancient History dates the capture of Nisibis and Carrhae to 237 and 238.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 353, "key": "238-carrhae-siege-238", "name": "Carrhae (siege, 238)", "label": "Carrhae (siege, 238)", "year": 238, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "238 (or 235-238, under Maximinus Thrax)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Carrhae (Harran), Turkey", "lat": 36.87, "lon": 39.03, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I, Shapur I", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ardashir's and Shapur's royal army; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the early Sasanian army was a levy of Persian and Parthian noble cavalry with infantry and siege workers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Carrhae fell to the Persians.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Syncellus p. 681; Zonaras 12.18; Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I", "note": "Called Carrhae (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Nothing is known of the fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 354, "key": "239-dura-europos-siege-239", "name": "Dura-Europos (siege, 239)", "label": "Dura-Europos (siege, 239)", "year": 239, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 239", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "Dura-Europos (near Salhiyeh), Syria", "lat": 34.75, "lon": 40.73, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Roman garrison (commander unknown)", "commanders_b": "Ardashir I and Shapur I (as rulers; field commander unknown)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Sasanian raiding army; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the early Sasanian army was a levy of Persian and Parthian noble cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian attack on Dura was beaten off and the town stayed Roman until 256.", "borderline": "known mainly from a graffito saying the Persians 'came down upon us'; perhaps a raid or short attack rather than a full siege", "doubt": "Borderline: known mainly from a graffito saying the Persians 'came down upon us'; perhaps a raid or short attack rather than a full siege.", "sources": "graffito SEG VII 743b; Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia Sasanian campaign of Gordian III; en.wikipedia Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I", "note": "Iranica calls it a major raid; the Wikipedia campaign articles speak of a siege of Dura repulsed (239-241).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 355, "key": "240-hatra-siege-240", "name": "Hatra (siege, 240)", "label": "Hatra (siege, 240)", "year": 240, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "240 to April 241", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Hatra (al-Hadr), Iraq", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 42.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hatra" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ardashir I and/or Shapur I", "commanders_b": "Sanatruq II of Hatra (probably killed); a Roman garrison (cohors IX Maurorum Gordiana)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ardashir's and Shapur's royal army with siege engineers; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian royal levy of Persian and Parthian nobles.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city destroyed; the Roman garrison probably wiped out", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Hatra fell after a long siege and was plundered and abandoned.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cologne Mani Codex; Tabari 1.827-830 (legend of al-Nadira); Iranica, Ardasir I; en.wikipedia Fall of Hatra", "note": "Called Hatra (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Iranica dates the fall between April and September 240; the Cologne Mani Codex points to April 241. The siege lasted one year (or two, Tabari). The tale of the princess al-Nadira betraying the city to Shapur is legend. Hatra's own army bore most of the defence.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 356, "key": "243-resaena", "name": "Resaena", "label": "Resaena", "year": 243, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "243", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian campaign of Gordian III", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Resaena (Ras al-Ayn), Syria", "lat": 36.85, "lon": 40.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gordian III, Timesitheus", "commanders_b": "Shapur I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army; no units named. Normally Persian and Parthian noble cavalry (armoured lancers and horse archers) with levied foot.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; Shapur's army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans routed the Persian army, which withdrew from Roman Mesopotamia (Ammianus 23.5.17).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 23.5.17; Historia Augusta, Gordian 26-27; Iranica, Shapur I; en.wikipedia Battle of Resaena", "note": "The Romans then recovered Carrhae, Nisibis and Singara without recorded battles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 357, "key": "244-misiche", "name": "Misiche", "label": "Misiche", "year": 244, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 244 (between January and March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian campaign of Gordian III", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates (Asoristan)", "place": "Misiche (later Peroz-Shapur, al-Anbar near Fallujah), Iraq", "lat": 33.36, "lon": 43.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Goths", "Germanic peoples" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "Gordian III (died), Philip the Arab, Gaius Julius Priscus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army; the inscription (ŠKZ) names no units. Normally Persian and Parthian noble cavalry with levied foot.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Gordian III died", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shapur's inscription records a great frontal battle in which the Roman army was beaten; Gordian died and Philip bought peace.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Shapur I's inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam (ŠKZ) 3-4; Zosimus 3.32; Oracula Sibyllina 13; en.wikipedia Battle of Misiche", "note": "Roman sources hide the defeat and blame Philip for Gordian's death; some modern scholars think Gordian died later near Zaitha. Shapur renamed the place Peroz-Shapur ('victorious is Shapur').", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 358, "key": "252-nisibis-siege-252", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 252)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 252)", "year": 252, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "252 (Shapur's 11th regnal year; disputed)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shapur I's second Roman campaign", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shapur took Nisibis.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tabari; Chronicle of Seert; Liber Caliphorum; en.wikipedia Siege of Nisibis (252)", "note": "Not mentioned in Shapur's own inscription; dated to his 11th year (252, Potter) by Syriac and Arabic sources. Nothing is known of the siege itself.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 359, "key": "253-antioch-siege-253", "name": "Antioch (siege, 253)", "label": "Antioch (siege, 253)", "year": 253, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "253 (or 256)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shapur I's second Roman campaign", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Antioch on the Orontes (Antakya), Turkey", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I, Hormizd(-Ardashir); the Antiochene renegade Mariades (Cyriades) as guide", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army after Barbalissos, guided by Mariades and his Antiochene followers; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city sacked and many deported", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Antioch fell to the Persians and was sacked.", "borderline": "Ammianus says the city was taken by surprise while the people sat in the theatre: little fighting is recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: Ammianus says the city was taken by surprise while the people sat in the theatre: little fighting is recorded.", "sources": "Ammianus 23.5.3; Shapur I's inscription (ŠKZ); Malalas 12; en.wikipedia Siege of Antioch (253)", "note": "The date of the first capture of Antioch (253 or 256) is disputed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 360, "key": "253-barbalissos", "name": "Barbalissos", "label": "Barbalissos", "year": 253, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "253 (or 252)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur I's second Roman campaign", "theatre": "Syria (Euphrates)", "place": "Barbalissos (Qal'at Balis), on the Euphrates, Syria", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 38.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army; the inscription names no units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian noble levy of Persian and Parthian cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "60,000 (Shapur's inscription)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the whole force (Shapur's inscription)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shapur's inscription says a Roman force of 60,000 was destroyed at Barbalissos.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Shapur I's inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam (ŠKZ) 4-5; Iranica, Shapur I; en.wikipedia Battle of Barbalissos", "note": "Known only from Shapur's inscription; Wikipedia dates it 252.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 361, "key": "253-emesa", "name": "Emesa (253)", "label": "Emesa (253)", "year": 253, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "253", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur I's second Roman campaign", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Emesa (Homs), Syria", "lat": 34.73, "lon": 36.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Uranius Antoninus (Sampsigeramus), priest of Emesa; Odaenathus in the pursuit", "commanders_b": "an unnamed Persian general (killed), of Shapur I's army", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A detachment of Shapur I's army under a Persian general; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; it was part of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "its general killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian force fell back from Emesa after its commander was killed, as most modern historians accept.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Malalas 12; Domninus of Antioch; Baldus; en.wikipedia Siege of Emesa (253)", "note": "Disputed: Malalas tells of the Emesene priest and his slingers routing the Persians; Overlaet argues from the Bishapur reliefs that Emesa submitted. Wikipedia calls it a siege (November 253).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 362, "key": "256-dura-europos-siege-256", "name": "Dura-Europos (siege, 256)", "label": "Dura-Europos (siege, 256)", "year": 256, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "256 (or 257)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shapur I's second Roman campaign", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "Dura-Europos (near Salhiyeh), Syria", "lat": 34.75, "lon": 40.73, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "unknown (garrison with cohors XX Palmyrenorum and legionary detachments)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's siege army with engineers who drove mines under the walls and used burning sulphur and pitch against Roman countermines; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the besiegers were the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison lost; about 20 soldiers suffocated in one countermine (excavations)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Dura fell to the Persians after mining and assaults, and was abandoned.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "excavations at Dura (du Mesnil du Buisson; S. James 2011); Iranica, Dura-Europos; en.wikipedia Siege of Dura-Europos (256)", "note": "Called Dura-Europos (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Dated by a coin of 256 found with the dead in the countermine; some prefer 257.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 363, "key": "260-antioch-siege-260", "name": "Antioch (siege, 260)", "label": "Antioch (siege, 260)", "year": 260, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "260", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shapur I's third Roman campaign", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Antioch on the Orontes (Antakya), Turkey", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army after Edessa; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city sacked and its people deported", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shapur broke through the walls and took Antioch for the second time.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Shapur I's inscription (ŠKZ); Zonaras 12.23; Orosius 7.22; Iranica, Antioch; en.wikipedia Siege of Antioch (260)", "note": "Some scholars think Antioch fell only once, in 253 or 256 or 260.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 364, "key": "260-caesarea-siege-260", "name": "Caesarea (siege, 260)", "label": "Caesarea (siege, 260)", "year": 260, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "260", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shapur I's third Roman campaign", "theatre": "Cappadocia", "place": "Caesarea (Mazaca, Kayseri), Turkey", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 35.49, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "Demosthenes", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "One of the columns of Shapur I's army raiding Asia Minor after Edessa; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (the city had some 400,000 people, Zonaras)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison killed; the city sacked", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians took Caesarea by a night attack along a way into the city revealed by a tortured captive (Zonaras 12.23).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zonaras 12.23; Shapur I's inscription (ŠKZ); en.wikipedia Siege of Caesarea in Cappadocia (260)", "note": "Called Caesarea (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Demosthenes broke out through the Persians and escaped (Zonaras).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 365, "key": "260-edessa", "name": "Edessa", "label": "Edessa", "year": 260, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring or early summer 260", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur I's third Roman campaign", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Osroene)", "place": "between Carrhae (Harran) and Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I", "commanders_b": "Valerian (captured), the praetorian prefect Successianus (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur I's royal army; his inscription lists the many provinces of Valerian's 70,000 but not his own troops.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; Shapur's army was the Sasanian noble levy of Persian and Parthian cavalry with infantry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "70,000 (Shapur's inscription)", "losses_a": "light (Wikipedia)", "losses_b": "the emperor and most of the army captured or killed", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Roman army was beaten and Valerian was captured with the prefect, the senators and much of the army (Shapur's inscription).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Shapur I's inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam (ŠKZ) 9-11; Zosimus 1.36; Zonaras 12.23; Lactantius, De mortibus 5; en.wikipedia Battle of Edessa", "note": "Roman sources say Valerian was seized during a parley; the course of the battle is unclear. The first Roman emperor taken prisoner.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 366, "key": "260-odaenathus-attack-on-shapur-s-retreat", "name": "Odaenathus' attack on Shapur's retreat", "label": "Odaenathus' attack on Shapur's retreat", "year": 260, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 260", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "theatre": "Euphrates frontier", "place": "on the Euphrates during Shapur's withdrawal (site unknown), Turkey or Syria", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 37.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Palmyra" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Odaenathus of Palmyra", "commanders_b": "Shapur I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The rear and baggage train of Shapur I's army returning from Syria and Asia Minor with booty and captives.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; it was the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "baggage, booty and some of the royal women", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Odaenathus fell on the Persians as they recrossed the Euphrates and took baggage, booty and some of the king's women; the Persians went on retreating.", "borderline": "no conventional name; scholars of the Persian side treat it as a minor raid on the baggage train, exaggerated by Roman writers", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; scholars of the Persian side treat it as a minor raid on the baggage train, exaggerated by Roman writers.", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Gallieni 10, Tyranni triginta 15; Festus 23; Zosimus 1.39; en.wikipedia Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "note": "Odaenathus fought as a Roman commander, with his Palmyrene army of archers, cataphracts and Arab horse. Not in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 367, "key": "260-pompeiopolis", "name": "Pompeiopolis", "label": "Pompeiopolis", "year": 260, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "260", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur I's third Roman campaign", "theatre": "Cilicia", "place": "near Pompeiopolis (Soli, near Mersin), and Sebaste (Elaiussa), Turkey", "lat": 36.74, "lon": 34.54, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Balista (Callistus), prefect of Macrianus", "commanders_b": "detachments of Shapur I's army (commanders not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Persian raiding columns besieging the Cilician coast towns, laden with booty and captives; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the raiders were detachments of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 3,000 killed near Sebaste (Syncellus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Balista broke through the Persian lines, relieved Pompeiopolis and routed the Persians, who left Cilicia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zonaras 12.23; Syncellus p. 716; Historia Augusta, Gallieni 3; en.wikipedia Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "note": "Battles of the Romans dates this to 260. Balista used ships along the coast, but the fighting was on land.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 368, "key": "263-ctesiphon-siege-263", "name": "Ctesiphon (siege, 263)", "label": "Ctesiphon (siege, 263)", "year": 263, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 262 or 263", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Ctesiphon (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Palmyra" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I (the capital's garrison)", "commanders_b": "Odaenathus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of the capital and the forces of Asoristan; Shapur avoided a field battle. No units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the defenders were Sasanian troops with the townspeople of the Aramaic-speaking capital region.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Odaenathus ravaged the country round Ctesiphon but could not take it and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Gallieni 10; Zosimus 1.39; Festus 23; en.wikipedia Siege of Ctesiphon (263)", "note": "Called Ctesiphon (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Roman sources say Odaenathus beat Shapur's lieutenants in several engagements and sent prisoners to Rome for Gallienus' triumph.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 369, "key": "266-ctesiphon-siege-266", "name": "Ctesiphon (siege, 266)", "label": "Ctesiphon (siege, 266)", "year": 266, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "266 or 267", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Ctesiphon (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Palmyra" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur I (the capital's garrison)", "commanders_b": "Odaenathus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of the capital; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the defenders were Sasanian troops with the townspeople.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Odaenathus abandoned the siege when the Goths invaded Asia Minor.", "borderline": "a second siege reported only by late and doubtful sources; some modern historians accept a campaign of 266/267, others doubt it", "doubt": "Borderline: a second siege reported only by late and doubtful sources; some modern historians accept a campaign of 266/267, others doubt it.", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Gallieni 12; en.wikipedia Odaenathus' Sasanian campaigns", "note": "One tradition even claims Odaenathus took Ctesiphon. Odaenathus was murdered on his way back. Not in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 370, "key": "282-carus-victory-over-the-sarmatians", "name": "Carus' victory over the Sarmatians", "label": "Carus' victory over the Sarmatians", "year": 282, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 282 or early 283", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Carus' Sarmatian war", "theatre": "", "place": "the middle Danube (site unknown)", "lat": 46.5, "lon": 19.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Hungary", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Carus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Historia Augusta, Carus 9.4; Eutropius 9.18", "note": "Carus then marched against the Persians.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 371, "key": "283-ctesiphon-283", "name": "Ctesiphon (283)", "label": "Ctesiphon (283)", "year": 283, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 283", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Carus' Sasanian campaign", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Ctesiphon and Seleucia (Coche), on the Tigris (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Carus", "commanders_b": "unknown (Bahram II was in the east)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of the capital and the troops left in Asoristan while Bahram II fought the revolt of his brother Hormizd; the Persians tried to flood the Roman camp by diverting a canal (Zonaras).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the defenders were Sasanian troops and the people of the capital region.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Carus routed the Persians and took Seleucia (Coche) and Ctesiphon (Zonaras 12.30).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zonaras 12.30; Historia Augusta, Carus 8; Eutropius 9.18; en.wikipedia Carus' Sasanian campaign", "note": "Called Ctesiphon in Battles of the Romans. Carus died soon after near Ctesiphon (struck by lightning, the story goes) and the army withdrew.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 372, "key": "283-meinas-sabatha-siege", "name": "Meinas Sabatha (siege)", "label": "Meinas Sabatha (siege)", "year": 283, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 283", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Carus' Sasanian campaign", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Meinas Sabatha, on the Royal Canal near Seleucia, Iraq", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Carus", "commanders_b": "unknown (Bahram II's local commanders)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison and local forces of Asoristan; Bahram II and his main army were away fighting his brother Hormizd's revolt in the east, which was backed by Sakas and Kushans.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the defenders were a Sasanian garrison with the Aramaic-speaking townspeople.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Carus besieged and took Meinas Sabatha after stiff resistance.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zosimus 3.23; en.wikipedia Carus' Sasanian campaign", "note": "Called Meinas Sabatha (named here as a siege, as the campaign article describes 'the siege and capture of the city') in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 373, "key": "296-carrhae-296", "name": "Carrhae (296)", "label": "Carrhae (296)", "year": 296, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "296 (or 297)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Galerius' Sasanian campaigns (war of 296-299)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Osroene)", "place": "between Carrhae (Harran) and Callinicum (Raqqa), Syria", "lat": 36.4, "lon": 39.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Narseh", "commanders_b": "Galerius, Tiridates III of Armenia", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Narseh's royal army, partly raised on the Euphrates frontier; no units named. Normally Persian and Parthian noble cavalry with levied foot.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; Narseh's army was the Sasanian noble levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Narseh routed Galerius' army in the last of the engagements between Carrhae and Callinicum; Galerius and Tiridates fled with the remnant.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Eutropius 9.24; Festus 25; Orosius 7.25; Ammianus 14.11.10; en.wikipedia Battle of Carrhae (296)", "note": "Called Carrhae in Battles of the Romans. Orosius counts three engagements, the first two indecisive; here one entry, as in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 374, "key": "298-satala-298", "name": "Satala (298)", "label": "Satala (298)", "year": 298, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "298 (winter 297-298 or 298)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Galerius' Sasanian campaigns (war of 296-299)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Armenia, probably at Osxay in the district of Basean east of Erzurum (Satala was the Roman base), Turkey", "lat": 39.98, "lon": 41.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Galerius", "commanders_b": "Narseh (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Narseh's royal army, mostly cavalry, encamped with the king's household, women and treasury; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; the army was the Sasanian royal levy of Persian and Parthian cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 25,000 (Roman sources), with the Armenian royal army", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "very heavy; the royal household captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Galerius surprised Narseh's camp at dawn and routed his army, taking his harem and treasury.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Festus 25; Eutropius 9.25; Lactantius, De mortibus 9; Buzandaran III.21; en.wikipedia Battle of Satala (298); en.wikipedia Galerius' Sasanian campaigns", "note": "Called Satala in Battles of the Romans. Also called the battle of Erzurum or of Osxay. It led to the Peace of Nisibis (299).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 375, "key": "n375", "name": "Rausimodus' crossing of the Danube (322 CE)", "label": "Rausimodus' crossing of the Danube", "year": 322, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "322 CE (323 for the law that follows; the campaign is often given as 322)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Constantine's Danube war against Rausimodus", "theatre": "", "place": "Middle Danube frontier (Pannonia/Moesia), then across the river in barbarian territory (exact site unknown)", "lat": 44.7, "lon": 21.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Serbia / Hungary", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rausimodus' band" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rausimodus' band", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Constantine I", "commanders_b": "Rausimodus (king; killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Constantine drove the raiders back, pursued them over the Danube and killed Rausimodus there.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zosimus 2.21; Origo Constantini Imperatoris (Anonymus Valesianus); Wolfram, History of the Goths (1990); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rausimod", "note": "Rausimodus is usually called a king of the Sarmatians, but some readings of the sources make him a Goth. The Wikipedia article calls him 'Sarmatian or Maeotian' and suggests he may be the Bosporan king Rhadamsades. Identification disputed.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 376, "key": "337-arest", "name": "Arest", "label": "Arest", "year": 337, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 337 (dated 336-338)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur II's wars in Armenia (Persian invasion of 337-338)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Arest, on the north shore of Lake Van, Turkey", "lat": 38.95, "lon": 43.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vache Mamikonian, Vahan Amatuni", "commanders_b": "unknown (the army was let in by the Armenian traitor Databen Bznuni)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "A Persian invading army said to number 30,000; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; a Sasanian expeditionary army of Shapur II.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "30,000 (Armenian tradition)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Armenian army routed the Persian invaders (Armenian tradition).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from later Armenian tradition; its date (336-338) and the Persian figure of 30,000 are uncertain and the story may be embellished.", "sources": "later Armenian tradition (Movses Khorenatsi); Syvänne, Military History of Late Rome 284-361, p. 307; en.wikipedia Vache I Mamikonian; en.wikipedia Khosrov III the Small", "note": "Databen was stoned as a traitor afterwards. Soon after, perhaps in 338, Vache Mamikonian was killed in an unnamed defeat by the Persians (Buzandaran III.11).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 377, "key": "337-narasara", "name": "Narasara", "label": "Narasara", "year": 337, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "337 (or October 343)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Narasara, in upper Mesopotamia; perhaps Nararra east of Amida, or near Nineveh or Singara, Turkey", "lat": 37.9, "lon": 40.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Constantius II (presence uncertain)", "commanders_b": "Narseh, brother (or son) of Shapur II (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian army under the prince Narseh which had taken Amida; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; a Sasanian army under a prince of the royal house.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "its commander killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian army was beaten and its commander Narseh killed (Festus 27).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Festus 27; Libanius; Theophanes AM 5829; en.wikipedia Battle of Narasara", "note": "Date (335, 337, 341 or 343) and site are disputed; some think it is the same as the battle of Singara. The Romans then retook Amida.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 378, "key": "338-nisibis-siege-338", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 338)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 338)", "year": 338, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 338 (about 60-70 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucillianus (?), bishop Jacob of Nisibis", "commanders_b": "Shapur II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's whole army of cavalry, infantry and elephants, with siege engines, towers, mines and a dam on the river (Theodoret).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named; Shapur II's army was the Sasanian noble cavalry with levied infantry and elephants.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "very large (not numbered)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, with plague in the camp", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shapur raised the siege after about sixty days and Nisibis held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theodoret, Historia ecclesiastica 2.30 and Historia religiosa 1; Chronicon Paschale; Jerome, Chronicle; en.wikipedia Siege of Nisibis (338)", "note": "Called Nisibis (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Theodoret's account (flood and wall rebuilt overnight) may mix this siege with that of 350. Wikipedia dates it 15 June to August 338.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 379, "key": "344-singara-344", "name": "Singara (344)", "label": "Singara (344)", "year": 344, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "344 (also dated 343 or 348)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Singara (Sinjar), at Eleia (Hileia), Iraq", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 41.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Constantius II", "commanders_b": "Shapur II, his son Narseh (killed)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's royal army of armoured cavalry, archers and infantry with a fortified camp (Julian, Oration 1; Libanius, Oration 59); no peoples named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named; the army was the Sasanian royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "larger than the Persian (Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy; the prince Narseh killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans drove the Persians back and stormed their camp but were thrown out at night with heavy losses; both sides claimed the victory and modern scholars call it indecisive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Julian, Oration 1; Libanius, Oration 59; Festus 27; Eutropius 10.10; Jerome, Chronicle; en.wikipedia Battle of Singara (344)", "note": "Called Singara in Battles of the Romans. Jerome's Chronicle puts a night battle at Singara in 348; Wikipedia's war article also describes a night raid on a Persian camp at Singara in 348, perhaps the same battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 380, "key": "346-nisibis-siege-346", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 346)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 346)", "year": 346, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "346 (or 346-347)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Shapur II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's royal army; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named; the army was the Sasanian royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shapur was repulsed and gave up the siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jerome, Chronicle; Theophanes; Dodgeon and Lieu; en.wikipedia Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "note": "Called Nisibis (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Little is known of this second siege.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 381, "key": "350-nisibis-siege-350", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 350)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 350)", "year": 350, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring and summer 350 (100 to 160 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lucillianus, bishop Vologaeses", "commanders_b": "Shapur II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's army of armoured cavalry, archers and war elephants with towers, with boats floated on the flooded plain after the Mygdonius was dammed (Julian, Orations 1 and 2).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Julian describes the troop types, not the peoples; the army was the Sasanian royal levy with elephants.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy (up to 10,000, Wikipedia)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The assault through the breach made by the flood stuck in the mud and failed, and Shapur raised the siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Julian, Orations 1 and 2; Ephrem, Carmina Nisibena; Zonaras 13.7; en.wikipedia Siege of Nisibis (350)", "note": "Called Nisibis (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Shapur left for the east, where nomads (Chionites) had invaded.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 382, "key": "350-satala-350", "name": "Satala (350)", "label": "Satala (350)", "year": 350, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 350", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur II's invasion of Armenia (350)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "the Persian camp at Osxay (Voskha) in Basean, near Satala, Turkey", "lat": 39.98, "lon": 41.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Rome" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Armenian princes with Roman forces (names uncertain)", "commanders_b": "the shah (called Narseh by Faustus; Shapur II at this date)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The shah's army and household in a fortified camp; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; a Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the camp, treasure and royal women taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian camp was taken and the shah fled, losing his treasure and women (Buzandaran).", "borderline": "possibly a doublet of Satala (298)", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from the Buzandaran (Faustus of Byzantium, III. Borderline: possibly a doublet of Satala (298).", "sources": "Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk' III.21 (Garsoïan 1989, pp. 98-100); en.wikipedia Shapur II's invasion of Armenia (350)", "note": "Listed in Wikipedia's campaign box as Battle of Satala (c. 350); also called Voskha.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 383, "key": "n383", "name": "Constantius II against the Sarmatians (358)", "label": "Constantius II against the Sarmatians", "year": 358, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "358 CE (spring-summer; follows the Sarmatian raid on Pannonia Valeria of 357)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Danubian campaigns of Constantius II", "theatre": "", "place": "Middle Danube and the Tisza (Parthiscus) confluence, Sarmatian lands (Serbia / Hungary)", "lat": 45.2, "lon": 20.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Serbia / Hungary", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians", "Quadi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sarmatians & Quadi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Constantius II", "commanders_b": "Zizais (Sarmatian prince); Limigantes chiefs; Vitrodorus and Agilimundus (Quadi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ammianus has the Sarmatian prince Zizais throw himself at the emperor's feet and the Limigantes give hostages after Roman and allied forces attacked them from three sides.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus Marcellinus 17.12-13; Barnes, Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (1998); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazyges", "note": "Ammianus describes a campaign with some fighting and a submission, not a named pitched battle; kept low because the Acimincum ambush of 359 (already in the dataset) is the real fight of this war.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 384, "key": "359-acimincum", "name": "Acimincum", "label": "Acimincum", "year": 359, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 359", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sarmatian war of Constantius II", "theatre": "", "place": "Acimincum (Stari Slankamen), on the Danube, Pannonia Secunda", "lat": 45.14, "lon": 20.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Serbia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Constantius II", "commanders_b": "unknown (Limigantes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 19.11.1-16", "note": "The Limigantes were the former subject people of the Sarmatians.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sarmatians among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 385, "key": "359-amida-siege-359", "name": "Amida (siege, 359)", "label": "Amida (siege, 359)", "year": 359, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer and autumn 359 (73 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Amida (Diyarbakir), on the Tigris, Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Chionites", "Caucasian Albania" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur II, Tamsapor, Grumbates king of the Chionites, the king of the Albani (Urnayr)", "commanders_b": "Aelianus (crucified afterwards); Ursicinus outside the city", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's royal army of cataphracts, archers and infantry with the royal guard, the Segestani (Sakas of Sistan) with elephants, the Gelani and the Vertae, and the allied Chionites under Grumbates and the Albani (Ammianus 18.6, 19.1-2).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "East Iranian", "Daylami and Caspian", "other Caucasian", "other" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Ammianus names the peoples: Persians, Segestani (Sakas) and Gelani (Iranian), with the Albani (Caucasian) and the Chionites (language unknown) as allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 100,000 (Ammianus' impression)", "strength_b": "seven legions with some cavalry, plus townsmen and refugees; modern estimates 5,300 to 20,000 soldiers", "losses_a": "30,000 (Ammianus 19.9.9)", "losses_b": "most of the garrison killed or captured; the city sacked and its people deported", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Amida fell to the besiegers after 73 days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus Marcellinus 18.6-19.9 (eyewitness); en.wikipedia Siege of Amida (359)", "note": "Called Amida (siege) in Battles of the Romans. The son of Grumbates was killed before the walls, which provoked the siege. Ammianus was inside the city and escaped.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 386, "key": "360-bezabde-roman-siege", "name": "Bezabde (Roman siege)", "label": "Bezabde (Roman siege)", "year": 360, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 360", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Zabdicene)", "place": "Bezabde (Phoenice, near Cizre), on the Tigris, Turkey", "lat": 37.33, "lon": 42.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian garrison (commander unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Constantius II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The strong garrison left by Shapur II, archers and picked men, who sallied and burned the Roman rams and engines (Ammianus 20.11).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named; a picked Sasanian garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Constantius gave up the siege when the winter rains came, and the Persian garrison held the town.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 20.11; en.wikipedia Constantius II's siege of Bezabde", "note": "Constantius withdrew to Antioch.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 387, "key": "360-bezabde-siege", "name": "Bezabde (siege)", "label": "Bezabde (siege)", "year": 360, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "360", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Zabdicene)", "place": "Bezabde (Phoenice, near Cizre), on the Tigris, Turkey", "lat": 37.33, "lon": 42.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur II", "commanders_b": "garrison of legiones II Flavia, II Armeniaca and II Parthica with Zabdicene archers (commander unknown)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's army with rams, archers and armoured assault troops; no peoples named (Ammianus 20.7).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named for 360; the army was the Sasanian royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "three legions and local archers", "losses_a": "heavy (Ammianus)", "losses_b": "the garrison massacred or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A ram brought down a tower and the Persians stormed Bezabde.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 20.7; en.wikipedia Shapur II's siege of Bezabde", "note": "Shapur repaired the walls and left a strong garrison.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 388, "key": "360-singara-siege-360", "name": "Singara (siege, 360)", "label": "Singara (siege, 360)", "year": 360, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "360", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Singara (Sinjar), Iraq", "lat": 36.32, "lon": 41.86, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur II", "commanders_b": "garrison of legio I Flavia and legio I Parthica (commander unknown)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's army with battering rams and archers; no peoples named (Ammianus 20.6).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named for 360; the army was the Sasanian royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "two legions and auxiliaries", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison and people taken captive to Persia", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A ram brought down a newly repaired tower and Singara fell after a few days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 20.6; en.wikipedia Siege of Singara (360)", "note": "Called Singara (siege) in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 389, "key": "360-virta-siege", "name": "Virta (siege)", "label": "Virta (siege)", "year": 360, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "360", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "the fortress of Virta (Birtha, probably Tikrit), Iraq", "lat": 34.61, "lon": 43.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Roman garrison (commander unknown)", "commanders_b": "Shapur II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur II's army returning from Bezabde; no peoples named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No peoples are named; the army was the Sasanian royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (Ammianus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison beat off the assaults and Shapur withdrew across the Tigris.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 20.7.17-18; en.wikipedia Perso-Roman wars of 337-361", "note": "The identification of Virta with Tikrit is probable but not certain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 390, "key": "363-ganzak-363", "name": "Ganzak (363)", "label": "Ganzak (363)", "year": 363, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "363 (after the peace of Jovian)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Armeno-Sasanian war of 363-371", "theatre": "Atropatene", "place": "Ganzak in Atropatene (near Takab or Leylan), Iran", "lat": 36.85, "lon": 46.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vasak Mamikonian, for King Arshak II", "commanders_b": "Shapur II (lightly wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "Shapur II's army gathering in Atropatene for the invasion of Armenia; no units named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are recorded; a Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vasak surprised the Persian army before it had assembled; it broke and fled, and he pursued it (Buzandaran).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from the Buzandaran (Faustus of Byzantium), whose stories of Vasak Mamikonian's victories over Shapur are exaggerated and loosely dated; the year 363 and Shapur's presence are uncertain.", "sources": "Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk' IV; en.wikipedia Battle of Ganzak (363); en.wikipedia Armeno-Sasanian Wars of 363-371", "note": "Wikipedia lists the Romans with the Armenians in the war box; the Buzandaran account is Armenian only.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 391, "key": "363-pirisabora-siege", "name": "Pirisabora (siege)", "label": "Pirisabora (siege)", "year": 363, "month": 4, "day": 27, "date": "27-29 April 363", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Julian's Persian expedition", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates (Asoristan)", "place": "Pirisabora (Peroz-Shapur, al-Anbar near Fallujah), Iraq", "lat": 33.38, "lon": 43.7, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julian", "commanders_b": "Mamersides", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A strong Persian garrison under Mamersides with the townspeople; about 2,500 people in all (Wikipedia, after Zosimus).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ammianus calls the defenders a detachment of Persians; the townspeople of Asoristan spoke Aramaic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "65,000 (Zosimus)", "strength_b": "about 2,500 including townspeople", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison surrendered; the city burned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After two days of fighting the defenders gave up the walls and then surrendered the citadel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 24.2.9-22; Zosimus 3.17-18; Libanius, Oration 18; en.wikipedia Siege of Pirisabora", "note": "Called Pirisabora (siege) in Battles of the Romans. Soon after, Surena surprised three Roman squadrons of scouts nearby, an unnamed skirmish.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 392, "key": "363-ctesiphon-363", "name": "Ctesiphon (363)", "label": "Ctesiphon (363)", "year": 363, "month": 5, "day": 29, "date": "29 May 363", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Julian's Persian expedition", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia (Asoristan)", "place": "the east bank of the Tigris before Ctesiphon (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.1, "lon": 44.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julian", "commanders_b": "Pigranes, Surena and Narses (Ammianus 24.6.12); Merena (Wikipedia)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ranks of mailed cataphract cavalry, close-order infantry with oblong wicker shields behind them, and elephants in the rear (Ammianus 24.6.8).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ammianus describes troop types, not peoples; the army was Shapur II's royal levy left to guard the capital.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 65,000 (Zosimus)", "strength_b": "unknown (probably larger than the Roman)", "losses_a": "about 70 (Ammianus)", "losses_b": "about 2,500 (Ammianus)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Romans forced the river crossing and drove the Persians into Ctesiphon with about 2,500 dead to 70 Roman.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 24.6; Zosimus 3.24-25; Libanius, Oration 18; en.wikipedia Battle of Ctesiphon (363)", "note": "Called Ctesiphon in Battles of the Romans. Shapur II and his main army were away; Julian then decided not to besiege the city and burned his fleet.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 393, "key": "363-maiozamalcha-siege", "name": "Maiozamalcha (siege)", "label": "Maiozamalcha (siege)", "year": 363, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 363 (the army arrived on 8 May)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Julian's Persian expedition", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia (Asoristan)", "place": "Maiozamalcha, south-west of Ctesiphon, Iraq", "lat": 33.2, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julian", "commanders_b": "Nabdates (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian garrison under Nabdates (he and 80 of his men were taken alive) with the armed townspeople; a sally hit the Roman cattle.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ammianus speaks of a Persian garrison; the townspeople of Asoristan spoke Aramaic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 65,000 (Zosimus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the inhabitants massacred; Nabdates and 80 men captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans broke into the city through a mine and took it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 24.4.1-27; Zosimus 3.20-22; Libanius, Oration 18; en.wikipedia Siege of Maiozamalcha", "note": "Called Maiozamalcha (siege) in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 394, "key": "363-maranga", "name": "Maranga", "label": "Maranga", "year": 363, "month": 6, "day": 22, "date": "22 June 363", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Julian's Persian expedition", "theatre": "Mesopotamia (the Tigris north of Ctesiphon)", "place": "Maranga, on the Tigris north of Ctesiphon, Iraq", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 44.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julian", "commanders_b": "Merena, commander of the cavalry, two sons of Shapur II and many satraps (Ammianus 25.1.11)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mail-clad cataphracts in close order, archers, and elephants (Ammianus 25.1.12-14).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ammianus describes troop types, not peoples; the army was Shapur II's royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Julian's main army (about 65,000 at the start, Zosimus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "considerable (Ammianus)", "losses_b": "heavier than the Roman (Ammianus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian attack was beaten off and the Persians withdrew, leaving the Romans the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 25.1.11-19; Zosimus 3.28; en.wikipedia Battle of Maranga", "note": "A three-day truce followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 395, "key": "363-samarra-363", "name": "Samarra (363)", "label": "Samarra (363)", "year": 363, "month": 6, "day": 26, "date": "26 June 363", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Julian's Persian expedition", "theatre": "Mesopotamia (the Tigris)", "place": "on the Tigris south of Samarra, Iraq", "lat": 34.15, "lon": 43.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Julian (mortally wounded), Anatolius (killed)", "commanders_b": "Merena and Nohodares (both killed, Ammianus 25.3.13)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cavalry with elephants attacking the Roman rear and left flank (Ammianus 25.3); fifty nobles and satraps fell.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ammianus describes troop types, not peoples; the army was Shapur II's royal levy.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Julian's main army (about 65,000 at the start, Zosimus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; Julian and Anatolius killed", "losses_b": "heavy; two commanders and fifty nobles and satraps killed (Ammianus)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Romans drove off the Persian attack on their column with heavy loss, Merena and Nohodares among the dead, and held the field at nightfall; Julian's mortal wound is not a battlefield result (Ammianus 25.3).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 25.3; Zosimus 3.28-29; Libanius, Oration 18; en.wikipedia Battle of Samarra (363)", "note": "Called Samarra in Battles of the Romans, which scores it a draw because of Julian's death; here the battlefield result decides: the Romans held the field. Wikipedia's campaign article misdates it to 26 July. Jovian's retreat after it brought further unnamed fighting (Sumere, Charcha, four days at Dura) and the peace of 363, ceding Nisibis and Singara.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 396, "key": "368-artogerassa-siege", "name": "Artogerassa (siege)", "label": "Artogerassa (siege)", "year": 368, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 367/368 - spring 368 (some date the fall to 369 or 370)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shapur II's Armenian war (367-371)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Artogerassa (Artagers), in Arsharunik on the Araxes; probably near Kagizman, Turkey", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur II; at first the Armenian renegades Cylaces (Glak) and Artabannes (Vahan)", "commanders_b": "Queen Pharandzem (Parandzem), wife of Arsaces II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "First a siege corps under the Armenian renegades Cylaces and Artabannes (who went over to the queen and let her sortie rout their camp), then Shapur II's main army (Ammianus 27.12.5-12). No composition given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Shapur's royal army was a Persian cavalry army; the first besieging corps was led by Armenian nobles in Persian service and probably held Armenian troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 11,000 (Faustus)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the garrison died of disease and hunger (Faustus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell to Shapur's blockade and assaults and the queen and the royal treasure were taken; the night sortie that routed the first besiegers did not end the siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 27.12.5-12; Faustus of Byzantium (Buzandaran) book 4; Lenski, Failure of Empire (2002); en.wikipedia Siege of Artogerassa", "note": "Faustus says the siege lasted 13 months. It followed the capture of Arsaces II by treachery.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 397, "key": "371-bagavan", "name": "Bagavan", "label": "Bagavan", "year": 371, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 371", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shapur II's Armenian war (367-371)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "near Bagavan (Vagabanta), in Bagrevand, at the foot of Mount Npat near the source of the Arsanias (Murat), Turkey", "lat": 39.61, "lon": 43.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [ "Caucasian Albania" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Traianus and Vadomarius; Mushegh Mamikonian (Armenian sparapet), with King Pap watching from Mount Npat", "commanders_b": "Shapur II's generals; King Urnayr of Albania (wounded), Meruzhan Artsruni", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army sent by Shapur II, with the contingent of his ally King Urnayr of Caucasian Albania and Armenian renegades under Meruzhan Artsruni (Faustus 5.4).", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Caucasian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian cavalry army with an allied Caucasian Albanian contingent of unknown size.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Faustus gives 90,000 Armenians)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (Ammianus)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After answering a Persian cavalry attack the Romans and Armenians routed the Persians, who withdrew with heavy losses (Ammianus 29.1.3).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 29.1.2-4; Faustus of Constantinople 5.4-5; Movses Khorenatsi; en.wikipedia Battle of Bagavan", "note": "Also called Dzirav (Movses Khorenatsi), which Manandian and Garsoian regard as an error or a conflation with Faustus' battle of Gandzak (a Faustus-only battle with Shapur present, not listed separately). A truce followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 398, "key": "n398", "name": "Moesia Prima (Theodosius v Sarmatians, 374)", "label": "Moesia Prima", "year": 374, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "374 CE (autumn; Theodosius the Younger was dux of Moesia Prima)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sarmatian and Quadi invasions under Valentinian I", "theatre": "", "place": "Moesia Prima, on the Danube (Viminacium region, Serbia); exact site unknown", "lat": 44.75, "lon": 21.22, "loc": "region", "country": "Serbia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sarmatians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodosius (later Theodosius I), dux of Moesia Prima", "commanders_b": "Sarmatian chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ammianus says Theodosius, as dux of Moesia, beat off a Sarmatian invasion with heavy losses to the invaders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus Marcellinus 29.6.15; Zosimus 4.16; Pacatus, Panegyric of Theodosius; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I", "note": "The best-attested fight of Theodosius before his accession, but brief and undated in detail. The invaders may have included Quadi.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 399, "key": "n399", "name": "Tanais (Huns v Alans, c. 374)", "label": "Tanais", "year": 374, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 370-375 CE (Ammianus gives no year; modern dates run c. 370 to 375)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hunnic conquest of the Alans", "theatre": "", "place": "Steppe between the Don (Tanais) and the Volga, the land of the Tanaite Alans (Russia)", "lat": 48.0, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Huns" ], "side_b": [ "Alans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hunnic chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "Alan chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ammianus says the Huns killed and plundered many Alans and joined the rest to themselves by treaty.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus Marcellinus 31.3.1-3; Jordanes, Getica 123-126; Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (1973); Thompson, The Huns (1996); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans", "note": "This is the opening of the Hun westward move that led to the Gothic crossing of the Danube in 376. Several fights are summarised in one sentence; entered as one event.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 400, "key": "n400", "name": "Vithimiris' last battle (c. 376)", "label": "Vithimiris' last battle", "year": 376, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 375-376 CE (after the death of Ermanaric)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hunnic conquest of the Greuthungi", "theatre": "", "place": "Gothic steppe north of the Black Sea, between the Dniester and the Don (exact site unknown)", "lat": 47.0, "lon": 34.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Ukraine", "side_a": [ "Huns" ], "side_b": [ "Greuthungi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Alan mercenaries hired by Vithimiris" ], "persian_state": "Greuthungi", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hunnic chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "Vithimiris (Greuthungian king, killed); Alatheus and Saphrax (regents for his son Viderichus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ammianus says Vithimiris held out for a while with Alan hirelings but was beaten and killed in battle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus Marcellinus 31.3.3; Heather, The Goths (1996); Wolfram, History of the Goths (1988)", "note": "Whether the hired force was Alan or Hun is a textual problem in Ammianus; most editors read Alans. The Alan share is unknown.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 401, "key": "377-dibaltum", "name": "Dibaltum", "label": "Dibaltum", "year": 377, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 377", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gothic War (376-382)", "theatre": "", "place": "outside Dibaltum (Deultum, Debelt), near the Black Sea coast of Thrace", "lat": 42.39, "lon": 27.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Goths" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Huns", "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Goths", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown Gothic leaders", "commanders_b": "Barzimeres, tribune of the scutarii (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 31.8.9-10; en.wikipedia Battle of Dibaltum", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 402, "key": "378-constantinople", "name": "Constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "year": 378, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer or autumn 378", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gothic War (376-382)", "theatre": "", "place": "before the walls of Constantinople", "lat": 41.01, "lon": 28.94, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Goths" ], "allies_a": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_b": [ "Huns", "Alans" ], "persian_state": "Goths", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown; the empress Dominica paid volunteers (Socrates)", "commanders_b": "unknown Gothic leaders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 31.16.4-7; Socrates, Ecclesiastical History 5.1; Sozomen 7.1; Zosimus 4.22; en.wikipedia Gothic War (376-382)", "note": "Ammianus tells of a Saracen who drank the blood of a slain Goth, which unnerved the Goths.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 403, "key": "378-adrianople", "name": "Adrianople", "label": "Adrianople", "year": 378, "month": 8, "day": 9, "date": "9 August 378", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gothic War (376-382)", "theatre": "", "place": "north of Adrianople (Edirne), at the Gothic wagon laager", "lat": 41.8, "lon": 26.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Goths" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Goths", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fritigern; Alatheus and Saphrax", "commanders_b": "Valens (killed); Sebastianus, Traianus, Victor, Richomeres", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ammianus 31.12-13; Zosimus 4.24; Orosius 7.33; Socrates, Ecclesiastical History 4.38; en.wikipedia Battle of Adrianople", "note": "Valens' body was never found. The Greuthungi and Alans under Alatheus and Saphrax decided the battle.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 404, "key": "388-poetovio", "name": "Poetovio", "label": "Poetovio", "year": 388, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 388", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Civil war of Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus", "theatre": "", "place": "near Poetovio (Ptuj), on the Drave", "lat": 46.42, "lon": 15.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Slovenia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Goths", "Huns", "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodosius I", "commanders_b": "Marcellinus, brother of Maximus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Panegyrici Latini 2(12).35-36; Orosius 7.35.4; Zosimus 4.46; en.wikipedia Battle of Poetovio", "note": "Maximus was handed over at Aquileia and executed on 28 August 388.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 405, "key": "388-save", "name": "Save", "label": "Save", "year": 388, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 388", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Civil war of Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus", "theatre": "", "place": "on the Save near Siscia (Sisak), Pannonia Savia", "lat": 45.48, "lon": 16.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Croatia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Goths", "Huns", "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodosius I", "commanders_b": "generals of Magnus Maximus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Panegyrici Latini 2(12).32-34; Orosius 7.35.3-4; Zosimus 4.46; en.wikipedia Battle of Poetovio", "note": "Also called the battle of Siscia.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 406, "key": "n406", "name": "Frigidus (Theodosius v Eugenius, 394)", "label": "Frigidus", "year": 394, "month": 9, "day": 5, "date": "5-6 September 394", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War of Theodosius against Eugenius and Arbogast", "theatre": "", "place": "River Frigidus (Vipava), Julian Alps, Slovenia (exact field disputed)", "lat": 45.85, "lon": 13.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Slovenia", "side_a": [ "Eastern Roman empire" ], "side_b": [ "Western Roman usurper Eugenius" ], "allies_a": [ "Gothic, Iberian, Hunnic and Alan federates" ], "allies_b": [ "Franks and Alamanni" ], "persian_state": "Eastern Roman empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodosius I; Timasius; Stilicho; Gainas; Saul; Bacurius the Iberian (killed); Alaric (Gothic contingent)", "commanders_b": "Arbogast; Eugenius; Flavianus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Theodosius' army, aided by the bora wind on the second day, broke Arbogast's; Eugenius was captured and executed and Arbogast killed himself.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zosimus 4.57-58; Orosius 7.35; Rufinus (via Socrates 5.25, Sozomen 7.24); Claudian, III Cons. Honorii; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus", "note": "Zosimus names Gainas, Saul and Bacurius as the federate commanders; Saul is described as a pagan barbarian of uncertain nation, an Alan in some accounts (the Saul of Pollentia, 402). The Wikipedia article does not mention Alans, so the Alan element rests on Saul and is weak.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 407, "key": "395-hunnic-raid-of-395", "name": "Hunnic raid of 395", "label": "Hunnic raid of 395", "year": 395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "395", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hunnic invasion of the East (395)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "the Tigris-Euphrates lands near Ctesiphon, Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Huns" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Sasanian army of Bahram IV (no general named)", "commanders_b": "Basich and Kursich", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Huns", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Sasanian royal army; no composition recorded (normally the asawaran cavalry of the Iranian nobility with infantry levies).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a home army raised in the Iranian lands and Mesopotamia under the Persian nobility.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "two columns, size unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "part of one column killed; 18,000 captives freed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Huns fled before the Persian army; one column was overtaken and partly destroyed and the Persians recovered the booty and 18,000 captives.", "borderline": "a pursuit during a raid; known as an engagement only from a campaign article, not a named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a pursuit during a raid; known as an engagement only from a campaign article, not a named battle.", "sources": "Priscus; Greatrex and Greatrex, Byzantion 69 (1999) 65-75; Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns 54; en.wikipedia Hunnic raid of 395", "note": "The Huns came through the Caucasus, raided Roman Armenia and Syria and then went down the Euphrates; the second column escaped through the Derbent pass.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 408, "key": "402-pollentia", "name": "Pollentia", "label": "Pollentia", "year": 402, "month": 4, "day": 6, "date": "6 April 402 (Easter Sunday)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gothic War (401-403)", "theatre": "", "place": "Pollentia (Pollenzo), on the Tanaro", "lat": 44.69, "lon": 7.89, "loc": "known", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Goths" ], "allies_a": [ "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Stilicho; Saul (Alan cavalry)", "commanders_b": "Alaric I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Claudian, De bello Getico; Orosius 7.37; Prudentius, Contra Symmachum 2; Jordanes, Getica 154-155; en.wikipedia Battle of Pollentia", "note": "Result disputed: Roman sources claim a clear victory (the Gothic camp, with Alaric's wife, was taken), Jordanes a Gothic one; Alaric withdrew in good order.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 409, "key": "n409", "name": "Chandragupta II v Rudrasimha III (c. 395-410 CE)", "label": "Chandragupta II v Rudrasimha III", "year": 405, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 395-410 CE (Rudrasimha III's reign is given as c. 388-415; Chandragupta's Udayagiri inscription of 401 and Sanchi inscription of 412-413 show him holding Malwa)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gupta conquest of the Western Satraps", "theatre": "", "place": "Malwa and Gujarat (Ujjain region); exact site unknown", "lat": 23.18, "lon": 75.78, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Gupta empire" ], "side_b": [ "Western Satraps" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Western Satraps", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)", "commanders_b": "Rudrasimha III (last Western Satrap, killed in the later tradition)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Satrap coinage ends and Gupta silver coins imitating it appear in Gujarat and Malwa; Chandragupta's Sanchi and Udayagiri inscriptions record his conquest of the region.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Udayagiri and Sanchi inscriptions of Chandragupta II (401-413); Visakhadatta, Devichandragupta (fragments quoted in the Natyadarpana and Shringaraprakasha); Upinder Singh (2008); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Satraps", "note": "The conquest is attested by coins and inscriptions; the story of Chandragupta killing the Saka king in disguise is from the lost play and is a doubtful tradition. Dates in the range 395-415 are all argued.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 410, "key": "406-florence-siege", "name": "Florence (siege)", "label": "Florence", "year": 406, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "406 (or late 405)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War of Radagaisus", "theatre": "", "place": "Florentia (Florence)", "lat": 43.77, "lon": 11.25, "loc": "known", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Goths" ], "allies_a": [ "Huns", "Alans", "Goths" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Stilicho; Uldin (Huns); Sarus (Goths)", "commanders_b": "Radagaisus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zosimus 5.26; Orosius 7.37; Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii 50; en.wikipedia List of Roman battles; en.wikipedia Stilicho", "note": "Stilicho's arrival ended the siege and drove Radagaisus onto the hills of Faesulae (next entry); Florence was nearly lost.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 411, "key": "n411", "name": "Rhine frontier (Franks v Vandals and Alans, 406)", "label": "Rhine frontier", "year": 406, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer-autumn 406 CE (before the Rhine crossing of 31 December 406)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Vandal, Alan and Suebic invasion of Gaul", "theatre": "", "place": "Rhine frontier, probably near Mainz (Germany; exact site unknown)", "lat": 50.0, "lon": 8.27, "loc": "region", "country": "Germany", "side_a": [ "Franks" ], "side_b": [ "Asding Vandals", "Alans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Asding Vandals & Alans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Frankish chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "Godigisel (Vandal king, killed); Respendial (Alan king)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Franks killed Godigisel and about 20,000 Vandals, until Respendial's Alans came up and routed the Franks, saving the Vandals.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, in Gregory of Tours, Histories 2.9; Orosius 7.38; Prosper (Chronicle, 406); MacDowall, Germanic Warrior AD 236-568 (2016); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respendial", "note": "Likely several actions summarised as one. Respendial's Alans decided the day; the other Alan group under Goar had already gone over to the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 412, "key": "406-faesulae", "name": "Faesulae", "label": "Faesulae", "year": 406, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 406 (Radagaisus executed 23 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War of Radagaisus", "theatre": "", "place": "The hills of Faesulae (Fiesole), above Florence", "lat": 43.81, "lon": 11.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Goths" ], "allies_a": [ "Huns", "Alans", "Goths" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Stilicho; Uldin (Huns); Sarus (Goths)", "commanders_b": "Radagaisus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zosimus 5.26; Orosius 7.37; Augustine, De civitate Dei 5.23; Olympiodorus fr. 9; en.wikipedia List of Roman battles", "note": "Radagaisus' host (Goths with others) was surrounded and starved rather than beaten in a pitched battle; 12,000 of his best men were taken into Roman service. Radagaisus was executed on 23 August 406.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 413, "key": "n413", "name": "Wallia's war on the Alans and Silings (Spain, 416-418)", "label": "Wallia's war on the Alans and Silings", "year": 417, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "416-418 CE (Hydatius puts the final defeat of the Alans in 418; some scholars 426)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Visigothic campaigns in Spain for Honorius", "theatre": "", "place": "Baetica and Lusitania (Andalusia and Portugal); exact sites unknown", "lat": 38.0, "lon": -6.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Spain / Portugal", "side_a": [ "Visigoths" ], "side_b": [ "Alans", "Silingi Vandals" ], "allies_a": [ "Rome" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alans & Silingi Vandals", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Wallia (king of the Visigoths)", "commanders_b": "Addac or Attaces (Alan king, killed); Fredbal (Siling king, captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Hydatius says Wallia annihilated the Silingi, and the Alans were so cut up that Addac fell and the survivors, leaderless, joined the Asding king Gunderic.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hydatius, Chronicle (years 416-418); Orosius 7.43; Kulikowski, Late Roman Spain and Its Cities (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans", "note": "The campaign spans several years and several fights that the sources do not separate. After it the Alans fought as part of the Vandal kingdom.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 414, "key": "419-nervasos-mountains", "name": "Nervasos Mountains", "label": "Nervasos Mountains", "year": 419, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "419 (or 420)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Vandal-Suebian war in Gallaecia", "theatre": "", "place": "The Nervasian mountains (Nerbasii montes), Gallaecia; site unknown", "lat": 42.6, "lon": -7.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Spain", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Vandals" ], "allies_a": [ "Germanic peoples" ], "allies_b": [ "Alans" ], "persian_state": "Vandals", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asterius (comes Hispaniarum); Maurocellus (vicarius); Hermeric (Suebi, besieged)", "commanders_b": "Gunderic", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hydatius 71, 74; en.wikipedia Battle of the Nervasos Mountains", "note": "The Vandals lifted their siege of the Suebi when Asterius approached, but on their retreat they killed some of Maurocellus's men at Bracara (Braga); the usurper Maximus, backed by barbarians, was put down at the same time.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 415, "key": "421-arzanene", "name": "Arzanene", "label": "Arzanene", "year": 421, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "421", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 421-422", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Arzanene, east of the Tigris, Turkey", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 41.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ardabur (Ardaburius)", "commanders_b": "Narses (Narseh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Narses' frontier army; no composition recorded (the Sasanian field army of the period was built around the asawaran heavy cavalry and horse archers of the Iranian nobility, with infantry levies).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies (cavalry of the Persian and Parthian nobility and their retainers).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardabur defeated Narses' army, which retreated (Socrates 7.18).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.18; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 421-422", "note": "Narses then tried to strike into Roman Mesopotamia but was intercepted by Ardabur.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 416, "key": "421-nisibis-siege-421", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 421)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 421)", "year": 421, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "421 (summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 421-422", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Lakhmids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison of Nisibis; Bahram V (relief army); al-Mundhir I (Lakhmid)", "commanders_b": "Ardabur", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Nisibis and Bahram V's relief army, with the Lakhmid Arabs of al-Mundhir I (Socrates 7.18).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian royal army and garrison with Lakhmid Arab allies of unknown number.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ardabur raised the siege and withdrew when Bahram V's relief army approached; the Persians kept Nisibis.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.18; Malalas; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 421-422", "note": "Socrates also tells how al-Mundhir's Arabs panicked and drowned in the Euphrates and how the Persian 'Immortals' were ambushed; neither is a separately named battle. Battles of the Romans lists the Lakhmids as 'Arabs'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 417, "key": "421-theodosiopolis-siege-421", "name": "Theodosiopolis (siege, 421)", "label": "Theodosiopolis (siege, 421)", "year": 421, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "421 (or 422)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 421-422", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Theodosiopolis, probably in Armenia (Erzurum), Turkey; possibly Resaina in Osrhoene", "lat": 39.91, "lon": 41.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bishop Eunomius", "commanders_b": "Bahram V's army (a vassal king was killed by a stone-thrower)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "'Many thousands' of soldiers with siege engines including a helepolis (Theodoret); composition not given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Sasanian royal army under vassal kings; no units are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "many thousands (Theodoret)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians lifted the siege after about 30 days, when a stone-thrower killed one of their vassal kings (Theodoret 5.37).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 5.37.6-10; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Theodosiopolis", "note": "The town is usually taken to be Theodosiopolis in Armenia (Erzurum); some identify it with Theodosiopolis-Resaina (Ras al-Ayn) in Osrhoene. Theodoret's account is hagiographic.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 418, "key": "422-tarraco", "name": "Tarraco", "label": "Tarraco", "year": 422, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "422", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Vandal wars in Hispania", "theatre": "", "place": "Baetica (site unknown)", "lat": 37.4, "lon": -5.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Spain", "side_a": [ "Vandals" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Alans" ], "allies_b": [ "Goths" ], "persian_state": "Vandals", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gunderic", "commanders_b": "Castinus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hydatius 77; Prosper s.a. 422; Salvian 7.11; en.wikipedia Battle of Tarraco", "note": "The battle was fought in Baetica; the name Tarraco comes from a modern addition to an online translation of Hydatius (Castinus may have retreated to Tarraco). The Vandals kept Baetica.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 419, "key": "n419", "name": "Ravenna (425)", "label": "Ravenna", "year": 425, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "425 CE (spring-summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War of the Eastern Empire against the usurper Joannes", "theatre": "", "place": "Ravenna, Italy", "lat": 44.42, "lon": 12.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Eastern Roman empire" ], "side_b": [ "Joannes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hunnic auxiliaries" ], "persian_state": "Eastern Roman empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aspar (Alan by descent); Ardabur (Aspar's father, an Alan); Candidianus", "commanders_b": "Joannes; Castinus; Aetius (arrived after the fall)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Aspar's cavalry crossed the marsh by an unguarded path and took Ravenna; Joannes was captured and killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Socrates, Church History 7.23; Philostorgius 12.13; Prosper (425); Martindale, PLRE 2, 'Fl. Ardabur Aspar'", "note": "Counted by the leader rule: Aspar is described as of Alanic (or Alanic-Gothic) descent. His troops were Eastern Roman, so the contingent is not Alan.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 420, "key": "427-merv-427", "name": "Merv (427)", "label": "Merv (427)", "year": 427, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 427", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian-Kidarite wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Merv, Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 62.17, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Kidarites" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahram V (Bahram Gur)", "commanders_b": "the Kidarite king ('khaqan of the Turks' in Tabari), killed", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Kidarites", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "A picked force of the Persian nobility's cavalry, raised partly in Armenia and Azerbaijan while Mihr Narseh stayed as regent (Tabari).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian noble cavalry force with troops recruited in Armenia (Tabari).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the king killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the tradition Bahram surprised and routed the invaders near Merv, killing their king and capturing his wife.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Tabari, Dinawari, Thaalibi and the Shahnameh, which draw on the Sasanian royal tradition and the romance of Bahram Gur; modern historians accept a Persian success against the Kidarites about 427 but not the details.", "sources": "Tabari (tr. Bosworth, vol. 5, 95-96); Daryaee (2000); en.wikipedia Bahram V; en.wikipedia Sasanian-Kidarite wars", "note": "A general then pursued the enemy into Transoxiana and defeated them again (Tabari). The enemy is called Turks or Hephthalites in the Arabic sources; modern historians identify them as Kidarites.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 421, "key": "n421", "name": "Mérida (Vandals and Alans v Suebi, 428)", "label": "Mérida", "year": 428, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "428 CE (Wikipedia; Hydatius' sequence puts it in 428-429, shortly before the Vandal crossing to Africa)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Vandal and Suebic wars in Gallaecia and Lusitania", "theatre": "", "place": "Mérida on the Guadiana, Spain", "lat": 38.92, "lon": -6.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "Spain", "side_a": [ "Vandals", "Alans" ], "side_b": [ "Suebi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Vandals & Alans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gaiseric (king of the Vandals and Alans)", "commanders_b": "Heremigarius (Suevic leader, drowned in the Guadiana)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hydatius says Gaiseric turned back, caught the Suebi near Mérida and drove them into the Guadiana, where Heremigarius drowned.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hydatius, Chronicle (years 428-429); Thompson, Romans and Barbarians (1982); Kulikowski (2004)", "note": "Hydatius and the standard accounts name the Vandals only; no source says Alans fought here. After 418 the Alans were part of the Vandal kingdom (Gaiseric is 'king of the Vandals and Alans'), so an Alan contingent is likely but not recorded.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 422, "key": "430-hippo-regius-siege", "name": "Hippo Regius (siege)", "label": "Hippo Regius", "year": 430, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "May/June 430 - July/August 431", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Vandal conquest of Africa", "theatre": "", "place": "Hippo Regius (Annaba)", "lat": 36.88, "lon": 7.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Algeria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Vandals" ], "allies_a": [ "Goths" ], "allies_b": [ "Alans" ], "persian_state": "Vandals", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bonifacius (comes Africae)", "commanders_b": "Gaiseric", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Possidius, Vita Augustini 28-29; Procopius, Wars 3.3.30-36; en.wikipedia Siege of Hippo Regius", "note": "Augustine died in the besieged city on 28 August 430. The Vandals raised the siege after about 14 months (a technical Roman success), but occupied the abandoned city after the battle of 431/432.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 423, "key": "n423", "name": "Africa (Boniface and Aspar's defeat by the Vandals, 431)", "label": "Africa", "year": 431, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "431 (Procopius places it after the long siege of Hippo; some date it 432)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Vandal conquest of Africa (Roman relief expedition from the East)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Hippo Regius (Annaba), Algeria; site not recorded", "lat": 36.9, "lon": 7.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Algeria", "side_a": [ "Vandals and Alans" ], "side_b": [ "Western Roman army and the Eastern relief army of Aspar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Western Roman army and the Eastern relief army of Aspar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gaiseric", "commanders_b": "Boniface and Aspar", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The combined Roman army was defeated, Boniface sailed for Italy and Hippo was abandoned (Procopius, Vand. 3.3.35-36; Prosper Tiro).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 3.3.35-36; Prosper Tiro, Chronicle s.a. 431; Hydatius; Wikipedia 'Aspar'", "note": "Aspar, magister militum of the Eastern army, was of Alan descent (his father Ardabur and his own name are Alan); the Eastern army that he brought is not described as Alan, so the qualification is the commander. Procopius gives no place or numbers and the Vandals' own Alan element is not counted here. Weak: a defeat known only from short notices.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 424, "key": "451-avarayr", "name": "Avarayr", "label": "Avarayr", "year": 451, "month": 5, "day": 26, "date": "26 May 451 (2 June in some reckonings)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Armenian rebellion of 450-451 (Vartanants War)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "the plain of Avarayr, in Artaz (near Chors, Chaypareh County), Iran", "lat": 39.34, "lon": 45.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mushkan Niusalavurt (wounded); Vasak Siwni (Armenian loyalists)", "commanders_b": "Vardan Mamikonian (killed), Ghevond Vanandetsi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mushkan's army of asawaran cavalry with the royal 'Immortals' and war elephants, joined by the Armenian loyalists of Vasak Siwni (Elishe; his 300,000 is rhetorical).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Elishe describes a Persian royal army with elephants and the Immortals, three times the Armenian army, plus Vasak's Armenian loyalists.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "300,000 (rhetorical) with elephants and Armenian loyalists", "strength_b": "66,000 (Elishe; perhaps exaggerated)", "losses_a": "3,544 killed (Elishe)", "losses_b": "1,036 killed (Elishe), including Vardan and eight generals", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persians broke the Armenian army and held the field, killing Vardan and eight other generals; the later religious concessions are a strategic matter.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Elishe, History of Vardan and the Armenian War; Lazar Parpetsi; Hewsen, 'Avarayr', Encyclopaedia Iranica; en.wikipedia Battle of Avarayr", "note": "A revolt of a Persian-ruled province (Persarmenia), hence opponent group 'Rebels'. Yazdegerd II afterwards dismissed Vasak and eased religious pressure.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 425, "key": "451-catalaunian-plains", "name": "Catalaunian Plains", "label": "Catalaunian Plains", "year": 451, "month": 6, "day": 20, "date": "20 June 451", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hunnic invasion of Gaul", "theatre": "", "place": "The Catalaunian Plains (Campus Mauriacus), Champagne; site unknown", "lat": 49.0, "lon": 4.5, "loc": "region", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Huns" ], "allies_a": [ "Goths", "Alans", "Germanic peoples" ], "allies_b": [ "Goths", "Germanic peoples" ], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Flavius Aetius; Theodoric I (killed); Thorismund; Sangiban", "commanders_b": "Attila", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jordanes, Getica 190-218; Hydatius 150; Prosper s.a. 451; en.wikipedia Battle of the Catalaunian Plains", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox calls it inconclusive; Attila was driven back to his laager and then withdrew from Gaul. Date 20 June after Bury (others: early July or 27 September). Proposed sites: Montgueux near Troyes, Méry-sur-Seine, La Cheppe. Attila's allies included Ostrogoths and Gepids.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 426, "key": "451-orleans-siege", "name": "Orléans (siege)", "label": "Orléans", "year": 451, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "May-June 451 (relieved about 14 June)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hunnic invasion of Gaul", "theatre": "", "place": "Aurelianum (Orléans)", "lat": 47.9, "lon": 1.9, "loc": "known", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Huns" ], "allies_a": [ "Goths", "Alans" ], "allies_b": [ "Germanic peoples" ], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bishop Anianus (in the city); Flavius Aetius and Theodoric I (relief)", "commanders_b": "Attila", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jordanes, Getica 194-195; Gregory of Tours 2.7; Vita Aniani; en.wikipedia Battle of the Catalaunian Plains", "note": "Attila broke off his final assault when the relief army approached; some historians see the defence of Orléans as the real turning point of 451.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 427, "key": "n427", "name": "Skandagupta's war with the Hunas (c. 455-457)", "label": "Skandagupta's war with the Hunas", "year": 456, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 455-457 CE (Bhitari pillar, undated; Junagadh inscription of 457-458 mentions the mlecchas)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gupta-Huna wars (first clash)", "theatre": "", "place": "North-western frontier of the Gupta empire (battlefield not named; Punjab and Indus approaches), India/Pakistan", "lat": 31.5, "lon": 74.3, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Gupta Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Hunas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hunas", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Skandagupta", "commanders_b": "unnamed Huna ruler", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Bhitari pillar claims Skandagupta's arms made the earth tremble in the clash and the Gupta heartland stayed intact.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta; Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta (year 138); Bakker, H., The Alkhan (2020); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandagupta", "note": "The only evidence is a vague royal praise-inscription and the identification of the mlecchas and Hunas is inferred; the site, scale and even the date within 455-467 are unknown. The Huna enemy is called Kidarite or Alchon depending on the scholar; both are of disputed Iranian identity.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Bhitari pillar says Skandagupta met the Hunas in battle; the Hunas of c. 456 are identified as Kidarites or Alchon Huns, both of uncertain Iranian identity.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 428, "key": "n428", "name": "Ossetians (Vakhtang I's first campaign, c. 455-459)", "label": "Ossetians", "year": 457, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 455-459 (the Life of Vakhtang puts it in his sixteenth year; a reconstruction)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Vakhtang I Gorgasali (Ossetian raid on Iberia)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dvaleti and the Darial approaches, north Georgia / North Ossetia; approximate", "lat": 42.75, "lon": 44.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Iberia" ], "side_b": [ "Ossetians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ossetians", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vakhtang I Gorgasali (then a youth, with his father Mirdat)", "commanders_b": "the Ossetian champion (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vakhtang won the single combat with the enemy champion and freed his sister Mirandukht; the raiders were beaten (Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition. Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Juansher, Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali (Georgian Chronicles); Wikipedia 'Vakhtang I of Iberia' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation", "note": "Vakhtang belonged to the Chosroid house, which the Georgian Chronicles trace to the Persian Mihranids (Mirian III), and his mother Sagdukht is called Persian; 'Ossetians' (Ovsi) is the Georgian name for the Alans, though Wikipedia says they may have been Huns. Known only from the Life of Vakhtang; the date is reconstructed.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ossetians, descendants of the Alans, against the young Vakhtang I of Iberia.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 429, "key": "458-arelate", "name": "Arelate", "label": "Arelate", "year": 458, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 458 (or 459)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gothic War (457-458)", "theatre": "", "place": "Arelate (Arles)", "lat": 43.68, "lon": 4.63, "loc": "known", "country": "France", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Goths" ], "allies_a": [ "Huns", "Germanic peoples", "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rome", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Majorian; Aegidius; Nepotianus", "commanders_b": "Theodoric II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sidonius, Carmen 5; Hydatius 197; Gregory of Tours 2.11; en.wikipedia Battle of Arelate; en.wikipedia Majorian", "note": "Also called the Battle of Arles (458). Theodoric II had been besieging Aegidius in Arles; after the defeat the Visigoths returned to federate status and gave up Septimania.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 430, "key": "460-cartagena", "name": "Cartagena", "label": "Cartagena", "year": 460, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "May 460 (some sources 461)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Majorian's African expedition", "theatre": "", "place": "Portus Ilicitanus (Santa Pola), bay of Alicante", "lat": 38.19, "lon": -0.56, "loc": "approx", "country": "Spain", "side_a": [ "Vandals" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Alans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Vandals", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gaiseric", "commanders_b": "unknown (Majorian's fleet)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hydatius 200; Marius of Avenches s.a. 460; en.wikipedia Battle of Cartagena (461)", "note": "Despite the name it was fought near Elche (Ilici), not at Cartagena; 13 May 460 is sometimes given. Majorian made peace and was deposed and killed in 461.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 431, "key": "464-bergamo", "name": "Bergamo", "label": "Bergamo", "year": 464, "month": 2, "day": 6, "date": "6 February 464", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alan invasion of Italy", "theatre": "", "place": "Near Bergomum (Bergamo)", "lat": 45.7, "lon": 9.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Italy", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Alans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ricimer", "commanders_b": "Beorgor (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Fasti Vindobonenses priores s.a. 464; Marcellinus Comes s.a. 464; Jordanes, Getica 236; en.wikipedia Battle of Bergamo", "note": "The day is flagged as uncertain on Wikipedia.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Alans among the belligerents in Ancient Greek Battles or Battles of the Romans", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "set31" }, { "id": 432, "key": "n432", "name": "Peroz I's defeat of the Kidarites (c. 466)", "label": "Peroz I's defeat of the Kidarites", "year": 466, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 466 CE (war began c. 464; victory announced at Constantinople in 467)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian-Kidarite wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Balaam (probably Balkh), Tokharistan, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Kidarites" ], "allies_a": [ "Hephthalites and other Huns" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire v Kidarites", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sasanian Empire", "faction_b": "Kidarites", "commanders_a": "Peroz I; Mehama (Hephthalite or Alchon lord of Kadag)", "commanders_b": "Kunkhas", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Peroz briefly took Tokharistan, minted gold at Balkh on Kidarite models and sent victory embassies in 467-468.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Priscus fr. 41 (Blockley); Sims-Williams, N., Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan; Rezakhani, K., ReOrienting the Sasanians (2017); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidarites", "note": "No battle narrative survives: the war is known from Priscus (Peroz's trick marriage offer and the 300 Persian officers maimed at Balaam), the victory embassy and Peroz's Balkh coinage. The Kidarites are Huns of disputed Iranian identity.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Peroz I, a Persian king, led the Sasanian army with Hunnic allies against the Kidarite king Kunkhas (Priscus fr. 41; Bactrian documents).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 433, "key": "n433", "name": "Bolia (Ostrogoths v Suebi and allies, 468)", "label": "Bolia", "year": 468, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "468 CE (some date 469)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ostrogothic wars on the middle Danube", "theatre": "", "place": "River Bolia, south of the Danube in Pannonia (Hungary; proposals include Pilismarot and Csem)", "lat": 47.78, "lon": 18.88, "loc": "region", "country": "Hungary", "side_a": [ "Ostrogoths" ], "side_b": [ "Suebi", "Sarmatae", "Gepids", "Rugi", "Sciri", "Heruli" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Suebi & Sarmatae", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodemir (Valamir had already fallen); the young Theodoric", "commanders_b": "Hunimund (king of the Suebi); Beuca (named with the coalition, apparently the Sarmatian king); Hunulf (Sciri)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jordanes says the Goths beat the coalition of Suebi, Sarmatians, Gepids, Rugi and Sciri, though the Wikipedia article notes that Hyun Jin Kim argues the Goths lost and left for the south.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jordanes, Getica 53 (277-279); Wolfram, History of the Goths (1990); Gracanin and Skrgulja (2014); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia", "note": "Jordanes lists Sarmatae among the coalition. By this date 'Sarmatians' of the Pannonian plain were remnants of the Iazyges and Limigantes mixed with Goths and Huns, so their Iranian character is doubtful; the Sarmatian leader's name is not certain.", "peoples": [ "Sarmatians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 434, "key": "n434", "name": "Peroz I's first defeat by Akhshunwar (c. 474)", "label": "Peroz I's first defeat by Akhshunwar", "year": 474, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 469-474 CE (Wikipedia gives c. 474; sources are vague)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hephthalite-Sasanian wars (Peroz's Hephthalite wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hephthalite frontier near Gurgan (Gorgan), north-eastern Iran/Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 55.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire v Hephthalites", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sasanian Empire", "faction_b": "Hephthalites", "commanders_a": "Peroz I", "commanders_b": "Akhshunwar", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Peroz was captured and had to be ransomed (Procopius says by the emperor Zeno) and to swear to keep the peace.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.3-4; al-Tabari; Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I", "note": "The Procopius account (the prostration to the rising sun, the concealed ditch) is anecdotal and the ditch trick is also told of the 484 battle, so which war it belongs to is disputed; some scholars count only two Hephthalite wars before 484. Not to be confused with the 484 battle (Herat), already in the dataset.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Peroz I (a Persian king) led the Sasanian army against the Hephthalite king Akhshunwar and was ambushed and captured (Procopius, Wars 1.3-4; Tabari).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 435, "key": "482-akori", "name": "Akori", "label": "Akori", "year": 482, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "482", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Armenian rebellion of 481-484 (Vahan Mamikonian)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Akori (Arguri), on the northern slope of Mount Ararat, Turkey", "lat": 39.75, "lon": 44.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vahan Mamikonian", "commanders_b": "Adhur Gushnasp (marzban of Armenia, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The marzban's army of about 7,000 horsemen (Lazar Parpetsi), Persian cavalry with some Armenian loyalists.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Lazar calls the marzban's force Persian cavalry; Armenian loyalists probably served with it.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (much smaller)", "strength_b": "about 7,000 horse (Lazar Parpetsi)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the marzban killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vahan's rebels routed the marzban's army and killed Adhur Gushnasp (Lazar Parpetsi).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lazar Parpetsi, History of the Armenians; en.wikipedia Vahan Mamikonian", "note": "A revolt of a Persian-ruled province, hence opponent group 'Rebels'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 436, "key": "483-akesga", "name": "Akesga", "label": "Akesga", "year": 483, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "483 (482 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Armenian rebellion of 481-484 (Vahan Mamikonian)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Iberia)", "place": "Akesga, in Iberia (site unknown), Georgia", "lat": 41.7, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shapur Mihran", "commanders_b": "Vahan Mamikonian; Vasak Mamikonian and Sahak II Bagratuni (both killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shapur Mihran's army sent against the Iberian and Armenian rising; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army led by Shapur of the Parthian house of Mihran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Vasak Mamikonian and Sahak Bagratuni killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Armenians, left without the Iberian help they expected from Vakhtang, were routed and two of their leaders killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lazar Parpetsi, History of the Armenians; en.wikipedia Vahan Mamikonian", "note": "Wikipedia does not name the Persian commander at Akesga; Shapur Mihran led the Persian army in the area (Lazar Parpetsi).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 437, "key": "483-nersehapat", "name": "Nersehapat", "label": "Nersehapat", "year": 483, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 483 (482 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Armenian rebellion of 481-484 (Vahan Mamikonian)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Nersehapat, in Artaz (Maku region), Iran", "lat": 39.35, "lon": 44.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vahan Mamikonian", "commanders_b": "commander of the Persian reinforcements (not named in Wikipedia)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Persian reinforcements sent by Peroz I; no numbers or units given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Persian field force sent from Iran against the rebels.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vahan defeated the Persian reinforcements and held the field (Lazar Parpetsi).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lazar Parpetsi, History of the Armenians; en.wikipedia Vahan Mamikonian", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 438, "key": "484-herat-484", "name": "Herat (484)", "label": "Herat (484)", "year": 484, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "484", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hephthalite-Sasanian War of 484", "theatre": "Khorasan and Bactria", "place": "near Balkh or Herat (the site is uncertain), Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Hephthalites" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hephthalites v Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hephthalites", "faction_b": "Sasanian Empire", "commanders_a": "Khushnavaz (Akhshunwar)", "commanders_b": "Peroz I (killed), Mihran (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Hephthalites", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Peroz's 'enormous' royal army of the asawaran and the great houses (a Mihran among the commanders); no numbers or units given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the royal army of the Persian and Parthian nobility; no foreign contingents are recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown ('enormous')", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the whole army; Peroz and four of his sons and brothers killed, his daughter and treasure captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian army was ambushed and destroyed (in Procopius' account in a hidden trench) and Peroz was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.4; Joshua the Stylite; Tabari; Schindel, 'Kawad I', Encyclopaedia Iranica; en.wikipedia Hephthalite-Sasanian War of 484", "note": "Wikipedia's article is titled 'Hephthalite-Sasanian War of 484' and places Peroz's last camp near Balkh after an advance from Herat; the battle is often called after Herat. Khonsarinejad and Khorashadi (2021) doubt the trench story. Peroz had earlier been defeated and captured by the Hephthalites (c. 474-481) in battles that have no name.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 439, "key": "484-sukhra-s-hephthalite-campaign", "name": "Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign", "label": "Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign", "year": 484, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "484 or 485", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hephthalite-Sasanian War of 484", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Gorgan (uncertain), Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire v Hephthalites", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sasanian Empire", "faction_b": "Hephthalites", "commanders_a": "Sukhra (Zarmihr) of the house of Karen", "commanders_b": "Khushnavaz", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Hephthalites", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The remnant of the Sasanian army rallied by Sukhra ('the majority of the Sasanian army', Tabari).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Sukhra was of the Parthian house of Karen and led the Persian home army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (Tabari)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In Tabari's account Sukhra heavily defeated the Hephthalites and made Khushnavaz return Peroz's treasure, his daughter and the chief priest.", "borderline": "a campaign rather than a named battle", "doubt": "Traditional: Known only from Tabari and the later Perso-Arabic tradition, which glorifies the Karen family; the Roman and Syriac sources know only that Persia then paid tribute to the Hephthalites, and modern historians treat the victory as doubtful or as a negotiated return of the captives. Borderline: a campaign rather than a named battle.", "sources": "Tabari; Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire (2008); Schindel, 'Kawad I', Encyclopaedia Iranica; Rezakhani, ReOrienting the Sasanians (2017); en.wikipedia Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 440, "key": "n440", "name": "Iberia (Vakhtang I's last battle against the Iranians, c. 502 or 522)", "label": "Iberia", "year": 502, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 502 (Javakhishvili) or c. 522-527 (Sanadze); undated in the Life", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian invasion of Iberia under Kavadh I (death of Vakhtang I)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kartli near Mtskheta, Georgia; the Life names Mtskheta as his burial place", "lat": 41.84, "lon": 44.72, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Iberia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire v Iberia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sasanian Empire", "faction_b": "Iberia", "commanders_a": "Iranian commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Vakhtang I Gorgasali (died of his wounds)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vakhtang died fighting the invaders and an Iranian viceroy governed Tiflis by 518 (Wikipedia; Life of Vakhtang).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Juansher, Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali; Wikipedia 'Vakhtang I of Iberia' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation", "note": "Vakhtang is said to have refused Kavadh's summons to join the war against Rome; the Iranian army that invaded Iberia fought him (the Life says he died at the hands of a renegade slave). Sasanian side Persian; Vakhtang's Chosroid house is of Persian Mihranid descent by the Georgian tradition (uncertain). Known only from the Life; no place or date is firm.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 441, "key": "502-amida-siege-502", "name": "Amida (siege, 502)", "label": "Amida (siege, 502)", "year": 502, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 502 - January 503", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Anastasian War (502-506)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Amida (Diyarbakir), Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kavad I", "commanders_b": "Cyrus (governor of Mesopotamia), Leontius, Paul bar Zainab", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Kavad I's royal army with Armenian and Arab (Lakhmid) allies (Joshua the Stylite, Zacharias); Hunnic troops are mentioned in some accounts.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian royal army; the Armenian and Arab allies are named but not counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "no regular troops; the citizens defended the walls", "losses_a": "unknown (heavy in the assaults)", "losses_b": "80,000 dead including civilians (Wikipedia infobox, from the Syriac sources)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Amida fell to Kavad's assault in January 503 after a three-month siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.7; Joshua the Stylite; Zacharias of Mytilene book 7; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Amida (502-503)", "note": "Kavad had earlier taken Theodosiopolis (by betrayal) and Martyropolis (by surrender) in 502; those captures without real fighting are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 442, "key": "503-amida-siege-503", "name": "Amida (siege, 503)", "label": "Amida (siege, 503)", "year": 503, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 503 - early 505", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Anastasian War (502-506)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Amida (Diyarbakir), Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pharesmanes, Patricius, Celer", "commanders_b": "Glones (killed), then the garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A garrison of 3,000 Persians under Glones (Joshua the Stylite); Patricius also defeated a Persian relief force.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Joshua the Stylite calls the garrison Persians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "3,000 (garrison)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Glones and many of the garrison killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a blockade of more than a year the starving Persian garrison gave Amida back to the Romans.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Joshua the Stylite; Procopius, Wars 1.9; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Anastasian War", "note": "The garrison surrendered the city in early 505 in return for payment under the truce (Procopius gives 1,000 lb of gold); scored as a besieger's success as in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 443, "key": "503-constantia-siege-503", "name": "Constantia (siege, 503)", "label": "Constantia (siege, 503)", "year": 503, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "503 (before the attack on Edessa in September)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Anastasian War (502-506)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Constantia (Constantina, Tella; Viransehir), Osrhoene, Turkey", "lat": 37.23, "lon": 39.76, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison and citizens of Constantia", "commanders_b": "Kavad I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Kavad's main army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kavad failed to take Constantia and moved on to Edessa.", "borderline": "the fighting was slight; the townspeople even supplied Kavad's army", "doubt": "Borderline: the fighting was slight; the townspeople even supplied Kavad's army.", "sources": "Joshua the Stylite; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Anastasian War", "note": "Constantia and Constantina are the same city (Viransehir).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 444, "key": "503-nisibis-503", "name": "Nisibis (503)", "label": "Nisibis (503)", "year": 503, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 503", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anastasian War (502-506)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "before Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kavad I", "commanders_b": "Areobindus, Romanus; the phylarch Asouades", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Kavad's main army at Nisibis; no composition recorded (asawaran cavalry with levies).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 12,000 (Areobindus' division of the 52,000-man Roman army)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After an early Roman success Kavad's counter-attack drove Areobindus' army back westward.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Joshua the Stylite; Procopius, Wars 1.8; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Anastasian War", "note": "Asouades was probably a Kindite chief (Battles of the Romans lists 'Arabs').", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 445, "key": "503-tell-beshme", "name": "Tell Beshme", "label": "Tell Beshme", "year": 503, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 503", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anastasian War (502-506)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "between Apadna (Opadna) and Tell Beshme, between Amida and Nisibis, Turkey", "lat": 37.3, "lon": 40.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kavad I", "commanders_b": "Hypatius, Patricius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Kavad's main army (no composition recorded), which had just plundered Areobindus' fort at Apadna.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 40,000 (the divisions of Hypatius and Patricius)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, especially cavalry", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hypatius and Patricius were routed and fled to Samosata, losing much of their cavalry in the retreat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Joshua the Stylite; Procopius, Wars 1.8; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Anastasian War", "note": "Also called the battle of Apadna (Opadna).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 446, "key": "503-edessa-siege-503", "name": "Edessa (siege, 503)", "label": "Edessa (siege, 503)", "year": 503, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 503", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Anastasian War (502-506)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Lakhmids" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Areobindus", "commanders_b": "Kavad I, with Lakhmid allies", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Kavad's army with Lakhmid Arab allies, who overran much of Osrhoene (Joshua the Stylite).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian royal army with Lakhmid Arab auxiliaries of unknown number.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian assaults on Edessa failed and Kavad withdrew to Persia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Joshua the Stylite; Procopius, Wars 1.8; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Anastasian War", "note": "A Hunnic raid into Persian Armenia helped persuade Kavad to withdraw.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 447, "key": "n447", "name": "Second Battle of Eran (c. 510)", "label": "Second Battle of Eran", "year": 510, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 510 CE or slightly earlier (the Eran pillar of Goparaja is dated Gupta year 191 = 510 CE and records the battle as past; the 29 June date in some summaries is the date of the pillar, not of the fight)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gupta-Huna wars (First Hunnic War)", "theatre": "", "place": "Eran (ancient Airikina), Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 24.089, "lon": 78.165, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Gupta Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Alchon Huns" ], "allies_a": [ "Aulikaras of Malwa" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alchon Huns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bhanugupta; Goparaja (killed)", "commanders_b": "Toramana", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "result unknown", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Eran inscription records a great battle in which Goparaja died but does not say who won; Toramana's boar inscription shows him ruling Eran soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored. Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Eran inscription of Goparaja (Gupta year 191); Eran boar inscription of Toramana; Bakker, H., The Alkhan (2020); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Eran", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox says Gupta victory, but Bakker notes the inscription is silent on the outcome and Goyal argues the battle may precede Toramana's conquest of eastern Malwa. The opponent is not named in the text; the identification with Toramana's Huns is inferred.", "peoples": [ "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Toramana, king of the Alchon Huns (of disputed Iranian identity), is the probable enemy of the Gupta army in the Eran inscription of Goparaja; the inscription does not name him.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 448, "key": "n448", "name": "Rishtal (Aulikara-Huna war, c. 515)", "label": "Rishtal", "year": 515, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "515 CE (Malava year 572, Rishtal inscription)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gupta-Huna wars (Aulikara-Hunnic war, end of the First Hunnic War)", "theatre": "", "place": "Rishtal near Sitamau/Mandsaur (Dasapura), Madhya Pradesh, India (site approximate)", "lat": 24.05, "lon": 75.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Aulikara kingdom of Malwa" ], "side_b": [ "Alchon Huns" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alchon Huns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prakashadharma", "commanders_b": "Toramana", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Rishtal inscription claims Prakashadharma ambushed the Huns, routed them and sacked Toramana's camp.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Rishtal inscription of Prakashadharma (discovered 1983; edited by Salomon); Bakker, H., The Alkhan (2020); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulikara%E2%88%92Hunnic_War", "note": "A single victory inscription gives the only account; the fight at Rishtal is as the inscription says, the identification of the Huna with Toramana is by the editors. Toramana's death at Varanasi is a later and weak claim.", "peoples": [ "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Toramana, Alchon Hun king (disputed Iranian identity), is named as the defeated Huna overlord in the Rishtal inscription of Prakashadharma.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 449, "key": "526-persarmenia", "name": "Persarmenia", "label": "Persarmenia", "year": 526, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "526 (or 527)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Persarmenia; site unknown", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Narses and Aratius", "commanders_b": "Sittas and Belisarius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Persian forces in Persarmenia under the Armenian brothers Narses and Aratius (Kamsarakan), then in Persian service; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Armenian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The commanders were Armenian nobles; the force was probably Persarmenian levies with Persian garrison troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Narses and Aratius defeated the second Roman raid into Persarmenia (Procopius 1.12.20-22).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.12.20-22; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Iberian War", "note": "The first Roman raid had plundered Persarmenia unopposed. Narses and Aratius later went over to Rome (530).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 450, "key": "527-thebetha-siege", "name": "Thebetha (siege)", "label": "Thebetha (siege)", "year": 527, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 527", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis, then the Persian fortress of Thebetha, fifteen parasangs from Dara, Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrisons of Nisibis and Thebetha", "commanders_b": "Libelarius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Persian frontier garrisons; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian garrison troops of the Nisibis frontier.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "losses to heat and disease", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Libelarius' attacks on Nisibis and Thebetha achieved nothing and he withdrew in the summer heat; the Persian strongholds held.", "borderline": "little fighting is described", "doubt": "Borderline: little fighting is described.", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.12.23-24; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Iberian War", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 451, "key": "528-mindouos", "name": "Mindouos", "label": "Mindouos", "year": 528, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "528", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mindouos (Melebasa, modern Ogunduk), north of Nisibis, Turkey", "lat": 37.15, "lon": 41.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Persian army (commander not named by Procopius)", "commanders_b": "Belisarius, Coutzes", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian field army; no composition recorded (asawaran cavalry with levies).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians defeated the Roman army building a fort at Mindouos and the survivors fled to Dara (Procopius 1.13.1-8).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.13.1-8; Zacharias of Mytilene book 9; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Thannuris", "note": "Possibly the same engagement as Thannuris (Hughes); kept separate as in Wikipedia and Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 452, "key": "n452", "name": "Sondani (Yashodharman v Mihirakula, c. 528)", "label": "Sondani", "year": 528, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 528 CE (range 525-532)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gupta-Huna wars (Second Hunnic War)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sondani (Sondni), near Mandsaur (Dasapura), Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 24.07, "lon": 75.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Aulikara kingdom of Malwa" ], "side_b": [ "Alchon Huns" ], "allies_a": [ "Gupta Empire" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alchon Huns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yashodharman; Narasimhagupta Baladitya (tradition)", "commanders_b": "Mihirakula", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mandasor pillar says Yashodharman made Mihirakula bow his head and the Huns lost their Indian possessions soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Mandasor (Sondani) pillar inscriptions of Yashodharman and Vishnuvardhana; Xuanzang, Records of the Western Regions (Baladitya); Bakker, H., The Alkhan (2020); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sondani", "note": "No battle narrative: the 'battle' is inferred from a victory pillar that says Mihirakula submitted. The alliance with the Guptas and Mihirakula's capture are later tradition.", "peoples": [ "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mihirakula, the Alchon Hun king (disputed Iranian identity), is the defeated opponent in the Mandasor pillar inscription of Yashodharman.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 453, "key": "528-thannuris", "name": "Thannuris", "label": "Thannuris", "year": 528, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 528", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Thannuris (Tell Tuneinir), on the Khabur, south of Dara, Syria", "lat": 36.42, "lon": 40.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ghassanids" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Xerxes (son of Kavad), Peroz Mihran (Perozes)", "commanders_b": "Belisarius, Bouzes, Coutzes (captured or killed), Proclianus (killed), Sebastian, Basil; Jabala (Ghassanid, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian army of about 30,000 (Zacharias), its cavalry decisive, under Xerxes and Peroz of the house of Mihran.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian cavalry army under Persian and Parthian (Mihran) commanders; no foreign contingents recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000", "strength_b": "presumably larger (Syvanne: about 30,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy: most of the infantry killed or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A feigned retreat drew the Roman cavalry into hidden ditches; the Roman army was routed, the unfinished fort destroyed and Belisarius fled to Dara.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zacharias of Mytilene book 9; Procopius, Wars 1.13.1-8; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Thannuris", "note": "Wikipedia and Battles of the Romans treat Thannuris and Mindouos as separate battles; Hughes argues Procopius compressed them into one.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 454, "key": "n454", "name": "Baladitya's capture of Mihirakula (Xuanzang's tradition, c. 530)", "label": "Baladitya's capture of Mihirakula", "year": 530, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 530 CE (undated; Xuanzang's story written c. 645)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gupta-Huna wars (Second Hunnic War, traditional account)", "theatre": "", "place": "Magadha (a narrow pass or island refuge, site not named), Bihar, India", "lat": 25.2, "lon": 85.1, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Magadha" ], "side_b": [ "Alchon Huns" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alchon Huns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Baladitya (perhaps Narasimhagupta)", "commanders_b": "Mihirakula", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Xuanzang says Baladitya captured Mihirakula and spared his life at his mother's request.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition. Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Xuanzang, Datang Xiyu ji; Upinder Singh, Political Violence in Ancient India (2017); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihirakula", "note": "Known only from a Buddhist pilgrim's report a century later; modern writers call it fanciful and may be a doublet of the Sondani victory. Included as a traditional entry.", "peoples": [ "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Mihirakula, Alchon Hun king (disputed Iranian identity), is the defeated enemy in Xuanzang's story.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 455, "key": "530-dara-530", "name": "Dara (530)", "label": "Dara (530)", "year": 530, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 530", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "before the walls of Dara (Anastasiopolis; Oguz), Turkey", "lat": 37.17, "lon": 40.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Belisarius, Hermogenes; Bouzes, Pharas, John son of Nicetas, Sunicas and Aigan", "commanders_b": "Perozes (Peroz Mihran), Pityaxes, Baresmanas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Perozes' 40,000 cavalry and infantry, reinforced by 10,000 from the Nisibis garrison: asawaran cavalry on the wings, the 'Immortals' in reserve and poorly armed levy infantry in the centre (Procopius 1.13-14).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Procopius names the Immortals and the levies but no foreign contingents; the commander was of the Parthian Mihran house.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "25,000", "strength_b": "40,000 plus 10,000 from Nisibis (Procopius)", "losses_a": "fewer than 5,000 (Wikipedia infobox)", "losses_b": "about 8,000 (3,000 cavalry, then 5,000 in the rout)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian army broke and fled on the third day with about 8,000 dead, leaving the field to the Romans.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.13-14; Zacharias of Mytilene book 9; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Dara", "note": "The Roman army included Hunnic and Herul units (listed as allies in Battles of the Romans); they were in Roman service and are not given as allies here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 456, "key": "530-satala-530", "name": "Satala (530)", "label": "Satala (530)", "year": 530, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 530 (summer 530)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "near Satala (Sadak), Roman Armenia, Turkey", "lat": 40.03, "lon": 39.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Huns" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sittas, Dorotheus", "commanders_b": "Mihr-Mihroe (Mermeroes)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 30,000: Persarmenian levies, Sunitae from the Caucasus and 3,000 Sabir Huns, under Mihr-Mihroe (Procopius 1.15.1-2).", "languages": [ "Armenian", "Persian", "other Caucasian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Procopius names Persarmenians, Sunitae and 3,000 Sabirs, so the Persian core cannot have been much more than half; the Sabirs probably spoke an Oghuric Turkic language.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "about 30,000 (Procopius)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sittas' flank attack broke the Persian army, which retreated to Persarmenia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.15; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Satala (530)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 457, "key": "531-martyropolis-siege-531", "name": "Martyropolis (siege, 531)", "label": "Martyropolis (siege, 531)", "year": 531, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 531", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Martyropolis (Silvan), Turkey", "lat": 38.14, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bouzes, Bessas", "commanders_b": "Chanaranges (Adergoudounbades), Aspebedes (Bawi), Mihr-Mihroe", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A large Persian army under three generals; no composition recorded. Sabir Huns hired by Persia raided Roman territory at the same time (Procopius 1.21).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "large", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians abandoned the siege after Kavad's death and agreed an armistice; the town held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.21; Malalas; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Martyropolis (531)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 458, "key": "531-callinicum-531", "name": "Callinicum (531)", "label": "Callinicum (531)", "year": 531, "month": 4, "day": 19, "date": "19 April 531 (Easter Saturday)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iberian War (526-532)", "theatre": "Syria (Euphrates)", "place": "on the Euphrates opposite Callinicum (Raqqa), Syria", "lat": 35.95, "lon": 39.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Lakhmids" ], "allies_b": [ "Ghassanids" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Azarethes; al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man (Lakhmid)", "commanders_b": "Belisarius, Hermogenes, Sunicas, Simmas; al-Harith ibn Jabalah (Ghassanid)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Azarethes' 15,000 asawaran cavalry with about 5,000 Lakhmid Arab horse under al-Mundhir III (Procopius 1.17-18).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Procopius gives 15,000 Persian horse and 5,000 Lakhmid Arabs, so about three quarters of the force was Persian.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 20,000 (15,000 Persian and 5,000 Lakhmid cavalry)", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy; Ascan, Longinus and Stephanacius killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persians broke the Roman right and held the field; the Roman infantry escaped across the Euphrates at nightfall.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 1.17-18; Malalas; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Callinicum", "note": "A costly victory: Azarethes was disgraced by Kavad for his losses.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 459, "key": "540-beroea-siege-540", "name": "Beroea (siege, 540)", "label": "Beroea (siege, 540)", "year": 540, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 540", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Beroea (Aleppo), Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow I", "commanders_b": "the garrison of the acropolis; Bishop Megas negotiated", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal invasion army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "town burned; garrison went over to the Persians", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians took and burned the town, and the garrison of the acropolis, out of water, went over to Khosrow (Procopius 2.7).", "borderline": "a ransom dispute with brief fighting at the acropolis; not a named battle in Wikipedia", "doubt": "Borderline: a ransom dispute with brief fighting at the acropolis; not a named battle in Wikipedia.", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.7; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II", "note": "Hierapolis, Chalcis, Apamea and Edessa bought Khosrow off without fighting in 540 and are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 460, "key": "540-dara-siege-540", "name": "Dara (siege, 540)", "label": "Dara (siege, 540)", "year": 540, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 540", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Dara (Oguz), Turkey", "lat": 37.17, "lon": 40.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Martinus", "commanders_b": "Khosrow I", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal army returning from Syria; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dara was still invested and untaken when Khosrow, his mine countermined, took 1,000 lb of silver from the city and withdrew (Procopius 2.13.28): a siege ended by payment is a draw.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.13.16-29; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II", "note": "Battles of the Romans scores it a Roman defensive success; here a siege bought off while the place was still invested counts as a draw.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 461, "key": "540-sura-siege-540", "name": "Sura (siege, 540)", "label": "Sura (siege, 540)", "year": 540, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 540", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Syria (Euphrates)", "place": "Sura, on the Euphrates west of Callinicum, Syria", "lat": 35.92, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow I", "commanders_b": "Arsaces (Armenian officer, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal invasion army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "town sacked, 12,000 captives (Procopius)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the garrison commander was killed in the first assault the Persians broke into Sura during a parley and took it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.5; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 462, "key": "540-antioch-540", "name": "Antioch (540)", "label": "Antioch (540)", "year": 540, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 540", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Antioch on the Orontes (Antakya), Turkey", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow I", "commanders_b": "Theoctistus and Molatzes (troops from Lebanon)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal invasion army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "6,000 soldiers (Procopius) and armed citizens", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "city sacked; many inhabitants deported to Weh Antiok Khosrow", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persians stormed the walls when the Roman soldiers fled, beat the armed young men of the city in the streets and sacked Antioch.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.8-9; Malalas; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II", "note": "Battles of the Romans types it as a land battle; it was an assault on the city, so siege is set true here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 463, "key": "541-nisibis-541", "name": "Nisibis (541)", "label": "Nisibis (541)", "year": 541, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 541", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "before Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Ghassanids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Belisarius, Peter, John Troglita", "commanders_b": "Nabedes", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Nisibis garrison under Nabedes, a strong force of Persian cavalry and infantry (Procopius 2.18).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian garrison troops of the main frontier fortress.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (the Army of the East with Gothic and Ghassanid troops)", "strength_b": "unknown (outnumbered)", "losses_a": "50 men and Peter's standard", "losses_b": "150 (Procopius)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nabedes' midday sally routed Peter's division, but Belisarius' main body drove the Persians back inside the walls with the loss of 150 men and held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.18; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Nisibis (541)", "note": "Outcome disputed: Battles of the Romans scores it a draw (Nisibis was not taken) and Wikipedia a Persian victory (for the rout of Peter); under this set's field test the Romans won, since the Persians were driven back into the city. Belisarius was not besieging the city, and soon judged it too strong and moved on.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 464, "key": "541-petra-siege-541", "name": "Petra (siege, 541)", "label": "Petra (siege, 541)", "year": 541, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 541", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Petra (Tsikhisdziri), on the Black Sea coast, Georgia", "lat": 41.77, "lon": 41.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Lazica" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow I, Aniabedes; Gubazes II of Lazica", "commanders_b": "John Tzibus (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's invasion army, guided by the Lazi of Gubazes II, who had invited him in; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian royal army with Lazic (Kartvelian-speaking) allies of unknown number.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "many lost to terrain, sickness and hunger", "losses_b": "garrison surrendered and joined the Persians", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Persian miners brought down a tower and the garrison surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.17; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Petra (541)", "note": "Wikipedia gives February-June 541.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 465, "key": "541-sisauranon-siege-541", "name": "Sisauranon (siege, 541)", "label": "Sisauranon (siege, 541)", "year": 541, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 541", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Sisauranon, east of Nisibis, Turkey", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 41.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Belisarius", "commanders_b": "Bleschames", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A garrison of 800 elite Persian horsemen under Bleschames (Procopius 2.19).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Procopius calls the 800 horsemen Persians of the best class.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "800 cavalry and the townspeople", "losses_a": "heavy in the first assault", "losses_b": "garrison surrendered; the horsemen were sent to Italy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a failed assault the blockaded garrison, out of food, surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.19; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Sisauranon (541)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 466, "key": "542-sergiopolis-siege", "name": "Sergiopolis (siege)", "label": "Sergiopolis (siege)", "year": 542, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 542", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Sergiopolis (Resafa), Syria", "lat": 35.63, "lon": 38.76, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison of about 200 (commander unknown); Bishop Candidus", "commanders_b": "Khosrow I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A detachment of 6,000 (Procopius) from Khosrow's army; Ambros, a Christian Arab in al-Mundhir's service, warned the defenders.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian detachment, apparently with some Lakhmid Arabs.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "200", "strength_b": "6,000 (Procopius; Wikipedia gives a range up to 60,000)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian assault failed and the besiegers, short of water and food, withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.20; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Sergiopolis", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 467, "key": "543-anglon", "name": "Anglon", "label": "Anglon", "year": 543, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 543", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Anglon, about 21 km from Dvin, Armenia", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 44.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nabedes", "commanders_b": "Martinus, Peter, Valerian, Isaac, Philemuth; Narses and Adolius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nabedes' 4,000 men from the forces in Persarmenia, holding the village houses, the fort and a trench (Procopius 2.25).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Procopius calls Nabedes' 4,000 Persians; they may have included Persarmenian troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "4,000 (Procopius)", "strength_b": "about 30,000 (Procopius)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; baggage and animals abandoned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nabedes' men held the fortified village and routed the Roman army, which fled leaving its baggage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.25; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Anglon", "note": "The Roman army included Herul troops (listed as allies in Battles of the Romans).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 468, "key": "544-edessa-siege-544", "name": "Edessa (siege, 544)", "label": "Edessa (siege, 544)", "year": 544, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March - April 544", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Martinus, Peranius, Peter", "commanders_b": "Khosrow I, Azarethes", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal army with siege engines and a great earth-and-timber mound; only Azarethes' division is named, and Huns appear in some modern accounts (uncertain).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army; Procopius names no foreign units with certainty.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the siege mound was burnt and the assaults were beaten off, the siege ended in an armistice for which the still-invested city paid 500 lb of gold (Procopius 2.27.45-46): a siege ended by payment is a draw.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.26-27; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Edessa (544)", "note": "Battles of the Romans scores it a Roman defensive success; here a siege bought off while the place was still invested counts as a draw. Khosrow's last assault had failed before the payment, so a Roman win is also arguable. A five-year truce followed in 545.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 469, "key": "548-petra-siege-549", "name": "Petra (siege, 549)", "label": "Petra (siege, 549)", "year": 548, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 548 - spring 549", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Petra (Tsikhisdziri) and the passes into Lazica, Georgia", "lat": 41.77, "lon": 41.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Lazica" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mihran (Mirranes, garrison commander); Mihr-Mihroe (relief army)", "commanders_b": "Dagisthaeus, John Guzes (wounded); Gubazes II of Lazica", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A garrison of 1,500 under Mihran, relieved by Mihr-Mihroe's army of cavalry and infantry from Iberia, about 40,000 strong according to Wikipedia (Procopius 2.29-30).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Procopius calls the garrison and the relief army Persians; no foreign contingents are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "garrison 1,500; relief army about 40,000", "strength_b": "7,000 Romans and 1,000 Tzani, with Lazi", "losses_a": "garrison 1,000 killed and 350 wounded; over 1,000 of the relief army killed in the passes", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dagisthaeus raised the siege when Mihr-Mihroe's relief army broke through the passes; the Persian garrison held Petra.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.29-30; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Petra (549)", "note": "The Romans had breached part of the wall before the relief arrived. Mihr-Mihroe left 3,000 men in Petra.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 470, "key": "549-hippis", "name": "Hippis", "label": "Hippis", "year": 549, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "549 or 550", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "the river Hippis (Tskhenistskali), Lazica, Georgia", "lat": 42.2, "lon": 42.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Lazica" ], "allies_b": [ "Alans" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Romans and Lazi (Dagisthaeus; Gubazes II)", "commanders_b": "Chorianes (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Chorianes' army of Persians with Alan allies (Procopius 8.1).", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Persians and Alans, both Iranian-speaking (Alanic is an East Iranian language).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (a large army)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Chorianes killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans and Lazi routed the Persian army on the Hippis and Chorianes was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 8.1; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Lazic War", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 471, "key": "549-phasis-river", "name": "Phasis River", "label": "Phasis River", "year": 549, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "549", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "on the Phasis (Rioni), Lazica, Georgia", "lat": 42.2, "lon": 42.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Lazica" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dagisthaeus; Gubazes II of Lazica", "commanders_b": "Fariburz (Phabrizus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The 5,000 men left by Mihr-Mihroe under Fariburz to keep Petra supplied (Procopius 2.30).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A detachment of Mihr-Mihroe's Persian army; no foreign units named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "5,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the 5,000; their supplies captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans and Lazi surprised the Persian supply corps left to provision Petra and destroyed it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 2.30; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Lazic War", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 472, "key": "550-petra-siege-550", "name": "Petra (siege, 550)", "label": "Petra (siege, 550)", "year": 550, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 550 - spring 551", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Petra (Tsikhisdziri), Georgia", "lat": 41.77, "lon": 41.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Lazica", "Huns" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bessas (wounded), John the Armenian (killed)", "commanders_b": "the Persian garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian garrison of 2,300 (Procopius); Mihr-Mihroe's relief army (mostly cavalry, with eight elephants) came too late.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Procopius describes the garrison as Persians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 6,000", "strength_b": "2,300 (Procopius)", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "1,570 killed and 730 captured (712 of them wounded); 500 died in the burning citadel", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bessas stormed Petra; the last defenders died when the citadel was set on fire.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 8.11-12; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Petra (550-551)", "note": "Sabir Huns allied to Rome built light rams for the assault.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 473, "key": "551-archaeopolis", "name": "Archaeopolis", "label": "Archaeopolis", "year": 551, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "551", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Archaeopolis (Nokalakevi), Georgia", "lat": 42.36, "lon": 42.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Roman garrison of 3,000", "commanders_b": "Mihr-Mihroe", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mihr-Mihroe's army of Persian cavalry and infantry, with Daylamite foot (Procopius' 'Dolomites') and elephants (Procopius 8.13-14).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Procopius names Persians and Daylamite mountaineers, both Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "3,000 (Procopius)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A sortie of the garrison routed the Persians assaulting the walls and Mihr-Mihroe withdrew with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Procopius, Wars 8.13-14; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Lazic War", "note": "An assault on a fortified town ended by a sortie; typed as a battle as in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 474, "key": "554-telephis-ollaria", "name": "Telephis-Ollaria", "label": "Telephis-Ollaria", "year": 554, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "554 (553 or 555 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Telephis and Ollaria, on the Phasis, Lazica, Georgia", "lat": 42.2, "lon": 42.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Lazica" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mihr-Mihroe", "commanders_b": "Martin (Telephis); Bessas, Justin and Bouzes (Ollaria)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mihr-Mihroe's army, smaller than the Roman one (Agathias 2.19-22); no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies in Lazica.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "smaller force", "strength_b": "large force", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Persian stratagem drew the Romans out of Telephis and routed them; they abandoned both strongholds and fell back to Nesos.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Agathias 2.19-22; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Mihr-Mihroe's campaign of 554", "note": "Wikipedia's campaign article dates it 553 in the infobox and the Lazic War article to summer 555.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 475, "key": "555-onoguris-siege", "name": "Onoguris (siege)", "label": "Onoguris (siege)", "year": 555, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "554 or 555", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Onoguris, near Archaeopolis, Georgia", "lat": 42.33, "lon": 42.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian garrison; Nachoragan (relief force)", "commanders_b": "Martin, Bouzes, Wilgang the Herul, Usigardus, Dabragezas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of Onoguris and a relief force of 3,000 cavalry (Agathias 3.6-8).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian garrison and cavalry; no foreign units named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "garrison unknown; relief 3,000 cavalry", "strength_b": "50,000 (Agathias)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Persian relief force of 3,000 horse routed the besieging Roman army, which fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Agathias 3.5-8; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Onoguris", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 476, "key": "555-phasis-siege", "name": "Phasis (siege)", "label": "Phasis (siege)", "year": 555, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "555 or 556", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 540-562 (Lazic War)", "theatre": "Lazica", "place": "Phasis (Poti), at the mouth of the Rioni, Georgia", "lat": 42.15, "lon": 41.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Lazica" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Martin, Justin son of Germanus, Angilas, Theodore, Valerian", "commanders_b": "Nachoragan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nachoragan's army of 60,000 (Agathias): asawaran cavalry, levy infantry (paygan), Daylamite auxiliaries fighting on foot with sword, shield and javelins, and war elephants.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Agathias names Persian cavalry, levies and Daylamite auxiliaries; no non-Iranian units are named.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "20,000 or fewer", "strength_b": "60,000 (Agathias)", "losses_a": "no more than 200 (Agathias)", "losses_b": "at least 10,000 soldiers (mostly levies) and about 2,000 servants (Agathias)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Roman sortie routed the besiegers and Nachoragan raised the siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Agathias 3.19-28; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Phasis", "note": "Wikipedia gives spring/July 555 to 556 for the operations around Phasis.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 477, "key": "560-gol-zarriun", "name": "Gol-Zarriun", "label": "Gol-Zarriun", "year": 560, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 557-563 (Wikipedia: c. 563; others 557 or 560)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hephthalite-Sasanian Wars (destruction of the Hephthalites)", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Gol-Zarriun, near Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Gokturks", "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Gokturks v Hephthalites", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Gokturks, Sasanian Empire", "faction_b": "Hephthalites", "commanders_a": "Istami (Sinjibu); Khosrow I", "commanders_b": "Ghadfar (Ghatifar)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Hephthalites", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Unknown: Khosrow I attacked the Hephthalites from the south in concert with the Turks; whether Persian troops fought at Gol-Zarriun itself is not recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "If present, the Persian force was a Sasanian field army raised in Iran; no units are recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Hephthalites were routed near Bukhara and Ghadfar fled south into Persian territory.", "borderline": "the Persian presence at the battle itself is uncertain; the Turks fought it and Khosrow may have campaigned separately", "doubt": "Borderline: the Persian presence at the battle itself is uncertain; the Turks fought it and Khosrow may have campaigned separately.", "sources": "Tabari; Firdawsi, Shahnameh; Bivar, 'Hephthalites', Encyclopaedia Iranica; Rezakhani, ReOrienting the Sasanians (2017); en.wikipedia Battle of Gol-Zarriun", "note": "The Turks took the lands north of the Oxus and the Sasanians those to the south.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 478, "key": "570-hadhramaut", "name": "Hadhramaut", "label": "Hadhramaut", "year": 570, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 570 (some date the expedition to 575)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Aksumite-Persian wars", "theatre": "Yemen", "place": "Hadhramaut (near the Persian landing place; site unknown), Yemen", "lat": 15.5, "lon": 48.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Yemen", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Aksum" ], "allies_a": [ "Himyar" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Wahrez (Vahriz); Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan", "commanders_b": "Masruq ibn Abraha (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Aksum", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Wahrez's expedition: 800 men taken from the prisons, said to be Daylamites (Tabari; Ibn Qutayba gives 3,600 or 7,500), sailing in eight ships of which two were lost, joined by Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan's Yemeni followers.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Arabic sources call Wahrez's men Persian and Daylamite convicts; Sayf's Yemeni (South Arabian) followers joined them in unknown numbers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "800 (Tabari) or 3,600-7,500 (Ibn Qutayba)", "strength_b": "unknown (6,000-10,000 in Wikipedia's infobox, attribution unclear)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Masruq killed; heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Wahrez killed Masruq with an arrow and the Aksumite army broke and fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tabari (tr. Bosworth, vol. 5); Ibn Ishaq/Ibn Hisham; Bosworth, 'Abna', Encyclopaedia Iranica; Potts, 'Arabia ii', Encyclopaedia Iranica; en.wikipedia Battle of Hadhramaut; en.wikipedia Aksumite-Persian wars", "note": "Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan was a Himyarite prince; 'Himyar' stands for his Yemeni followers. The details (the convicts, Wahrez's arrow) come from the Arab tradition, but the Persian conquest of Yemen is historical.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 479, "key": "570-sanaa-siege-570", "name": "Sanaa (siege, 570)", "label": "Sanaa (siege, 570)", "year": 570, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 570", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Aksumite-Persian wars", "theatre": "Yemen", "place": "Sanaa, Yemen", "lat": 15.35, "lon": 44.21, "loc": "known", "country": "Yemen", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Aksum" ], "allies_a": [ "Himyar" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Wahrez (Vahriz); Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan", "commanders_b": "the Aksumite garrison (commander not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Aksum", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Wahrez's expeditionary force (about 700 by Wikipedia's infobox), mostly Daylamite and Persian, with Sayf's Yemenis.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The same Persian-Daylamite expeditionary force as at Hadhramaut, with Yemeni allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 700", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sanaa fell to Wahrez, who installed Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan as a Persian vassal king.", "borderline": "the tradition has Wahrez enter Sanaa soon after the field victory; the scale of the fighting at the city is unclear", "doubt": "Borderline: the tradition has Wahrez enter Sanaa soon after the field victory; the scale of the fighting at the city is unclear.", "sources": "Tabari (tr. Bosworth, vol. 5); Ibn Hisham; Zakeri, Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society (1995); en.wikipedia Siege of Sanaa (570)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 480, "key": "572-dvin", "name": "Dvin", "label": "Dvin", "year": 572, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "572", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Dvin, Armenia", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vardan Mamikonian (Red Vardan) with a Roman force", "commanders_b": "the Persian garrison (the marzban Suren had been killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Dvin and the marzban's troops; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian garrison troops of the marzban of Armenia.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Armenian rebels, with Roman help, took Dvin from its Persian garrison; it had changed hands once before during 572.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "John of Ephesus, Church History book 2; Sebeos; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "note": "Vardan's rising killed the marzban Suren and took Dvin in early 572; the Persians retook it and an Armenian-Roman force recaptured it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 481, "key": "573-dara-siege-573", "name": "Dara (siege, 573)", "label": "Dara (siege, 573)", "year": 573, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "573 (four months; fell in November)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Dara (Oguz), Turkey", "lat": 37.17, "lon": 40.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow I; Izadgushnasp, Fariburz, Bahram Chobin (cavalry)", "commanders_b": "John son of Timostratus; Sergius (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal army of 23,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry (John of Ephesus), using the siege engines the Romans had left at Nisibis.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the royal army of the Persian and Parthian nobility (Bahram Chobin of the Mihran house led the cavalry); no foreign units are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "23,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry (John of Ephesus)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "city sacked; many deported", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Dara fell to Khosrow's assault after a four-month siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Evagrius book 5; John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Theophylact book 3; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Dara (573)", "note": "The loss of Dara is said to have driven Justin II mad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 482, "key": "573-nisibis-siege-573", "name": "Nisibis (siege, 573)", "label": "Nisibis (siege, 573)", "year": 573, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring-summer 573", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.21, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison (Bahram Gushnasp in Wikipedia); Khosrow I (relief army)", "commanders_b": "Marcian, then Acacius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Nisibis garrison and Khosrow I's relief army coming up the Khabur; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "siege engines abandoned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans abandoned the siege in disorder on the approach of Khosrow's army, after Marcian's dismissal; Nisibis held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Evagrius book 5; John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Theophylact book 3; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Siege of Nisibis (573)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 483, "key": "573-sargathon", "name": "Sargathon", "label": "Sargathon", "year": 573, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 573", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Sargathon, near Nisibis, Turkey", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 41.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marcian", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian frontier force; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Marcian defeated a Persian force near Nisibis and went on to besiege the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "John of Biclaro, Chronicle a. 573; Theophanes; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 484, "key": "576-melitene-576", "name": "Melitene (576)", "label": "Melitene (576)", "year": 576, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "576 (some date it to 575)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Anatolia (Euphrates)", "place": "near Melitene (Malatya), Turkey", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 38.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Justinian (son of Germanus), Kours", "commanders_b": "Khosrow I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow I's royal army with 24 elephants; cavalry in two lines with the infantry and camp behind (Syvanne's estimate: up to 40,000 cavalry and about 50,000 infantry).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of the Sasanian royal army; the sources name no foreign contingents.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 50,000 (estimate)", "strength_b": "70,000-90,000 with 24 elephants (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, many drowned in the Euphrates (Syvanne estimates 35,000-45,000)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kours' division plundered the Persian camp and Khosrow withdrew across the Euphrates by night, losing many men in the crossing.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Evagrius book 5; Theophylact book 3; John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Melitene (576)", "note": "Before the battle Khosrow had burned Sebasteia and failed before Theodosiopolis and Caesarea without real fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 485, "key": "577-bagrevand", "name": "Bagrevand", "label": "Bagrevand", "year": 577, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "577", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Bagrevand (the Eleskirt plain), Turkey", "lat": 39.8, "lon": 42.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tamkhusrau", "commanders_b": "Justinian (son of Germanus)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tamkhusrau's 30,000, including elite cavalry, joined by 20,000 Persarmenians (Wikipedia, after Syvanne).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "About 30,000 Persians and 20,000 Persarmenians by the modern reconstruction, so roughly three fifths Iranian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 50,000 (30,000 plus 20,000 Persarmenians)", "strength_b": "about 50,000 including servants", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "moderate to heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tamkhusrau's army surprised and routed Justinian's army in its camp in Bagrevand.", "borderline": "named and detailed mainly in Syvanne's reconstruction; the older literature records only a Persian victory over Justinian in Armenia in 577", "doubt": "Borderline: named and detailed mainly in Syvanne's reconstruction; the older literature records only a Persian victory over Justinian in Armenia in 577.", "sources": "John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Sebeos; Syvanne, Military History of Late Rome 565-602 (2022); Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Tamkhusrau's Armenian Campaign (577)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 486, "key": "577-bolorophak", "name": "Bolorophak", "label": "Bolorophak", "year": 577, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "577", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Bolorophak, Armenia (site unknown), probably Turkey", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 43.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tamkhusrau", "commanders_b": "the Roman force left in Armenia by Justinian", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tamkhusrau's army of Persians and Persarmenians (as at Bagrevand).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The same army as at Bagrevand, Persians with Persarmenian troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tamkhusrau defeated the Roman force Justinian had left behind in Armenia.", "borderline": "known as a named battle only from Syvanne's reconstruction; the site is unidentified", "doubt": "Borderline: known as a named battle only from Syvanne's reconstruction; the site is unidentified.", "sources": "Syvanne, Military History of Late Rome 565-602 (2022); en.wikipedia Tamkhusrau's Armenian Campaign (577)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 487, "key": "577-constantina-siege-577", "name": "Constantina (siege, 577)", "label": "Constantina (siege, 577)", "year": 577, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "577", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Constantina (Viransehir), Turkey", "lat": 37.23, "lon": 39.76, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison; Justinian's relief army", "commanders_b": "Adarmahan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Adarmahan's raiding army in Osrhoene; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Adarmahan raised the siege when Justinian's relief army approached.", "borderline": "known as a siege only from Syvanne's reconstruction", "doubt": "Borderline: known as a siege only from Syvanne's reconstruction.", "sources": "Syvanne, Military History of Late Rome 565-602 (2022); en.wikipedia Tamkhusrau's Armenian Campaign (577); en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 488, "key": "578-amida-siege-578", "name": "Amida (siege, 578)", "label": "Amida (siege, 578)", "year": 578, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 578", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Amida (Diyarbakir), Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison of Amida", "commanders_b": "Tamkhusrau", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tamkhusrau's raiding army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Three days of Persian assaults failed and Tamkhusrau withdrew with his plunder to Arzanene.", "borderline": "a short siege known in detail mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction", "doubt": "Borderline: a short siege known in detail mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction.", "sources": "Menander Protector; Syvanne (2022); en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 489, "key": "578-aphumon-siege-578", "name": "Aphumon (siege, 578)", "label": "Aphumon (siege, 578)", "year": 578, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "578", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Arzanene)", "place": "Aphumon, a fortress in Arzanene, Turkey", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 41.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maurice", "commanders_b": "the Persian garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Aphumon; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Persian frontier garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison captured; some 10,000 captives from Arzanene deported to Cyprus (Evagrius)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell to Maurice's siege engines.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 3; Evagrius book 5; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 490, "key": "578-arzun-siege-578", "name": "Arzun (siege, 578)", "label": "Arzun (siege, 578)", "year": 578, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "578", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Arzanene)", "place": "Arzun (Arzan), Arzanene, Turkey", "lat": 37.97, "lon": 41.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison; Bishop Binganes", "commanders_b": "Maurice", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison and townspeople; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian garrison helped by the Christian (largely Syriac-speaking) townspeople under their bishop.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After several failed assaults Maurice accepted a large ransom from the townspeople to spare Arzun and raise the siege, so the siege ended by payment with the town untaken: a draw.", "borderline": "a short siege known in detail mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction", "doubt": "Borderline: a short siege known in detail mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction.", "sources": "John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Syvanne (2022); en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "Wikipedia scores it a Roman success because of the ransom; under the siege test the defenders won, as for Dara 540 and Edessa 544.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 491, "key": "578-singara-siege-578", "name": "Singara (siege, 578)", "label": "Singara (siege, 578)", "year": 578, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "578", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Singara (Sinjar), Iraq", "lat": 36.32, "lon": 41.86, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maurice", "commanders_b": "the garrison left by Mahbod", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison left by Mahbod, whose field army of 12,000 Persians and 8,000 Sabir Huns had withdrawn.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Persian garrison; Mahbod's Sabir allies were not in the town.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "town taken and razed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Maurice took Singara by siege and destroyed it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Menander Protector; Theophylact book 3; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Sack of Singara (578)", "note": "Wikipedia's title is 'Sack of Singara (578)'; Menander describes circumvallation, mining and artillery.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 492, "key": "579-vanand", "name": "Vanand", "label": "Vanand", "year": 579, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "579", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Vanand (the Kars region), Turkey", "lat": 40.6, "lon": 43.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kours", "commanders_b": "Varaz Vzur (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian army in Armenia, 'supposedly' about 50,000 (John of Ephesus); no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian field troops in Armenia with Persarmenian levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 50,000 (John of Ephesus, doubtful)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the army; commander captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Roman night attack destroyed most of the Persian army and captured its commander and his son.", "borderline": "known as a named battle mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction", "doubt": "Borderline: known as a named battle mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction.", "sources": "John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Syvanne (2022); en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 493, "key": "580-anatha-siege-580", "name": "Anatha (siege, 580)", "label": "Anatha (siege, 580)", "year": 580, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "580", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Mesopotamia (Euphrates)", "place": "Anatha (Anah), on the Euphrates, Iraq", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 41.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ghassanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rome" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian garrison", "commanders_b": "al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith (Alamoundaros)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Ghassanids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Anatha, using artillery; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Persian frontier garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy artillery casualties", "losses_b": "heavy artillery casualties", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The besiegers lifted the siege on news of Adarmahan's invasion of Osrhoene; the fortress held.", "borderline": "known mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction; Wikipedia calls it inconclusive", "doubt": "Borderline: known mainly from Syvanne's reconstruction; Wikipedia calls it inconclusive.", "sources": "John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Syvanne (2022); en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "Part of Maurice and al-Mundhir's Euphrates campaign of 580; whether Roman regulars were at Anatha is unclear.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 494, "key": "580-callinicum-580", "name": "Callinicum (580)", "label": "Callinicum (580)", "year": 580, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "580 (581 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Syria (Euphrates)", "place": "near Callinicum (Raqqa), Syria", "lat": 35.95, "lon": 39.01, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ghassanids" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith (Alamoundaros)", "commanders_b": "Adarmahan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Ghassanids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Adarmahan's raiding army in Osrhoene; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Adarmahan's army was driven back into its camp and slipped away by night, leaving the field to al-Mundhir.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Shahid, Constantinople and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (1995); Syvanne (2022); en.wikipedia Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578-581)", "note": "A Sunday truce followed the Saturday battle; Battles of the Romans does not list it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 495, "key": "582-nymphius", "name": "Nymphius", "label": "Nymphius", "year": 582, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 582", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Arzanene)", "place": "on the river Nymphius (Batman Su), near Martyropolis, Turkey", "lat": 38.1, "lon": 41.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kardarigan", "commanders_b": "John Mystacon, Kours", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Kardarigan's army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kardarigan defeated John Mystacon's army when Kours' wing failed to engage, and the Romans fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 1; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 496, "key": "582-constantina-582", "name": "Constantina (582)", "label": "Constantina (582)", "year": 582, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 582 (581 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Constantina (Viransehir), Turkey", "lat": 37.23, "lon": 39.76, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maurice", "commanders_b": "Tamkhusrau (killed), Adarmahan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The combined armies of Tamkhusrau and Adarmahan, perhaps more than 50,000 with elite cavalry (modern estimate).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies; the sources name no foreign contingents.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "slightly fewer than the Persians", "strength_b": "more than 50,000 (estimate)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "many thousands; four generals including Tamkhusrau", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Maurice's army defeated the Persians, killing Tamkhusrau and three other generals; Adarmahan's men withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Evagrius book 5; John of Ephesus, Church History book 6; Menander Protector; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Constantina", "note": "Wikipedia gives June 581 or 582.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 497, "key": "586-chlomaron-siege", "name": "Chlomaron (siege)", "label": "Chlomaron (siege)", "year": 586, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 586", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Arzanene)", "place": "Chlomaron, a fortress in Arzanene, Turkey", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 41.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison; Kardarigan (relief army)", "commanders_b": "Philippicus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of Chlomaron and Kardarigan's rebuilt army, reinforced with levies; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Philippicus abandoned the siege in panic when Kardarigan's relief army approached and fell back to Aphumon.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 2; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Solachon", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 498, "key": "586-solachon", "name": "Solachon", "label": "Solachon", "year": 586, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 586", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "the plain of Solachon, south of Dara near the Arzamon river, Turkey", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 40.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philippicus; Heraclius the Elder, Vitalius, Eiliphredas", "commanders_b": "Kardarigan, Mebodes, Aphraates", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Kardarigan's all-cavalry army of lancers and horse archers in three divisions (Theophylact book 2).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "An asawaran cavalry army; Theophylact names no foreign contingents.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Wikipedia: about 6,000, doubtful)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, many died of thirst; up to 1,000 more to Roman patrols", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Roman centre broke the Persian line and the Persians fled; many died of thirst in the retreat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 2; Theophanes; Whitby, The Emperor Maurice (1988); Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Solachon", "note": "The Roman army included Hunnic horse archers and Arab foederati (Battles of the Romans lists Huns and Christian Arabs as allies).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 499, "key": "588-avaze-siege", "name": "Avaze (siege)", "label": "Avaze (siege)", "year": 588, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "588 or 589", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Perso-Turkic War (588-589)", "theatre": "Khorasan and Transoxiana", "place": "the fortress of Avaze (Awaza), site unknown (Khorasan or Transoxiana)", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 63.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Gokturks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahram Chobin", "commanders_b": "Yil-Tegin (Parmuda or Birmudha), son of the khagan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Gokturks", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "Bahram Chobin's picked army of the previous battle (Persian cavalry, Daylamite infantry).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The same army as at the Hyrcanian Rock.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison surrendered", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The besieged Turks surrendered and the khagan's son was taken prisoner and sent to Ctesiphon.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Told only in the Perso-Arabic tradition (Tabari, Dinawari, Balami, the Shahnameh), which follows a romance of Bahram Chobin; the place is unidentified and modern historians accept only the general course of the war.", "sources": "Tabari; Dinawari; Shahbazi, 'Bahram VI Chobin', Encyclopaedia Iranica; en.wikipedia Perso-Turkic war of 588-589", "note": "Bahram then retook Balkh and Herat and crossed the Oxus to Paykand in 589 (fights without names in the sources).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 500, "key": "588-martyropolis-588", "name": "Martyropolis (588)", "label": "Martyropolis (588)", "year": 588, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 588", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Martyropolis (Silvan), Turkey", "lat": 38.14, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Germanus (leader of the mutinous eastern army)", "commanders_b": "Maruzas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Maruzas' army; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Germanus had raised about 4,000 for a raid)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 3,000 captured; only about 1,000 reached Nisibis (Theophylact)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Germanus routed the Persian army and killed Maruzas, whose head and standards were sent to Maurice.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 3; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Martyropolis (588)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 501, "key": "588-tsalkajur", "name": "Tsalkajur", "label": "Tsalkajur", "year": 588, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "588", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Tsalkajur, Armenia (site uncertain), Turkey", "lat": 39.5, "lon": 43.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not recorded", "commanders_b": "not recorded", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Persian forces in Armenia; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian field troops in Armenia, probably with Persarmenian levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians defeated the Roman force in Armenia (Wikipedia lists it as a Roman defeat; no details survive).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 502, "key": "588-hyrcanian-rock", "name": "Hyrcanian Rock", "label": "Hyrcanian Rock", "year": 588, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 588", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Perso-Turkic War (588-589)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "eastern Khorasan, near Herat (site uncertain), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Gokturks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahram Chobin", "commanders_b": "Bagha Qaghan ('Shaba' in the Persian tradition; killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Gokturks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Bahram's 12,000 picked veterans: infantry in the centre (Daylamites), cavalry behind, war elephants on the flanks and a band of 100 champions (Tabari, Dinawari).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A picked Persian army under Bahram of the Parthian Mihran house, with Daylamite infantry (Tabari, Dinawari; Shahbazi).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "12,000 (Tabari)", "strength_b": "very large (the Persian tradition gives 300,000, an epic figure)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the khagan killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bahram's ambush broke the Turkic and Hephthalite army and killed its khagan; his son escaped.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 3; Sebeos; Tabari; Dinawari; Shahbazi, 'Bahram VI Chobin', Encyclopaedia Iranica; Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 463; en.wikipedia Bahram Chobin; en.wikipedia Perso-Turkic war of 588-589", "note": "Also called the battle of Herat (588). The details of the battle come from the Perso-Arabic tradition, which draws on a romance of Bahram Chobin; the victory itself is confirmed by Theophylact and Sebeos.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Parthians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Bahram Chobin of the Parthian house of Mihran led a picked Persian army with Daylamite infantry against the Gokturks.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 503, "key": "589-araxes-589", "name": "Araxes (589)", "label": "Araxes (589)", "year": 589, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 589", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "on the Araxes, in Caucasian Albania, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.8, "lon": 46.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Romanus", "commanders_b": "Bahram Chobin", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Bahram Chobin's army of more than 20,000 in three divisions, mostly cavalry, the veterans of his Turkic war (Theophylact book 3).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Bahram's eastern army of Persian cavalry, probably with the Daylamites of his Turkic war.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "more than 20,000", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "the vanguard annihilated; thousands killed in the pursuit", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian vanguard was destroyed and the army broke; the Romans pursued and stripped the dead, though Bahram escaped with much of his cavalry.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 3; Whitby, The Emperor Maurice (1988); Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of the Araxes (589)", "note": "Hormizd IV used the defeat to disgrace Bahram, who then rebelled.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 504, "key": "589-martyropolis-siege-589", "name": "Martyropolis (siege, 589)", "label": "Martyropolis (siege, 589)", "year": 589, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "589-590", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Martyropolis (Silvan), Turkey", "lat": 38.14, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian garrison; Mebodes and Aphraates (relief)", "commanders_b": "Philippicus, then Comentiolus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison, reinforced by Mebodes and Aphraates, who beat the besiegers in the field (Theophylact book 3).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies and garrisons.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Romans failed to retake Martyropolis, betrayed to the Persians in 589, and the Persians held it until Khosrow II handed it back in 591.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 3; Evagrius book 6; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "note": "The town had been betrayed to the Persians by the Roman officer Sittas.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 505, "key": "589-sisauranon-589", "name": "Sisauranon (589)", "label": "Sisauranon (589)", "year": 589, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 589", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Sasanian War of 572-591", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Sisauranon (Sisarbanon), east of Nisibis, Turkey", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 41.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Comentiolus, Heraclius the Elder", "commanders_b": "Farhad (Phraates, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Farhad's army, combining the Nisibis garrison with units withdrawn from Armenia; no composition recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the normal make-up of Sasanian field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (large)", "strength_b": "unknown (similar)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "very heavy; Farhad and other commanders killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian army was routed with heavy loss and its leadership killed; the survivors fled to Nisibis.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Evagrius book 6; Theophylact book 3; Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier II; en.wikipedia Battle of Sisauranon (589)", "note": "The Roman victory let Comentiolus take Akbas.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 506, "key": "590-nahrawan-canal", "name": "Nahrawan Canal", "label": "Nahrawan Canal", "year": 590, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 590 (February or March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian civil war of 589-591", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "the Nahrawan canal, near Ctesiphon, Iraq", "lat": 33.2, "lon": 44.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Bahram Chobin" ], "side_b": [ "Khosrow II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bahram Chobin", "faction_b": "Khosrow II", "commanders_a": "Bahram Chobin", "commanders_b": "Khosrow II; his uncles Vistahm and Vinduyih", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Bahram Chobin's veteran army of the eastern and northern fronts against Khosrow II's much smaller following of court troops and nobles.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Sasanian forces led by Persian and Parthian nobles; no foreign contingents are recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (much larger)", "strength_b": "unknown (heavily outnumbered)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Khosrow fled with about 30 nobles", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khosrow's outnumbered men held out in several clashes but then broke, and Khosrow fled to Roman territory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact book 4; Tabari; Dinawari; Shahbazi, 'Bahram VI Chobin', Encyclopaedia Iranica; en.wikipedia Sasanian civil war of 589-591; en.wikipedia Bahram Chobin", "note": "Bahram then took Ctesiphon and was crowned in summer 590. His earlier defeat of Hormizd IV's general Sarames (589/590) has no place name in the sources and is not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 507, "key": "591-blarathon", "name": "Blarathon", "label": "Blarathon", "year": 591, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 591", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Bahram Chobin (Sasanian civil war of 589-591)", "theatre": "Atropatene", "place": "on the Blarathon river near Ganzak, Atropatene (near Takab), Iran", "lat": 37.01, "lon": 46.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Khosrow II" ], "side_b": [ "Bahram Chobin" ], "allies_a": [ "Rome", "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khosrow II", "faction_b": "Bahram Chobin", "commanders_a": "Khosrow II, Bindoe, Vistahm; Roman generals Narses and John Mystacon; Mushegh II Mamikonian", "commanders_b": "Bahram Chobin", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Khosrow II's side: about 8,000 Persian loyalists under his uncles Bindoe and Vistahm, with about 40,000 Romans and 12,000 Armenian cavalry as allies; Bahram's side: his veteran Sasanian field army from the Turkish war and the troops who had followed him from Ctesiphon.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both Persian factions were Sasanian troops (Bahram was a Mihranid Parthian dynast); the Roman and Armenian allies of Khosrow, who formed most of his army, are not counted here.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 60,000 (40,000 Romans, 12,000 Armenians, 8,000 Persians)", "strength_b": "smaller, not recorded", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; many deserted", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bahram Chobin's army broke and he fled the field to the Turks, leaving Khosrow II and his Roman allies in possession.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophylact Simocatta 5.9-11; Sebeos 11; en.wikipedia Battle of Blarathon", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans as a Roman victory with Khosrow's loyalists as allies. Most of the winning army was Roman.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 508, "key": "603-constantina", "name": "Constantina", "label": "Constantina", "year": 603, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "603", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Constantina (Viransehir) or Dara, Turkey", "lat": 37.23, "lon": 39.76, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow II", "commanders_b": "Germanus (mortally wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow II's royal army, raised in 603 to avenge Maurice and support the rebel Narses at Edessa; asawaran heavy cavalry with infantry levies (normal Sasanian field army; the sources give no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A royal field army led by the king, drawn from the Iranian nobility and levies of the empire.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khosrow II's army defeated Phocas' general Germanus, who was mortally wounded, and the Romans withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6095; Chronicle of 1234; Greatrex and Lieu 2002, 183-184", "note": "Site uncertain (near Constantina, or near Dara). Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 509, "key": "603-dara-siege", "name": "Dara (siege)", "label": "Dara (siege)", "year": 603, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "603 - 604 (about nine months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Dara (Oguz), Turkey", "lat": 37.17, "lon": 40.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow II", "commanders_b": "the garrison of Dara", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow II's royal army with siege engineers and mining parties (normal Sasanian field army; no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The king's own field army, recruited from the Iranian aristocracy and levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dara fell to the Persians after a siege of about nine months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6096; Chronicle of Khuzistan; Greatrex and Lieu 2002, 184-185", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans. Some modern accounts (and en.wikipedia's war article) date the fall of Dara to 605.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 510, "key": "604-arxamoun", "name": "Arxamoun", "label": "Arxamoun", "year": 604, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "604 (late 604 or early 605)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "on the Arzamon river (Zergan Su), between Dara and Edessa, Turkey", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 40.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow II, Zongoes; the pretender 'Theodosius'", "commanders_b": "Leontius", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow II's royal army with war elephants, infantry between the elephants and asawaran cavalry; about 45,000 (modern estimate by Syvanne).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The king's field army; the elephant corps was normally crewed by Indian mahouts.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 45,000 with elephants (modern estimate)", "strength_b": "about 50,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "moderate", "losses_b": "very heavy; prisoners executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "On the second day the Persian elephants and infantry broke Leontius' army, which fled and was pursued; the Persians held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6096; Chronicle of Khuzistan; Syvanne 2022; en.wikipedia Battle of Arzamon (605)", "note": "Wikipedia: 'Battle of Arzamon (605)'. Also in Battles of the Romans as Arxamoun, 604.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 511, "key": "604-elevard", "name": "Elevard", "label": "Elevard", "year": 604, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 604", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Persian invasion of Armenia)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Elevard (Yeghvard), near Yerevan, Armenia", "lat": 40.32, "lon": 44.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Roman army in Armenia (Germanus according to en.wikipedia)", "commanders_b": "Dzuan Veh (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Dzuan Veh's Persian army sent into Armenia, with pro-Persian Armenian nobles (Sebeos; no numbers).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army; Sasanian armies in Armenia normally also had Persarmenian noble contingents.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian army was routed and its general Dzuan Veh killed; the Romans held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 33; Greatrex and Lieu 2002, 186; Decker 2022, 210; en.wikipedia Battle of Elevard", "note": "Wikipedia names the Roman commander Germanus; other accounts say only that the Roman army in Armenia won. Identification of Elevard with Yeghvard is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 512, "key": "605-erginay", "name": "Erginay", "label": "Erginay", "year": 605, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "605 (604 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Persian invasion of Armenia)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Sirakawan and the fort of Erginay, near Getik, Shirak, Armenia", "lat": 40.75, "lon": 43.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Datoyean", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Datoyean's large Persian army sent to Armenia after the defeat at Elevard (Sebeos; no numbers or breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army; Persarmenian nobles fought on both sides in these campaigns.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "larger than the Roman force", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Datoyean broke the Roman line, plundered the camp and stormed the fort of Erginay.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 33; Howard-Johnston 2021; Syvanne 2022; en.wikipedia Battle of Erginay (605)", "note": "Site of Erginay not securely identified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 513, "key": "609-dhi-qar", "name": "Dhi Qar", "label": "Dhi Qar", "year": 609, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 609 (between 604 and 611; Muslim tradition gives 602-624)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian-Arab wars", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Dhu Qar, between Kufa and Wasit, Iraq", "lat": 31.9, "lon": 45.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hani ibn Mas'ud, Hanzala ibn Tha'laba and other Bakr chiefs", "commanders_b": "Hamarz al-Tustari (killed), Khunubazin (Jalabzin, killed), Iyas ibn Qabisa al-Ta'i, al-Nu'man ibn Zur'a (killed), Khalid ibn Yazid (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imperial Persian cavalry units (about 2,000 in the Arabic tradition) with about 3,000 Arab auxiliaries of Tayy, Taghlib and Iyad under Iyas ibn Qabisa.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Arabic accounts give about 2,000 Persians and 3,000 Arab auxiliaries; the figures are uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 5,000 (Arabic tradition)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Bakr ibn Wa'il coalition routed the Persian force and its Arab auxiliaries, killing its commanders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari i.1015-1037; Abu Ubayda in the Kitab al-Aghani; en.wikipedia Battle of Dhu Qar", "note": "Persian sources do not mention it; some historians think it was little more than a skirmish. Bakr ibn Wa'il led the winners; Arab tribes fought on both sides.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 514, "key": "610-edessa-siege-610", "name": "Edessa (siege, 610)", "label": "Edessa (siege, 610)", "year": 610, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "609 or 610", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz (according to some accounts)", "commanders_b": "the garrison of Edessa", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian army operating in Mesopotamia after the fall of Mardin and Amida (normal Sasanian field army; no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian field army of the western front; no source names its units.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Edessa fell to the Persians.", "borderline": "the course of the siege is not described; it may have ended in a surrender", "doubt": "Borderline: the course of the siege is not described; it may have ended in a surrender.", "sources": "Chronicle of 1234; Theophanes AM 6101; en.wikipedia (article on the war of 602-628); Siege of Edessa (disambiguation, 610)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 515, "key": "611-caesarea-siege", "name": "Caesarea (siege)", "label": "Caesarea (siege)", "year": 611, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "611 - summer 612 (about one year)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), Turkey", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 35.49, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahin", "commanders_b": "Priscus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahin's army that had taken Caesarea in 611 (Sasanian cavalry and infantry; no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "One of the two main Sasanian field armies of the western front, recruited in Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a year's blockade the besieged Persians broke out and abandoned Caesarea, burning it, and the Romans reoccupied the city: the place was lost by its holders, as at Sestos in 479 BC.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6103; Nicephorus 2; Kaegi 2003, 68-69; en.wikipedia Siege of Caesarea (611-612)", "note": "Here the Persians were the besieged. The result is contested: Battles of the Romans scores it a Persian success, because Shahin escaped with his army, and Wikipedia calls it indecisive. By this set's siege rule the holders gave up the city and the besiegers retook it (as at Sestos in 479 BC), so it is a Roman win.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 516, "key": "613-adhri-at", "name": "Adhri'at", "label": "Adhri'at", "year": 613, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "613", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Adhri'at (Daraa), Syria", "lat": 32.62, "lon": 36.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz", "commanders_b": "Nicetas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army in southern Syria (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nicetas' Roman army was defeated by the Persians at Adhri'at.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 34; Qur'an 30.2-3 (traditionally linked); Kaegi 2003, 78; en.wikipedia (article on the war of 602-628)", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans. Often identified with the defeat 'in the nearest land' of Qur'an 30.2-3.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 517, "key": "613-antioch", "name": "Antioch", "label": "Antioch", "year": 613, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "613", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "outside Antioch (Antakya), Turkey", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz, Shahin", "commanders_b": "Heraclius, Theodore, Nicetas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The combined armies of Shahrbaraz and Shahin, about 40,000: asawaran heavy cavalry, archers and infantry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The two main Sasanian field armies of the west, led by Persian spahbeds; no source names foreign contingents.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 40,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After an initial Roman success the Persians defeated Heraclius' army, which retreated, leaving Antioch to them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 34; Theophanes AM 6104; Kaegi 2003, 75-77; en.wikipedia Battle of Antioch (613)", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 518, "key": "613-cilician-gates", "name": "Cilician Gates (613)", "label": "Cilician Gates (613)", "year": 613, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "613, after the battle of Antioch", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "the Cilician Gates (Gulek pass) in the Taurus, Turkey", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 34.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz or Shahin", "commanders_b": "Heraclius, Theodore", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian army pursuing Heraclius after Antioch (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Part of the Sasanian western field army of 613.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After early success the Roman force was defeated at the pass and the Persians went on to take Tarsus and Cilicia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 34; Kaegi 2003, 77-78; en.wikipedia (article on the war of 602-628)", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 519, "key": "613-damascus-siege-613", "name": "Damascus (siege, 613)", "label": "Damascus (siege, 613)", "year": 613, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "613", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.51, "lon": 36.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army after its victory at Antioch (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army under a Persian spahbed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Damascus fell to Shahrbaraz, who took many prisoners.", "borderline": "a capture; the fighting is not described and the city may have fallen quickly", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture; the fighting is not described and the city may have fallen quickly.", "sources": "Sebeos 34; Chronicle of 1234; en.wikipedia Shahrbaraz", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 520, "key": "613-emesa", "name": "Emesa (613)", "label": "Emesa (613)", "year": 613, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "613", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "near Emesa (Homs), Syria", "lat": 34.73, "lon": 36.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nicetas", "commanders_b": "Shahrbaraz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army in Syria (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy (about 20,000 dead on both sides)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nicetas won a small victory near Emesa; both sides lost heavily (about 20,000 dead in all).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 34; en.wikipedia (article on the war of 602-628)", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 521, "key": "614-caesarea-maritima-siege", "name": "Caesarea Maritima (siege)", "label": "Caesarea Maritima (siege)", "year": 614, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "614", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Palestine", "place": "Caesarea Maritima (Qesarya), Israel", "lat": 32.5, "lon": 34.89, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army, joined in Galilee by Jewish rebels (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army; Jewish auxiliaries joined it in Palestine.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Caesarea, the capital of Palaestina Prima, fell to Shahrbaraz.", "borderline": "fighting not described; the city may have capitulated (destruction was slight)", "doubt": "Borderline: fighting not described; the city may have capitulated (destruction was slight).", "sources": "Antiochus Strategos; en.wikipedia Siege of Caesarea Maritima (614)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 522, "key": "614-tus-614", "name": "Tus (614)", "label": "Tus (614)", "year": 614, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "614", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hephthalite-Gokturk raids of 614-616", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near the fort of Tus (near Mashhad), Iran", "lat": 36.49, "lon": 59.51, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire v Hephthalites", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sasanian Empire", "faction_b": "Hephthalites", "commanders_a": "Smbat Bagratuni (marzban of Hyrcania and Khorasan)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Hephthalites", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Sasanian forces of the eastern frontier under the Armenian marzban Smbat Bagratuni, including his Armenian retainers (Sebeos).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The eastern frontier army was raised in Khorasan; Sebeos stresses Smbat's Armenian cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a large force", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Hephthalite raiders were defeated near Tus and called on the Gokturk khagan for help.", "borderline": "no conventional name; known from Sebeos only", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; known from Sebeos only.", "sources": "Sebeos 28; Pourshariati 2008, 139; en.wikipedia Hephthalite-Gokturk raids of 614-616", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 523, "key": "614-jerusalem-siege", "name": "Jerusalem (siege)", "label": "Jerusalem (siege)", "year": 614, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April - May 614 (about three weeks)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Palestine", "place": "Jerusalem, Israel & Palestine", "lat": 31.78, "lon": 35.23, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [ "Jews" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz; Jewish leaders Nehemiah ben Hushiel and Benjamin of Tiberias", "commanders_b": "Patriarch Zacharias (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's Sasanian army with siege engines, joined by Jewish rebels from Galilee (20,000-26,000 according to later chroniclers).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army with Jewish auxiliaries; the Jewish figures are probably inflated and the Persian strength is not given, so the share is uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown; Jewish rebels 20,000-26,000 (chroniclers)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "17,000 (Sebeos) to over 60,000 killed; 35,000-37,000 deported", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The walls were breached after a siege of about three weeks and the city fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Antiochus Strategos; Sebeos 34; Chronicon Paschale; en.wikipedia Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem", "note": "The True Cross was carried off to Ctesiphon. Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 524, "key": "615-tus-siege-615", "name": "Tus (siege, 615)", "label": "Tus (siege, 615)", "year": 615, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 615 (between 614 and 616)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Hephthalite-Gokturk raids of 614-616", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "the fort of Tus (near Mashhad), Iran", "lat": 36.49, "lon": 59.51, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Gokturks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison of Tus", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Gokturks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A garrison of 300 men in the fort of Tus (Sebeos).", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local garrison in Khorasan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "300", "strength_b": "300,000 (Sebeos; impossible)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Gokturks overran Khorasan but could not breach the fort of Tus, held by 300 men.", "borderline": "no conventional name; known from Sebeos only", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; known from Sebeos only.", "sources": "Sebeos 28; en.wikipedia Hephthalite-Gokturk raids of 614-616", "note": "In the same campaign a Sasanian army under Datoyean was defeated in the field by the Gokturks, and Smbat Bagratuni later crushed the Hephthalites, killing their leader in single combat (616); these engagements have no place name and are not entered.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian garrison of Tus held the fort against the Gokturks.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 525, "key": "617-chalcedon-siege-617", "name": "Chalcedon (siege, 617)", "label": "Chalcedon (siege, 617)", "year": 617, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "617 (615 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Chalcedon (Kadikoy), across the Bosporus from Constantinople, Turkey", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 29.03, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahin", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Shahin's army in Anatolia (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "One of the two main Sasanian field armies of the west.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shahin took Chalcedon after investing it.", "borderline": "fighting not described; the date (615 or 617) and the capture itself are disputed", "doubt": "Borderline: fighting not described; the date (615 or 617) and the capture itself are disputed.", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6107; Chronicon Paschale; en.wikipedia (article on the war of 602-628)", "note": "In 615 Shahin reached Chalcedon and withdrew after negotiations (en.wikipedia Shahin's invasion of Asia Minor); the capture is placed in 617.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 526, "key": "618-alexandria-siege", "name": "Alexandria (siege)", "label": "Alexandria (siege)", "year": 618, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "618 - June 619", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Persian conquest of Egypt)", "theatre": "Egypt", "place": "Alexandria, Egypt", "lat": 31.2, "lon": 29.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz", "commanders_b": "Nicetas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army of the Egyptian expedition (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army under a Persian spahbed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Alexandria fell after about a year when a traitor showed the Persians an unused canal; Nicetas fled to Cyprus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Chronicle of Khuzistan; History of the Patriarchs; en.wikipedia Sasanian conquest of Egypt", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 527, "key": "n527", "name": "Liangzhou (An Xinggui's rising against Li Gui, 619)", "label": "Liangzhou", "year": 619, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 619 (the rising; Li Gui executed about July 619)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Tang conquest (Li Gui's Liang)", "theatre": "", "place": "Liangzhou (Guzang, now Wuwei), Gansu", "lat": 37.93, "lon": 102.64, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Tang" ], "side_b": [ "Liang" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tang", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "An Xinggui; An Xiuren", "commanders_b": "Li Gui", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "An Xinggui's rising drove Li Gui into Guzang, besieged him and captured him when the people came over; Li Gui was sent to Chang'an and executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Old Book of Tang, juan 55 (Li Gui); Zizhi Tongjian, juan 187; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Gui_(Liang_dynasty); Rong Xinjiang, Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang (2013), chapters on the Sogdians", "note": "A coup by local Hu chiefs on Tang instructions rather than a pitched battle; the An family became Tang magnates in Liangzhou. Limited fighting, thin sources; the Turkic or Xiongnu side of the 'Hu' following is not resolved.", "peoples": [ "Parthians", "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: the brothers An Xinggui and An Xiuren, Liangzhou chiefs with the surname An, are taken by modern scholars as Sogdian (An = Bukhara; Rong Xinjiang), though the Tang histories derive the family from 'Anxi' (Parthia), which is also Iranian; their following is called Hu (and Xiongnu in the English Wikipedia's reading).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 528, "key": "622-cappadocia", "name": "Cappadocia", "label": "Cappadocia", "year": 622, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 622 (August 622 in en.wikipedia's infobox)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Heraclius' first counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "somewhere in Cappadocia or Pontus (Mount Ophlimus, near Euchaita, in en.wikipedia), Turkey", "lat": 39.5, "lon": 36.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "Shahrbaraz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's field army returned from Egypt and Syria (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army under a Persian spahbed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Heraclius' feigned retreat drew the Persians out of cover and his Optimatoi routed them; the Persians withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "George of Pisidia, Expeditio Persica; Theophanes AM 6113; Kaegi 2003, 114-116; en.wikipedia Battle of Ophlimus", "note": "en.wikipedia calls it the Battle of Ophlimus; Battles of the Romans calls it Cappadocia. Heraclius' route is debated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 529, "key": "624-dvin-siege-624", "name": "Dvin (siege, 624)", "label": "Dvin (siege, 624)", "year": 624, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May or early June 624", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Heraclius' campaign of 624)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Dvin, Armenia", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of the Persian provincial capital of Armenia (no details in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian provincial garrison in an Armenian city; its make-up is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000-20,000 (modern estimate; 120,000 in Sebeos)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dvin, the capital of Persian Armenia, was taken and sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 38; Howard-Johnston 2021; en.wikipedia Sack of Dvin (624)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 530, "key": "624-ganzak", "name": "Ganzak", "label": "Ganzak", "year": 624, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "summer (June) 624", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Heraclius' campaign of 624)", "theatre": "Atropatene", "place": "Ganzak (near Leylan), Atropatene, Iran", "lat": 36.95, "lon": 46.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "Khosrow II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khosrow II's own army, about 40,000, with the royal guard (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The king's army in Atropatene, raised from the Iranian nobility and levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000-24,000", "strength_b": "about 40,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the army dispersed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Heraclius' Arab vanguard cut down Khosrow's guard, Khosrow fled south and his army dispersed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sebeos 38; Theophanes AM 6114; Kaegi 2003, 122-126; en.wikipedia Battle of Ganzak", "note": "Heraclius then destroyed the fire temple of Adur Gushnasp. Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 531, "key": "625-tigranakert", "name": "Tigranakert", "label": "Tigranakert", "year": 625, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 624/625 (January 625 in en.wikipedia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Heraclius' campaign of 624-625)", "theatre": "Caucasian Albania", "place": "near Tigranakert of Artsakh (near Aghdam), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 46.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Lazica", "Iberia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "Shahraplakan, Shahin (Shahrbaraz arrived late)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Two of the three Persian armies sent against Heraclius, those of Shahraplakan and Shahin, 20,000-30,000 together (modern estimate).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sasanian field armies operating in the Caucasus, probably with Albanian and Armenian levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000-24,000", "strength_b": "20,000-30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Heraclius routed first Shahraplakan's and then Shahin's army, taking Shahin's baggage train.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Movses Dasxuranci 2.10; Theophanes AM 6115; Kaegi 2003, 128-129; en.wikipedia Battle of Aghdam (625)", "note": "en.wikipedia's 'Battle of Aghdam (625)' is this battle (against Shahin). Battles of the Romans has it as Tigranakert; one en.wikipedia article wrongly puts it at Tigranakert (Silvan).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 532, "key": "625-aliovit-archesh", "name": "Aliovit (Archesh)", "label": "Aliovit (Archesh)", "year": 625, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February or March 625", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Heraclius' campaign of 624-625)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Archesh (Ercis), in the district of Aliovit, north of Lake Van, Turkey", "lat": 39.03, "lon": 43.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "Shahrbaraz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army, part of it quartered in Archesh (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army under a Persian spahbed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "6,000 in the camp (Theophanes)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Heraclius' night attack destroyed Shahrbaraz's camp and Shahrbaraz barely escaped.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6115; Sebeos 38; Greatrex 1991, 206-208; en.wikipedia Battle of Archesh", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 533, "key": "625-sarus", "name": "Sarus", "label": "Sarus", "year": 625, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 625", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (Heraclius' campaign of 624-625)", "theatre": "Cilicia", "place": "the bridge over the Sarus (Seyhan), near Adana, Turkey", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 35.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "Shahrbaraz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army pursuing Heraclius (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army under a Persian spahbed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown, possibly larger", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the Persians ambushed the Roman vanguard, Heraclius led the rearguard across the bridge and turned the battle; the Romans held the field and Shahrbaraz withdrew in good order.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6115; Kaegi 2003, 130-131; en.wikipedia Battle of Sarus", "note": "A nominal Roman victory: Shahrbaraz continued his advance. Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 534, "key": "626-constantinople-siege", "name": "Constantinople (siege)", "label": "Constantinople (siege)", "year": 626, "month": 7, "day": 29, "date": "29 July - 7 August 626 (Avar vanguard from 29 June)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Bosporus", "place": "Constantinople, the Golden Horn and the Bosporus, with the Persian army at Chalcedon, Turkey", "lat": 41.01, "lon": 28.96, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Avars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Slavs", "Persia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Patrician Bonus, Patriarch Sergius", "commanders_b": "the Avar khagan; Shahrbaraz and Kardarigan (Persian army at Chalcedon)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's army encamped at Chalcedon, a whole corps acting as a unit; it could not cross the Bosporus (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sasanian western field army under a Persian spahbed.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 12,000 cavalry and the city militia", "strength_b": "about 80,000 Avars and Slavs, plus the Persian army", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy among the Slavs", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The siege was abandoned after the Roman fleet destroyed the Slav boats, including those sent to ferry Persian troops across the Bosporus, on 7 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Chronicon Paschale; Theodore Syncellus; George of Pisidia, Bellum Avaricum; en.wikipedia Siege of Constantinople (626)", "note": "The Persians fought chiefly as besiegers across the strait; the assault on the walls was by Avars and Slavs. Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 535, "key": "626-lycus", "name": "Lycus", "label": "Lycus", "year": 626, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "summer (August) 626", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Pontus", "place": "on the Lycus (Kelkit), Pontus, Turkey", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 38.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodore (Heraclius' brother)", "commanders_b": "Shahin", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shahin's new army, raised by Khosrow in 625 from 'all the able men, including foreigners' (up to 50,000 according to Theophanes).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A newly levied Sasanian army; the levy of 625 is said to have included foreigners, so the share is uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown, smaller", "strength_b": "up to 50,000", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "very heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Theodore heavily defeated Shahin's army, which lost very heavily.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6117; Kaegi 2003, 140-141; en.wikipedia Battle of the Lycus (626)", "note": "Shahin reportedly died soon after. Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 536, "key": "627-derbent-627", "name": "Derbent (627)", "label": "Derbent (627)", "year": 627, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 627", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Perso-Turkic war of 627-629", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Derbent (Chor, the Caspian Gates), Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.06, "lon": 48.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Gokturks" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Khazars" ], "allies_b": [ "Caucasian Albania" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tong Yabghu Qaghan", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Gokturks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The defenders of the Sasanian wall at Derbent, described as a lightly armed Albanian militia (Movses Dasxuranci).", "languages": [ "other Caucasian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The defenders are described as Albanians of the Sasanian province; a Persian garrison is not named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Turks stormed the Sasanian fortifications at Derbent and went on to plunder Albania.", "borderline": "a Persian force is not attested; the defenders were the militia of Sasanian Albania", "doubt": "Borderline: a Persian force is not attested; the defenders were the militia of Sasanian Albania.", "sources": "Movses Dasxuranci 2.11; en.wikipedia Perso-Turkic war of 627-629", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 537, "key": "627-tiflis-siege", "name": "Tiflis (siege)", "label": "Tiflis (siege)", "year": 627, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "627 (the city fell in late 627 or 628)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628; Perso-Turkic war of 627-629", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia", "lat": 41.69, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Rome", "Gokturks" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iberia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius, Tong Yabghu Qaghan, Bori Shad", "commanders_b": "Stephen I of Iberia (killed); a Persian governor; Shahraplakan sent 1,000 horse", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian garrison with Iberian troops of Stephen I, reinforced by 1,000 cavalry sent by Shahraplakan.", "languages": [ "Georgian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian garrison and 1,000 Persian horse alongside the Iberian prince's troops (Movses Dasxuranci).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 40,000 Turks left under Bori Shad, plus Heraclius' army", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison killed; the Persian governor and the Iberian prince tortured to death", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a first siege by the Romans and Turks failed in 627, the Turks returned and stormed the city in the winter of 627/628.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Movses Dasxuranci 2.11-14; Theophanes AM 6117; en.wikipedia Siege of Tbilisi (627-628)", "note": "The Turks are called Khazars in several sources; Battles of the Romans lists Khazars. The first siege was abandoned; the place fell to the second.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 538, "key": "627-nineveh", "name": "Nineveh", "label": "Nineveh", "year": 627, "month": 12, "day": 12, "date": "12 December 627", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628", "theatre": "Assyria", "place": "near the ruins of Nineveh, by the Tigris (Mosul), Iraq", "lat": 36.36, "lon": 43.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius", "commanders_b": "Rhahzadh (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Rhahzadh's army of about 12,000, with archers, in three divisions; 3,000 reinforcements arrived too late.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian field army; its general Rhahzadh is said to have been Armenian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "25,000-50,000", "strength_b": "about 12,000", "losses_a": "about 50 killed (Theophanes)", "losses_b": "about 6,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Rhahzadh was killed and his army lost about 6,000 men but stood near the field; it withdrew afterwards, and the Romans held the battlefield.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Theophanes AM 6118; Nicephorus 14; Sebeos 38; en.wikipedia Battle of Nineveh (627)", "note": "The overthrow of Khosrow II (February 628) and the peace that followed are strategic consequences. Also in Battles of the Romans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 539, "key": "630-edessa-siege-630", "name": "Edessa (siege, 630)", "label": "Edessa (siege, 630)", "year": 630, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "629 or 630", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Roman-Persian War of 602-628 (evacuation after the peace)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Edessa (Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.16, "lon": 38.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Rome" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Jews" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theodore (Heraclius' brother)", "commanders_b": "the Persian garrison commander", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Edessa, which refused to evacuate after the peace of 628, reportedly encouraged by the city's Jews.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian garrison left from the occupation of Mesopotamia.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian garrison, bombarded by Theodore's siege engines, agreed to leave and the city was handed over.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Chronicle of 1234; Agapius; en.wikipedia Theodore (brother of Heraclius); Siege of Edessa (disambiguation, 630)", "note": "Theodore's troops then attacked the Jews of the city until Heraclius stopped them.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 540, "key": "630-ctesiphon-siege-630", "name": "Ctesiphon (siege, 630)", "label": "Ctesiphon (siege, 630)", "year": 630, "month": 4, "day": 27, "date": "spring 630, the city taken 27 April 630 (629 in en.wikipedia's article title)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sasanian civil war of 628-632", "theatre": "Asoristan", "place": "Ctesiphon (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Shahrbaraz" ], "side_b": [ "Ardashir III" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shahrbaraz (with the Parsig and Nimruzi factions)", "faction_b": "Ardashir III", "commanders_a": "Shahrbaraz, Piruz Khosrow, Namdar Gushnasp", "commanders_b": "Ardashir III, Mah-Adhur Gushnasp, Ardabil", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shahrbaraz's 6,000 veterans of the western army, joined by the forces of the Parsig faction (Piruz Khosrow) and of the spahbed of Nimruz, against the troops of Ardashir III's regency in the capital.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Sasanian forces led by Persian and Parthian nobles.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 6,000 (Shahrbaraz's own force)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Ardashir III and many nobles executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ctesiphon fell to Shahrbaraz, who killed Ardashir III and took the throne.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari i.1061-1062; Chronicle of Seert; Pourshariati 2008, 180-183; en.wikipedia Siege of Ctesiphon (629)", "note": "Shahrbaraz failed at first and took the city with his allies' help. en.wikipedia's article is titled 'Siege of Ctesiphon (629)'; Pourshariati and the Shahrbaraz article give 27 April 630.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 541, "key": "631-ctesiphon-631", "name": "Ctesiphon (631)", "label": "Ctesiphon (631)", "year": 631, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 631 (630 or 631)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasanian civil war of 628-632", "theatre": "Asoristan", "place": "Ctesiphon (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Rostam Farrokhzad" ], "side_b": [ "Azarmidokht" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Rostam Farrokhzad (Pahlav faction)", "faction_b": "Azarmidokht (Parsig faction)", "commanders_a": "Rostam Farrokhzad", "commanders_b": "Siyavakhsh", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Rostam's army of the Pahlav (Parthian) nobility from Khorasan against the forces of Azarmidokht's regime under the Mihranid Siyavakhsh.", "languages": [ "Parthian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Sasanian noble forces, Rostam's drawn from Khorasan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rostam defeated Siyavakhsh's forces at Ctesiphon and took the city, deposing Azarmidokht.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name; the sources say only that Rostam defeated Azarmidokht's armies and took the capital", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name; the sources say only that Rostam defeated Azarmidokht's armies and took the capital.", "sources": "al-Tabari i.1064-1065; Pourshariati 2008, 204-209; en.wikipedia Sasanian civil war of 628-632", "note": "Rostam then blinded and killed Azarmidokht and restored Boran.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 542, "key": "633-chains", "name": "Chains", "label": "Chains", "year": 633, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 633", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Kazima, on Kuwait Bay, Kuwait", "lat": 29.45, "lon": 47.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Kuwait", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Hormozd (killed), Qubadh, Anushagan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hormozd's Sasanian frontier army of heavy troops, part of the infantry chained together, with many Christian Arab auxiliaries.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian regular army with Christian Arab auxiliaries (al-Tabari after Sayf ibn Umar); the proportions are not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "18,000", "strength_b": "40,000 (Arabic sources); 15,000-20,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian wings broke and fled; the chained infantry could not escape and was cut down, leaving the field to Khalid.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Battle of Chains", "note": "Khalid's battles of 633 are known mostly from Sayf ibn Umar, whose details (and some of the battles) are doubted by Donner and others.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 543, "key": "633-river", "name": "River", "label": "River", "year": 633, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 633 (12 Safar AH 12 according to Morony)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "al-Madhar, in Maysan, Iraq", "lat": 31.3, "lon": 47.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Qarin (killed), Qubadh (killed), Anushagan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qarin's army sent from Ctesiphon, Persian regulars and new levies, joined by the survivors of the Chains.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian relief army from the capital (al-Tabari); Qarin was of the Parthian Karen family.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 17,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "very light", "losses_b": "about 30,000 killed (Arabic sources)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "With its three commanders killed in single combat, the Persian army broke and fled to its boats on the river.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); Morony 1984; en.wikipedia Battle of the River", "note": "Called the battle of al-Madhar or al-Thani in the Arabic sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 544, "key": "633-hira", "name": "Hira", "label": "Hira", "year": 633, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "last week of May 633", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "al-Hira (south of Kufa), Iraq", "lat": 31.89, "lon": 44.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Iyas ibn Qabisa al-Ta'i, Abd al-Masih ibn Amr ibn Buqayla", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Christian Arab townsmen of al-Hira (the Ibad) in the castles of the city, under its Sasanian-appointed governor; the Persian marzban Azadbeh had withdrawn.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Aramaic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were the Arab notables of the former Lakhmid capital, a Sasanian frontier city.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "10,000-15,000", "strength_b": "40,000 (Muslim sources; doubtful)", "losses_a": "few", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a short siege of its castles al-Hira surrendered and paid tribute.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Battle of Hira", "note": "The castles named are al-Qasr al-Abyad, Qasr ibn Buqayla and Qasr al-Adasiyyin.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 545, "key": "633-ullais", "name": "Ullais", "label": "Ullais", "year": 633, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 633 (mid-June in some reconstructions)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Ullais, between the Euphrates and the Khaseef, Iraq", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 44.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid, al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "commanders_b": "Jaban; Abd al-Aswad al-Ijli (killed) and Abjar (Christian Arab wings)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imperial troops under Jaban in the centre, with Christian Arab contingents of Bakr ibn Wa'il and neighbouring tribes on both wings.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Arabic sources put Persian regulars in the centre and Christian Arabs on both wings.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 18,000", "strength_b": "70,000 (Arabic sources); about 30,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "about 2,000", "losses_b": "70,000 killed (Arabic sources; exaggerated)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a long fight the Persian and Arab line broke and the fugitives were slaughtered (the 'River of Blood').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); Crawford 2013; en.wikipedia Battle of Ullais", "note": "Bahman Jadhuyih, appointed to command, had returned to Ctesiphon.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 546, "key": "633-walaja", "name": "Walaja", "label": "Walaja", "year": 633, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 633", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "al-Walaja, west of the Euphrates south of al-Hira, Iraq", "lat": 31.65, "lon": 44.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid, al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "commanders_b": "Andarzaghar (died in the flight), Bahman Jadhuyih (did not arrive in time)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Andarzaghar's army of garrison troops drawn from across the empire, with heavy cavalry on the wings and thousands of Christian Arabs of Bakr ibn Wa'il.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian army with a large Christian Arab element (al-Tabari after Sayf ibn Umar).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "15,000-30,000", "losses_a": "about 2,000", "losses_b": "about 20,000", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Khalid's hidden cavalry struck the Persian rear and Andarzaghar's army was destroyed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Walaja", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 547, "key": "633-al-anbar", "name": "al-Anbar", "label": "al-Anbar", "year": 633, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June - July 633", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "al-Anbar (Peroz-Shapur, near Fallujah), Iraq", "lat": 33.37, "lon": 43.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Shirzad", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shirzad's Persian garrison in the fortress of al-Anbar.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian garrison; the town's Arab population stayed on.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "9,000", "strength_b": "30,000 (Arabic sources)", "losses_a": "few", "losses_b": "7,000 (Arabic sources)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After archery duels, an assault on the moat and a repulsed sortie, Shirzad surrendered al-Anbar and withdrew to Ctesiphon.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12; en.wikipedia Battle of al-Anbar", "note": "Called the 'Battle of the Eyes' for the Persians blinded by the Muslim archers.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 548, "key": "633-ayn-al-tamr", "name": "Ayn al-Tamr", "label": "Ayn al-Tamr", "year": 633, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 633", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "Ayn al-Tamr (Shithatha), west of Karbala, Iraq", "lat": 32.56, "lon": 43.49, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Mihran son of Bahram Chobin; Aqqa ibn Qays al-Namari (captured, executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A field army of Christian Arabs (Namir, Taghlib, Iyad) under Aqqa, with Mihran's Persian regulars in the fortress.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The field army was mostly Christian Arab and the Persian regulars held the fort.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "500-800 (modern estimate)", "strength_b": "20,000-30,000 (traditional); 1,000-2,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "20-30", "losses_b": "the field army executed; the garrison killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khalid captured Aqqa in the field battle, the Christian Arab army surrendered, and the fortress was then stormed and its Persian garrison killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Battle of Ayn al-Tamr", "note": "A field battle followed by the storming of the fort; entered once.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 549, "key": "633-husayd", "name": "Husayd", "label": "Husayd", "year": 633, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 633", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "Husayd, south-east of Ayn al-Tamr, Iraq", "lat": 32.9, "lon": 43.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Abu Layla", "commanders_b": "Ruzbih (killed), Zarmihr (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "One of two Persian field forces sent from Ctesiphon by Bahman Jadhuyih, joined by local Christian Arabs seeking revenge for Aqqa.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Persian field forces from the capital with some Christian Arab allies (al-Tabari after Sayf).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Qa'qa' attacked before the two Persian forces could unite; both commanders were killed and the survivors fled to Khanafis.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Husayd", "note": "The sources disagree on which commander was at Husayd and which at Khanafis.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 550, "key": "633-muzayyah", "name": "Muzayyah", "label": "Muzayyah", "year": 633, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 633", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "al-Muzayyah (Mudayyah), north of Ayn al-Tamr, Iraq", "lat": 33.4, "lon": 43.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Mahbudhan (Persian commander from Khanafis), Hudhayl ibn Imran (Christian Arabs)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian force withdrawn from Khanafis under Mahbudhan, with the Christian Arabs (Taghlib) of Hudhayl ibn Imran.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian remnant joined to a Christian Arab army (al-Tabari after Sayf).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "15,000-20,000", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "over 10,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khalid's three-pronged night attack broke up the camp and thousands were killed; the rest fled in the dark.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Muzayyah", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 551, "key": "633-saniyy", "name": "Saniyy", "label": "Saniyy", "year": 633, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 633 (Ramadan AH 12)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Jazira", "place": "al-Saniyy, on the edge of the Jazira, Iraq", "lat": 34.0, "lon": 42.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "Rabi'a ibn Bujayr (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "No Persian troops are attested; the camp was of Christian Arabs (Taghlib) raised for Bahman Jadhuyih's counter-offensive.", "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe only an Arab camp under Rabi'a ibn Bujayr.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; women and children enslaved", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khalid's night attack destroyed the Christian Arab camp and killed its leader.", "borderline": "no Persian troops attested; the Christian Arabs were Sasanian allies (en.wikipedia lists the Sasanian Empire as a belligerent)", "doubt": "Borderline: no Persian troops attested; the Christian Arabs were Sasanian allies (en.wikipedia lists the Sasanian Empire as a belligerent).", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Saniyy", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 552, "key": "633-zumail", "name": "Zumail", "label": "Zumail", "year": 633, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 633", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Jazira", "place": "al-Zumayl, near al-Bishr, Iraq", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 41.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid, Iyad ibn Ghanm, al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr", "commanders_b": "Christian Arab chiefs of Taghlib", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "No Persian troops are attested; an army of Christian Arabs (Taghlib) loyal to the Sasanians.", "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe only Christian Arab clans at Zumail.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "5,000-10,000", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "over 5,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Christian Arab army scattered under a three-sided night attack and was mostly destroyed in flight.", "borderline": "no Persian troops attested; the Christian Arabs were Sasanian allies", "doubt": "Borderline: no Persian troops attested; the Christian Arabs were Sasanian allies.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Zumail", "note": "Rabi'a ibn Bujayr appears as commander in some accounts, though he is said to have fallen at Saniyy.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 553, "key": "634-baqusiatha", "name": "Baqusiatha", "label": "Baqusiatha", "year": 634, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "634, after Kaskar", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Rostam's counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Baqusiatha, near Barusma, Iraq", "lat": 32.3, "lon": 44.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi", "commanders_b": "Jalinus", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army of Jalinus sent by Rostam to support Narsi.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army raised by Rostam's regency.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jalinus' relief army, arriving too late for Kaskar, was defeated and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 13; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia; Battle of Kaskar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 554, "key": "634-firaz", "name": "Firaz", "label": "Firaz", "year": 634, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "December 633 or January 634", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq)", "theatre": "Middle Euphrates", "place": "Firaz, on the Euphrates between al-Qa'im and Abu Kamal, Syria", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 40.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia", "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khalid ibn al-Walid", "commanders_b": "not named (Hormozd Jadhuyih on the Persian side according to some accounts)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "At most a small body of Persian frontier troops, probably survivors of the earlier defeats, beside the Roman garrison and Christian Arabs (Taghlib, Iyad, Namir).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Modern writers doubt that any organised Persian force was present.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "500-800 (modern estimate)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "100,000 (legendary)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the Arabic accounts Khalid routed the coalition after it crossed the Euphrates and held the field.", "borderline": "Persian participation disputed", "doubt": "Borderline: Persian participation disputed.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 12 (Sayf ibn Umar); Morony 1984; Crawford 2013; en.wikipedia Battle of Firaz", "note": "Also in Battles of the Romans as an Arab victory over Rome and the Sasanians. en.wikipedia calls the result disputed; Takirtakoglou suspects the tradition hides a check to Khalid.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 555, "key": "634-kaskar", "name": "Kaskar", "label": "Kaskar", "year": 634, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "634, after Namaraq", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Rostam's counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "al-Saqatiyya near Kaskar (near Wasit), Iraq", "lat": 32.2, "lon": 46.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi, Arfaja ibn Harthama", "commanders_b": "Narsi (governor of Kaskar), Vinduyih, Tiruyih", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Narsi's own forces defending his estates, with Bindoe's sons Vinduyih and Tiruyih commanding the wings.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian prince's household and provincial troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Narsi's army was defeated before Jalinus could join it; Narsi escaped and his estate was plundered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 13; en.wikipedia Battle of Kaskar", "note": "Called al-Saqatiyya in the Arabic sources; en.wikipedia's list has 'Battle of Kaskar' and 'Battle of Saqatia' as two items, but they are one battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 556, "key": "634-namaraq", "name": "Namaraq", "label": "Namaraq", "year": 634, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "634 (summer or early autumn, before the Bridge)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Rostam's counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "the plain of al-Namariq, near Kufa, Iraq", "lat": 32.0, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi, al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "commanders_b": "Jaban (captured, then released), Jushnasmah (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Jaban's army sent by Rostam Farrokhzad to retake al-Hira: heavy cavalry and infantry with experienced Persian officers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army raised by Rostam's regency.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "about 100,000 (Arabic sources; impossible)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jaban was captured and his army retreated, leaving the field to Abu Ubayd.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 13; en.wikipedia Battle of Namaraq", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 557, "key": "634-babylon-634", "name": "Babylon (634)", "label": "Babylon (634)", "year": 634, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June - July 634 (Tabari dates it to the reign of Shahrbaraz)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Babylon (near Hillah), Iraq", "lat": 32.54, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "commanders_b": "Hormozd Jadhuyih", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hormozd Jadhuyih's army of about 10,000 with a war elephant (al-Tabari).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army sent from the capital.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 10,000 and an elephant", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Muthanna defeated Hormozd Jadhuyih's army near Babylon and pursued it towards Ctesiphon.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari i.2116-2117; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ('1st Battle of Babylon')", "note": "The chronology is confused: Tabari places it under Shahrbaraz (630).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 558, "key": "634-bridge", "name": "Bridge", "label": "Bridge", "year": 634, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 634 (Sha'ban AH 13; 13, 21 or 25 October given)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Rostam's counter-offensive)", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Quss al-Natif on the Euphrates, near Kufa, Iraq", "lat": 32.06, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahman Jadhuyih (Dhu'l-Hajib), Jalinus", "commanders_b": "Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi (killed), al-Muthanna ibn Haritha (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Bahman Jadhuyih's army with about 20 war elephants, heavy cavalry and a deep infantry line.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army from the capital; the elephant corps was normally crewed by Indians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 80,000 with 20 elephants (Arabic sources; inflated)", "strength_b": "6,000-10,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 4,000-7,000 killed and drowned", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian elephants and line broke the Arabs who had crossed the bridge; Abu Ubayd was killed and his army fled back over the river with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 13; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Battle of the Bridge", "note": "The only major Sasanian victory over the Arab invaders.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 559, "key": "635-buwaib", "name": "Buwaib", "label": "Buwaib", "year": 635, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "635 (April or November 635 in en.wikipedia; Ramadan AH 13 or 14)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "al-Buwayb, on the Euphrates north of al-Hira (near Kufa), Iraq", "lat": 32.1, "lon": 44.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "commanders_b": "Mihran ibn Mihrbundad al-Hamadani (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mihran's large Persian army sent after the victory at the Bridge (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian field army from the capital.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "large, numerically superior", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Al-Muthanna let the Persians cross the river, encircled them and killed Mihran; the Persian army was routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 13 (Sayf ibn Umar); Donner 1981; en.wikipedia Battle of Buwaib", "note": "Local Christian Arabs (Namir, Taghlib) fought for the Muslims. Donner regards the account as unreliable. Dated 634 in many older works.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 560, "key": "636-qadisiyyah", "name": "Qadisiyyah", "label": "Qadisiyyah", "year": 636, "month": 11, "day": 16, "date": "16-19 November 636 (other datings 635-638)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "al-Qadisiyyah, south of Kufa, Iraq", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 44.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Khalid ibn Urfuta, al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr, Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya, Jarir ibn Abd Allah, Tulayha, Amr ibn Ma'dikarib", "commanders_b": "Rostam Farrokhzad (killed), Bahman Jadhuyih (killed), Jalinus, Hormuzan, Mihran Razi, Piruz Khosrow, Shahriyar ibn Kanara (killed); Armenian princes Mushegh III Mamikonian and Grigor Novirak (killed); Juansher of Albania (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Rostam's imperial army, about 60,000 (modern estimate about 30,000): heavy cavalry (asawaran), infantry including the Daylamite guard (later the Hamra'), Armenian and Albanian princely contingents, and about 30 elephants.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Armenian", "other Caucasian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Persian and Parthian cavalry with Daylamite foot (4,000 of whom went over to the Arabs afterwards), and named Armenian and Albanian princes with their retinues.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 30,000-36,000", "strength_b": "50,000-100,000 (sources); about 30,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "On the fourth day Rostam was killed and the Persian army broke and fled, leaving the field to the Arabs.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 14 (Sayf ibn Umar); Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; Sebeos 42; Kennedy 2007; en.wikipedia Battle of al-Qadisiyyah", "note": "The date is disputed (Donner and others prefer 636 or 637; some 638).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 561, "key": "636-babylon-636", "name": "Babylon (636)", "label": "Babylon (636)", "year": 636, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 636", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Babylon (near Hillah), Iraq", "lat": 32.54, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas", "commanders_b": "Piruz Khosrow (Firuzan), Hormuzan, Mihran Razi, Nakhiragan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian survivors of Qadisiyyah regrouped under Firuzan, Hormuzan, Mihran and Nakhiragan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The remnant of the imperial army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian commanders gave way before Sa'd's army and withdrew, and Babylon submitted.", "borderline": "some accounts describe a Persian withdrawal without a real battle", "doubt": "Borderline: some accounts describe a Persian withdrawal without a real battle.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Siege of Ctesiphon (637); List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ('2nd Battle of Babylon')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 562, "key": "636-burs", "name": "Burs", "label": "Burs", "year": 636, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 636", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Burs (Birs Nimrud, Borsippa), Iraq", "lat": 32.39, "lon": 44.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya", "commanders_b": "Busbuhra (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Burs.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian garrison of the Sawad.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Zuhra killed the garrison commander Busbuhra in single combat and the garrison gave way.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Burs", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 563, "key": "636-sura", "name": "Sura", "label": "Sura", "year": 636, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 636 or January 637", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Sura, on the Euphrates near Hillah, Iraq", "lat": 32.37, "lon": 44.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A rearguard of the retreating Persian army.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Part of the remnant of the imperial army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Zuhra's vanguard drove off the Persian rearguard at Sura.", "borderline": "a pursuit skirmish known only from Sayf ibn Umar", "doubt": "Borderline: a pursuit skirmish known only from Sayf ibn Umar.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 564, "key": "637-hormizd-ardashir-637", "name": "Hormizd-Ardashir (637)", "label": "Hormizd-Ardashir (637)", "year": 637, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "637 or 638", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "west of Hormizd-Ardashir (Suq al-Ahwaz, Ahvaz), Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sulma ibn al-Qayn, Harmala ibn Muraytah (sent by Utba ibn Ghazwan)", "commanders_b": "Hormuzan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hormuzan's Khuzestan forces, which had been raiding Maysan.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The provincial troops of a Persian noble governing Khuzestan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hormuzan was easily defeated and retreated into the city, then sued for peace.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 17; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan; List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 565, "key": "637-khanaqin", "name": "Khanaqin", "label": "Khanaqin", "year": 637, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "637 - early 638", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Iraq (Diyala)", "place": "Khanaqin, Iraq", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 45.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr", "commanders_b": "Mihran Razi (killed according to al-Tabari)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The survivors of Jalula under Mihran.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The remnant of the imperial field army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Qa'qa' overtook and defeated the remnant of Mihran's army at Khanaqin and took the town.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 566, "key": "637-tikrit-637", "name": "Tikrit (637)", "label": "Tikrit (637)", "year": 637, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "637 (AH 16)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Tikrit, Iraq", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 43.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd Allah ibn al-Mu'tamm", "commanders_b": "al-Antaq", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Al-Antaq's force from Mosul: troops called 'Rum', Persian nobles (the Shaharija) and Christian Arabs of Iyad, Taghlib and Namir (al-Tabari).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources list Persian nobles beside 'Rum' and Christian Arabs; the proportions are not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 5,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a siege of about forty days the Christian Arabs inside went over and the town was stormed.", "borderline": "the defenders included 'Rum' and Christian Arabs; the Sasanian command is not certain", "doubt": "Borderline: the defenders included 'Rum' and Christian Arabs; the Sasanian command is not certain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 567, "key": "637-ctesiphon-siege-637", "name": "Ctesiphon (siege, 637)", "label": "Ctesiphon (siege, 637)", "year": 637, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January - March 637", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Asoristan", "place": "Veh-Ardashir (Bahurasir) and Ctesiphon (near Salman Pak), Iraq", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Hashim ibn Utba, Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya, Asim ibn Amr, al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr", "commanders_b": "Yazdegerd III, Farrukhzad, Mihran Razi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of the capital with ballistae and catapults, a cavalry force at the Tigris crossing, and Yazdegerd's guard.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The capital's garrison and the king's household troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a two-month siege of Veh-Ardashir the Persians withdrew across the Tigris; the Arabs forced the crossing and took Ctesiphon, and Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Siege of Ctesiphon (637)", "note": "Persian engineers who had gone over helped the Arabs build siege engines.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 568, "key": "637-deir-kab", "name": "Deir Kab", "label": "Deir Kab", "year": 637, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "early January 637", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Dayr Ka'b, between Sura and Kutha, Iraq", "lat": 32.6, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A rearguard of the retreating Persian army.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Part of the remnant of the imperial army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Zuhra's vanguard defeated the Persian rearguard at Dayr Ka'b.", "borderline": "a pursuit skirmish known only from Sayf ibn Umar", "doubt": "Borderline: a pursuit skirmish known only from Sayf ibn Umar.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 569, "key": "637-kutha", "name": "Kutha", "label": "Kutha", "year": 637, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 637", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Lower Mesopotamia", "place": "Kutha (Tell Ibrahim), about 17 km from Ctesiphon's outer districts, Iraq", "lat": 32.73, "lon": 44.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya", "commanders_b": "the dehqan Shahriyar (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Persian detachment under the dehqan Shahriyar.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local Persian detachment of the Sawad.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shahriyar was killed in a duel and his detachment's last stand collapsed.", "borderline": "a small action known only from Sayf ibn Umar", "doubt": "Borderline: a small action known only from Sayf ibn Umar.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Siege of Ctesiphon (637); List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ('Battle of Kusa')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 570, "key": "637-jalula", "name": "Jalula", "label": "Jalula", "year": 637, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 637 (al-Tabari: Dhu al-Qa'da AH 16, late 637)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Iraq (Diyala)", "place": "Jalula (Jalawla), Iraq", "lat": 34.27, "lon": 45.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hashim ibn Utba, al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr, Tulayha, Amr ibn Ma'dikarib", "commanders_b": "Mihran Razi, Farrukhzad (Khurrazad, Rostam's brother), Piruz; the Armenian Varaztirots", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army that withdrew from Ctesiphon, about 20,000, behind a trench with caltrops, archers and engines.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The remnant of the imperial army under Mihranid and Ispahbudhan commanders, with an Armenian prince named among them.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12,000", "strength_b": "20,000", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Drawn out of their entrenchments by a feigned retreat and cut off from the bridge over their trench, the Persians were routed and fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Battle of Jalula", "note": "A siege of the town followed, ending in surrender on terms.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 571, "key": "638-hormizd-ardashir-638", "name": "Hormizd-Ardashir (638)", "label": "Hormizd-Ardashir (638)", "year": 638, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "638", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Hormizd-Ardashir (Suq al-Ahwaz, Ahvaz), Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hurqus ibn Zuhayr al-Sa'di", "commanders_b": "Hormuzan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hormuzan's Khuzestan forces.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The provincial troops of a Persian noble governing Khuzestan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hurqus defeated Hormuzan, who fled to Ram-Hormizd; the city submitted and paid jizya.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 17; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 572, "key": "638-tawus", "name": "Tawus", "label": "Tawus", "year": 638, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "638 or 639 (AH 17)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami's expedition to Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Tawus, in Fars, on the way from the coast to Istakhr, Iran", "lat": 29.5, "lon": 51.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Herbadh (according to al-Tabari)", "commanders_b": "al-Jarud ibn al-Mu'alla (killed), al-Sawwar ibn Hammam (killed), Khulayd ibn al-Mundhir; al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami (organiser)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian forces of Fars gathered against the seaborne invasion from Bahrain.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A provincial army of Fars, the Sasanian homeland.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Two of the three Arab columns were destroyed with their commanders, the ships were burned and the survivors had to be rescued by a relief army from Basra.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 17; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Arab conquest of Fars", "note": "In al-Tabari (Sayf) Khulayd's column wins the battle at Tawus but is cut off from the sea; modern accounts treat the expedition as a defeat.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 573, "key": "638-hulwan", "name": "Hulwan", "label": "Hulwan", "year": 638, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 638", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Zagros", "place": "Hulwan (Sarpol-e Zahab), Iran", "lat": 34.46, "lon": 45.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr", "commanders_b": "Khosrowshunum's deputy al-Zinabi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The troops left by Yazdegerd's general Khosrowshunum to hold the pass of Hulwan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian frontier force at the foot of the Zagros.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The defenders were beaten at Qasr Shirin and Hulwan was taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 16; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 574, "key": "640-ram-hormizd", "name": "Ram-Hormizd", "label": "Ram-Hormizd", "year": 640, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "between 638 and 641", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Arbuk, near Ram-Hormizd (Ramhormoz), Iran", "lat": 31.28, "lon": 49.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin", "commanders_b": "Hormuzan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hormuzan's renewed army of Khuzestan, encouraged by Yazdegerd III.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The provincial troops of a Persian noble governing Khuzestan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hormuzan was defeated and fled to Shushtar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 17; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan; Siege of Shushtar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 575, "key": "641-shushtar-siege", "name": "Shushtar (siege)", "label": "Shushtar (siege)", "year": 641, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "641 - 642 (al-Tabari places it in AH 17, 638)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Shushtar (Tustar), Iran", "lat": 32.05, "lon": 48.85, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin, al-Bara' ibn Malik (wounded), Majza'a ibn Thawr (killed)", "commanders_b": "Hormuzan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hormuzan's remaining army of Khuzestan; the Asawira under Siyah al-Uswari went over to the Arabs (al-Baladhuri).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Persian troops under a Persian noble; the professional Persian cavalry (Asawira) defected.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "low", "losses_b": "heavy; 900 killed and 600 captured in the battle outside the city", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a defeat outside the walls and a long siege, an Iranian informer showed the Arabs a water channel into the city; Hormuzan held the citadel for a time, then surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 17; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; Chronicle of Khuzistan; en.wikipedia Siege of Shushtar", "note": "Hormuzan was sent to Medina.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 576, "key": "641-susa-siege-641", "name": "Susa (siege, 641)", "label": "Susa (siege, 641)", "year": 641, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "641 (about two months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Susa (Shush), Iran", "lat": 32.19, "lon": 48.25, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Musa al-Ash'ari", "commanders_b": "the garrison of Susa", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Susa.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian city garrison in Khuzestan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Susa was taken after a siege of about two months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 17; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia", "note": "Some accounts put it before Shushtar.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 577, "key": "642-gundishapur-siege", "name": "Gundishapur (siege)", "label": "Gundishapur (siege)", "year": 642, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "642 (a few days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Gundishapur (near Dezful), Iran", "lat": 32.28, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Musa al-Ash'ari", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The defenders of Gundishapur (not described).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Aramaic" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The city had a large Syriac-speaking population; the garrison is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gundishapur surrendered on terms within a few days.", "borderline": "a short siege ending in surrender; fighting not described", "doubt": "Borderline: a short siege ending in surrender; fighting not described.", "sources": "al-Tabari; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan", "note": "Abu Musa then took Kalbaniyya, where some inhabitants had fled.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 578, "key": "642-nahavand", "name": "Nahavand", "label": "Nahavand", "year": 642, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "642 (AH 21; 641 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Nahavand, near Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.19, "lon": 48.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin (killed), Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman, al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr", "commanders_b": "Piruz Khosrow (Firuzan, killed); Mardanshah (Dhu'l-Hajib) in some accounts", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The last imperial army, levied by Yazdegerd III from Rayy, Hamadan, Isfahan, Qumis, Tabaristan, Gurgan, Azerbaijan and the two Mahs, largely of peasant levies under feudal nobles.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Al-Tabari names the contingents of the Iranian plateau and the Caspian lands.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 30,000", "strength_b": "50,000-150,000 (estimates; 100,000 in the sources)", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Drawn out of their fortified lines by a feigned retreat, the Persians were routed and pursued; their commander was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 21; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; Crawford 2013; en.wikipedia Battle of Nahavand", "note": "Called the 'victory of victories' by the Arab historians; the end of organised imperial resistance.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 579, "key": "642-spahan", "name": "Spahan", "label": "Spahan", "year": 642, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "642 (or 643)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Spahan (Isfahan, the district of Jayy), Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd Allah ibn Abd Allah ibn Itban", "commanders_b": "Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih (killed), Padhuspan (Fadhusfan, governor of Isfahan)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The forces of Isfahan under a Mihranid commander (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A provincial Persian army of the plateau.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian army was defeated and its commander killed; the governor then came to terms.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 21; Abu Nu'aym; en.wikipedia Battle of Spahan", "note": "Isfahan capitulated by 644 after a siege and failed revolts.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 580, "key": "643-bishapur", "name": "Bishapur", "label": "Bishapur", "year": 643, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "643 - 644 (a siege of several weeks)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Bishapur (near Kazerun), Iran", "lat": 29.78, "lon": 51.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi", "commanders_b": "the defenders under the marzban of Fars, Shahrag", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison and people of Bishapur in the marzbanate of Fars.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A city of Fars, the Persian heartland.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "40,000 'nobles' (en.wikipedia infobox, unexplained)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bishapur surrendered after a siege of several weeks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; al-Tabari; en.wikipedia Battle of Bishapur (643-644)", "note": "A revolt of Bishapur under Shahrag's brother was crushed after November 644 (646 according to al-Baladhuri); not entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 581, "key": "643-jurmizan", "name": "Jurmizan", "label": "Jurmizan", "year": 643, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "643 or 644 (651 in another account)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Azerbaijan)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Jurmizan, in Adurbadagan, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bukayr ibn Abd Allah", "commanders_b": "Isfandiyar (Isfandyadh, captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The forces of Azerbaijan under the Ispahbudhan lord Isfandiyar.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The provincial army of Adurbadagan under a Parthian noble house.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Isfandiyar's army was defeated and he was taken alive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 22; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan; Muslim conquest of Northern Persia", "note": "His brother Bahram was then defeated by Utba ibn Farqad and fled (no place named; not entered).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 582, "key": "643-waj-rudh", "name": "Waj Rudh", "label": "Waj Rudh", "year": 643, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "642 or 643 (AH 22)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Waj Rudh, between Hamadan and Qazvin, Iran", "lat": 35.3, "lon": 49.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nu'aym ibn Muqarrin", "commanders_b": "Muta the Daylamite (killed), Isfandiyar (Isfandyadh), Farrukhzad, Abu'l-Farrukhan al-Zinabi; an Armenian contingent (Varaztirots named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A coalition of the Daylamites under Muta, the forces of Rayy and of Azerbaijan under the Ispahbudhan brothers, and an Armenian contingent.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Parthian", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Daylamites, the Parthian Ispahbudhan lords and their followers, with an Armenian contingent (al-Tabari).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "low", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The combined Persian army was routed with heavy losses and Muta was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 22; Pourshariati 2008; en.wikipedia Battle of Waj Rudh", "note": "Al-Tabari compares it in scale to Nahavand. The death of Varaztirots there (en.wikipedia) is doubtful: he appears later in Armenia.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 583, "key": "643-zanjan-643", "name": "Zanjan (643)", "label": "Zanjan (643)", "year": 643, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "643 (AH 22)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Azerbaijan)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Zanjan, Iran", "lat": 36.67, "lon": 48.48, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Zanjan.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Sasanian town garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison was overpowered and the city fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 22; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan", "note": "en.wikipedia's Muslim conquest of Persia dates a 'Battle of Zanjan' to 651.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 584, "key": "644-bayrudh", "name": "Bayrudh", "label": "Bayrudh", "year": 644, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "643 or 644 (AH 23)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khuzestan)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Bayrudh, between Dawraq and Ahvaz, Iran", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 48.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Musa al-Ash'ari", "commanders_b": "Piruz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Persians of Khuzestan and Kurds gathered by Piruz (al-Tabari).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Al-Tabari says the Kurds joined the Persians at Bayrudh.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Piruz's rising was defeated at Bayrudh the same year.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 23; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan", "note": "A rising in a province already conquered.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 585, "key": "644-kerman-644", "name": "Kerman (644)", "label": "Kerman (644)", "year": 644, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "643 or 644 (AH 23)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Kerman)", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "in the province of Kerman, Iran", "lat": 30.28, "lon": 57.08, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Suhayl ibn Adi, Abd Allah ibn Abd Allah ibn Itban", "commanders_b": "the marzban of Kerman (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The local garrisons of Kerman with the mountain people of the Qufs (Kufichis), according to al-Tabari.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Persian provincial troops with Iranian-speaking mountaineers of Kerman.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians of Kerman were defeated in a pitched battle and their marzban killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 23; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia; List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 586, "key": "644-rishahr-644", "name": "Rishahr (644)", "label": "Rishahr (644)", "year": 644, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 644 (dates between 640 and 644 are given)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Rew-shahr (Rishahr, near Bushehr), Iran", "lat": 28.92, "lon": 50.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Uthman ibn Abi al-As (or his brother al-Hakam)", "commanders_b": "Shahrag, marzban of Fars (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army of Fars under its marzban Shahrag.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The provincial army of Fars, the Persian heartland.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shahrag's army was defeated and he was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; al-Tabari; en.wikipedia Arab conquest of Fars", "note": "The sources disagree whether Shahrag or his brother was killed, and on the date. Year added to the name because of the British landing at Rishahr (Reshire) in 1856.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 587, "key": "644-zaranj-644", "name": "Zaranj (644)", "label": "Zaranj (644)", "year": 644, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "643 or 644 (AH 23)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Sistan)", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "Zarang (Zaranj), Nimruz, Afghanistan", "lat": 30.96, "lon": 61.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Abd Allah ibn Umayr", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The people and garrison of Sistan (Sakastan) in their capital.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders of a Sasanian provincial capital in Sakastan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Besieged in Zarang, the Sistanis capitulated and agreed to pay kharaj.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 23; Tarikh-i Sistan; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Sistan", "note": "Sistan soon revolted again.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 588, "key": "648-istakhr-siege-648", "name": "Istakhr (siege, 648)", "label": "Istakhr (siege, 648)", "year": 648, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "648", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Istakhr (near Persepolis), Iran", "lat": 29.98, "lon": 52.91, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd Allah ibn al-Ash'ari (en.wikipedia)", "commanders_b": "Mahak, governor of Istakhr", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of Istakhr, the Sasanian dynasty's ancestral city, under Mahak.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders of a city of Fars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahak was forced to surrender Istakhr.", "borderline": "fighting not described; may have been a capitulation without assault", "doubt": "Borderline: fighting not described; may have been a capitulation without assault.", "sources": "Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Arab conquest of Fars; Istakhr Revolts (648-651)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 589, "key": "649-istakhr-649", "name": "Istakhr (649)", "label": "Istakhr (649)", "year": 649, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "649 or 650", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Fars; revolt of Istakhr)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Istakhr (near Persepolis), Iran", "lat": 29.98, "lon": 52.91, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the rebel leaders of Istakhr (supporters of Yazdegerd III)", "commanders_b": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar al-Tamimi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The people of Istakhr in revolt, with Yazdegerd III's partisans (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A rising of a city of Fars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison commander killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels defeated the Arab garrison and killed its commander Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; al-Tabari; en.wikipedia Arab conquest of Fars", "note": "A revolt of a city that had capitulated; it could also be classed as Iranian resistance. Some accounts (e.g. en.wikipedia Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate) place Ubayd Allah's death later.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 590, "key": "650-gor-siege", "name": "Gor (siege)", "label": "Gor (siege)", "year": 650, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "650 - 651", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Gor (Ardashir-Khwarrah, Firuzabad), Iran", "lat": 28.86, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd Allah ibn Amir", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The defenders of Ardashir I's round city of Gor (not described).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A city of Fars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gor was taken after Istakhr fell, following an earlier interrupted siege.", "borderline": "fighting not described in detail", "doubt": "Borderline: fighting not described in detail.", "sources": "Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Arab conquest of Fars", "note": "Kazerun and Siraf were taken in the same campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 591, "key": "650-istakhr-siege-650", "name": "Istakhr (siege, 650)", "label": "Istakhr (siege, 650)", "year": 650, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "650 - 651", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Istakhr (near Persepolis), Iran", "lat": 29.98, "lon": 52.91, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd Allah ibn Amir", "commanders_b": "Yazdegerd III (left before the end)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The people and nobles of Istakhr rallied by Yazdegerd III, who had come to organise resistance and left for Gor and Kerman.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders of the Sasanian dynasty's ancestral city in Fars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "40,000 (al-Baladhuri) to 100,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Istakhr was taken by storm after a siege with catapult bombardment and sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; al-Tabari, AH 29-30; en.wikipedia Istakhr Revolts (648-651); Arab conquest of Fars", "note": "Yazdegerd III fled to Kerman and then Sistan and Merv.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 592, "key": "650-tamisha", "name": "Tamisha", "label": "Tamisha", "year": 650, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "650 or 651 (AH 30)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Gurgan and Tabaristan)", "theatre": "Gurgan", "place": "Tamisha (Tammisha, near Bandar-e Gaz), Iran", "lat": 36.78, "lon": 53.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id ibn al-As", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of Tamisha on the border of Gurgan and Tabaristan.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local garrison of the Caspian lowlands.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort was besieged and its defenders surrendered on terms (and, in al-Tabari, were then killed).", "borderline": "a minor siege known mainly from al-Tabari", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor siege known mainly from al-Tabari.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 30; en.wikipedia Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "Sa'id's campaign forced Gurgan to pay tribute but failed in Tabaristan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 593, "key": "n593", "name": "Merv (651, Nezak and Mahoe Suri v Yazdegerd III)", "label": "Merv", "year": 651, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "651 CE (late in the year; exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Iran (flight and death of Yazdegerd III)", "theatre": "", "place": "Merv (near Mary), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 62.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Yazdegerd III's Sasanian following" ], "side_b": [ "Marzban of Merv", "Hephthalite principality of Badghis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Nezak Tarkhan of Badghis" ], "persian_state": "Yazdegerd III's Sasanian following v Marzban of Merv", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Yazdegerd III's Sasanian following", "faction_b": "Marzban of Merv, Hephthalite principality of Badghis", "commanders_a": "Yazdegerd III", "commanders_b": "Mahoe Suri; Nezak Tarkhan", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Yazdegerd's force was beaten and scattered and he was killed by a miller soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Kitab al-Futuh; al-Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-Tiwal; al-Tabari; Morony, M., Encyclopaedia Iranica (Yazdegerd III); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_III", "note": "The fight is mentioned in a sentence by modern summaries and its place, size and course are not recorded; 'Nezak Tarkhan' may be a title.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both sides were led by Persians (Yazdegerd III; Mahoe Suri) and Nezak Tarkhan's Hephthalite horse took part (Ibn A'tham, Dinawari; Morony in Encyclopaedia Iranica).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 594, "key": "651-oxus-river", "name": "Oxus River", "label": "Oxus River", "year": 651, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "651 (Sayf ibn Umar in al-Tabari: AH 22, 643)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Khorasan)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Deir al-Ahnaf near Marw al-Rudh, on the Murghab, Afghanistan (en.wikipedia: on the Amu Darya, Turkmenistan)", "lat": 35.83, "lon": 63.14, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Gokturks" ], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Ahnaf ibn Qays", "commanders_b": "Yazdegerd III; the Turkish khagan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "Yazdegerd III's following with a large army supplied by the ruler of Sogdia and men of Balkh and Tokharistan, with Turkish allies; about 50,000 cavalry in the tradition.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The king's Persian followers with Sogdian and Bactrian (East Iranian) levies; the Turks are counted as allies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000", "strength_b": "about 50,000", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "unknown, probably heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the tradition al-Ahnaf held his ground, the Turks withdrew across the Oxus and Yazdegerd fled; his officials handed over the treasury.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: Known essentially from Sayf ibn Umar's account in al-Tabari, which places it in AH 22 (643) and is regarded by modern historians (e.", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 22 (Sayf ibn Umar); en.wikipedia Battle of Oxus River; Muslim conquests in Afghanistan", "note": "Yazdegerd III was killed near Merv later in 651 by a miller after the marzban Mahuy Suri turned against him (a murder, not a battle).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 595, "key": "651-ray-651", "name": "Ray (651)", "label": "Ray (651)", "year": 651, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "651 (al-Tabari places the conquest of Ray in AH 22, 642/643)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia", "theatre": "Media", "place": "Ray (south of Tehran), Iran", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 51.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nu'aym ibn Muqarrin; Farrukhzad (Ispahbudhan defector)", "commanders_b": "Siyavakhsh (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The forces of Ray under the Mihranid Siyavakhsh, with help reportedly sent from Damavand, Tabaristan, Qumis and Gurgan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Parthian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Mihranid Parthian lord's army with contingents of the Caspian provinces (al-Tabari).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "low", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Attacked at night at the foot of the mountain and from behind by cavalry led through a hidden route, Siyavakhsh's army was routed and Ray taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, AH 22; Pourshariati 2008; en.wikipedia Battle of Ray (651)", "note": "Farrukhzad of the House of Ispahbudhan (al-Zinabi in al-Tabari), a Persian noble, fought on the Arab side against Siyavakhsh. The date is disputed (642/643 or 651).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 596, "key": "651-zaranj-651", "name": "Zaranj (651)", "label": "Zaranj (651)", "year": 651, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "651", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Persia (Sistan)", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "outside Zarang (Zaranj), Nimruz, Afghanistan", "lat": 30.96, "lon": 61.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sasanian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sasanian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi", "commanders_b": "Aparviz, marzban of Sistan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The forces of Sakastan under its marzban Aparviz.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The provincial army of Sakastan under a Persian marzban.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Sistanis were defeated with heavy losses outside the walls and withdrew into Zarang; Aparviz then capitulated on terms.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Tarikh-i Sistan; Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Sistan", "note": "Tribute of 1 million dirhams a year, 1,000 slave boys and 1,000 gold vessels.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sasanian Empire: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 597, "key": "652-badghis", "name": "Badghis", "label": "Badghis", "year": 652, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "652 or 653 (al-Tabari's year 32); other accounts c. 654 or c. 656-657", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Iran (Iranian revolts after 651: Qarin's revolt)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Badghis, north of Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 63.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami (for Abd Allah ibn Amir)", "commanders_b": "Qarin (of the House of Karen; killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qarin's levy of about 40,000 men raised in Quhistan, Tabasayn, Herat and Badghis (al-Tabari), with Hephthalite support according to modern accounts.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Al-Tabari names the recruiting districts (Quhistan, Tabasayn, Herat, Badghis), Persian- and Bactrian-speaking lands of eastern Iran.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "4,000", "strength_b": "40,000 (al-Tabari)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Qarin and many of his men killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ibn Khazim's night attack routed the rebel army and killed Qarin; the Arabs held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari 15, pp. 107-110; en.wikipedia Battle of Badghis (redirects to Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate); Muslim conquest of Khorasan; Daryaee, Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, p. 216", "note": "Rashidun Caliphate. The date varies between Wikipedia articles (652, 654, c. 656-657); al-Tabari tells it after Ibn Amir's Khorasan campaign (year 32 = 652-653). The revolt briefly drove the Arabs from Nishapur and Zaranj, and the Arab garrison of Merv was besieged. Whether Hephthalite troops fought in the battle itself is not documented.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 598, "key": "652-herat-siege-652", "name": "Herat (siege, 652)", "label": "Herat (siege, 652)", "year": 652, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "652", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Iran (Iranian revolts after 651)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hephthalites" ], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Ahnaf ibn Qays (for Abd Allah ibn Amir)", "commanders_b": "the ruler of Herat (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison and townsmen of Herat under its ruler, backed (according to the Wikipedia article) by the House of Karen and Hephthalite allies; no numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herat was a Sasanian provincial city with a Persian-speaking elite in a district of Hephthalite (Bactrian-speaking) settlement; both spoke Iranian languages.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat, which had revolted after first accepting terms, was attacked again, its ruler was defeated and the city was forced back to a treaty, so the place fell to the besiegers.", "borderline": "thinly sourced Wikipedia article; whether the defenders were Persian or Hephthalite is not clear", "doubt": "Borderline: thinly sourced Wikipedia article; whether the defenders were Persian or Hephthalite is not clear.", "sources": "al-Tabari; al-Baladhuri; en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (652); Muslim conquest of Persia", "note": "Rashidun Caliphate. The Muslim conquest of Persia article dates Ahnaf's siege of Herat to 651; the Siege of Herat (652) article dates it 652 and says Herat later rebelled again with the Karenids (see Badghis).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 599, "key": "653-zaranj-siege-653", "name": "Zaranj (siege, 653)", "label": "Zaranj (siege, 653)", "year": 653, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 653-654 (about two years after Rabi ibn Ziyad's conquest)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab conquest of Sistan (revolt of Zaranj)", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "Zarang (near modern Zaranj), Sistan, Afghanistan", "lat": 30.96, "lon": 61.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura (for Abd Allah ibn Amir)", "commanders_b": "the marzban of Zaranj (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Zaranj and the Sistani followers of their marzban, who had thrown out Rabi ibn Ziyad's garrison; no numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Zaranj was the capital of the Sasanian province of Sakastan, whose population spoke Persian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebel city was retaken and its marzban surrendered, so the place fell to the besiegers.", "borderline": "the fighting is not described; the city may have been retaken mainly by blockade and surrender", "doubt": "Borderline: the fighting is not described; the city may have been retaken mainly by blockade and surrender.", "sources": "al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; Tarikh-i Sistan; en.wikipedia Muslim conquest of Sistan; Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "Rashidun Caliphate. The tribute was doubled to 2,000,000 dirhams and 2,000 slaves, and Ibn Samura went on to take Bust and Zabul. Rabi ibn Ziyad's first conquest of Zaranj (651/652) (a separate entry).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 600, "key": "657-nishapur-siege-657", "name": "Nishapur (siege, 657)", "label": "Nishapur (siege, 657)", "year": 657, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 657-658 (caliphate of Ali)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Iranian revolts during the First Fitna", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur (Abarshahr), Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khulayd ibn Qurra al-Yarbu'i (for Ali)", "commanders_b": "the rebel leaders of Nishapur (not named), who rallied to a daughter of Khosrow", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The rebels of Nishapur and Khorasan, who had thrown off Arab rule during the First Fitna; no numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The rebels were the Iranian townsmen and dehqans of Nishapur.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khulayd besieged Nishapur until the rebels agreed to terms and their leader was taken prisoner, so the place fell to the besiegers.", "borderline": "the fighting is not described; the siege ended in terms", "doubt": "Borderline: the fighting is not described; the siege ended in terms.", "sources": "al-Tabari; al-Baladhuri; en.wikipedia Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate", "note": "Rashidun Caliphate (Ali). The Wikipedia article says Khulayd besieged both Nishapur and Merv until the rebels made peace.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 601, "key": "670-defeat-of-masqala-ibn-hubayra", "name": "Defeat of Masqala ibn Hubayra", "label": "Defeat of Masqala ibn Hubayra", "year": 670, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "during the reign of Mu'awiya I (661-680); year uncertain, placed here at c. 670", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab-Tabaristan wars", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "the passes of Ruyan, Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Iran", "lat": 36.4, "lon": 51.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tabaristan" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the lords of Tabaristan (commander not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Masqala ibn Hubayra al-Shaybani (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mountain levies of Tabaristan and Ruyan under their native lords; the sources give no numbers.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Tabaristan's armies were raised from its Caspian-speaking highlanders under a Persian-speaking Sasanian-descended aristocracy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (a large army)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Masqala and nearly all his army", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Tabaristanis held the mountain passes and destroyed Masqala's army, which never returned.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); not verified online", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); not verified online.", "sources": "al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan (Tabaristan); Ibn Isfandiyar, History of Tabaristan", "note": "Umayyad Caliphate. The disaster gave rise to the Arabic proverb 'until Masqala returns from Tabaristan'. Date and numbers differ between the sources.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 602, "key": "n602", "name": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's raid on Bukhara (Baykand and Ramitan)", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's raid on Bukhara", "year": 674, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "673/674 (Tabari 53 AH; Wikipedia 674); season unknown", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Umayyad raids of 673-676)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baykand and Bukhara region, Zarafshan oasis (modern Bukhara Region)", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 64.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Bukhara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkic horse of Transoxiana called in by Khatun" ], "persian_state": "Bukhara", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "commanders_b": "Khatun (queen-regent of Bukhara)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ubayd Allah beat the Bukharan and Turkic army, took Baykand and Ramitan and forced Khatun to pay tribute (about a million dirhams in the Wikipedia summary of Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Narshakhi, History of Bukhara (trans. R. N. Frye, 1954); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana", "note": "First Arab crossing of the Oxus to reach Bukhara. Bukhara's ruler was a Sogdian queen-regent, so the Iranian side was both led and manned by Sogdians, with Turkic allies. Details of the actual fighting are thin and partly from Narshakhi's later retelling.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 603, "key": "n603", "name": "Bukhara (Sa'id ibn Uthman, 676)", "label": "Bukhara", "year": 676, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "676 (56 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Umayyad raids of 673-676)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bukhara (modern Bukhara, Uzbekistan)", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Bukhara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkic allies of Bukhara", "Kish and Nasaf" ], "persian_state": "Bukhara", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan", "commanders_b": "Khatun (queen-regent of Bukhara)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sa'id invested Bukhara, fought off its Bukharan and Turkic relief and Khatun bought peace and gave tribute (Tabari; Gibb).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana", "note": "Same expedition as the Samarkand entry that follows. Tabari's account of the first stage is brief; some retellings make Bukhara a negotiated submission rather than a siege with fighting.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 604, "key": "n604", "name": "Samarkand (Sa'id ibn Uthman, 676)", "label": "Samarkand", "year": 676, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "676 (56 AH); the city fell in three days", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Umayyad raids of 673-676)", "theatre": "", "place": "Samarkand (Afrasiab), Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.67, "lon": 66.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Sogdian principalities" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkic allies", "Prince of Khuttal" ], "persian_state": "Sogdian principalities", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan", "commanders_b": "Ikhshid of Samarkand (name uncertain)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a hard fight against the Sogdians and Turks the Arabs took Samarkand in three days and took Sogdian hostages (Tabari; Wikipedia summary).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana", "note": "The fate of the Sogdian hostages and slaves at Medina is told differently in the sources. The Arabs did not hold Samarkand, so the conquest did not last.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 605, "key": "n605", "name": "Umayya ibn Abdallah's defeat at Bukhara (c. 696)", "label": "Umayya ibn Abdallah's defeat at Bukhara", "year": 696, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 696 (Tabari 77-78 AH); season unknown", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Umayyad raids; second Fitna aftermath)", "theatre": "", "place": "Beyond the Oxus, at or near Bukhara (modern Bukhara Region)", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Bukhara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turks" ], "persian_state": "Bukhara", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid; Bukayr ibn Wishah (second in command, who quit)", "commanders_b": "Bukharan nobles (names not given in the summaries)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abandoned by his lieutenant Bukayr, Umayya's army was encircled and made a humiliating peace with the Bukharans (Tabari; Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana", "note": "A minor episode known only from one or two lines of Tabari. Included because Bukharans, not Turks alone, are named as the enemy; the Sogdian share of the force is not stated.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 606, "key": "n606", "name": "Zunbil's destruction of Ubayd Allah's army (698)", "label": "Zunbil's destruction of Ubayd Allah's army", "year": 698, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "698-699 CE (AH 79)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab conquest of Zabulistan (Umayyad wars with the Zunbils)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zabulistan (Zabul and Ghazni region), Afghanistan", "lat": 32.1, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Zunbils of Zabulistan" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "allies_a": [ "Shahi of Kabul" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zunbils of Zabulistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rutbil (Zunbil)", "commanders_b": "Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rutbil trapped the Arab army in the mountains, forced Ubayd Allah to pay a large tribute and give hostages, and he promised not to invade again.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan; al-Tabari; Bosworth, C. E., Sistan under the Arabs (1968); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunbils", "note": "The Arab army was called the 'army of destruction'; the better-known 'Army of Peacocks' of Ibn al-Ash'ath (c. 699-700) reached a settlement with the Zunbils and then rebelled. The Zunbils' ethnic origin (Hephthalite, Turk Shahi kin or local) is debated.", "peoples": [ "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Zunbils are said to be of Hephthalite origin (Wink); the Hephthalite identification is uncertain.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 607, "key": "n607", "name": "Badghis (Yazid ibn al-Muhallab against Nezak, c. 703)", "label": "Badghis", "year": 703, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 703 (Wikipedia, 'Nezak Tarkhan'); not found in the Transoxiana summary", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Umayyad campaigns in Tokharistan (Nezak Tarkhan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Badghis (Qala-i Naw area), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.99, "lon": 63.13, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Nezak Tarkhan of Badghis and his allies" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Princes of Tokharistan" ], "persian_state": "Nezak Tarkhan of Badghis and his allies", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yazid ibn al-Muhallab", "commanders_b": "Nezak Tarkhan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Wikipedia states that Yazid ibn al-Muhallab defeated Nezak at Badghis in 703; I did not see this in Tabari's text.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezak_Tarkhan; al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.)", "note": "Nezak is called a Hephthalite ruler of Badghis (sometimes the last one); the Hephthalites' Iranian identity is debated and 'Nezak' may be a title. Weakest entry: the battle may be conflated with Nezak's alliance of 701-704.", "peoples": [ "Bactrians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 608, "key": "n608", "name": "Tirmidh (Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim, 704)", "label": "Tirmidh", "year": 704, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "704 (Wikipedia); Musa's rebel rule at Tirmidh c. 689-704", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Arab rebel Musa ibn Khazim and the Tokharian princes)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tirmidh (Termez), Uzbekistan", "lat": 37.22, "lon": 67.28, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Native princes of Tokharistan and Hephthalite lords", "Turks" ], "persian_state": "Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Uthman ibn Mas'ud", "commanders_b": "Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Musa was killed and Tirmidh taken by Uthman ibn Mas'ud (Wikipedia summary of Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezak_Tarkhan", "note": "The leader on the Tirmidh side was an Arab rebel; the Tokharian and Hephthalite princes were his allies (the 701-704 alliance with Nezak and Thabit and Hurayth ibn Qutba), and the share cannot be measured. Included as uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Bactrians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 609, "key": "n609", "name": "Balkh (Qutayba's recovery, 705)", "label": "Balkh", "year": 705, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 705 (Wikipedia); sources disagree whether it surrendered or was stormed", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Balkh, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Balkh and the lords of Tokharistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Tish of Chaghaniyan" ], "persian_state": "Balkh and the lords of Tokharistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Nezak Tarkhan (Hephthalite) and local lords of Balkh", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qutayba retook Balkh in spring 705 and then took the submission of Tish of Chaghaniyan and of Nezak (Wikipedia, 'Qutayba ibn Muslim').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim; al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923)", "note": "Little real fighting is certain; Nezak and Tish submitted. Kept because Wikipedia calls it a battle.", "peoples": [ "Bactrians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 610, "key": "n610", "name": "Baykand (Paykand), siege of 706", "label": "Baykand, siege of 706", "year": 706, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "706 (87 AH); about two months' siege", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baykand (Paykand), the 'city of merchants', south-west of Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 64.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Baykand and Bukharan rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sogdian and Turkic relief" ], "persian_state": "Baykand and Bukharan rebels", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Local Bukharan lords (names not recorded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Qutayba took Baykand after a siege of about two months; it rose again and was sacked, its men killed and others enslaved (Narshakhi; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Narshakhi, History of Bukhara (trans. R. N. Frye, 1954); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim", "note": "Narshakhi and Tabari say the Baykandis fought and called in help, which is the evidence that townsmen counted. The booty (arms, merchants' goods) financed the later campaigns.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 611, "key": "n611", "name": "Tumushkath and Ramitan (Qutayba, 707)", "label": "Tumushkath and Ramitan", "year": 707, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "707 (88 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tumushkath and Ramitan (Ramithana), north of Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.93, "lon": 64.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Sogdian princes of Bukhara, Kish and Nasaf" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkic and Ferghanan coalition" ], "persian_state": "Sogdian princes of Bukhara, Kish and Nasaf", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Wardan Khudah; Kur Maghayun (Turkic)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qutayba took the two towns and scattered the coalition, but then withdrew behind the Oxus to avoid a united Sogdian army (Tabari; Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim", "note": "The Sogdian princes were principals; the Turkic prince Kur Maghayun commanded the allied cavalry. The next year's (708) campaign failed against the united Sogdians but no named engagement is recorded.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 612, "key": "n612", "name": "Bukhara (Qutayba's capture, 709)", "label": "Bukhara", "year": 709, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "709 (90-91 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Bukhara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Tarkhun of Samarkand", "Turks" ], "persian_state": "Bukhara", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Wardan Khudah; Tarkhun (ikhshid of Samarkand)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Qutayba defeated the relief army, stormed Bukhara, imposed a 200,000-dirham tribute and a garrison, and Tarkhun of Samarkand became his vassal (Tabari; Narshakhi; Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Narshakhi, History of Bukhara (trans. R. N. Frye, 1954); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim", "note": "The conquest of Bukhara after three years of campaigning. Narshakhi adds that the Arabs settled in Bukharan houses and built the first mosque.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 613, "key": "n613", "name": "Nezak's revolt in Tokharistan (709-710)", "label": "Nezak's revolt in Tokharistan", "year": 710, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 709 to spring 710 (91 AH); Nezak's capture and execution in 710 (one source says 709)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (revolt of Nezak Tarkhan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Lower Tokharistan: Talaqan, Faryab, Balkh and Baghlan area, Afghanistan (Nezak's last stronghold not securely located)", "lat": 36.4, "lon": 68.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Nezak Tarkhan and the princes of Tokharistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "The Yabghu of Tokharistan", "Princes of Talaqan and Faryab" ], "persian_state": "Nezak Tarkhan and the princes of Tokharistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim; Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Nezak Tarkhan; the Yabghu", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abd al-Rahman and Qutayba crushed the revolt; Nezak was captured and executed on al-Hajjaj's orders despite a promise of pardon, and the Yabghu was sent to Damascus (Tabari; Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezak_Tarkhan; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim", "note": "Nezak is a Hephthalite ruler of Badghis; the princes of Tokharistan were Bactrian-speaking local lords, so the Iranian side is well attested though the Hephthalite identity is debated. The sources do not give one named battle.", "peoples": [ "Bactrians", "Hephthalites (uncertain)" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 614, "key": "n614", "name": "Shuman and Akharun (Qutayba, c. 710)", "label": "Shuman and Akharun", "year": 710, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 710 (undated in the sources)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shuman and Akharun, upper Oxus valley, Tokharistan (modern Surkhandarya / southern Tajikistan)", "lat": 38.4, "lon": 68.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "King of Shuman and Akharun" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "King of Shuman and Akharun", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "The king of Shuman and Akharun (name not recorded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qutayba stormed the king's citadel and the king was killed (Wikipedia, 'Qutayba ibn Muslim'; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim; al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.)", "note": "A minor Tokharian principality; location approximate.", "peoples": [ "Bactrians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 615, "key": "n615", "name": "Khwarazm (Qutayba's intervention, 711-712)", "label": "Khwarazm", "year": 712, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "711-712 (92-93 AH); the sources are unclear on the order of events", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khwarazm (Kath and Hazarasp area), Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan", "lat": 41.55, "lon": 60.63, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate", "Khwarazmshah Jigan as Arab client" ], "side_b": [ "Khurrazadh and the king of Khamjird" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Khwarazmian rebels who later killed the Khwarazmshah" ], "persian_state": "Umayyad Caliphate v Khurrazadh and the king of Khamjird", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Umayyad Caliphate, Khwarazmshah Jigan as Arab client", "faction_b": "Khurrazadh and the king of Khamjird", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim; Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim; Khwarazmshah Jigan", "commanders_b": "Khurrazadh; the king of Khamjird", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abd al-Rahman defeated the king of Khamjird's troops and Khurrazadh and his followers were executed; a later Khwarazmian rising was put down by al-Mughira ibn Abdallah (Tabari; Wikipedia, 'Qutayba ibn Muslim').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim; al-Biruni, Chronology of Ancient Nations (on the killing of the Khwarazmian scholars)", "note": "Khwarazmian princes fought on both sides: the Afrighid shah as Arab ally against his own brother. Al-Biruni's story that Qutayba killed Khwarazm's scholars and burned their books is tradition. Place is the region only.", "peoples": [], "branch": [ "?" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 616, "key": "n616", "name": "Samarkand (Qutayba's siege, 712)", "label": "Samarkand", "year": 712, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 711/712 to 712 (93 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba ibn Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Samarkand (Afrasiab), Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.67, "lon": 66.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Samarkand" ], "allies_a": [ "Native levies of Bukhara, Kish, Nasaf and Khwarazm" ], "allies_b": [ "Relief force of the princes of Shash and Ferghana" ], "persian_state": "Umayyad Caliphate v Samarkand", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Umayyad Caliphate", "faction_b": "Samarkand", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Ghurak (ikhshid of Samarkand)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Qutayba ambushed the Shash relief force, breached the walls with siege engines and Ghurak made terms; 30,000 slaves and 2,200,000 dirhams were taken (Tabari; Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana", "note": "Ghurak had overthrown Tarkhun and took the throne. He was left on it under Arab terms and later founded Farankath. Native Sogdian, Bukharan and Khwarazmian levies served in Qutayba's army (Tabari), so Iranians stood on both sides.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 617, "key": "n617", "name": "Khujand and Minak (Qutayba, 713)", "label": "Khujand and Minak", "year": 713, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "713 (94 AH); the order and detail of the actions are uncertain", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (Qutayba's Jaxartes campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khujand on the Jaxartes (Tajikistan) and Minak in Ushrusana", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Princes of Shash, Ferghana and Ushrusana with their levies" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turks of Shash" ], "persian_state": "Princes of Shash, Ferghana and Ushrusana with their levies", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "commanders_b": "Local princes (names not given)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qutayba's army fought before Khujand and at Minak and advanced to Shash; the Arabs held the field (Wikipedia, 'Qutayba ibn Muslim'; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim; al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923)", "note": "Merged because the sources give only the places. The Ushrusanans were Iranian; Ferghana and Shash only partly so.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 618, "key": "n618", "name": "Namangan (Chinese restoration of the Ikhshid of Ferghana, 715)", "label": "Namangan", "year": 715, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "715", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tang intervention in Ferghana", "theatre": "", "place": "Namangan, Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan", "lat": 40.99, "lon": 71.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Tang China", "the deposed Ikhshid of Ferghana" ], "side_b": [ "Arab occupation force", "Alutar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tang China v Arab occupation force", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tang China, the deposed Ikhshid of Ferghana", "faction_b": "Arab occupation force, Alutar", "commanders_a": "Zhang Xiaosong; the Ikhshid of Ferghana (name not given)", "commanders_b": "Alutar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Chinese force defeated Alutar's Arab-backed army and put the Ikhshid back on the throne (Wikipedia; Chinese annals, Cefu Yuangui).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana; Cefu Yuangui and Xin Tangshu (Tang annals), as summarised in Gibb 1923 and Beckwith 1987", "note": "The Ikhshid bore an Iranian title; Ferghana's ruling house and speech were probably partly Iranian but the sources do not settle it, so qualifies is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 619, "key": "716-defeat-of-yazid-ibn-al-muhallab-in-tabaristan", "name": "Defeat of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab in Tabaristan", "label": "Defeat of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab in Tabaristan", "year": 716, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "716 (some put it in early 717)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's Caspian campaign", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "the mountain passes of Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Iran", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 53.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tabaristan" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Farrukhan the Great (Dabuyid ispahbadh)", "commanders_b": "Yazid ibn al-Muhallab", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Farrukhan's Tabaristani forces with allies he recruited from Daylam and Gilan.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Daylamite and Gilite allies alongside Farrukhan's own Tabaristanis, all Caspian Iranian peoples.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "part of an army given as about 100,000 for the whole campaign", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "not heavy in the fighting, but many killed in the ravines during the retreat", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After losing on the plain, the Tabaristanis ambushed the Arab army in the mountain passes and drove it back in a chaotic retreat; Yazid then made a tributary peace and withdrew.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander)", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander).", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 98); Ibn Isfandiyar; en.wikipedia Yazid ibn al-Muhallab; Farrukhan the Great; Dabuyid dynasty", "note": "Umayyad Caliphate. Yazid had first beaten the Tabaristanis on the plain; the Wikipedia articles describe the result as Farrukhan's successful containment of the invasion. Tabaristan stayed independent until 760.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 620, "key": "717-jurjan-siege-717", "name": "Jurjan (siege, 717)", "label": "Jurjan (siege, 717)", "year": 717, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "717 (year 98-99 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's Caspian campaign (revolt of Jurjan)", "theatre": "Gurgan", "place": "Jurjan (near Gonbad-e Kavus), Iran", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 55.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian resistance" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian resistance", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yazid ibn al-Muhallab", "commanders_b": "the rebel leaders of Jurjan (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Iranian townsmen and lords of Jurjan who had risen, encouraged by Farrukhan, and massacred the Arab garrison; no numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Wikipedia article calls the rebels the Iranian population of Jurjan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed and executed after the fall (al-Tabari)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Tabari says Yazid besieged the rebels in their stronghold for months and took it by a mountain path, so the place fell to the besiegers.", "borderline": "the siege is told by al-Tabari, but the Wikipedia articles (after Kennedy) mention only the revolt and Yazid's escape by diplomacy", "doubt": "Borderline: the siege is told by al-Tabari, but the Wikipedia articles (after Kennedy) mention only the revolt and Yazid's escape by diplomacy.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 98); en.wikipedia Yazid ibn al-Muhallab; Farrukhan the Great", "note": "Umayyad Caliphate. The revolt nearly trapped Yazid's army in the Caspian lands.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian resistance: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 621, "key": "n621", "name": "Revolt of the Six Hu Prefectures (Kang Daibin, 721)", "label": "Revolt of the Six Hu Prefectures", "year": 721, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "721 (the rising began in 720-721; Kang Daibin captured by Wang Jun and sent to Xuanzong)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rising of the Six Hu Prefectures (Tang)", "theatre": "", "place": "Six Hu Prefectures, the Ordos (Lanchi and Yanchi region), Ningxia-Inner Mongolia", "lat": 37.8, "lon": 107.4, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Tang" ], "side_b": [ "Hu rebels of the Six Hu Prefectures" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Dangxiang tribes" ], "persian_state": "Hu rebels of the Six Hu Prefectures", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zhang Yue; Wang Jun; Wang Maozhong", "commanders_b": "Kang Daibin", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Wang Jun captured Kang Daibin soon after the Tang commanders took the field and delivered him to the emperor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian, juan 212; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yue_(Tang_dynasty); Rong Xinjiang, Zhonggu Hu zu shi yanjiu (2001), on the Six Hu Prefectures; de la Vaissiere, Sogdian Traders (2005)", "note": "A major rising of a Sogdian-Turkic settler community in the Tang Ordos; the Tang forces were under Zhang Yue, Wang Jun and Wang Maozhong. A second Hu rising under Kang Yuanzi in 722 was separate. Individual battles and places are not itemised in the sources used, so this is a campaign-level entry.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Kang Daibin, who led the Hu of the Six Hu Prefectures, bears the Sogdian surname Kang (Samarkand) and the prefectures were settled with Sogdians and Turks (Rong Xinjiang, de la Vaissière), so his people were Sogdian-Turkic mixed; the Turkic side of the community is large.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 622, "key": "n622", "name": "Khujand (Sa'id al-Harashi against the Sogdian rebels, 721-722)", "label": "Khujand", "year": 722, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "721/722 (Tabari 102-103 AH); the sources are ambiguous", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sogdian revolt of 720-722", "theatre": "", "place": "Khujand on the Jaxartes, Tajikistan", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Sogdian rebels and Sogdian refugees" ], "allies_a": [ "Ferghana" ], "allies_b": [ "Turks" ], "persian_state": "Sogdian rebels and Sogdian refugees", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi", "commanders_b": "Karzanj (Sogdian ruler)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "At-Tar of Ferghana betrayed the Sogdians' camp; al-Harashi defeated them and massacred more than 3,000 Sogdians (Tabari; Wikipedia, 'Divashtich').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divashtich; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim conquest of Transoxiana", "note": "The Sogdian nobles had fled to Khujand from Samarkand and Panjikent. Some retellings put the massacre at the end of the fight, some after surrender.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 623, "key": "n623", "name": "Mount Mugh and Panjikent (Divashtich, 722)", "label": "Mount Mugh and Panjikent", "year": 722, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "722 (autumn, Wikipedia); the defeat of Divashtich near the Zarafshan and his flight to Mount Mugh", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sogdian revolt of 720-722", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjikent and the fortress of Kal'ai Mug on Mount Mugh, Tajikistan", "lat": 39.3, "lon": 68.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Divashtich, ruler of Panjikent, and the Sogdian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ferghanan and Turkic hopes of help that did not arrive" ], "persian_state": "Divashtich, ruler of Panjikent, and the Sogdian rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi", "commanders_b": "Divashtich", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Al-Harashi won the battle by the Zarafshan, Divashtich fled to Mug, surrendered and was crucified on a Zoroastrian dakhma (Tabari; Wikipedia, 'Divashtich').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divashtich; Mugh Documents (Livshits, Smirnova, Bogolyubov)", "note": "The Mugh archive of Sogdian documents, found at the fortress in 1933, comes from Divashtich's court. The Wikipedia article does not describe a long siege, only the flight and surrender.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 624, "key": "n624", "name": "Day of Thirst (724)", "label": "Day of Thirst", "year": 724, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "724 (106 AH); season uncertain (Tabari has it in the summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turgesh-Arab war (Muslim conquest of Transoxiana)", "theatre": "", "place": "On the Jaxartes near Khujand, after the retreat from Ferghana (Tajikistan)", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Turgesh Khaganate" ], "allies_a": [ "Sogdian allies of the Arabs" ], "allies_b": [ "Princes of Shash and Ferghana", "Remnants of the Sogdian rebellion" ], "persian_state": "Turgesh Khaganate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi; Abd al-Rahman ibn Na'im al-Ghamidi", "commanders_b": "Suluk (Turgesh khagan); Alutar (Ferghana, uncertain)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Arabs were trapped between the Turgesh and the Transoxianian forces, burned their baggage, broke through to Khujand with heavy losses (Wikipedia; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Thirst", "note": "Turgesh-led, with Sogdian, Shashi and Ferghanan allies; the Wikipedia article does not mention Alutar, so his presence is from the Divashtich and Namangan material. Muslim ibn Sa'id's expedition was against Ferghana.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Sogdians and Ferghanans who joined the Turgesh khagan Suluk against an Arab army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 625, "key": "n625", "name": "Baykand (729)", "label": "Baykand", "year": 729, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "729 (111 AH); season unknown", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turgesh-Arab war (Muslim conquest of Transoxiana)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baykand, about 30 km south of Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 64.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Turgesh Khaganate", "Sogdian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Al-Harith ibn Surayj" ], "allies_b": [ "Bukhar Khudahs", "Ghurak of Samarkand" ], "persian_state": "Turgesh Khaganate & Sogdian rebels", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami; Qatan ibn Qutayba; Thabit Qutnah", "commanders_b": "Suluk; Ghurak", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Arabs broke through the Turgesh encirclement with a narrow victory and reached Bukhara (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baykand", "note": "Turgesh-led with Sogdian allies, among them the rulers of Bukhara, who had risen against Ashras's tax policy. Ghurak is listed in the infobox as a commander, but the text says only that he went over to the rebels.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 626, "key": "n626", "name": "Kamarja (siege, 729)", "label": "Kamarja", "year": 729, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "729 (111 AH); the garrison held 58 days", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Turgesh-Arab war (Muslim conquest of Transoxiana)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kamarja, a fortress about 42 km west of Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.67, "lon": 66.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Turgesh Khaganate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Contingents of Ferghana, al-Taraband, Afshinah, Nasaf and Bukhara", "Soghdian prince of al-Taraband", "Khosrau, grandson of Yazdegerd III" ], "persian_state": "Turgesh Khaganate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami (governor)", "commanders_b": "Suluk (in person)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Arab garrison held out 58 days and was allowed to leave for Dabusiyya under a negotiated agreement (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kamarja", "note": "Turgesh-led siege with Sogdian contingents named in the sources. The Sasanian prince Khosrau, a grandson of the last king, accompanied the Turgesh. Arab rule in Sogdia collapsed afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 627, "key": "n627", "name": "Defile (731)", "label": "Defile", "year": 731, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 731 (113 AH), about three days", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turgesh-Arab war (Muslim conquest of Transoxiana)", "theatre": "", "place": "Takhtakaracha Pass between Samarkand and Kish, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.4, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Turgesh Khaganate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Troops of the rulers of Sogdia, Shash and Ferghana" ], "persian_state": "Turgesh Khaganate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri; Sawra ibn al-Hurr al-Abani (killed)", "commanders_b": "Suluk; Ghurak (adviser)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Turgesh destroyed Sawra's 12,000 and cut up Junayd's army, which escaped to Samarkand with very heavy losses (Wikipedia; Tabari; Blankinship).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Defile", "note": "Turgesh-led with Sogdian, Shashi and Ferghanan allies; Ghurak advised the Turgesh to set the grass on fire. Tokharistan was also in revolt, which drew off about 28,000 of Junayd's men.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 628, "key": "n628", "name": "Baggage (Battle of the Baggage, 737)", "label": "Baggage", "year": 737, "month": 9, "day": 30, "date": "30 September 737", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turgesh-Arab war (Muslim conquest of Transoxiana)", "theatre": "", "place": "Upper Oxus, in or near Khuttal, Tajikistan or northern Afghanistan", "lat": 37.5, "lon": 69.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Turgesh Khaganate" ], "allies_a": [ "Contingent of al-Saghaniyan in the baggage escort" ], "allies_b": [ "Sogdian allies", "Khuttal" ], "persian_state": "Turgesh Khaganate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri; Ibrahim ibn Asim al-Uqayli", "commanders_b": "Suluk", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Turgesh captured most of Asad's baggage train and the Khuttal campaign failed (Wikipedia; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Baggage", "note": "Turgesh-led, with Sogdians and Khuttal. The Saghan Khudah, a Tokharian prince, was killed with his contingent fighting for the Arabs, so Iranians stood on both sides. Khuttal's ruling house was Hephthalite or Turkic, which Wikipedia does not settle.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians", "Bactrians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Sogdian and Bactrian allies of the Turgesh khagan Suluk against an Arab army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 629, "key": "n629", "name": "Kharistan (737)", "label": "Kharistan", "year": 737, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 737 (119 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turgesh-Arab war (Muslim conquest of Transoxiana)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kharistan in Juzjan, near Maymana, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.92, "lon": 64.78, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Turgesh Khaganate", "Al-Harith ibn Surayj" ], "allies_a": [ "The Juzjan prince and his retinue" ], "allies_b": [ "Contingents of the princes of Sughd, Shash, Usrushana and Khuttal and of the Yabghu of Tokharistan" ], "persian_state": "Turgesh Khaganate & Al-Harith ibn Surayj", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri", "commanders_b": "Suluk; Al-Harith ibn Surayj", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Asad surprised the scattered Turgesh, took their camp and spoils, and Suluk and Ibn Surayj fled (Wikipedia; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kharistan", "note": "Turgesh-led, with Sogdian, Ushrusanan, Shashi, Khuttali and Tokharian contingents named, and the Juzjan prince on the Arab side. About 4,000 Turgesh against 7,000 Arabs; the allied total of about 30,000 had dispersed to raid.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians", "Bactrians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Sogdian and Bactrian allies of the Turgesh khagan Suluk and the rebel al-Harith against an Arab army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 630, "key": "n630", "name": "Jaxartes (Nasr ibn Sayyar against Shash and the Turgesh, c. 740)", "label": "Jaxartes", "year": 740, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 739-741 (the sources do not date it exactly)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nasr ibn Sayyar's reconquest of Transoxiana", "theatre": "", "place": "On the Jaxartes, in Shash territory (modern Uzbekistan or Kazakhstan)", "lat": 40.5, "lon": 69.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Umayyad Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Shash", "Turgesh detachment" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Al-Harith ibn Surayj's followers" ], "persian_state": "Shash & Turgesh detachment", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nasr ibn Sayyar", "commanders_b": "The ruler of Shash; Kursul (Turgesh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasr drove off the Turgesh and killed the chief of one of their detachments, and the ruler of Shash then came to terms (Wikipedia, 'Nasr ibn Sayyar'; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (1994); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar", "note": "About 15,000 Shashi troops are reported. Shash's population was partly Sogdian-speaking but its rulers had Turkic titles, so the Iranian share is unproven.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 631, "key": "n631", "name": "Tus (748)", "label": "Tus (748)", "year": 748, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 748, after the occupation of Merv", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Tus (near Mashhad), Iran", "lat": 36.49, "lon": 59.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i", "commanders_b": "Tamim ibn Nasr", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasr's son Tamim was defeated at Tus and Nasr then gave up Nishapur to Qahtaba.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar", "note": "Qahtaba was an Arab (Tayyi'); Iranian mawali in the Khurasani army cannot be quantified, and Wikipedia stresses a heavily Arab core. This entry also stands for the fall of Nishapur, which followed without a separate battle that I could confirm.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 632, "key": "n632", "name": "Merv (748)", "label": "Merv", "year": 748, "month": 2, "day": 14, "date": "14 February 748 (Abu Muslim's rising began June 747)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Merv (Mary Province), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.65, "lon": 61.85, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar", "Kharijites of Shayban" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Muslim", "commanders_b": "Nasr ibn Sayyar; Shayban al-Khariji", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Hashimiyya army occupied Merv on 14 February 748 and Nasr fled to Nishapur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar", "note": "Abu Muslim's origin is debated: Wikipedia says 'most likely Persian' (born at Merv or near Isfahan) but calls the accounts doubtful. His forces were Khurasani Arab settlers plus native (Iranian) converts and officers of mixed origin; this was more a seizure of Merv after months of skirmishing than a pitched battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 633, "key": "n633", "name": "Jurjan", "label": "Jurjan", "year": 748, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 748", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Jurjan (near Gorgan), Golestan Province, Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad caliphate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i", "commanders_b": "Nubata ibn Hanzala (killed, per Tabari; unnamed in the Wikipedia article)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Abbasid army defeated an Umayyad force of about 10,000.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution", "note": "Arab leader; Iranian share of the Khurasani army unquantified (see Tus). Included because the Khurasani army is a named body with a documented Iranian element.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 634, "key": "n634", "name": "Nahavand (siege, 749)", "label": "Nahavand", "year": 749, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 749 (after Isfahan)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Nahavand, Hamadan Province, Iran", "lat": 34.19, "lon": 48.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i; Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba", "commanders_b": "Umayyad commanders (Syrian relief force defeated first)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nahavand fell after Qahtaba beat the Syrian relief army; the Syrians were spared and the Khurasani units of the garrison executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution", "note": "Arab leaders; Iranian share of the besiegers unquantified. The Umayyad garrison also had Khurasani units.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 635, "key": "n635", "name": "Isfahan (749)", "label": "Isfahan", "year": 749, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 749", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Isfahan (Jabalaq district), Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad caliphate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i", "commanders_b": "Amir ibn Dubara (per Tabari; unnamed in the Wikipedia article)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Abbasid army defeated an Umayyad force put at 50,000, opening the way to Nahavand.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution", "note": "Arab leader; Iranian contingent unquantified. The site (Jabalaq near Isfahan) and the Umayyad commander's name are from memory of Tabari.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 636, "key": "n636", "name": "Euphrates crossing (749)", "label": "Euphrates crossing", "year": 749, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 749 (Muharram 132 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Euphrates near Karbala and Kufa, Iraq", "lat": 32.61, "lon": 44.02, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad governor of Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i (killed); Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba", "commanders_b": "Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Abbasids surprised Ibn Hubayra's forces at night; Qahtaba died but Ibn Hubayra fled to Wasit and Al-Hasan entered Kufa on 2 September 749.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution", "note": "Arab leaders; the Kufa entry was without a major battle. Iranian share unquantified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 637, "key": "n637", "name": "Wasit (siege, 749-750)", "label": "Wasit", "year": 749, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 749 to July 750", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Wasit, Iraq", "lat": 32.2, "lon": 46.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Hashimiyya" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hashimiyya", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba", "commanders_b": "Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ibn Hubayra surrendered on promise of amnesty after the fall of the Umayyad dynasty and was then executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution", "note": "Arab leaders; the Iranian element of the Khurasani army is again unquantified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 638, "key": "n638", "name": "Chach (Tashkent), Tang capture by Gao Xianzhi (750)", "label": "Chach, Tang capture by Gao Xianzhi", "year": 750, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "750 (Tang annals: the 9th year of Tianbao)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Tang-Arab conflict in Central Asia (preceding Talas)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chach (Shash, Tashkent), Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 69.27, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Tang China" ], "side_b": [ "Chach" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkic neighbours" ], "persian_state": "Chach", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gao Xianzhi", "commanders_b": "The King of Chach (the Tudun)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gao Xianzhi took the city after agreeing terms and then plundered it and sent the king to Chang'an (Tang annals).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi; Jiu Tangshu and Xin Tangshu (biography of Gao Xianzhi)", "note": "Almost no real fighting: Gao is said to have taken Chach by a breach of the truce. Chach had a large Sogdian population but its king's title was Turkic. Qualifies is doubtful. The Chach prince's flight to the Arabs led to Talas (751).", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 639, "key": "n639", "name": "Zab", "label": "Zab", "year": 750, "month": 1, "day": 25, "date": "25 January 750 (the Abbasid Revolution article gives 16 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Greater Zab (left bank, near its mouth), northern Iraq", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 43.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Abbasid revolutionaries" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad caliphate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid revolutionaries", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdallah ibn Ali; Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid", "commanders_b": "Marwan II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Marwan II's army was completely destroyed and he fled to Egypt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution", "note": "Abdallah ibn Ali was an Abbasid prince (Arab) and Abu Awn a Khurasani commander of unclear descent. The Iranian share of the Khurasani army is not given in the sources I read.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 640, "key": "n640", "name": "Damascus (siege, 750)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 750, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 750", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbasid Revolution", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.51, "lon": 36.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Abbasid revolutionaries" ], "side_b": [ "Umayyad garrison of Damascus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid revolutionaries", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdallah ibn Ali", "commanders_b": "Al-Walid ibn Mu'awiya (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abdallah took the city by storm after a brief siege and killed the governor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 27 (The Abbasid Revolution, Williams); Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule 747-820 (1979); Shaban, The Abbasid Revolution (1970); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Ali", "note": "Arab leader; Iranian share of the army unquantified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 641, "key": "n641", "name": "Bukhara (revolt of Sharik ibn Shaykh al-Mahri, 751)", "label": "Bukhara", "year": 751, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "751 (133-134 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid consolidation in Transoxiana (revolt against Abu Muslim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abbasid army of Abu Muslim" ], "side_b": [ "Sharik ibn Shaykh al-Mahri's rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Bukharans" ], "persian_state": "Abbasid army of Abu Muslim v Sharik ibn Shaykh al-Mahri's rebels", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abbasid army of Abu Muslim", "faction_b": "Sharik ibn Shaykh al-Mahri's rebels", "commanders_a": "Ziyad ibn Salih", "commanders_b": "Sharik ibn Shaykh al-Mahri", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ziyad ibn Salih defeated and killed Sharik at Bukhara (Narshakhi; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Narshakhi, History of Bukhara (trans. R. N. Frye, 1954); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.)", "note": "An Arab-led rising, not a native one. I could not confirm that Bukharan citizens fought for Sharik, nor give the share of Khurasani Persians in Ziyad's army. Weak entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 642, "key": "n642", "name": "Tuhe (An Lushan v the Khitan, 751)", "label": "Tuhe", "year": 751, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer 751 (8th lunar month in ZZTJ, about Aug-Sept, Julian)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tang-Khitan wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Tuhuzhen River, probably the Xar Moron (Xilamulun) basin, Inner Mongolia", "lat": 43.4, "lon": 120.3, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Tang" ], "side_b": [ "Khitan" ], "allies_a": [ "Xi auxiliary horse" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tang", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "An Lushan", "commanders_b": "Khitan chief (name not given in the sources used)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "An Lushan's army, worn down by a long march in rain and heat, was destroyed by the Khitan and he escaped with a handful of riders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian, juan 216; Old Book of Tang, juan 200A (An Lushan); Pulleyblank 1955; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan", "note": "Before the rebellion; An Lushan, military governor of Pinglu and Fanyang, marched with about 60,000 men and Xi horse and was routed; the defeat and his later restoration to favour are part of the background of 755. Place and some details (the Xi desertion) are from ZZTJ memory and not rechecked.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Lushan, ruler of Yan, was Sogdian on his father's side (New Book of Tang: 'a mixed Hu of Yingzhou, originally surnamed Kang'; his name is the Sogdian Roxshan; Pulleyblank 1955, Rong Xinjiang), but his mother was a Turk of the Ashide (Ashina) clan, his stepfather the Turk An Yanyan, and he grew up among the Turks, so the Turkic side of his family is at least as strong; here he commanded a Tang frontier army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 643, "key": "n643", "name": "Talas", "label": "Talas", "year": 751, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 751 (about five days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid-Tang conflicts in Central Asia", "theatre": "", "place": "Talas River near Taraz, Kazakhstan", "lat": 42.9, "lon": 71.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Kazakhstan", "side_a": [ "Abbasid caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Tang China" ], "allies_a": [ "Tibetan Empire" ], "allies_b": [ "Karluks", "Ferghana" ], "persian_state": "Abbasid caliphate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ziyad ibn Salih; Abu Muslim (governor of Khurasan, directed from Samarkand)", "commanders_b": "Gao Xianzhi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Karluks went over to the Abbasids and the Tang army was routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bai Shouyi / Gibb on Talas (from memory); Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (from memory)", "note": "Weak candidate: the field commander Ziyad ibn Salih was an Arab and I found no source stating the Iranian share of the Abbasid army; Abu Muslim (most likely Persian, origin disputed) governed the province that raised it.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 644, "key": "n644", "name": "Nisibis (754)", "label": "Nisibis", "year": 754, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 754", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Abdallah ibn Ali against al-Mansur", "theatre": "", "place": "Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Al-Mansur" ], "side_b": [ "Abdallah ibn Ali" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Al-Mansur v Abdallah ibn Ali", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Al-Mansur", "faction_b": "Abdallah ibn Ali", "commanders_a": "Abu Muslim", "commanders_b": "Abdallah ibn Ali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abdallah suspected treachery on all sides and fled before the battle developed, to Basra.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Ali; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim; al-Tabari, History vol. 28 (Abbasid Authority Affirmed, Kennedy); Daniel, Khurasan under Abbasid Rule", "note": "Abu Muslim's origin is debated (probably Persian). Abdallah's army also had Khurasanis, many reluctant to fight Abu Muslim (one account says he had 17,000 of them killed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 645, "key": "755-defeat-of-sunpadh", "name": "Defeat of Sunpadh", "label": "Defeat of Sunpadh", "year": 755, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "755 (the revolt lasted about 70 days after Abu Muslim's murder)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sunpadh's revolt", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "between Hamadan and Rayy, Iran", "lat": 35.2, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jahwar ibn Marrar al-Ijli", "commanders_b": "Sunpadh", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Sunpadh's followers, mostly from Jibal and Tabaristan: former partisans of Abu Muslim, Zoroastrians and others; no reliable numbers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources say most of his supporters came from Jibal and Tabaristan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "10,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "very heavy (Ibn Isfandiyar says the bones were still visible in 912)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sunpadh's army was routed and he fled to Tabaristan, where he was killed.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated leader)", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated leader).", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 137); Nizam al-Mulk; Ibn Isfandiyar; en.wikipedia Sunpadh", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. Sunpadh had taken Nishapur, Qumis and Rayy (with Abu Muslim's treasury) before the battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 646, "key": "n646", "name": "Changshan (Yan Gaoqing's defence, 756)", "label": "Changshan", "year": 756, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 756 (about the 1st lunar month; Julian January-February); the town fell about a week after Yan Gaoqing's defection", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Changshan (Hengzhou, now Zhengding), Hebei", "lat": 38.15, "lon": 114.57, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [ "Yan Zhenqing's Pingyuan coalition" ], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Siming; Cai Xide", "commanders_b": "Yan Gaoqing (prefect of Changshan); Yuan Lüqian", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shi Siming and Cai Xide took Changshan and captured Yan Gaoqing, who was sent to Luoyang and executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Siming; Old Book of Tang, juan 187B (Yan Gaoqing)", "note": "Yan Gaoqing and his cousin Yan Zhenqing (at Pingyuan) turned much of Hebei against the rebels in the winter of 755-756; Changshan, cut off and short of arms, fell after a siege of days. Li Guangbi later recaptured the town (spring 756), so Changshan changed hands twice. Dating is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong; An Lushan, ruler of Yan, was likewise Sogdian on his father's side but half Turkic (Turkic mother and stepfather).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 647, "key": "n647", "name": "Chentao Xie (Fang Guan's defeat, 756)", "label": "Chentao Xie", "year": 756, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "21st day of the 10th lunar month 756 (about Oct-Nov 756, Julian); the Qingqu fight two days later", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chentao slope, near Xianyang (Weicheng), Shaanxi", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 108.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "An Shouzhong; Li Guiren (Yan generals before Chang'an)", "commanders_b": "Fang Guan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Fang Guan's centre column, moving ox-carts into the Yan cavalry, was burned and routed with very heavy losses, and his other columns failed at Qingqu two days later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Old Book of Tang, juan 111 (Fang Guan)", "note": "A famous Tang disaster in which the chancellor Fang Guan, trying an antique ox-cart formation, lost 40,000 to 50,000 men; the Yan commanders are named An Shouzhong and Li Guiren (the An surname may point to Sogdian origin, unverified). An Lushan himself was at Luoyang, so this counts only through his role as ruler of the army. Date given loosely because the 10th lunar month of 756 straddles two Julian months.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Lushan, ruler of Yan, was Sogdian on his father's side (New Book of Tang: 'a mixed Hu of Yingzhou, originally surnamed Kang'; his name is the Sogdian Roxshan; Pulleyblank 1955, Rong Xinjiang), but his mother was a Turk of the Ashide (Ashina) clan, his stepfather the Turk An Yanyan, and he grew up among the Turks, so the Turkic side of his family is at least as strong; the Chang'an front was held by his generals under his authority.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 648, "key": "n648", "name": "Jiashan (756)", "label": "Jiashan", "year": 756, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "about May-June 756 (4th-5th lunar month; ZZTJ), exact day not fixed here", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jiashan, near Quyang, Hebei", "lat": 38.63, "lon": 114.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Siming; Cai Xide", "commanders_b": "Guo Ziyi; Li Guangbi", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi routed Shi Siming's army, which lost (by ZZTJ) about 40,000 dead, and Shi fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Old Book of Tang, juan 120 (Guo Ziyi) and 110 (Li Guangbi)", "note": "The best Tang victory of the first campaign: Shi Siming, who had besieged Li Guangbi in Changshan, was caught in the open as Guo Ziyi's army joined Li Guangbi, and escaped on foot. The victory was thrown away when Xuanzong forced Geshu Han out of Tong Pass and the two armies had to fall back. Date and numbers are from ZZTJ and approximate.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong; An Lushan was ruler of Yan and the Yan army was his.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 649, "key": "n649", "name": "Yongqiu (siege, 756-757)", "label": "Yongqiu", "year": 756, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Feb 756 (Linghu Chao's siege) to Jan 757 (Yin Ziqi's siege, over 60 days; Zhang Xun then withdrew to Ningling and Suiyang)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Yongqiu (now Qi County), Kaifeng, Henan", "lat": 34.55, "lon": 114.77, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Linghu Chao; Yin Ziqi", "commanders_b": "Zhang Xun; Lei Wanchun", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Zhang Xun, with about 2,000 to 3,000 men, repulsed Linghu Chao's 40,000 and held out against repeated assaults through 756, leaving only in January 757 to move his survivors to Suiyang.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Old Book of Tang, juan 187B (Zhang Xun)", "note": "Yongqiu stood across the rebels' road to the Huai and the Yangzi. The 'borrowing arrows with straw men' story is told of this siege. Linghu Chao was a defecting Tang prefect, not a Hu; Yin Ziqi's origin is not recorded in the sources used. The result is for the whole 756 siege and is the least certain part: whether the town was lost or simply abandoned in early 757 is told differently.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Lushan, ruler of Yan, was Sogdian on his father's side (New Book of Tang: 'a mixed Hu of Yingzhou, originally surnamed Kang'; his name is the Sogdian Roxshan; Pulleyblank 1955, Rong Xinjiang), but his mother was a Turk of the Ashide (Ashina) clan, his stepfather the Turk An Yanyan, and he grew up among the Turks, so the Turkic side of his family is at least as strong (and after January 757 his son An Qingxu, Sogdian through his father).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 650, "key": "n650", "name": "Luoyang (An Lushan's march and capture, 755-756)", "label": "Luoyang", "year": 756, "month": 1, "day": 18, "date": "16 Dec 755 (rising at Fanyang) to 18 Jan 756 (fall of Luoyang), Julian dates; An Lushan took the imperial title there on 5 Feb 756", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Luoyang (the Eastern Capital), Henan, reached by the Yellow River crossing at Lingchang and by Chenliu, Xingyang and Wuniu", "lat": 34.68, "lon": 112.46, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "An Lushan", "commanders_b": "Feng Changqing; Li Cheng (killed); Lu Yi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Feng Changqing's newly raised levies were beaten in a running fight from Wuniu to the city gates and Luoyang fell, whereupon An Lushan proclaimed the Great Yan there.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Old Book of Tang, juan 104 (Feng Changqing)", "note": "The rebel army was about 150,000 (claimed 200,000) from the Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong garrisons, many of them Khitan, Xi, Tongra and Shiwei horse; Feng Changqing, with about 60,000 untrained recruits, withdrew to Shan and joined Gao Xianzhi at Tong Pass. The Chinese Wikipedia's date of 12 Dec 755 falls before the rising and is a calendar-conversion error; 18 Jan 756 follows the English Wikipedia. The 'march' stands for the Fanyang rising itself, which saw no fighting.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Lushan, ruler of Yan, was Sogdian on his father's side (New Book of Tang: 'a mixed Hu of Yingzhou, originally surnamed Kang'; his name is the Sogdian Roxshan; Pulleyblank 1955, Rong Xinjiang), but his mother was a Turk of the Ashide (Ashina) clan, his stepfather the Turk An Yanyan, and he grew up among the Turks, so the Turkic side of his family is at least as strong.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 651, "key": "n651", "name": "Tong Pass (Lingbao, 756)", "label": "Tong Pass", "year": 756, "month": 7, "day": 7, "date": "7 Jul 756 (Julian; Lingbao fighting on the 4th day of the 6th lunar month, the pass lost within days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Lingbao West Plain, east of Tong Pass (Tongguan), Henan-Shaanxi border", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 110.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [ "Tibetan, Tuyuhun and other frontier troops" ], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cui Qianyou (in the field); An Lushan (ruler, at Luoyang)", "commanders_b": "Geshu Han; Wang Siyi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Cui Qianyou's feigned weakness drew Geshu Han's army out of the pass into an ambush at Lingbao and it was destroyed; Tong Pass and then Chang'an fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Old Book of Tang, juan 104 (Geshu Han)", "note": "Geshu Han had been forced out of a strong position by Xuanzong and Yang Guozhong against his own judgement; Tang numbers are given as 80,000 to 200,000. Side note on the Tang commander: the Old Book of Tang makes Geshu Han a Turk of the Tuqishi (Turgesh) Geshu clan on his father's side with a mother who was a daughter of the king of Khotan; the Khotanese were Saka (Eastern Iranian), so on a strict descent reading the Tang commander was half Iranian too and iranian_sides could be 'both'. Not used here to qualify the battle.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Lushan, ruler of Yan, was Sogdian on his father's side (New Book of Tang: 'a mixed Hu of Yingzhou, originally surnamed Kang'; his name is the Sogdian Roxshan; Pulleyblank 1955, Rong Xinjiang), but his mother was a Turk of the Ashide (Ashina) clan, his stepfather the Turk An Yanyan, and he grew up among the Turks, so the Turkic side of his family is at least as strong.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 652, "key": "n652", "name": "Suiyang (siege, 757)", "label": "Suiyang", "year": 757, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late Jan-Feb 757 (first assaults) to 24 Nov 757 (fall, 9th day of the 10th lunar month; Julian); the last siege began in the 7th month", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Suiyang (Shangqiu), Henan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 115.65, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yin Ziqi; Yang Chaozong; An Qingxu (ruler)", "commanders_b": "Zhang Xun; Xu Yuan; Nan Jiyun", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "After about ten months the starving garrison could hold no longer; Suiyang fell and Zhang Xun, Xu Yuan and Nan Jiyun were executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Suiyang", "note": "Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, with about 6,800 men, kept Yin Ziqi's army (put at 130,000) from the Huai and Yangzi valleys; the defenders ate horses, then people, and relief commanders such as Helan Jinming stood aside. The Yan army is said to have lost about 120,000 men in over 400 fights. An Lushan had been killed by his own son on 29 Jan 757, so An Qingxu was Yan ruler for most of the siege.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Qingxu, ruler of Yan from January 757 to April 759, was An Lushan's son and so Sogdian by descent through his father (An Lushan's own family was half Turkic: Turkic mother and stepfather).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 653, "key": "n653", "name": "Taiyuan (siege, 756-757)", "label": "Taiyuan", "year": 757, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 756-57 (Dec 756 to Feb 757 or later; over a month under Shi Siming, the siege then lingered under Cai Xide)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Taiyuan (Jinyang), Shanxi", "lat": 37.77, "lon": 112.47, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Siming; Cai Xide", "commanders_b": "Li Guangbi", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Li Guangbi, with under 10,000 soldiers, held the city by countermining and sorties against Shi Siming's 100,000 (Wikipedia, Shi Siming), and the besiegers withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Siming; Old Book of Tang, juan 110 (Li Guangbi)", "note": "Shi Siming left for Fanyang when An Lushan's death became known (late Jan 757); Cai Xide stayed and the siege was finally broken by Li Guangbi's sorties. The siege marks the decisive refusal of Tang Hedong to collapse. Dates are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong; the army was that of Yan, ruled by An Lushan and then An Qingxu.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 654, "key": "n654", "name": "Xindian and the recapture of Luoyang (757)", "label": "Xindian and the recapture of Luoyang", "year": 757, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late Nov to early Dec 757 (10th lunar month, Julian; Luoyang entered about 18th day, c. 3 Dec)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Xindian near Shan (Sanmenxia), and Luoyang, Henan", "lat": 34.76, "lon": 111.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [ "Uyghur horse", "Arab and other auxiliaries" ], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yan Zhuang; Zhang Tongru; An Qingxu (ruler)", "commanders_b": "Guo Ziyi; Li Chu; Pugu Huaien", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Yan army broke at Xindian on sight of the Uyghur cavalry on the Tang flank, and An Qingxu abandoned Luoyang and fled to Ye.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion", "note": "Xindian (west of Shan) was the last pitched battle for the Eastern Capital in 757; Luoyang was handed over to the Uyghurs for plunder as agreed with their prince. An Qingxu executed about 30 captive Tang officers before leaving. Whether the fight at Xindian was one day or several is not clear in the sources used; dates approximate.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Qingxu, ruler of Yan from January 757 to April 759, was An Lushan's son and so Sogdian by descent through his father (An Lushan's own family was half Turkic: Turkic mother and stepfather).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 655, "key": "n655", "name": "Xiangji Temple (757)", "label": "Xiangji Temple", "year": 757, "month": 11, "day": 13, "date": "13 Nov 757 (Julian, 9th lunar month, renyin day, computed from the sexagenary date in ZZTJ); Chang'an recovered the next day", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Plain by Xiangji Temple, south of Chang'an (Xi'an), Shaanxi", "lat": 34.13, "lon": 108.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Yeluohe cavalry" ], "allies_b": [ "Uyghur horse", "Arab contingent", "Khotanese auxiliaries" ], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "An Shouzhong; Li Guiren; Zhang Tongru (Chang'an)", "commanders_b": "Li Chu; Guo Ziyi; Li Siye; Wang Siyi; Pugu Huaien", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Tang army, with a Uyghur cavalry ambush, destroyed the Yan army (about 60,000 beheaded) and Chang'an was retaken the next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/香积寺之战", "note": "About 150,000 Tang against about 100,000 Yan; the Anxi and Beiting troops under Li Siye were nearly wiped out in the centre before the Uyghurs and Pugu Huaien struck the Yan rear. Chinese Wikipedia lists Khotanese troops among the Tang auxiliaries; Khotanese were Saka (Eastern Iranian), so a second Iranian contingent may sit on the Tang side, size unknown and probably under a fifth. The Gregorian date is computed (renyin = 13 Nov 757); some books give October.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Qingxu, ruler of Yan from January 757 to April 759, was An Lushan's son and so Sogdian by descent through his father (An Lushan's own family was half Turkic: Turkic mother and stepfather); the Yan army before Chang'an acted for him.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 656, "key": "n656", "name": "Ye (siege of Xiangzhou, 758-759)", "label": "Ye (siege of Xiangzhou, 758-759)", "year": 758, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 758 (Oct-Nov 758) to 7 Apr 759 (Shi Siming's relief battle, ended by a storm)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ye / Xiangzhou (Anyang), Henan", "lat": 36.1, "lon": 114.35, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "An Qingxu; Shi Siming (relief army); Cai Xide; Tian Chengsi; Ashina Chengqing; Wu Lingxun", "commanders_b": "Guo Ziyi; Li Guangbi; Li Siye (died in the siege); Lu Jiong; Xu Shuji", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A sudden storm panicked both armies on 7 Apr 759; the Tang forces fled south and lifted the siege, and Shi Siming then took Ye and killed An Qingxu (10 Apr).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Siming; https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/安史之乱", "note": "The Tang gathered nine jiedushi (200,000 or more; later sources say 600,000) with no supreme commander, only the eunuch Yu Chao'en as overseer; An Qingxu reached Ye with only about 1,300 men (Wikipedia) before reinforcements, including Shi Siming's, raised the garrison above 60,000. Ashina Chengqing was a Turk. The Yan victory left Shi Siming master of the rebellion and he murdered An Qingxu three days later.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: An Qingxu, ruler of Yan from January 757 to April 759, was An Lushan's son and so Sogdian by descent through his father (An Lushan's own family was half Turkic: Turkic mother and stepfather); the relief army was led by Shi Siming, probably Sogdian by descent (surname Shi; the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu', so the Turkic side is strong).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 657, "key": "n657", "name": "Heyang (759-760)", "label": "Heyang", "year": 759, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 759 to spring 760 (several actions around the Heyang bridgehead)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Heyang (Mengzhou), on the Yellow River north of Luoyang, Henan", "lat": 34.83, "lon": 112.78, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Siming", "commanders_b": "Li Guangbi", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Li Guangbi held the Heyang bridgehead and rebuffed Shi Siming's attacks, leaving a stalemate (Wikipedia, Shi Siming).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Siming; Old Book of Tang, juan 110 (Li Guangbi)", "note": "After losing Luoyang Li Guangbi kept Shi Siming from the Guanzhong by holding Heyang, an obstacle on the Yellow River crossing, for about a year; the individual engagements are not itemised here. Treated as a single entry because the sources used do not separate the actions.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 658, "key": "n658", "name": "Luoyang (Shi Siming's capture, 759)", "label": "Luoyang", "year": 759, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 759 (about the 9th-10th lunar month, Oct-Nov; English Wikipedia's summary puts it in April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Luoyang (the Eastern Capital), Henan, after Bianzhou (Kaifeng)", "lat": 34.68, "lon": 112.46, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Siming", "commanders_b": "Li Guangbi; Xu Shuji (changed sides at Bianzhou)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Li Guangbi judged the Yan army stronger, evacuated Luoyang and fell back on Heyang, and Shi Siming entered the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Siming", "note": "Shi Siming declared himself emperor of Yan at Fanyang in spring 759 and marched south in autumn, taking Bianzhou when Xu Shuji went over to him. This is mostly manoeuvre with a rearguard fight rather than a set battle, hence the low confidence. The English Wikipedia (An Lushan Rebellion) lumps Bian and Luoyang under April 759; the ZZTJ narrative has the march after the Ye affair in the autumn, which is followed here.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 659, "key": "759-al-taq-siege", "name": "al-Taq (siege)", "label": "al-Taq (siege)", "year": 759, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "759-760 (AH 142)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "the fortress of al-Taq, Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 53.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Tabaristan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu al-Khasib Marzuq, Khazim ibn Khuzayma, Rawh ibn Hatim (and Umar ibn al-Ala)", "commanders_b": "the garrison of Khurshid (Khurshid himself had withdrawn to Daylam)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khurshid's garrison and household troops in his treasure fortress; no numbers are given.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Dabuyid garrison was drawn from Tabaristan under a Persian-speaking ruling house.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the defenders were killed and the children taken captive", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a long siege the gate was opened by Abu al-Khasib's ruse, the fortress fell and Khurshid's family was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari; Ibn Isfandiyar; en.wikipedia Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan; Khurshid of Tabaristan; Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid conquest article describes Umar ibn al-Ala taking al-Taq after prolonged fighting and, separately, Abu al-Khasib's ruse at Khurshid's fortress; they may be one siege or two.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 660, "key": "760-defeat-of-khurshid", "name": "Defeat of Khurshid", "label": "Defeat of Khurshid", "year": 760, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "760", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Iran", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 52.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Tabaristan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu al-Khasib Marzuq", "commanders_b": "Khurshid (Dabuyid ispahbadh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An army of mountain levies that Khurshid raised in Daylam and Gilan, given as 50,000 men.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources say Khurshid raised his army among the mountain peoples of Daylam and Gilan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "50,000 (Wikipedia, after the Arabic sources)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khurshid's counter-invasion from Daylam was repulsed and he withdrew to Daylam, where he took poison the next year.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name; whether a pitched battle was fought is not clear (the Abbasid conquest article says cholera was decisive)", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name; whether a pitched battle was fought is not clear (the Abbasid conquest article says cholera was decisive).", "sources": "al-Tabari; Ibn Isfandiyar; en.wikipedia Khurshid of Tabaristan; Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan; Tabaristan", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. The end of the Dabuyid dynasty; Tabaristan became an Abbasid province.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 661, "key": "n661", "name": "Fanyang (Gao Juren's rising and the massacre of the Hu, 761)", "label": "Fanyang", "year": 761, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "after April 761 (spring-summer 761; month not given in the sources used)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Fanyang (Youzhou, now Beijing)", "lat": 39.89, "lon": 116.33, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan loyalists in Fanyang" ], "side_b": [ "Gao Juren's party" ], "allies_a": [ "Turkic and Sogdian 'Hu' of the garrison" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan loyalists in Fanyang", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ashina Chengqing; Shi Chaoqing", "commanders_b": "Gao Juren", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gao Juren's party defeated the Turkic and Hu forces under Ashina Chengqing and held Fanyang until Li Huaixian killed Gao and took over.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Zizhi Tongjian, juan 222-223", "note": "A garrison fight inside Yan after Shi Siming's murder, in which the Hu (Sogdians and Turks) of Fanyang were the victims; it is the clearest attested slaughter of a Sogdian community in the rebellion. Very thinly sourced here: the date, the numbers and who commanded the Hu side are all unclear, and Gao Juren acted against, not for, Shi Chaoyi's order.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Shi Chaoyi's order to kill Shi Siming's favoured son Shi Chaoqing in Fanyang set the garrisons against each other, and Gao Juren defeated the Yan force under the Turk Ashina Chengqing and killed the Sogdians of the city (Wikipedia, An Lushan Rebellion), but no source seen says the Sogdians were organised as a fighting unit or names a Sogdian commander (the Shi family, if Sogdian by descent, is the link; Turkic side strong).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 662, "key": "n662", "name": "Mangshan (761)", "label": "Mangshan", "year": 761, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Feb-Mar 761 (2nd lunar month, Julian), exact day not fixed here", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mount Mang (Beimang), north of Luoyang, Henan", "lat": 34.77, "lon": 112.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Siming", "commanders_b": "Li Guangbi; Pugu Huaien", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Tang army, sent against Luoyang over Li Guangbi's objection, was beaten below Mount Mang and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; Old Book of Tang, juan 110 (Li Guangbi)", "note": "The court, under pressure from the eunuch Yu Chao'en, forced Li Guangbi to attack Luoyang though he wanted to wait; Pugu Huaien's wing, badly placed, gave way. It was Shi Siming's last victory: he was strangled by his son within weeks. Details of the battle are from memory of the ZZTJ narrative and were not rechecked.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 663, "key": "n663", "name": "Shan Prefecture (Shi Chaoyi's attacks, 761)", "label": "Shan Prefecture", "year": 761, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 761 (about Mar-Apr), ended by Shi Siming's death on 18 Apr 761", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shan Prefecture (Shanzhou, now Sanmenxia), Henan", "lat": 34.77, "lon": 111.2, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Chaoyi; Shi Siming (ruler)", "commanders_b": "Wei Boyu", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Wei Boyu repeatedly threw back Shi Chaoyi's assaults on Shan, and the failure led Shi Siming to quarrel with his son and be killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Chaoyi; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Siming", "note": "Shi Siming ordered his son to take a fort at Shan; after repeated failures he threatened to execute him, and the generals Luo Yue and Cai Wenjing seized and strangled the father (18 Apr 761 per Wikipedia). Included because it is a named siege that decided the dynasty's fate.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Siming has the surname Shi, that of the Sogdian city of Kesh, and modern scholars take his family as Turkicised Sogdian, but the Tang histories call him a 'mixed Turkic Hu' of Ningyi (Old Book of Tang 200), so his Sogdian descent is probable rather than certain and the Turkic side of his family is strong; Shi Chaoyi led the attack as his son.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 664, "key": "n664", "name": "Luoyang (Tang-Uyghur recapture, 762)", "label": "Luoyang", "year": 762, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late autumn 762 (10th lunar month of Baoying 1; about Nov 762)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Luoyang (the Eastern Capital) and the plain before it, Henan", "lat": 34.68, "lon": 112.46, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang", "Uyghur Khaganate" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [ "Uyghur horse" ], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Chaoyi", "commanders_b": "Li Kuo (Prince of Yong, later Emperor Dezong; nominal commander); Pugu Huaien; Dengli Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Tang-Uyghur army defeated Shi Chaoyi's army in front of the city and took Luoyang, which the Uyghurs plundered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Chaoyi; https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/安史之乱", "note": "The second Tang-Uyghur recapture of the Eastern Capital (the first was in 757); Dengli Khan came in person and Pugu Huaien (a Turk of the Pugu tribe) commanded the Tang side. Shi Chaoyi fled north with his generals already wavering. Details of the battle (numbers, sub-fights) are not given in the sources used here.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Chaoyi, ruler of Yan from April 761 to 763, was Shi Siming's son, so Sogdian by descent through his father if Shi Siming's family was Sogdian (disputed; the Tang histories call the Shis 'mixed Turkic Hu').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 665, "key": "n665", "name": "Shi Chaoyi's last campaign (Weizhou-Mozhou-Fanyang, 762-763)", "label": "Shi Chaoyi's last campaign", "year": 763, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Nov 762 to Feb 763 (Shi Chaoyi's flight from Luoyang to Mozhou and Fanyang; he died before 17 Feb 763)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mozhou (Renqiu), Hebei, and the road to Fanyang", "lat": 38.72, "lon": 116.08, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yan" ], "side_b": [ "Tang" ], "allies_a": [ "Khitan, Xi, Tongra and other tribal horse and Turkic troops" ], "allies_b": [ "Uyghur horse" ], "persian_state": "Yan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shi Chaoyi; Tian Chengsi (changed sides)", "commanders_b": "Pugu Huaien; Li Huaixian (changed sides)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pursued by Pugu Huaien and abandoned by his generals (Tian Chengsi, Li Huaixian and others went over), Shi Chaoyi was cut off and hanged himself.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zizhi Tongjian (Sima Guang), juan 217-223; Old Book of Tang, juan 200 (An Lushan, Shi Siming) and New Book of Tang, juan 225 (traitors); Pulleyblank, The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (1955); Twitchett (ed.), Cambridge History of China 3 (1979), ch. 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Chaoyi", "note": "A chain of defeats and defections, not one battle: after Luoyang the Yan generals Zhang Xiancheng, Xue Song, Zhang Zhongzhi, Tian Chengsi, Li Huaixian and Li Baozhong each went over to the Tang; Li Huaixian's men intercepted Shi Chaoyi when he tried to reach the Xi or Khitan. The dates and the sequence of the fights could not be pinned down with the sources used, so place and day are only indicative.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Leader by descent: Shi Chaoyi, ruler of Yan from April 761 to 763, was Shi Siming's son, so Sogdian by descent through his father if Shi Siming's family was Sogdian (disputed; the Tang histories call the Shis 'mixed Turkic Hu').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 666, "key": "767-defeat-of-al-ajtham", "name": "Defeat of al-Ajtham", "label": "Defeat of al-Ajtham", "year": 767, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "767 (AH 150)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Ustadh Sis", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Marw al-Rudh, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.6, "lon": 63.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Iranian risings" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ustadh Sis", "commanders_b": "al-Ajtham al-Marwarrudhi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ustadh Sis's peasant followers from Badghis, Herat and Sistan, many of them former followers of Bihafarid; he claimed 300,000 fighting men.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe his followers as villagers of eastern Khorasan (Badghis, Herat, Sistan).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (300,000 claimed)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "al-Ajtham and many of his men killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ustadh Sis's followers defeated the Abbasid army of Marw al-Rudh and killed its commander.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander)", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander).", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 150); Gardizi; en.wikipedia Ustadh Sis", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 667, "key": "768-defeat-of-ustadh-sis", "name": "Defeat of Ustadh Sis", "label": "Defeat of Ustadh Sis", "year": 768, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "768 (some put it in 767)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Ustadh Sis", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Badghis region, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 63.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi (under al-Mahdi)", "commanders_b": "Ustadh Sis", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The peasant army of Ustadh Sis from eastern Khorasan (Badghis, Herat, Sistan).", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe his followers as villagers of eastern Khorasan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (300,000 claimed)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "70,000 killed, 14,000 captured (al-Tabari)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ustadh Sis lost a bloody battle and fled to the mountains, where Khazim besieged and captured him.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated leader)", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated leader).", "sources": "al-Tabari (years 150-151); en.wikipedia Ustadh Sis; Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. Al-Mahdi is said to have pardoned 30,000 captives, a figure that does not match the 14,000.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 668, "key": "776-narshakh-battle", "name": "Narshakh (battle)", "label": "Narshakh (battle)", "year": 776, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Rajab 159 AH (late April or May 776)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of al-Muqanna", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Narshakh (Narjaq), near Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.7, "lon": 64.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Husayn ibn Mu'adh (amir of Bukhara), with the qadi Amir ibn Imran", "commanders_b": "the White-clothed of Bukhara (leaders not named for this fight)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Al-Muqanna's 'White-clothed' followers from the villages of the Bukhara oasis.", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Narshakhi says most villages of Bukhara and Sughd joined al-Muqanna; their people spoke Sogdian.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (the Arab Na'im ibn Sahl killed)", "losses_b": "about 700 killed (Narshakhi)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Bukharan force killed about 700 of the White-clothed and the survivors asked for amnesty.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "Narshakhi, History of Bukhara (tr. Frye); al-Tabari", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. The survivors signed a treaty, then broke it and fortified Narshakh (see Narshakh (siege)).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 669, "key": "776-narshakh-siege", "name": "Narshakh (siege)", "label": "Narshakh (siege)", "year": 776, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "776 (about four months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of al-Muqanna", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Narshakh (Narjaq), near Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.7, "lon": 64.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jibra'il ibn Yahya, Husayn ibn Mu'adh", "commanders_b": "Hakim ibn Ahmad (killed), Khishwi (killed), Baghi (killed), Kirdik", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The White-clothed of the Bukhara oasis under Hakim ibn Ahmad and the village chiefs Khishwi, Baghi and Kirdik.", "languages": [ "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Narshakhi names the leaders as men of Bukharan villages (Fudail castle, Ghijduvan), Sogdian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy losses in a night sortie", "losses_b": "a large number killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After four months a mine brought down part of the wall, the defenders came out to treat and were killed or defeated, and Narshakh fell.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "Narshakhi, History of Bukhara (tr. Frye); al-Tabari", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. The headwoman of Narshakh was executed; Kirdik fled to al-Muqanna.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 670, "key": "779-sanam-siege", "name": "Sanam (siege)", "label": "Sanam (siege)", "year": 779, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "779 or 780 (AH 163, al-Tabari); Narshakhi and others give 783 (AH 167)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of al-Muqanna", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "al-Muqanna's fortress of Sanam near Kesh (Shahrisabz), Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.05, "lon": 66.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id al-Harashi (for the governor Mu'adh ibn Muslim and the caliph al-Mahdi)", "commanders_b": "al-Muqanna (took poison)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Al-Muqanna's last followers from Kesh and Sughd, who earlier had Turkic allies from beyond the Jaxartes.", "languages": [ "East Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The movement drew on the Sogdian villagers of Kesh, Nakhshab and Sughd, with Turkish allies who joined for plunder (Narshakhi).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison killed or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell to the besiegers; al-Muqanna poisoned himself rather than surrender.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no Wikipedia article; the fortress name (Sanam, Narshakhi's 'Mount Sam') varies", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no Wikipedia article; the fortress name (Sanam, Narshakhi's 'Mount Sam') varies.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 163); Narshakhi, History of Bukhara; en.wikipedia Al-Muqanna", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. The date of the fall is disputed (779/780 or 783).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 671, "key": "782-defeat-of-farasha", "name": "Defeat of Farasha", "label": "Defeat of Farasha", "year": 782, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "782 or 783 (AH 166), after the defeat of Salm al-Farghani", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tabaristan uprising (781-785)", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Iran", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 52.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tabaristan" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vandad Hormozd (Qarinvandid), with Sharwin I (Bavandid)", "commanders_b": "Farasha, mawla of al-Mahdi (captured and executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The forces of the Qarinvandid and Bavandid princes of Tabaristan.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The princes led the highland levies of Tabaristan, Caspian Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Farasha captured and executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels defeated the relief army and captured and executed its commander.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded.", "sources": "Ibn Isfandiyar; al-Tabari; en.wikipedia Tabaristan uprising; Vandad Hormozd", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mahdi).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 672, "key": "782-defeat-of-salm-al-farghani", "name": "Defeat of Salm al-Farghani", "label": "Defeat of Salm al-Farghani", "year": 782, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "782 or 783 (AH 166)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tabaristan uprising (781-785)", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Iran", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 52.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tabaristan" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vandad Hormozd and his brother Vinda-Umid (Qarinvandids), with Sharwin I (Bavandid)", "commanders_b": "Salm al-Farghani (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The forces of the mountain princes of Tabaristan: the Qarinvandids under Vandad Hormozd, the Bavandids under Sharwin I and the Zarmihrids.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The princes led the highland levies of Tabaristan, Caspian Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Salm al-Farghani killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels defeated the caliphal army and Salm was killed on the battlefield.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded.", "sources": "Ibn Isfandiyar; al-Tabari; en.wikipedia Tabaristan uprising; Vandad Hormozd", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mahdi).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 673, "key": "784-defeat-of-vandad-hormozd", "name": "Defeat of Vandad Hormozd", "label": "Defeat of Vandad Hormozd", "year": 784, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "784 or 785 (AH 167-168)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tabaristan uprising (781-785)", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "Tabaristan, near Gurgan, Iran", "lat": 36.7, "lon": 54.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Tabaristan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tabaristan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani and Sa'id al-Harashi (under the heir Musa al-Hadi)", "commanders_b": "Vandad Hormozd (wounded), Sharwin I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The forces of the Tabaristan princes under Vandad Hormozd (Qarinvandid) and Sharwin I (Bavandid).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The princes led the highland levies of Tabaristan, Caspian Iranian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "including 40,000 reinforcements under Sa'id al-Harashi", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Vandad Hormozd wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yazid ibn Mazyad defeated Vandad Hormozd, who was wounded and then surrendered to Musa al-Hadi at Gurgan.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated leader); place not recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated leader); place not recorded.", "sources": "al-Tabari; Ibn Isfandiyar; en.wikipedia Tabaristan uprising; Tabaristan", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mahdi). Wikipedia's Tabaristan article credits Sa'id al-Harashi's 40,000 with the victory and dates it 784; the uprising article names Yazid ibn Mazyad and dates it 784-785. Vandad Hormozd was pardoned and kept his lands.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Tabaristan: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 674, "key": "n674", "name": "Samarkand (siege, Rafi ibn al-Layth's revolt, 809-810)", "label": "Samarkand", "year": 810, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "809-810 (193-194 AH); the revolt began in 806", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth", "theatre": "", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.67, "lon": 66.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abbasid Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Rafi ibn al-Layth and his supporters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turks", "Persian and Sogdian supporters of Rafi" ], "persian_state": "Rafi ibn al-Layth and his supporters", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Harthama ibn A'yan", "commanders_b": "Rafi ibn al-Layth", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rafi surrendered to al-Ma'mun and was pardoned (Tabari; Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); C. E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 4, pp. 259-261; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi_ibn_al-Layth", "note": "Rafi was an Arab by descent (a grandson of Nasr ibn Sayyar) and the Iranian share of his following is only said to exist. There is no clear account of an assault on Samarkand. Included as uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ara", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 675, "key": "n675", "name": "Asadabad Pass (811-812)", "label": "Asadabad Pass", "year": 811, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 811 or early 812 (not precisely dated in the secondary sources I read)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fourth Fitna (al-Amin v. al-Ma'mun)", "theatre": "", "place": "Asadabad pass, between Hamadan and Hulwan, Hamadan Province, Iran", "lat": 34.78, "lon": 48.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Al-Ma'mun" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Amin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Al-Ma'mun", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tahir ibn Husayn", "commanders_b": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Jabala al-Abnawi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abd al-Rahman ambushed Tahir's army; Tahir's cavalry counterattacked and Abd al-Rahman was killed and his army defeated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(812%E2%80%93813); al-Tabari, History vol. 31", "note": "Named in the Wikipedia article on the siege of Baghdad but not in the Tahir biography; dating and sequence relative to Hamadan are uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 676, "key": "n676", "name": "Hamadan (811)", "label": "Hamadan", "year": 811, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 811 (Tahir reached Hulwan by winter 811)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fourth Fitna (al-Amin v. al-Ma'mun)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Al-Ma'mun" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Amin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Al-Ma'mun", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tahir ibn Husayn", "commanders_b": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Jabala al-Abnawi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After hard-fought engagements Abd al-Rahman's 20,000 abna were pushed back into Hamadan and blockaded, and he left seeking terms.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 31; Bosworth, 'Tahirids', Enc. Iranica; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(812%E2%80%93813); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Fitna", "note": "Several actions around Hamadan rather than one pitched battle; precise dating is loose. Tahir's Persian descent as at Rayy.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 677, "key": "n677", "name": "Rayy (811)", "label": "Rayy", "year": 811, "month": 7, "day": 3, "date": "3 July 811", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fourth Fitna (al-Amin v. al-Ma'mun)", "theatre": "", "place": "Rayy (Shahr-e Rey, south of Tehran), Iran", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 51.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Al-Ma'mun" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Amin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Al-Ma'mun", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tahir ibn Husayn", "commanders_b": "Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Tahir's 4,000-5,000 men routed Ali's army of about 40,000 abna; Ali was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 31 (Fishbein, The War between Brothers); Bosworth, 'Tahirids', Encyclopaedia Iranica / Cambridge History of Iran 4; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Fitna; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_ibn_al-Husayn", "note": "Tahir, a Persian dehqan of Pushang near Herat (great-grandson of a mawla of the Khuza'a), commanded for al-Ma'mun. The battle opened the Khurasani advance on Baghdad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 678, "key": "n678", "name": "Ahwaz (812)", "label": "Ahwaz", "year": 812, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring 812", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fourth Fitna (al-Amin v. al-Ma'mun)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ahwaz (Khuzistan), Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Al-Ma'mun" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Amin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Muhallabid family of Basra" ], "persian_state": "Al-Ma'mun", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tahir ibn Husayn; Harthama ibn A'yan (reinforcements)", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tahir defeated and killed the Muhallabid governor and the Muhallabids of Basra then submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(812%E2%80%93813); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_ibn_al-Husayn; al-Tabari, History vol. 31", "note": "The Tahir article says 'Khuzistan' and the siege article 'al-Ahwaz'; the exact site is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 679, "key": "n679", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 812-813)", "label": "Baghdad", "year": 812, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 812 to 28 September 813", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Fourth Fitna (al-Amin v. al-Ma'mun)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.31, "lon": 44.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Al-Ma'mun" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Amin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Al-Ma'mun", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tahir ibn Husayn; Harthama ibn A'yan; Zuhayr ibn al-Musayyab al-Dabbi", "commanders_b": "Al-Amin; al-Samarqandi (mangonel commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Tahir's men entered the city in September 813, captured al-Amin and executed him.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 31 (Fishbein); Kennedy, The Early Abbasid Caliphate (1981); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(812%E2%80%93813); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_ibn_al-Husayn", "note": "Tahir (Persian dehqan family) was the field commander, with Harthama ibn A'yan; Harthama was a mawla of the Banu Dabba born in Balkh, and Wikipedia does not say whether he was Arab or Persian, so he is not counted. Al-Ma'mun was in Merv.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 680, "key": "821-defeat-of-isa-ibn-muhammad-ibn-abi-khalid", "name": "Defeat of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid", "label": "Defeat of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid", "year": 821, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 821-822", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Babak's highlands (Arasbaran), East Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 47.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iranian risings" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babak Khorramdin", "commanders_b": "Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babak's Khurramite highlanders of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky), with Kurdish allies such as Ishmah al-Kurdi.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babak defeated the caliphal army sent against him (al-Tabari, Wikipedia).", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded.", "sources": "al-Tabari; en.wikipedia Babak Khorramdin; Khurramites", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Ma'mun).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 681, "key": "n681", "name": "Ushrusana (al-Ma'mun's expedition, 822)", "label": "Ushrusana", "year": 822, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "822 (207 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid campaigns in Ushrusana", "theatre": "", "place": "Ushrusana (Bunjikath and Istaravshan area), Tajikistan", "lat": 39.91, "lon": 69.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Abbasid Caliphate", "Khaydar, son of Kavus, who guided the Muslims" ], "side_b": [ "Kavus ibn Kharakhuruh, Afshin of Ushrusana" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid Caliphate v Kavus ibn Kharakhuruh, Afshin of Ushrusana", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abbasid Caliphate, Khaydar, son of Kavus, who guided the Muslims", "faction_b": "Kavus ibn Kharakhuruh, Afshin of Ushrusana", "commanders_a": "Commander of the Abbasid expedition (Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid in some accounts; not named in Wikipedia); Haydar ibn Kavus", "commanders_b": "Kavus ibn Kharakhuruh", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kavus abdicated and was replaced by Haydar, who became the caliph's vassal (Wikipedia, 'Ushrusana'; Tabari).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk (trans. Hawting, Blankinship, Bosworth et al.); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushrusana; V. V. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion", "note": "The Afshins were Iranian princes of an Iranian people. The expedition seems to have ended in a settlement after a dynastic quarrel (Kavus against his son Haydar), not a pitched battle, so the 'real fighting' is itself doubtful.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "civ", "src": "S5" }, { "id": 682, "key": "824-defeat-of-ahmad-ibn-al-junayd", "name": "Defeat of Ahmad ibn al-Junayd", "label": "Defeat of Ahmad ibn al-Junayd", "year": 824, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "824-825 (AH 209)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Babak's highlands (Arasbaran), East Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.8, "lon": 47.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iranian risings" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babak Khorramdin", "commanders_b": "Ahmad ibn al-Junayd (captured); Zurayq ibn Ali ibn Sadaqa is also named as defeated", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babak's Khurramite highlanders of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky), with Kurdish allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Ahmad ibn al-Junayd captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babak defeated the caliphal army and captured its general Ahmad ibn al-Junayd.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander); place not recorded.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 209); en.wikipedia Babak Khorramdin; Khurramites", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Ma'mun). The Khurramites article pairs Zurayq ibn Ali with Ahmad ibn al-Junayd; other accounts make Zurayq a local rebel later fought by Muhammad ibn Humayd.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 683, "key": "n683", "name": "Kaysum (siege, 824-825)", "label": "Kaysum", "year": 825, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "824 to about June 825 (Tabari: Nasr's surrender in 210 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli", "theatre": "", "place": "Kaysum (Kesun) fortress near Samosata, Adiyaman Province, Turkey", "lat": 37.76, "lon": 38.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Abbasid caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid caliphate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdallah ibn Tahir", "commanders_b": "Nasr ibn Shabath", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasr was besieged in Kaysum and surrendered on terms after 825 to Abdallah ibn Tahir.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 32 (Reconciliation and Strife, Bosworth); Bosworth, 'Tahirids', Enc. Iranica; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Tahir", "note": "Abdallah, son of Tahir ibn Husayn, was governor of the Jazira and Syria. The Wikipedia article on him says only that he brought Nasr to surrender in 824-826; the siege of Kaysum is from Tabari as I recall it, with little real fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 684, "key": "829-hashtadsar-829", "name": "Hashtadsar (829)", "label": "Hashtadsar (829)", "year": 829, "month": 6, "day": 9, "date": "9 June 829 (Rabi I 214)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Hashtadsar, in the mountains of Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 47.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iranian risings" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babak Khorramdin", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Humayd al-Tusi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babak's Khurramite highlanders, fighting from ambush in the mountains of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky), with Kurdish allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Muhammad ibn Humayd and many of his men killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Babak's men routed the caliphal army in the mountains, killing Muhammad ibn Humayd; the survivors fled.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 214); Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Babak Khorramdin; Khurramites; Babak Khorramdin Revolt", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Ma'mun). The Revolt article dates the engagement 828 (AH 213); the Babak and Khurramites articles give 829. The defeat ended al-Ma'mun's efforts against Babak.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 685, "key": "n685", "name": "Bashmur (831)", "label": "Bashmur", "year": 831, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "831 (sources differ: 830, 831 or 832)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bashmurian (Coptic) revolts in Egypt", "theatre": "", "place": "Bashmur region, northern Nile Delta near Shubra and Samannud, Egypt", "lat": 30.96, "lon": 31.24, "loc": "region", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Abbasid caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Bashmurian Copts" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid caliphate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Al-Afshin; Al-Ma'mun (final assault)", "commanders_b": "Bashmurian leaders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels were defeated after al-Ma'mun's attack from Shubra and accepted an armistice; Bashmur was burned and the population deported.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afshin; al-Kindi, Governors and Judges of Egypt", "note": "Afshin was sent to Egypt first and cleared the eastern Delta and Alexandria; he asked the caliph to come in person to deal with the Bashmurians. Field command at the final assault was al-Ma'mun's, and the Iranian share of the army is not given.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 686, "key": "833-hamadan-833", "name": "Hamadan (833)", "label": "Hamadan (833)", "year": 833, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 833 (AH 218); the victory was announced in December 833", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt (the Khurramite rising in Jibal)", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "the district of Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab", "commanders_b": "Khurramite leaders of Jibal (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Khurramite insurgents from Jibal: men of Isfahan, Hamadan, Masabadhan, Mihrajanqadhaq and neighbouring districts who had gathered near Hamadan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Al-Tabari names the rebels' home districts in Jibal (Isfahan, Hamadan, Masabadhan, Mihrajanqadhaq), Iranian-speaking lands.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "60,000 killed (al-Tabari, Ibn al-Athir); modern estimates 60,000-100,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ishaq ibn Ibrahim crushed the Khurramites gathered near Hamadan and held the field; the survivors fled to Roman territory.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 218); Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Khurramites; Babak Khorramdin Revolt", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mu'tasim). The survivors who fled to Rome were enrolled in the Roman army under Theophobos.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 687, "key": "835-arshaq", "name": "Arshaq", "label": "Arshaq", "year": 835, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "835 (AH 220), after al-Afshin's appointment in June 835", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Arshaq, near Meshgin Shahr, Ardabil province, Iran", "lat": 38.55, "lon": 47.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Afshin (Khaydhar ibn Kawus), al-Haytham al-Ghanawi", "commanders_b": "Babak Khorramdin", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babak's Khurramite horse and foot from the Azerbaijan highlands.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky), with Kurdish allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Babak barely escaped", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babak, trying to seize the money convoy for al-Afshin's army, was caught in an ambush, lost many men and fled to Mughan.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 220); Bosworth, EIr 'Afshin'; en.wikipedia Babak Khorramdin", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mu'tasim). Babak captured some supplies but was driven back to Badd.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 688, "key": "835-defeat-of-mu-awiya-the-khurramite", "name": "Defeat of Mu'awiya the Khurramite", "label": "Defeat of Mu'awiya the Khurramite", "year": 835, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "835 (AH 220), before al-Afshin's arrival", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "between Zanjan and Ardabil, Iran", "lat": 37.6, "lon": 48.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Sa'id Muhammad ibn Yusuf", "commanders_b": "Mu'awiya (Babak's commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A raiding force of Babak's Khurramites under Mu'awiya.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu Sa'id intercepted and defeated Babak's raiding force; al-Tabari calls it the first defeat Babak's men suffered.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander)", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state; no conventional battle name (named here by the defeated commander).", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 220); en.wikipedia Khurramites", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mu'tasim). Abu Sa'id had been sent to rebuild the forts between Zanjan and Ardabil that Babak had destroyed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 689, "key": "836-hashtadsar-836", "name": "Hashtadsar (836)", "label": "Hashtadsar (836)", "year": 836, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "836 (AH 221)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Hashtadsar, in the mountains of Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 47.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iranian risings" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babak's commander Tarkhan (or Adhin)", "commanders_b": "Bugha al-Kabir, al-Fadl ibn Kawus", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babak's Khurramite highlanders under his commander Tarkhan or Adhin.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky), with Kurdish allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babak's men routed Bugha's force, which fled.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 221); Bosworth, EIr 'Afshin'; en.wikipedia Babak Khorramdin", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mu'tasim). Al-Fadl ibn Kawus was al-Afshin's brother.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 690, "key": "n690", "name": "Sozopetra (837)", "label": "Sozopetra", "year": 837, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 837 (Muslim sources: 222 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab-Roman wars (Theophilos v. al-Mu'tasim)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sozopetra (Zapetra, Arabic Zibatra), now Doganşehir, Malatya Province, Turkey", "lat": 38.09, "lon": 37.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Roman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Abbasid caliphate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Roman Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Theophilos; Theophobos (Nasr, Khurramite leader of the 'Persians')", "commanders_b": "local garrison and the emir of Melitene", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Theophilos took and sacked Sozopetra and Arsamosata and forced Melitene to pay tribute.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Treadgold, The Roman Revival 780-842 (1988); al-Tabari, History vol. 33 (Bosworth); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophobos; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen", "note": "The Khurramite refugees of 834 formed the 'Persian' tourma under Theophobos and, per Wikipedia, campaigned with Theophilos near Melitene and sacked Zapetra. Whether Theophobos had an independent command at the sack is not stated, and a second Khurramite group (about 16,000) arrived only in September 837.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 691, "key": "837-badd-siege", "name": "Badd (siege)", "label": "Badd (siege)", "year": 837, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "taken in August 837 (Ramadan 222), after a campaign of 836-837", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Babak Khorramdin's revolt", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Badd (al-Badhdh, Babak Fort), near Kaleybar, East Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.82, "lon": 46.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Afshin, with Ja'far al-Khayyat, Abu Dulaf al-Ijli and Bugha al-Kabir", "commanders_b": "Babak Khorramdin (escaped), Adhin", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babak's Khurramite garrison and the highlanders of the country around Badd.", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babak's men were the Adhari-speaking (north-western Iranian) peasants of the Azerbaijan highlands (Minorsky).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (an earlier assault by Abu Dulaf's volunteers failed)", "losses_b": "unknown; the fortress destroyed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Al-Afshin stormed Badd with siege engines and naphtha-throwers; the fortress fell and was destroyed, though Babak escaped.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "al-Tabari (years 221-222); al-Ya'qubi; Bosworth, EIr 'Afshin'; en.wikipedia Babak Fort; Babak Khorramdin; Al-Afshin", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mu'tasim). Al-Ya'qubi says al-Afshin freed 7,600 Arab prisoners in Badd. Babak was handed over by Sahl Smbatean of Khachen and executed at Samarra in January 838.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 692, "key": "n692", "name": "Babagesh (838)", "label": "Babagesh", "year": 838, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 838 (start of the revolt; month unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (Mir Jafar Dasni) against al-Mu'tasim (838-841)", "theatre": "", "place": "Babagesh, north of Mosul (the Dasin country), Nineveh/Duhok region, Iraq (site uncertain)", "lat": 36.75, "lon": 43.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis" ], "side_b": [ "Abbasid Caliphate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (Mir Jafar Dasni), a Kurdish chief described as Yazidi", "commanders_b": "Abbasid commander (not named in the source)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Wikipedia says Ja'far was defeated at Babagesh and withdrew to his castles in Dasin.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni (a popular and partly Yazidi-tradition account); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_among_Kurds", "note": "Poorly attested: I found only a Wikipedia article that leans on Kurdish and Yazidi tradition. The Wikipedia article on the spread of Islam among Kurds dates a Ja'far ibn Fahrjis rising at Mosul to 902, so the name and dates are not secure.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 693, "key": "n693", "name": "Anzen", "label": "Anzen", "year": 838, "month": 7, "day": 22, "date": "22 July 838", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Arab-Roman wars (Amorium campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Anzen, near Dazimon (modern Turhal), Tokat Province, Turkey", "lat": 40.39, "lon": 36.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Abbasid caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Roman Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenian vassal princes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid caliphate v Roman Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abbasid caliphate", "faction_b": "Roman Empire", "commanders_a": "Al-Afshin (Khaydhar ibn Kawus, prince of Ushrusana)", "commanders_b": "Theophilos; Theophobos (Nasr, leader of the Persian tourma); Manuel the Armenian", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Roman army broke and fled after Theophilos's absence from his post caused panic; Afshin's Turkish horse-archers had counterattacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Treadgold, The Roman Revival (1988); Haldon, The Roman Wars; al-Tabari, History vol. 33 (Bosworth); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afshin; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophobos", "note": "Afshin was a hereditary Sogdian (Iranian) prince of Ushrusana; on the Roman side the Khurramite 'Persian' tourma of about 14,000 (Wikipedia: about 30,000 Persians in all by autumn 837) under Theophobos, with a Kurdish element, fought. Theophobos and Manuel urged a night attack.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 694, "key": "n694", "name": "Amorium (siege, 838)", "label": "Amorium", "year": 838, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "about 1 to 12 August 838", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab-Roman wars (Amorium campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Amorium, near Emirdag (Hisarkoy), Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey", "lat": 38.98, "lon": 31.28, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Abbasid caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Roman Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abbasid caliphate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Al-Mu'tasim; Al-Afshin (rearguard, then attacks on the breach); Ashinas; Itakh", "commanders_b": "Aetios; Theophilos (governor); Boiditzes", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Abbasids stormed the breach and took the city in mid-August after a Roman officer opened separate talks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Treadgold, The Roman Revival (1988); Kaegi, 'The Capture of Amorion'; al-Tabari, History vol. 33 (Bosworth); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afshin; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen", "note": "Afshin (Sogdian prince of Ushrusana) was one of three major divisional commanders under the caliph, not the overall commander, so the leader link is secondary. Persian Khurramites were not among the defenders.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 695, "key": "n695", "name": "Dasin (Abdullah ibn Ans's campaign, c. 839-840)", "label": "Dasin", "year": 839, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 839-840 (after the defeat at Babagesh and before Itakh's campaign of 841; exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (Mir Jafar Dasni) against al-Mu'tasim (838-841)", "theatre": "", "place": "the Dasin (Dasni) country north of Mosul, Iraq (difficult mountain terrain; exact site not named)", "lat": 36.75, "lon": 43.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis" ], "side_b": [ "Abbasid Caliphate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (a Kurd)", "commanders_b": "Abdullah ibn Ans al-Azdi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Abbasid army failed in the mountains and suffered heavy casualties; Ishaq ibn Ans (Abdullah's uncle) and Abdullah's father-in-law were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni", "note": "Same weakness as Babagesh: one Wikipedia article is my only source for the sequence. Included because the user named the Kurdish revolts against al-Mu'tasim's generals.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 696, "key": "839-tammisha-839", "name": "Tammisha (839)", "label": "Tammisha (839)", "year": 839, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "839 (AH 224-225)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Mazyar", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "the Tammisha wall, near Kordkuy, Golestan, Iran", "lat": 36.79, "lon": 54.11, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahirids" ], "side_b": [ "Mazyar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tahirids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahirids (al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn, for Abdallah ibn Tahir)", "faction_b": "Mazyar (Qarinvandid ruler of Tabaristan; his general Sarkhastan)", "commanders_a": "al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn (uncle of Abdallah ibn Tahir)", "commanders_b": "Sarkhastan (for Mazyar)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Tahirid side: Abdallah ibn Tahir's Khorasani army under his uncle al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn. Mazyar's side: Tabaristani levies and Daylamite soldiers under Sarkhastan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mazyar's men were Tabaristanis and Daylamites; the Tahirid army was recruited in Khorasan from Iranians, settled Arabs and some Turkic slave soldiers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Tabari reports that the Tahirid army forced Mazyar's fortified line at Tammisha and Sarkhastan fled, leaving the attackers in possession of the pass into Tabaristan.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name; details from al-Tabari not confirmed by Wikipedia; Mazyar ('Iranian risings') against the Tahirids (caliphal governors), civil under this set's rule", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name; details from al-Tabari not confirmed by Wikipedia; Mazyar ('Iranian risings') against the Tahirids (caliphal governors), civil under this set's rule.", "sources": "al-Tabari (year 224); Ibn Isfandiyar; en.wikipedia Mazyar; Tahirid dynasty", "note": "Abdallah ibn Tahir and al-Mu'tasim sent five armies into Tabaristan; Mazyar's cousin Qarin and the people of Sari turned against him, and his brother Quhyar handed him over. Mazyar was executed at Samarra in 840.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 697, "key": "n697", "name": "Itakh's defeat of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (841)", "label": "Itakh's defeat of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis", "year": 841, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "841 (month unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (Mir Jafar Dasni) against al-Mu'tasim (838-841)", "theatre": "", "place": "the Dasin country north of Mosul, Iraq (site not stated)", "lat": 36.75, "lon": 43.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Abbasid Caliphate" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Ja'far ibn Fahrajis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Itakh al-Khazari (Turkish general of al-Mu'tasim)", "commanders_b": "Ja'far ibn Fahrajis (a Kurd)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Itakh's army defeated Ja'far's troops with many Kurds killed, and Ja'far is said to have taken poison rather than be captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni; Ibn al-Athir and al-Tabari on Itakh's commands under al-Mu'tasim (not checked for this episode)", "note": "Itakh is a well-attested general of al-Mu'tasim, but I have not confirmed this campaign in Tabari or Ibn al-Athir.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 698, "key": "864-defeat-of-the-zunbil-864", "name": "Defeat of the Zunbil (864)", "label": "Defeat of the Zunbil (864)", "year": 864, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "864 (Bosworth gives 865)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ya'qub's eastern campaigns (Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars)", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "al-Rukhkhaj or Zamindawar (between Bost and Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 64.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "the Zunbil (king of Zabulistan); Salih ibn al-Nadr", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's early Sistani army of ayyars and volunteers (mutatawwi'a); no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ya'qub's first army was raised from the ayyar bands and volunteers of Sistan (Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the Zunbil, three princes and 6,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ya'qub routed the combined army; the Zunbil, three princes and 6,000 men were killed and Salih was taken as he fled.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name; the site is given only as the Zunbil's country", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name; the site is given only as the Zunbil's country.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars; en.wikipedia Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar; Tarikh-i Sistan; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "The Zunbils ruled Zabulistan (southern Afghanistan) and were probably of Hephthalite or Turkic origin. Salih ibn al-Nadr was a rival Sistani ayyar leader allied to the Zunbil.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 699, "key": "n699", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 865-866)", "label": "Baghdad", "year": 865, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 865 to January 866", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Anarchy at Samarra (al-Musta'in v. al-Mu'tazz)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.31, "lon": 44.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Al-Mu'tazz" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Musta'in" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Al-Musta'in", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil (al-Muwaffaq)", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir (Tahirid governor of Baghdad)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Al-Musta'in abdicated in January 866 and Baghdad submitted to al-Mu'tazz.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Tabari, History vol. 35 (The Crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate, Saliba); Kennedy, The Early Abbasid Caliphate / The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra", "note": "Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, head of the Persian Tahirid family, organised and led the defence of Baghdad for al-Musta'in. From memory of Tabari, not fetched; the dates and the exact role of other commanders are not verified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 700, "key": "865-defeat-of-ammar-ibn-yasir-865", "name": "Defeat of Ammar ibn Yasir (865)", "label": "Defeat of Ammar ibn Yasir (865)", "year": 865, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "865", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ya'qub's wars with the Kharijites of Sistan", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "northern Sistan, Iran", "lat": 31.3, "lon": 61.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Kharijites" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "Ammar ibn Yasir (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Kharijites", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's Sistani ayyar and volunteer army; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The early Saffarid army was Sistani (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Ammar ibn Yasir killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ya'qub won decisively and the Kharijite leader Ammar ibn Yasir was killed.", "borderline": "no conventional battle name; site not given", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional battle name; site not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar; Tarikh-i Sistan; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "The Kharijites of Sistan were largely local Iranians, not Arabs; the label follows this set's rules.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 701, "key": "867-kuhaz-siege", "name": "Kuhaz (siege)", "label": "Kuhaz (siege)", "year": 867, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 867", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ya'qub's eastern campaigns (Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars)", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Kuhaz, a stronghold in al-Rukhkhaj (Arachosia, near Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "Salih ibn al-Hujr", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's Sistani army of ayyars, volunteers and Khurasani recruits; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Saffarid army of the 860s was raised in Sistan and Khorasan (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The defence collapsed when Salih ibn al-Hujr killed himself during the siege, and the stronghold passed to Ya'qub.", "borderline": "a siege known from one brief account; the fall of the place is implied rather than described", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege known from one brief account; the fall of the place is implied rather than described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars; Tarikh-i Sistan; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "Salih ibn al-Hujr was a kinsman of the Zunbil of Zabulistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 702, "key": "868-kerman-868", "name": "Kerman (868)", "label": "Kerman (868)", "year": 868, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "868", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid conquests (Ya'qub against Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh)", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman province, Iran", "lat": 30.28, "lon": 57.08, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "Tawq ibn al-Mughallis (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's standing army of Sistanis and Khurasanis; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Saffarid army was recruited mainly in Sistan and Khorasan (Bosworth, 'The armies of the Saffarids').", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Tawq captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the armies had avoided battle for some time, Ya'qub defeated and captured Tawq and took Kerman.", "borderline": "site within Kerman not given", "doubt": "Borderline: site within Kerman not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh; al-Tabari (year 255); Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "Tawq commanded for Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, the Abbasid governor of Fars; the caliphal court had granted Kerman to both men.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 703, "key": "869-shiraz-869", "name": "Shiraz (869)", "label": "Shiraz (869)", "year": 869, "month": 4, "day": 21, "date": "21 April 869 (Ibn Khallikan)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid conquests (Ya'qub against Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "outside Shiraz, Fars, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's standing army of Sistanis and Khurasanis; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Saffarid army was recruited mainly in Sistan and Khorasan (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Ali and several commanders captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ya'qub broke Ali's front line, Ali's men fled in panic into Shiraz and Ali was captured in his camp.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh; al-Tabari (year 255); Ibn Khallikan; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "Ali ibn al-Husayn was the Abbasid governor of Fars. Ya'qub plundered Shiraz and returned to Sistan with his prisoners.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 704, "key": "870-abaskun", "name": "Abaskun", "label": "Abaskun", "year": 870, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "between 864 and 884 (under al-Hasan ibn Zayd); the year is not known", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rus raids on the Caspian Sea", "theatre": "Tabaristan and Gorgan coast", "place": "Abaskun, at the mouth of the Gorgan river (near Gomishan), Iran", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 54.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Alavids" ], "side_b": [ "Rus'" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "forces of al-Hasan ibn Zayd", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Rus'", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Alavid forces of Tabaristan: local Tabari and Daylamite troops; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Al-Hasan ibn Zayd's state relied on Daylamite and Tabaristani soldiers (Madelung, CHI 4).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Hasan ibn Zayd's forces defeated the raiders, who withdrew after heavy losses (Ibn Isfandiyar).", "borderline": "known only from Ibn Isfandiyar (13th century); date and site of the fighting uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from Ibn Isfandiyar (13th century); date and site of the fighting uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rus' raids on the Caspian Sea; Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-i Tabaristan", "note": "The first recorded Rus raid on the Caspian; year 870 is a placeholder within 864-884.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Alavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 705, "key": "870-kabul-870", "name": "Kabul (870)", "label": "Kabul (870)", "year": 870, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 870 (870 or 871)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ya'qub's eastern campaigns (Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars)", "theatre": "Kabul valley", "place": "Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.53, "lon": 69.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "the Hindu Shahi ruler of Kabul (named Samanta in the Wikipedia article)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's Saffarid army of Sistanis and Khurasanis, with former Kharijites taken into his service; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Saffarid army was Sistani and Khurasani, with a contingent of captured Kharijites (Jaysh al-Shurat) (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the ruler captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ya'qub defeated the Shahi forces and took their ruler prisoner; Kabul was occupied and Saffarid coins were struck there c. 870.", "borderline": "the fighting at Kabul is told only briefly; dates (870-871) and the ruler's name vary", "doubt": "Borderline: the fighting at Kabul is told only briefly; dates (870-871) and the ruler's name vary.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars; en.wikipedia Saffarid dynasty; Gardizi; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "Hindu Shahis of Kabul.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 706, "key": "874-sari-874", "name": "Sari (874)", "label": "Sari (874)", "year": 874, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "874 (AH 260)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid-Alavid war (Ya'qub's invasion of Tabaristan)", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "near Sari, Mazandaran, Iran", "lat": 36.56, "lon": 53.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth" ], "side_b": [ "al-Hasan ibn Zayd" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth (Saffarids)", "faction_b": "al-Hasan ibn Zayd (Alavids of Tabaristan)", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "al-Hasan ibn Zayd", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Saffarid side: Ya'qub's Sistani and Khurasani army with his ghulam guard. Alavid side: Daylamite and Tabaristani infantry with Justanid allies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were overwhelmingly Iranian (both sides): Sistani and Khurasani Persians against Daylamite and Tabari highlanders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ya'qub defeated the Zaydid forces at Sari and al-Hasan fled to the Daylam mountains; Ya'qub's later withdrawal in rain and sickness is a separate matter.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hasan ibn Zayd; en.wikipedia Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar; al-Tabari (year 260); Ibn Isfandiyar", "note": "Ya'qub's army then suffered from heavy rain and disease and withdrew; he collected taxes at Amul first.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 707, "key": "875-al-baida", "name": "al-Baida", "label": "al-Baida", "year": 875, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 875 (the Wikipedia infobox gives 874 or 875)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid conquest of Fars", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "al-Bayda (Beyza), north-west of Shiraz, Fars, Iran", "lat": 29.97, "lon": 52.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Wasil al-Tamimi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's standing army of about 15,000 Sistani and Khurasani troops with his ghulam guard.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ya'qub's army was recruited mainly in Sistan and Khorasan, with a ghulam guard (Bosworth, 'The armies of the Saffarids').", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000", "strength_b": "30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Muhammad ibn Wasil's larger army was defeated and he fled; Ya'qub then sacked his stronghold of Sa'idabad and took Fars.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of al-Baida; al-Tabari (year 261); Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan; Tor, Violent Order", "note": "The Wikipedia text places the meeting of the armies near Lake Bakhtegan, east of Shiraz, while the town of al-Bayda lies north-west of Shiraz. Wikipedia's infobox labels Ibn Wasil's side Kharijites; he was an Arab chief of Tamim who had seized Fars from the caliph's governor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 708, "key": "876-suq-al-ahwaz", "name": "Suq al-Ahwaz", "label": "Suq al-Ahwaz", "year": 876, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "876 (AH 262), after Ya'qub's arrival in Khuzistan", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zanj Rebellion (al-Ahwaz theatre)", "theatre": "Khuzistan", "place": "Suq al-Ahwaz (Ahvaz), Khuzestan, Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Zanj" ], "side_b": [ "Saffarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali ibn Aban al-Muhallabi", "commanders_b": "al-Hisn ibn al-Anbar (Ya'qub's governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Zanj", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Saffarid detachment with cavalry under Ya'qub's governor al-Hisn ibn al-Anbar; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Assumed from the Sistani-Khurasani recruitment of Ya'qub's army; the sources say nothing on this detachment.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed, horses captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Zanj routed al-Hisn's force, killing many and taking their horses; al-Hisn fled to Askar Mukram and the Zanj plundered the town.", "borderline": "a minor engagement of the Zanj war, told only by al-Tabari", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor engagement of the Zanj war, told only by al-Tabari.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Al-Ahwaz theater (Zanj Rebellion); al-Tabari (year 262); Popovic, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq", "note": "Ya'qub later made a truce with Ali ibn Aban.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 709, "key": "876-dayr-al-aqul", "name": "Dayr al-Aqul", "label": "Dayr al-Aqul", "year": 876, "month": 4, "day": 8, "date": "8 April 876 (some Arabic sources 1 or 10 April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid-Abbasid War (873-876)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "Istarband, near Dayr al-Aqul on the Tigris, Wasit Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 32.92, "lon": 45.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Saffarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Muwaffaq (centre), Musa ibn Bugha (right), Masrur al-Balkhi (left); the mawla Nusayr with river boats", "commanders_b": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth (wounded); Abi'l-Saj Devdad", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ya'qub's standing army of about 10,000: Sistani and Khurasani troops, his ghulam guard and the men of the defector Abi'l-Saj Devdad.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ya'qub's army was raised in Sistan and Khorasan with a ghulam guard (Bosworth); Abi'l-Saj, of Sogdian (Ushrusana) origin, brought his own followers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "superior numbers (infobox: 150,000)", "strength_b": "about 10,000 (infobox: 100,000)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 7,000 killed, many drowned in the flooded land", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a day of fighting, an attack on the Saffarid rear from the Tigris and the burning of the baggage broke Ya'qub's army, which fled the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Dayr al-Aqul; al-Tabari (year 262); Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Mu'tamid, with al-Muwaffaq as commander). The Abbasids freed the Tahirid Muhammad ibn Tahir from Ya'qub's baggage.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 710, "key": "883-mecca-883", "name": "Mecca (883)", "label": "Mecca (883)", "year": 883, "month": 6, "day": 13, "date": "13 June 883", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbasid-Tulunid war", "theatre": "Hejaz", "place": "Mecca, Saudi Arabia", "lat": 21.42, "lon": 39.83, "loc": "known", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Tulunids" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ja'far ibn al-Baghamardi; Harun ibn Muhammad (governor of Mecca)", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn al-Sarraj, al-Ghanawi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Tulunids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "30 Saffarid horsemen in Ja'far's force of over 750, beside Khurasani pilgrims.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Saffarid horsemen were presumably Sistanis or Khurasanis; the sources give only their number.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "more than 750 (including 30 Saffarid cavalry)", "strength_b": "about 2,470 (470 cavalry, 2,000 infantry)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "200 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Tulunid force was routed and fled to the hills, losing 200 dead and its animals and money.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Mecca (883); al-Tabari (year 269)", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. The Tulunids were the Turkish-led rulers of Egypt and Syria (Ahmad ibn Tulun).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 711, "key": "886-defeat-of-amr-ibn-al-layth-886", "name": "Defeat of Amr ibn al-Layth (886)", "label": "Defeat of Amr ibn al-Layth (886)", "year": 886, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "886 (al-Tabari's chronology may put it in 884-885)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid-Abbasid War (884-890)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Fars, Iran (site not given)", "lat": 29.9, "lon": 52.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Saffarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abi Dulaf", "commanders_b": "Amr ibn al-Layth", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Amr's Saffarid army: Sistani and Khurasani troops and Turkish ghulams; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Amr's army kept the Sistani-Khurasani core of Ya'qub's, with more ghulams (Bosworth, 'The armies of the Saffarids').", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz routed Amr, whose ally Abu Talha deserted to the Abbasids; Amr escaped to Sistan.", "borderline": "no conventional name or site; known from summary accounts", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name or site; known from summary accounts.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Al-Muwaffaq; al-Tabari (years 271-274); Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Muwaffaq); Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz was the Dulafid ruler of Karaj, appointed governor of Fars and Kerman.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 712, "key": "887-defeat-of-amr-ibn-al-layth-887", "name": "Defeat of Amr ibn al-Layth (887)", "label": "Defeat of Amr ibn al-Layth (887)", "year": 887, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "887", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid-Abbasid War (884-890)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Fars, Iran (site not given)", "lat": 29.9, "lon": 52.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Saffarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Muwaffaq", "commanders_b": "Amr ibn al-Layth", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Amr's Saffarid army: Sistani and Khurasani troops and Turkish ghulams; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Amr's army kept the Sistani-Khurasani core of Ya'qub's, with more ghulams (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Muwaffaq defeated Amr in person and Amr retreated again to Sistan.", "borderline": "no conventional name or site; known from summary accounts", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name or site; known from summary accounts.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Al-Muwaffaq; al-Tabari (year 274)", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate. A settlement of 888-889 left Amr in Khorasan, Fars and Kerman.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 713, "key": "888-samanid-civil-war-of-888", "name": "Samanid Civil War of 888", "label": "Samanid Civil War of 888", "year": 888, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "888 (AH 275)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid civil wars", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "between Bukhara and Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Isma'il ibn Ahmad" ], "side_b": [ "Nasr I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Isma'il ibn Ahmad (Bukhara)", "faction_b": "Nasr I (Samarkand)", "commanders_a": "Isma'il ibn Ahmad", "commanders_b": "Nasr I ibn Ahmad", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Samanid provincial forces of Bukhara and Samarkand, dihqan horsemen and volunteers with some Turkish ghulams.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The early Samanid forces were the dihqan horse and militias of Sogdia and Bukhara (Barthold, Turkestan) (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Isma'il defeated his brother Nasr's army and Nasr fell into his hands, keeping only the nominal title of amir.", "borderline": "known as a war; the battle site is not named in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: known as a war; the battle site is not named in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Samanid Civil War of 888; Narshakhi, Tarikh-i Bukhara; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "A first war in 885 ended in the status quo. Narshakhi has Isma'il kiss the captive Nasr's hand.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 714, "key": "889-chalus-river", "name": "Chalus River", "label": "Chalus River", "year": 889, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "888 or 889", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Rafi ibn Harthama", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "the Chalus river, Mazandaran, Iran", "lat": 36.65, "lon": 51.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Rafi ibn Harthama" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad ibn Zayd" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khorasan (Rafi ibn Harthama)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Rafi ibn Harthama (ruler of Khorasan)", "faction_b": "Muhammad ibn Zayd (Alavids of Tabaristan)", "commanders_a": "Rafi ibn Harthama", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Zayd", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Rafi's side: his Khurasani army of former Tahirid troops and Turkish ghulams. Alavid side: Daylamite, Gilite and Tabaristani infantry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were recruited in Khorasan and the Caspian provinces (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rafi defeated Muhammad ibn Zayd on the Chalus river and overran the Zaydid domains of Gorgan and Tabaristan.", "borderline": "Rafi ibn Harthama's Nishapur-seated regime (nominally deputy of the Tahirid Muhammad ibn Tahir and the caliph) is treated as an Iran-seated state; if it is counted as Abbasid, this is an Alavid defeat", "doubt": "Borderline: Rafi ibn Harthama's Nishapur-seated regime (nominally deputy of the Tahirid Muhammad ibn Tahir and the caliph) is treated as an Iran-seated state; if it is counted as Abbasid, this is an Alavid defeat.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rafi ibn Harthama; Ibn Isfandiyar; Madelung, CHI 4", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 715, "key": "890-defeat-of-ahmad-ibn-abd-al-aziz-890", "name": "Defeat of Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz (890)", "label": "Defeat of Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz (890)", "year": 890, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "890", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saffarid-Abbasid War (884-890)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Fars, Iran (site not given)", "lat": 29.9, "lon": 52.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Saffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amr ibn al-Layth", "commanders_b": "Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abi Dulaf", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Amr's Saffarid army of Sistanis, Khurasanis and Turkish ghulams; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Amr's army kept the Sistani-Khurasani core of Ya'qub's (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz's invading army was defeated and a new agreement restored Amr's titles and possessions.", "borderline": "no conventional name or site; known from summary accounts", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name or site; known from summary accounts.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Al-Muwaffaq; al-Tabari (year 276)", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate; Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz was the Dulafid governor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Saffarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 716, "key": "893-talas-893", "name": "Talas (893)", "label": "Talas (893)", "year": 893, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "893 (AH 280)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Samanid campaigns against the Turks", "theatre": "Semirechye", "place": "Talas (Taraz), Kazakhstan", "lat": 42.9, "lon": 71.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Kazakhstan", "side_a": [ "Samanids" ], "side_b": [ "Karluks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Isma'il ibn Ahmad", "commanders_b": "the Karluk ruler (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Karluks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Samanid army of Transoxiana: dihqan horsemen, ghazi volunteers and ghulams; no numbers given.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Isma'il's early armies were the dihqan horse and volunteers of Transoxiana (Barthold, Turkestan).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; 10,000-15,000 captives taken in the campaign", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Isma'il took Talas, the Karluk capital, with great booty and many captives, and turned its church into a mosque.", "borderline": "a capture; the fighting is barely described", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture; the fighting is barely described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Samanid Empire; en.wikipedia Isma'il ibn Ahmad; al-Tabari (year 280); Narshakhi", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Samanids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 717, "key": "894-doghs", "name": "Doghs", "label": "Doghs", "year": 894, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "894 (after the Dvin earthquake)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sajid-Armenian wars", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Doghs, Aragatsotn, Armenia", "lat": 40.4, "lon": 44.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sajids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Smbat I", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj (Afshin)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Afshin's Sajid army of Azerbaijan: the family's ghulams with Azerbaijani, Kurdish and Arab levies; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sajids (of Sogdian origin) ruled Azerbaijan with their (largely Turkish) ghulams and local Iranian and Kurdish troops; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Smbat defeated Afshin's forces, and Afshin sued for peace.", "borderline": "known only from the Armenian historian Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi; site uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from the Armenian historian Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi; site uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Smbat I of Armenia; Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi, History of Armenia", "note": "Kingdom of Armenia (Bagratids).", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 718, "key": "896-defeat-of-rafi-ibn-harthama-896", "name": "Defeat of Rafi ibn Harthama (896)", "label": "Defeat of Rafi ibn Harthama (896)", "year": 896, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "896 (AH 283)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Rafi ibn Harthama", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "between Bayhaq and Tus, Khorasan, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 58.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Amr ibn al-Layth" ], "side_b": [ "Rafi ibn Harthama" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Amr ibn al-Layth (Saffarids)", "faction_b": "Rafi ibn Harthama", "commanders_a": "Amr ibn al-Layth's commanders", "commanders_b": "Rafi ibn Harthama; al-Mu'addal and al-Layth, sons of Ali ibn al-Layth", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Saffarid side: Amr's Sistani, Khurasani and ghulam army. Rafi's side: his Khurasani followers, expecting Zaydid help that never came.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were recruited mainly in Khorasan and Sistan (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rafi's forces were defeated near Bayhaq and Tus and he fled to Khwarazm, where he was killed.", "borderline": "no conventional name; site only roughly known; Rafi's regime is treated as an Iran-seated state (by 896 he had broken with the caliph)", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; site only roughly known; Rafi's regime is treated as an Iran-seated state (by 896 he had broken with the caliph).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rafi ibn Harthama; en.wikipedia Amr ibn al-Layth; al-Tabari (year 283)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 719, "key": "900-balkh-900", "name": "Balkh (900)", "label": "Balkh (900)", "year": 900, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 900 (some sources 901)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid-Saffarid war", "theatre": "Tokharistan", "place": "near Balkh, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Isma'il ibn Ahmad" ], "side_b": [ "Amr ibn al-Layth" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Isma'il ibn Ahmad (Samanids)", "faction_b": "Amr ibn al-Layth (Saffarids)", "commanders_a": "Isma'il ibn Ahmad", "commanders_b": "Amr ibn al-Layth (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Samanid side: about 20,000 lightly equipped horsemen of Transoxiana (dihqans, volunteers and ghulams). Saffarid side: Amr's 70,000 well-armed cavalry of Sistan and Khorasan with Turkish ghulams.", "languages": [ "Persian", "East Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Isma'il's horsemen were mostly Transoxianan dihqans and volunteers with wooden stirrups (Narshakhi); Amr's army was Sistani-Khurasani with ghulams (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000 horsemen", "strength_b": "70,000 cavalry", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "very heavy; Amr captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Amr's army was defeated, some of his troops went over to Isma'il, and Amr was captured on the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Balkh; en.wikipedia Isma'il ibn Ahmad; Narshakhi; Gardizi; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "Amr was sent to Baghdad and executed in 902; the Saffarids lost Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 720, "key": "900-gorgan-900", "name": "Gorgan (900)", "label": "Gorgan (900)", "year": 900, "month": 10, "day": 3, "date": "3 October 900 (Abu'l-Faraj gives August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid conquest of Tabaristan", "theatre": "Gorgan", "place": "Gorgan (medieval Jurjan, near Gonbad-e Kavus), Iran", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 55.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Samanids" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad ibn Zayd" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Samanids (Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi)", "faction_b": "Muhammad ibn Zayd (Alavids)", "commanders_a": "Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Zayd (mortally wounded, captured); Zayd ibn Muhammad (captured); al-Hasan al-Utrush", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Samanid side: the Khurasan army under Muhammad ibn Harun. Alavid side: Daylamite, Gilite and Tabaristani troops of Muhammad ibn Zayd.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khurasani forces against the Daylamite and Tabari followers of the Zaydis (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Muhammad ibn Zayd died of his wounds", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Samanid army won; Muhammad ibn Zayd was mortally wounded and captured and his son Zayd was taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Gorgan (900); en.wikipedia Hasan al-Utrush; al-Tabari (year 287); al-Mas'udi", "note": "Tabaristan stayed under Samanid control until al-Utrush's victory in 913.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 721, "key": "901-dvin-siege-901", "name": "Dvin (siege, 901)", "label": "Dvin (siege, 901)", "year": 901, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "901", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sajid-Armenian wars", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Dvin, Ararat province, Armenia", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sajids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Smbat I", "commanders_b": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj's garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Sajid garrison left by Yusuf in Dvin; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The sources say nothing on the garrison's make-up.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Smbat besieged and retook Dvin, which Yusuf had just captured, and Yusuf withdrew to Azerbaijan.", "borderline": "told briefly in the Armenian sources", "doubt": "Borderline: told briefly in the Armenian sources.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Smbat I of Armenia; Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi", "note": "Kingdom of Armenia (Bagratids).", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 722, "key": "910-dzknavachar", "name": "Dzknavachar", "label": "Dzknavachar", "year": 910, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "910", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sajid-Armenian wars", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Dzknavachar, north of Erevan, Armenia", "lat": 40.25, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sajids" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj; Gagik and Gurgen Artsruni", "commanders_b": "Ashot and Mushegh, sons of Smbat I (Mushegh captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Yusuf's Sajid army of Azerbaijan with the allied Artsruni troops of Vaspurakan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Armenian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Sajid army mixed (largely Turkish) ghulams with Azerbaijani and Kurdish levies, here with Armenian allies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Mushegh captured and later poisoned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yusuf routed the Armenian royal army after the Sevordi troops on Ashot's wing went over; Mushegh was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Smbat I of Armenia; en.wikipedia Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj; Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi", "note": "Allies: Gagik Artsruni of Vaspurakan. Opponent: Kingdom of Armenia (Bagratids).", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 723, "key": "913-kapuyt-siege", "name": "Kapuyt (siege)", "label": "Kapuyt (siege)", "year": 913, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 912-913 (about a year)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sajid-Armenian wars", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Kapuyt fortress (Kapuyt Berd), Armenia (site not securely identified)", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sajids" ], "side_b": [ "Armenia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj", "commanders_b": "Smbat I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Yusuf's Sajid army of Azerbaijan; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sajid ghulams with Azerbaijani and Kurdish levies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Smbat captured, later executed (914)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After about a year Smbat surrendered the fortress on Yusuf's promise of safety.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Smbat I of Armenia; Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi", "note": "Yusuf broke his promise; Smbat was tortured and executed in 914 and his body displayed at Dvin.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 724, "key": "913-burdidu", "name": "Burdidu", "label": "Burdidu", "year": 913, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 913 (some give 914, AH 301)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alavid-Samanid wars", "theatre": "Tabaristan", "place": "Burdidu (Burdidah) on the Burrud river, west of Chalus, Mazandaran, Iran", "lat": 36.62, "lon": 51.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "al-Hasan al-Utrush" ], "side_b": [ "Samanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "al-Hasan al-Utrush (Alavids)", "faction_b": "Samanids (Muhammad ibn Sa'luk)", "commanders_a": "al-Hasan al-Utrush; al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Sa'luk", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Alavid side: the Daylamite and Gilite converts of al-Utrush. Samanid side: the army of the governor of Tabaristan, Khurasani troops and ghulams.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name the Daylamites and Gilites as al-Utrush's army; the Samanid force was Khurasani (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (inferior)", "strength_b": "unknown (superior)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the survivors who surrendered at Chalus were massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Utrush crushed the larger and better-equipped Samanid army; its survivors surrendered at Chalus and Amul opened its gates to him.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hasan al-Utrush; Ibn Isfandiyar; Madelung, CHI 4", "note": "Restored Zaydid rule in Tabaristan.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 725, "key": "914-samarkand-914", "name": "Samarkand (914)", "label": "Samarkand (914)", "year": 914, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "914 (AH 301-302)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid civil wars (revolt of Ishaq ibn Ahmad)", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "near Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.96, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Nasr II" ], "side_b": [ "Ishaq ibn Ahmad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nasr II (Samanids; regent Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani, general Hamuya ibn Ali)", "faction_b": "Ishaq ibn Ahmad (Samanid claimant in Samarkand)", "commanders_a": "Hamuya ibn Ali", "commanders_b": "Ishaq ibn Ahmad (captured); his son Abu Salih Mansur", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Samanid forces of Bukhara and Samarkand, ghulams and dihqan cavalry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "By 914 the Samanid army had a strong Turkish ghulam element beside the Iranian dihqan horse (Treadwell) (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ishaq, who had seized Samarkand and struck coins, was defeated and captured.", "borderline": "the sources describe two defeats of Ishaq without naming a battlefield", "doubt": "Borderline: the sources describe two defeats of Ishaq without naming a battlefield.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Samanid Empire; Narshakhi; Gardizi; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 726, "key": "914-tmogvi-siege", "name": "Tmogvi (siege)", "label": "Tmogvi (siege)", "year": 914, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "914 (before the siege of Queli)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sajid invasion of Georgia (914)", "theatre": "Georgia", "place": "Tmogvi fortress, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia", "lat": 41.4, "lon": 43.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Sajids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the garrison of Tmogvi", "commanders_b": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Yusuf's Sajid field army of Azerbaijan; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sajid ghulams with Azerbaijani and Kurdish levies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yusuf failed to take the fortress and withdrew.", "borderline": "known only from Georgian sources; the extent of the fighting is unclear", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from Georgian sources; the extent of the fighting is unclear.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sajid invasion of Georgia; en.wikipedia Siege of Queli; Stephen of Tbeti, Passion of Gobron", "note": "Georgian principalities (Tao-Klarjeti, Samtskhe). Muslim sources do not mention the Georgian campaign.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 727, "key": "914-queli-siege", "name": "Queli (siege)", "label": "Queli (siege)", "year": 914, "month": 9, "day": 20, "date": "20 September - 17 October 914 (28 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sajid invasion of Georgia (914)", "theatre": "Georgia (Tao-Klarjeti)", "place": "Queli (Q'ueli, Kvel) fortress, Ardahan, Turkey", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 42.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sajids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj", "commanders_b": "Gobron (executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Yusuf's Sajid army, said to number about 20,000, with siege engines; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sajid ghulams with Azerbaijani and Kurdish levies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "about 200", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "the garrison taken; Gobron and 133 others held, Gobron executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "On the 28th day the fortress was stormed after catapults and trebuchets had breached its walls.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Queli; en.wikipedia Sajid invasion of Georgia; Stephen of Tbeti, Passion of Gobron", "note": "The Wikipedia infobox calls it the 'Siege of Tbilisi'. The fortress belonged to Gurgen II of Tao. The Sajids soon had to leave Tao-Klarjeti.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 728, "key": "918-ardabil-918", "name": "Ardabil (918)", "label": "Ardabil (918)", "year": 918, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "918 (the Wikipedia article gives a first victory in 917 and this one in 918)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sajid-Abbasid war (917-919)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "near Ardabil, Iran", "lat": 38.25, "lon": 48.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sajids" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj", "commanders_b": "an Abbasid army (commander not named in the sources checked)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Yusuf's Sajid army of Azerbaijan; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sajid ghulams with Azerbaijani and Kurdish levies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yusuf defeated the caliphal army sent against him near Ardabil.", "borderline": "dates (917-918) and commanders differ between accounts", "doubt": "Borderline: dates (917-918) and commanders differ between accounts.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj; Ibn Miskawayh; Madelung, CHI 4", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Muqtadir).", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 729, "key": "919-ardabil-919", "name": "Ardabil (919)", "label": "Ardabil (919)", "year": 919, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "919 (AH 307)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sajid-Abbasid war (917-919)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "near Ardabil, Iran", "lat": 38.25, "lon": 48.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Sajids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'nis al-Muzaffar", "commanders_b": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Yusuf's Sajid army of Azerbaijan; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Iranian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sajid ghulams with Azerbaijani and Kurdish levies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Yusuf captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yusuf was defeated and captured and taken to Baghdad, where he was held for about three years.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj; Ibn Miskawayh; Madelung, CHI 4", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Muqtadir). The Wikipedia article does not name the victor; Mu'nis commanded the campaign (Ibn Miskawayh).", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 730, "key": "920-marw-al-rudh-920", "name": "Marw al-Rudh (920)", "label": "Marw al-Rudh (920)", "year": 920, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "919-920 (AH 307)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid civil wars (revolt of Ahmad ibn Sahl)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Marw al-Rudh (Bala Murghab), Afghanistan", "lat": 35.58, "lon": 63.33, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Nasr II" ], "side_b": [ "Ahmad ibn Sahl" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nasr II (Samanids; general Hamuya ibn Ali)", "faction_b": "Ahmad ibn Sahl (rebel governor)", "commanders_a": "Hamuya ibn Ali", "commanders_b": "Ahmad ibn Sahl (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Samanid forces of Khorasan, ghulams and Khurasani troops; Ahmad ibn Sahl was of an old Iranian dihqan family of Merv.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Samanid armies of the 920s combined Turkish ghulams with Khurasani Iranian troops (Treadwell) (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hamuya defeated and captured the rebel Ahmad ibn Sahl, who died in prison at Bukhara in 920.", "borderline": "site given only as Marw al-Rudh", "doubt": "Borderline: site given only as Marw al-Rudh.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Samanid Empire; Gardizi; Ibn al-Athir", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 731, "key": "921-defeat-of-lili-ibn-al-nu-man-921", "name": "Defeat of Lili ibn al-Nu'man (921)", "label": "Defeat of Lili ibn al-Nu'man (921)", "year": 921, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "921 (AH 309)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Alavid-Samanid wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Khorasan, Iran (site not given)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Samanids" ], "side_b": [ "Lili ibn al-Nu'man" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Samanids (Simjur al-Dawati, Hamuya ibn Ali)", "faction_b": "Lili ibn al-Nu'man (Alavid general)", "commanders_a": "Simjur al-Dawati", "commanders_b": "Lili ibn al-Nu'man (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Samanid side: Khurasan army with Turkish ghulam officers (the Simjurids). Alavid side: Lili's Daylamite and Gilite army.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Daylamite invaders against a Khurasani army led by Turkish officers (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Lili killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Zaydid invasion of Khorasan was beaten and Lili ibn al-Nu'man was killed.", "borderline": "no conventional name; site not given in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; site not given in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Samanid Empire; Treadwell, EIr 'Simjurids' (summary); Ibn Isfandiyar", "note": "Lili had taken Nishapur before he was defeated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 732, "key": "921-sevan", "name": "Sevan", "label": "Sevan", "year": 921, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "921 (some historians date it 923-925)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sajid-Armenian wars", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Lake Sevan (north-west shore and Sevan island), Armenia", "lat": 40.56, "lon": 45.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Armenia" ], "side_b": [ "Sajids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ashot II the Iron; George Marzpetuni", "commanders_b": "Beshir", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Armenia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Sajid army under the commander Beshir, called 'Arab' by the Armenian historian; 1,000 of its men attacked Sevan island.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Turkic", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The Armenian source calls the enemy 'Arabs'; the real make-up of this Sajid force is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "70 archers in boats (later ten boats)", "strength_b": "1,000 in the attack on the island", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ashot's archers attacking from boats routed Beshir's army on the shore, and it fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sevan; Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi", "note": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj was a prisoner in Baghdad in 919-922, so a date of 921 implies the force was sent by his ghulam Subuk, who then held Azerbaijan.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 733, "key": "922-dvin-siege-922", "name": "Dvin (siege, 922)", "label": "Dvin (siege, 922)", "year": 922, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "922", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab-Roman wars (John Kourkouas' eastern campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Dvin, Ararat province, Armenia", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sajids" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Sajid garrison (governor Nasr al-Subuki)", "commanders_b": "John Kourkouas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Sajid garrison of Dvin, of Muslim ('Arab') and Armenian troops.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Armenian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia says Dvin was defended by Arab and Armenian troops; Iranians are not mentioned.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dvin withstood the joint Roman-Armenian attack.", "borderline": "a brief notice inside the article on the 927 siege", "doubt": "Borderline: a brief notice inside the article on the 927 siege.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Dvin (927); Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 734, "key": "927-dvin-siege-927", "name": "Dvin (siege, 927)", "label": "Dvin (siege, 927)", "year": 927, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 927 (probable)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Arab-Roman wars (John Kourkouas' eastern campaigns)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Dvin, Ararat province, Armenia", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Sajids" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nasr al-Subuki (Sajid governor)", "commanders_b": "John Kourkouas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Sajid garrison of Dvin under Nasr al-Subuki, with the townspeople.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Armenian", "Turkic", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The garrison's make-up in 927 is not recorded; in 922 it was described as Arab and Armenian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (well supplied, with towers, ballistae and Greek fire)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 10,000 killed (Wikipedia)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison, joined by the townspeople, drove off the besiegers with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Dvin (927); Ibn al-Athir; Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 735, "key": "927-kufa-927", "name": "Kufa (927)", "label": "Kufa (927)", "year": 927, "month": 12, "day": 7, "date": "7 December 927", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927-928)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "near Kufa, Iraq", "lat": 32.03, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Qarmatians" ], "side_b": [ "Sajids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sajids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Tahir al-Jannabi", "commanders_b": "Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Qarmatians", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Yusuf's own Sajid army, mostly highland troops from Azerbaijan unused to desert war, paid from the revenues of the Jibal and north-western Iran (Kennedy).", "languages": [ "other Iranian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Kennedy calls the army mostly Sajid highland troops of Azerbaijan; their ethnic make-up is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 1,500-2,300", "strength_b": "considerably larger (number not given)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Yusuf captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yusuf's much larger army was routed and he was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Qarmatian invasion of Iraq; en.wikipedia Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj; Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates", "note": "Yusuf fought as the caliph's appointed commander against the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, but with his own Sajid troops; he was killed in captivity in 928.", "peoples": [ "Sogdians" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sajids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 736, "key": "931-hamadan-931", "name": "Hamadan (931)", "label": "Hamadan (931)", "year": 931, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "931 (AH 319)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ziyarid conquest of the Jibal (Mardavij against the Abbasids)", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.51, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ziyarids" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ziyarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mardavij", "commanders_b": "Harun ibn Gharib (caliphal commander in the Jibal)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mardavij's Daylamite and Gilite infantry with his Turkish ghulam cavalry.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mardavij's army was built on Daylamite and Gilite foot, with Turkish slave cavalry who later murdered him (en.wikipedia Mardavij).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; many townspeople massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mardavij stormed Hamadan, where his nephew had been killed, and drove off the caliphal army sent to the Jibal.", "borderline": "the battle with Harun ibn Gharib is told briefly; the sources checked confirm the sack of the Jibal towns in 931 but not every detail", "doubt": "Borderline: the battle with Harun ibn Gharib is told briefly; the sources checked confirm the sack of the Jibal towns in 931 but not every detail.", "sources": "Ibn Miskawayh; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Mardavij; en.wikipedia Dinavar", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Muqtadir). Mardavij then took Dinavar, Kashan and Isfahan.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ziyarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 737, "key": "934-defeat-of-yaqut-934", "name": "Defeat of Yaqut (934)", "label": "Defeat of Yaqut (934)", "year": 934, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 934 (Jumada II 322)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid conquest of Fars", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "on the road east from Shiraz towards Kerman, Fars, Iran (site not named)", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 53.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Buyids" ], "side_b": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali ibn Buya (Imad al-Dawla)", "commanders_b": "Yaqut (Abbasid governor of Fars)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 900 Daylamite infantry under Ali ibn Buya, probably with some local volunteers.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Kennedy and Busse give Ali's force as about 900 Daylamites.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "about 900", "strength_b": "about 17,000 (reported)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yaqut's men fled in disorder and the road to Shiraz lay open (Kennedy).", "borderline": "no conventional name; the battlefield is not named in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; the battlefield is not named in the sources checked.", "sources": "Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, ch. 10; en.wikipedia Imad al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Buyid dynasty; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate (al-Qahir/al-Radi); Yaqut's army included the troops of Basra. Ali entered Shiraz soon after.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 738, "key": "939-gorgan-siege-939", "name": "Gorgan (siege, 939)", "label": "Gorgan (siege, 939)", "year": 939, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "939-940 (seven months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Samanid-Ziyarid wars", "theatre": "Gorgan", "place": "Gorgan (medieval Jurjan, near Gonbad-e Kavus), Iran", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 55.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Samanids" ], "side_b": [ "Makan ibn Kaki" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Samanids (Abu Ali Chaghani, ibn Muhtaj)", "faction_b": "Makan ibn Kaki (with Ziyarid support)", "commanders_a": "Abu Ali Chaghani", "commanders_b": "Makan ibn Kaki", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Samanid side: the Khurasan army of Abu Ali Chaghani (Turkish ghulams and Iranian levies). Makan's side: his Daylamite troops, with aid sent by Vushmgir.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Daylamite defenders against a mixed Turkish and Khurasani Samanid army (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a seven-month siege Makan abandoned Gorgan and fled to Rayy, and the city passed to the Samanids.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Makan ibn Kaki; en.wikipedia Vushmgir; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Makan, a Daylamite warlord, had broken with the Samanids and allied himself with the Ziyarid Vushmgir.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 739, "key": "940-iskhabad", "name": "Iskhabad", "label": "Iskhabad", "year": 940, "month": 12, "day": 25, "date": "25 December 940", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid-Ziyarid wars", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Iskhabad, near Rayy, Iran", "lat": 35.6, "lon": 51.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Samanids" ], "side_b": [ "Vushmgir and Makan ibn Kaki" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Samanids (Abu Ali Chaghani)", "faction_b": "Vushmgir (Ziyarids) and Makan ibn Kaki", "commanders_a": "Abu Ali Chaghani", "commanders_b": "Vushmgir (fled); Makan ibn Kaki (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Samanid side: Abu Ali Chaghani's Khurasan army of Turkish ghulams and Iranian levies. Ziyarid side: Daylamite and Gilite infantry, Makan's elite Daylamite units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Daylamite officers were captured and sent to Bukhara; the Samanid army was led by the Iranian prince of Chaghaniyan (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "low", "losses_b": "more than half killed, the rest captured or wounded (Wikipedia)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vushmgir fled early, Makan's elite units were destroyed and Makan was shot and beheaded; the Samanids held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Iskhabad; en.wikipedia Vushmgir; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "The Wikipedia infobox says 'Samanid-Buyid victory', but the Buyids are not described as taking part.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 740, "key": "942-tabriz-siege-942", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 942)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 942)", "year": 942, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "941-942 (AH 330-331)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sallarid conquest of Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Marzuban ibn Muhammad" ], "side_b": [ "Daysam ibn Ibrahim and his Kurdish allies" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sallarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Marzuban ibn Muhammad (Sallarids)", "faction_b": "Daysam ibn Ibrahim (ruler of Azerbaijan) and his Kurdish allies", "commanders_a": "Marzuban ibn Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Daysam ibn Ibrahim (escaped)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Sallarid side: Marzuban's Daylamites, joined by Daysam's Daylamites who had deserted. Daysam's side: Kurdish tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Daylamites against Kurds, both named in the sources (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Marzuban's Daylamites beat Daysam's Kurds and besieged Tabriz, which fell after Daysam slipped away to Ardabil.", "borderline": "Daysam's Azerbaijan-seated principality is treated as an Iranian state; he was a Kurdish former Sajid officer", "doubt": "Borderline: Daysam's Azerbaijan-seated principality is treated as an Iranian state; he was a Kurdish former Sajid officer.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Marzuban ibn Muhammad; en.wikipedia Sallarid dynasty; Ibn Miskawayh; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History", "note": "Ardabil then surrendered after Daysam's vizier was bribed.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 741, "key": "943-barda-a-943", "name": "Barda'a (943)", "label": "Barda'a (943)", "year": 943, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "943 (AH 332; one modern account gives spring 945)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rus raid on Barda'a (943-944)", "theatre": "Arran", "place": "before Barda'a (Barda), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.37, "lon": 47.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Rus'" ], "side_b": [ "Sallarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sallarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Marzuban's governor of Barda'a", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Rus'", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Sallarid garrison of Daylamites with local volunteers (ghazis) and Kurds.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Ibn Miskawayh names the Daylamite troops and the volunteers of Arran.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (a few hundred Daylamites and some thousands of volunteers)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the Daylamites killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Rus routed the governor's Daylamites and volunteers within a short fight and took Barda'a.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn Miskawayh, Tajarib al-umam; en.wikipedia Sallarid dynasty; en.wikipedia Marzuban ibn Muhammad; Kennedy (2004)", "note": "The Rus came up the Kura. Marzuban's army then lost several engagements before the ambush (next entry).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sallarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 742, "key": "943-rayy-943", "name": "Rayy (943)", "label": "Rayy (943)", "year": 943, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "943 (AH 331)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid-Ziyarid wars", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "near Rayy, Iran", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 51.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Rukn al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Vushmgir" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Rukn al-Dawla (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Vushmgir (Ziyarids)", "commanders_a": "al-Hasan ibn Buya (Rukn al-Dawla)", "commanders_b": "Vushmgir", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Daylamite infantry with Turkish cavalry.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Rayy's army was 'composed almost entirely of Daylamites' (Kennedy) (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vushmgir was defeated when his officers Shir Mardi and Gurigir went over to Rukn al-Dawla, and the Buyids occupied Rayy.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rukn al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Vushmgir; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Rayy had been held for the Samanids; Vushmgir lost it for good.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 743, "key": "944-baghdad-944", "name": "Baghdad (944)", "label": "Baghdad (944)", "year": 944, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "944 (AH 332); Mu'izz retreated to Ahvaz on 28 July", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid conquest of Iraq", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "the approaches of Baghdad (near al-Mada'in), Iraq", "lat": 33.15, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Buyids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tuzun (amir al-umara)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad ibn Buya (Mu'izz al-Dawla)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arabs", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ahmad ibn Buya's Daylamite infantry with some Turkish cavalry.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Dawla's army was built on Daylamite foot (Kennedy; en.wikipedia Mu'izz al-Dawla).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tuzun repelled Ahmad ibn Buya's attack on the approaches of Baghdad and Ahmad fell back to Ahvaz; the modern accounts (Kennedy; en.wikipedia Tuzun) have Tuzun beat him off, against the Mu'izz al-Dawla article's claim that Ahmad won the fight.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, ch. 10; en.wikipedia Mu'izz al-Dawla; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Abbasid Caliphate under the Turkish amir al-umara Tuzun. The Wikipedia article on Mu'izz al-Dawla instead says Ahmad won the battle near al-Mada'in but retreated after Tuzun cut the bridge; Kennedy's verdict is followed.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 744, "key": "944-barda-a-siege-944", "name": "Barda'a (siege, 944)", "label": "Barda'a (siege, 944)", "year": 944, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "943-944 (AH 332-333)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rus raid on Barda'a (943-944)", "theatre": "Arran", "place": "Barda'a (Barda), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.37, "lon": 47.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Sallarids" ], "side_b": [ "Rus'" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sallarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marzuban ibn Muhammad", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Rus'", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Marzuban's Daylamite infantry, Kurdish horse and many volunteers (Ibn Miskawayh gives his army as about 30,000).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Daylamites were the core of Marzuban's forces, with Kurds and volunteers (Ibn Miskawayh; Madelung).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 30,000 (Ibn Miskawayh)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 700 killed in the ambush; many dead of disease", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After Marzuban's ambush killed about 700 Rus and the survivors were hemmed in and wasted by dysentery, they evacuated Barda'a, which returned to Sallarid control.", "borderline": "the Rus left with their loot and prisoners; the siege had been thinned when Marzuban marched against the Hamdanids", "doubt": "Borderline: the Rus left with their loot and prisoners; the siege had been thinned when Marzuban marched against the Hamdanids.", "sources": "Ibn Miskawayh, Tajarib al-umam; en.wikipedia Marzuban ibn Muhammad; en.wikipedia Sallarid dynasty", "note": "Dated 943-944 by most; one Wikipedia article dates the raid to 945.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sallarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 745, "key": "944-salmas-944", "name": "Salmas (944)", "label": "Salmas (944)", "year": 944, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "944 (during the siege of Barda'a; one account gives winter 945-946)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sallarid-Hamdanid war", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Salmas, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 44.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sallarids" ], "side_b": [ "Hamdanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sallarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Marzuban ibn Muhammad", "commanders_b": "al-Husayn ibn Sa'id ibn Hamdan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Hamdanids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Marzuban's Daylamite army (the rest having been left before Barda'a).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Daylamites were the core of Marzuban's forces (Madelung); the Hamdanid invader had Kurdish support.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Marzuban defeated al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, who was soon recalled by Nasir al-Dawla.", "borderline": "site and date uncertain; the fighting is told briefly", "doubt": "Borderline: site and date uncertain; the fighting is told briefly.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Marzuban ibn Muhammad; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Hamdanids of Mosul (Nasir al-Dawla).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sallarids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 746, "key": "946-baghdad-946", "name": "Baghdad (946)", "label": "Baghdad (946)", "year": 946, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April to August 946; decisive crossing on the night of 1 August 946", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid-Hamdanid wars", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Buyids" ], "side_b": [ "Hamdanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Dawla; Abu Ja'far al-Saymari; Ispahdost", "commanders_b": "Nasir al-Dawla; Muhammad ibn Shirzad; al-Husayn ibn Sa'id", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Hamdanids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Dawla's Daylamite infantry, the core of his army, with a fleet of zabzab river-boats; handpicked Daylamites made the crossing.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name the Daylamites as the Buyid core; the Turks were mostly on the Hamdanid side.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saymari's Daylamites won the fight on the river and crossed, the Hamdanid army collapsed and Nasir al-Dawla fled Baghdad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Baghdad (946); en.wikipedia Mu'izz al-Dawla; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Hamdanids of Mosul with Turkish mercenaries; allied Arab tribes blockaded western Baghdad. Peace followed at Ukbara.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 747, "key": "948-qazvin-948", "name": "Qazvin (948)", "label": "Qazvin (948)", "year": 948, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "948 or 949 (AH 337)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid-Sallarid war", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "near Qazvin, Iran", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Rukn al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Marzuban ibn Muhammad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Rukn al-Dawla (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Marzuban ibn Muhammad (Sallarids)", "commanders_a": "Abu Mansur (for Rukn al-Dawla)", "commanders_b": "Marzuban ibn Muhammad (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Daylamite infantry with Turkish cavalry (Buyids) and Kurds (Sallarids).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both were Daylamite dynasties whose armies were largely Daylamite (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Marzuban captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Marzuban's army, marching on Rayy, was defeated and he was taken prisoner.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rukn al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Marzuban ibn Muhammad; en.wikipedia Sallarid dynasty; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "The Sallarid dynasty article places Marzuban's defeat at Samiran castle; the other accounts place it near Qazvin. Marzuban escaped from prison in 952-953.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 748, "key": "950-batiha-950", "name": "Batiha (950)", "label": "Batiha (950)", "year": 950, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "950 or 951", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid wars with the Batiha", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "the Batiha marshes between Wasit and Basra, Iraq", "lat": 31.3, "lon": 46.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Shahinids" ], "side_b": [ "Buyids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Imran ibn Shahin", "commanders_b": "al-Muhallabi (vizier), Ruzbahan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Shahinids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Buyid army of Daylamite infantry under the vizier al-Muhallabi and the Daylamite officer Ruzbahan.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Dawla's forces in southern Iraq were largely Daylamite (Kennedy).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ruzbahan held back and fled, and Imran's ambushes in the marshes destroyed much of al-Muhallabi's army; al-Muhallabi escaped by swimming.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mu'izz al-Dawla; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Imran ibn Shahin ruled the marshes (Batiha) as an independent chief; Mu'izz made peace and appointed him governor. An earlier Buyid attack under Ruzbahan (949-950) had also failed.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 749, "key": "955-isfahan-955", "name": "Isfahan (955)", "label": "Isfahan (955)", "year": 955, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "955 (AH 344)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid-Samanid wars", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Adud al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad ibn Makan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Adud al-Dawla (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Muhammad ibn Makan (Daylamite commander in Samanid service)", "commanders_a": "Adud al-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Makan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Daylamite troops; Adud's army from Fars also had Turkish cavalry.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ibn Makan was a Daylamite officer; Buyid armies were largely Daylamite (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Adud al-Dawla defeated Muhammad ibn Makan and recovered Isfahan.", "borderline": "the course of the fighting is not described in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: the course of the fighting is not described in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 'Adud al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Mu'ayyad al-Dawla; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 750, "key": "957-defeat-of-ruzbahan-957", "name": "Defeat of Ruzbahan (957)", "label": "Defeat of Ruzbahan (957)", "year": 957, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "957 (AH 345)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Ruzbahan (Daylamite mutiny in Buyid Iraq)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq and Khuzistan", "place": "southern Iraq (site not given), Iraq", "lat": 31.8, "lon": 47.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Mu'izz al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Ruzbahan ibn Vindad-Khurshid" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mu'izz al-Dawla (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Ruzbahan ibn Vindad-Khurshid (Daylamite rebels)", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Ruzbahan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Dawla's side: his Turkish ghulam cavalry. Rebel side: Ruzbahan's mutinous Daylamite infantry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe the fight as Daylamite rebels against Mu'izz al-Dawla's Turks (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Ruzbahan captured, later drowned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ruzbahan came close to winning but was defeated and captured, thanks to Mu'izz al-Dawla's personal bravery and his loyal Turks (Kennedy).", "borderline": "no conventional name; site not given", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; site not given.", "sources": "Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, ch. 10; en.wikipedia Mu'izz al-Dawla", "note": "While Mu'izz was busy, the Hamdanid Nasir al-Dawla briefly retook Baghdad.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 751, "key": "962-ghazni-siege-962", "name": "Ghazni (siege, 962)", "label": "Ghazni (siege, 962)", "year": 962, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "962 (AH 351)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Alp-Tegin (foundation of the Ghaznavid state)", "theatre": "Zabulistan", "place": "Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alp-Tegin", "commanders_b": "Abu Bakr Lawik", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Alp-Tegin's Turkish ghulams with Iranian ghazi volunteers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia names his Turkish slave guard and Iranian ghazis; their proportions are unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alp-Tegin took Ghazni from Abu Bakr Lawik and settled there as its ruler.", "borderline": "Wikipedia says only that he 'seized' Ghazna; Bosworth describes a siege of some four months", "doubt": "Borderline: Wikipedia says only that he 'seized' Ghazna; Bosworth describes a siege of some four months.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Alp-Tegin; en.wikipedia Samanid Empire; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids", "note": "Lawik dynasty of Ghazni, kinsmen of the Kabul Shahis. Alp-Tegin defeated the rulers of Bamiyan and Kabul on the way. He received Samanid investiture afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Wikipedia names his Turkish slave guard and Iranian ghazis; their proportions are unknown.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 752, "key": "962-balkh-962", "name": "Balkh (962)", "label": "Balkh (962)", "year": 962, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 962 (Rabi I 351)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Alp-Tegin", "theatre": "Tokharistan", "place": "near Balkh, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Alp-Tegin" ], "side_b": [ "Samanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Alp-Tegin (rebel Samanid commander, founder of the Ghaznavid line)", "faction_b": "Samanids (army of Mansur I)", "commanders_a": "Alp-Tegin; Sabuktigin", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Alp-Tegin's side: his guard of Turkish ghulams with Iranian ghazis. Samanid side: the Samanid army of Transoxiana and Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia names Alp-Tegin's Turkish slave guard and Iranian ghazis; the Samanid army was mixed Turkish and Iranian (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alp-Tegin defeated the army sent against him by Mansur I and went on towards Ghazni.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Alp-Tegin; en.wikipedia Sabuktigin; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "Alp-Tegin had been Samanid commander-in-chief of Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 753, "key": "974-wasit-siege-974", "name": "Wasit (siege, 974)", "label": "Wasit (siege, 974)", "year": 974, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 974 (about fifty days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Turkish revolt in Buyid Iraq (974-975)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "Wasit, Iraq", "lat": 32.18, "lon": 46.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar" ], "side_b": [ "Turkish mutineers of the Buyid army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Turkish mutineers of the Buyid army (Sebuk-Tegin, then Alptakin)", "commanders_a": "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar", "commanders_b": "Sebuk-Tegin (died during the siege), Alptakin", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Bakhtiyar's side: his Daylamite troops. Mutineers: the Turkish ghulam cavalry of Baghdad.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Kennedy describes the war as Turks against Daylamites (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bakhtiyar held out in Wasit and the Turks raised the siege as Adud al-Dawla's relief army approached.", "borderline": "the mutinous Turkish guard of the Buyid army is treated as a Persian-side faction", "doubt": "Borderline: the mutinous Turkish guard of the Buyid army is treated as a Persian-side faction.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Izz al-Dawla; Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, ch. 10; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Open warfare began in Dhu'l-Qa'da 363/July 974, when Sebuk-Tegin seized Baghdad.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 754, "key": "975-diyala-975", "name": "Diyala (975)", "label": "Diyala (975)", "year": 975, "month": 1, "day": 30, "date": "30 January 975 (Kennedy: January 975)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turkish revolt in Buyid Iraq (974-975)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "on the Diyala river near Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.25, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Adud al-Dawla and Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar" ], "side_b": [ "Turkish mutineers of the Buyid army" ], "allies_a": [ "Hamdanids", "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Adud al-Dawla and Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Turkish mutineers of the Buyid army (Alptakin)", "commanders_a": "Adud al-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Alptakin", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Buyid side: Adud al-Dawla's army from Fars (Daylamite infantry and Turkish cavalry), Bakhtiyar's Daylamites, with Abu Taghlib's Hamdanids and bedouin allies. Mutineers: the Turkish ghulams of Baghdad.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Kennedy describes the Turks of Baghdad fighting the Buyid Daylamites and Adud's army (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alptakin and the Turks were decisively defeated on the Diyala and fled to Syria.", "borderline": "the mutinous Turkish guard of the Buyid army is treated as a Persian-side faction", "doubt": "Borderline: the mutinous Turkish guard of the Buyid army is treated as a Persian-side faction.", "sources": "Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, ch. 10; en.wikipedia 'Adud al-Dawla; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Allies: the Hamdanid Abu Taghlib and bedouin. Alptakin went on to Damascus.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 755, "key": "977-ahvaz-977", "name": "Ahvaz (977)", "label": "Ahvaz (977)", "year": 977, "month": 7, "day": 1, "date": "1 July 977", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid civil war (Adud al-Dawla against Izz al-Dawla)", "theatre": "Khuzistan", "place": "near Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Adud al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Adud al-Dawla (Buyids of Fars)", "faction_b": "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar (Buyids of Iraq)", "commanders_a": "Adud al-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Adud's side: Daylamite infantry and Turkish cavalry of Fars. Bakhtiyar's side: his Daylamites and Arab allies.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Buyid armies were Daylamite foot with Turkish horse; Bakhtiyar had lost most of his Turks in 975 (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Adud al-Dawla defeated his cousin, who retreated to Wasit.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 'Adud al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Izz al-Dawla; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 756, "key": "978-mayyafariqin-siege-978", "name": "Mayyafariqin (siege, 978)", "label": "Mayyafariqin (siege, 978)", "year": 978, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "978-979 (AH 368)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Buyid-Hamdanid wars", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mayyafariqin (Silvan), Diyarbakir, Turkey", "lat": 38.14, "lon": 41.01, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Buyids" ], "side_b": [ "Hamdanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Adud al-Dawla's generals (Abu'l-Wafa)", "commanders_b": "the Hamdanid garrison of Abu Taghlib", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Hamdanids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Adud al-Dawla's army of Daylamites and Turks; composition not recorded for this siege.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Adud al-Dawla's armies were Daylamite foot and Turkish horse (Kennedy).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mayyafariqin was taken by Adud al-Dawla's forces and Abu Taghlib fled to al-Rahba.", "borderline": "the length and fighting of the siege are not described in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: the length and fighting of the siege are not described in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 'Adud al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi; Ibn al-Athir", "note": "Hamdanids of Mosul. Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar followed.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 757, "key": "978-samarra-978", "name": "Samarra (978)", "label": "Samarra (978)", "year": 978, "month": 5, "day": 29, "date": "29 May 978 (Shawwal 367)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid civil war (Adud al-Dawla against Izz al-Dawla)", "theatre": "Upper Iraq", "place": "Qasr al-Jiss, near Samarra, Iraq", "lat": 34.2, "lon": 43.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Adud al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar with the Hamdanid Abu Taghlib" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hamdanids" ], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Adud al-Dawla (Buyids of Fars)", "faction_b": "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar (Buyids of Iraq) with the Hamdanid Abu Taghlib", "commanders_a": "Adud al-Dawla; Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi", "commanders_b": "Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar (captured, executed); Abu Taghlib", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Adud's side: Daylamite infantry, Turkish cavalry and Kurdish and Arab auxiliaries. Bakhtiyar's side: his newly raised army from Wasit, with Abu Taghlib's Hamdanid troops.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Adud's army was Daylamite-Turkish with Kurdish auxiliaries; Bakhtiyar's Hamdanid allies were Arabs and Kurds (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bakhtiyar and the Hamdanids were defeated and Bakhtiyar was captured on the field and beheaded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, ch. 10; en.wikipedia Izz al-Dawla; en.wikipedia Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi; Ibn Miskawayh", "note": "Also called the battle of Qasr al-Jiss. Allies: the Hamdanids of Mosul (Abu Taghlib).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 758, "key": "981-defeat-of-qabus-981", "name": "Defeat of Qabus (981)", "label": "Defeat of Qabus (981)", "year": 981, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "981 (AH 371)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid-Ziyarid wars", "theatre": "Gorgan", "place": "Gorgan province (near Astarabad?), Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Qabus with Fakhr al-Dawla" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Qabus (Ziyarids) with Fakhr al-Dawla", "commanders_a": "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Qabus ibn Vushmgir", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Buyid side: Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's Daylamites with troops sent by Adud al-Dawla. Ziyarid side: Qabus's Daylamite and Gilite army.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Daylamite-based (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qabus was defeated and fled with Fakhr al-Dawla to Samanid Khorasan, and Mu'ayyad took Gorgan.", "borderline": "the battle's site is not given in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: the battle's site is not given in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia; en.wikipedia Qabus; en.wikipedia Mu'ayyad al-Dawla", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 759, "key": "982-gorgan-siege-982", "name": "Gorgan (siege, 982)", "label": "Gorgan (siege, 982)", "year": 982, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "982 (AH 371; two months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Buyid-Samanid wars", "theatre": "Gorgan", "place": "Gorgan (medieval Jurjan, near Gonbad-e Kavus), Iran", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 55.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla" ], "side_b": [ "Samanids, with Qabus and Fakhr al-Dawla" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla (Buyids)", "faction_b": "Samanids (Tash, Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri and Fa'iq), with Qabus and Fakhr al-Dawla", "commanders_a": "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Tash; Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri; Fa'iq", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Buyid side: Mu'ayyad's Daylamites and Turks. Samanid side: the Khurasan army under the Turkish generals Tash and Fa'iq and the Simjurid governor.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Samanid army of the 980s was led and largely manned by Turkish ghulams; the Buyid garrison was Daylamite (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Samanid army, at first successful, was crushed by the defenders and the attempt to restore Qabus failed.", "borderline": "the siege of two months and the sortie are from Bosworth; Wikipedia says only that the 982 Samanid expedition was crushed", "doubt": "Borderline: the siege of two months and the sortie are from Bosworth; Wikipedia says only that the 982 Samanid expedition was crushed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nuh II; en.wikipedia Qabus; Bosworth, CHI 4", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 760, "key": "983-defeat-of-bahram-ibn-ardashir-983", "name": "Defeat of Bahram ibn Ardashir (983)", "label": "Defeat of Bahram ibn Ardashir (983)", "year": 983, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "983 (AH 373)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid war with Badh the Kurd", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Diyar Bakr (site not given), Turkey", "lat": 37.9, "lon": 40.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Buyids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Buyids", "commanders_a": "Badh ibn Dustak", "commanders_b": "Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A Buyid army of Iraq (Daylamites and Turks) under the Zoroastrian-born general Bahram ibn Ardashir.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Samsam al-Dawla's army of Iraq was mixed Turkish and Daylamite (en.wikipedia Samsam al-Dawla).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahram's Buyid army sent by Samsam al-Dawla was defeated by Badh.", "borderline": "no conventional name; the site is not given in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; the site is not given in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi; en.wikipedia Badh ibn Dustak; Amedroz, JRAS 1903", "note": "Badh, a Kurdish chief, founded the Marwanid principality of Diyar Bakr. A second Buyid army under Abu'l-Qasim Sa'd al-Hajib also failed to dislodge him.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 761, "key": "987-defeat-of-tash-987", "name": "Defeat of Tash (987)", "label": "Defeat of Tash (987)", "year": 987, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 987 (AH 377)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Samanid civil wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Khorasan, Iran (site not given)", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri, Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq" ], "side_b": [ "Tash" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri, Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq (Samanid rebels)", "faction_b": "Tash (Samanid commander of Khorasan)", "commanders_a": "Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri; Abu Ali Simjuri; Fa'iq", "commanders_b": "Tash", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Samanid forces of Khorasan led by Turkish ghulam generals, with Khurasani troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Late Samanid armies were led and largely manned by Turkish ghulams beside Khurasani Iranians (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tash was defeated and fled to Gorgan, where Fakhr al-Dawla made him governor.", "borderline": "no conventional name; site not given", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; site not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nuh II; en.wikipedia Fakhr al-Dawla; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 762, "key": "988-first-battle-of-laghman", "name": "First Battle of Laghman", "label": "First Battle of Laghman", "year": 988, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "988 (other accounts 986 or 987)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Zabulistan and the Kabul valley", "place": "near Ghuzak, between Ghazni and Laghman, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.2, "lon": 69.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sabuktigin; Mahmud", "commanders_b": "Jayapala (Hindu Shahi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Sabuktigin's Ghaznavid army: Turkish ghulams with Afghan and Khalaj tribesmen and local levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sabuktigin's armies combined a Turkish ghulam core with Afghan and Khalaj tribal levies (Bosworth, The Ghaznavids).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After days of indecisive fighting a snowstorm wrecked Jayapala's army, which gave up the field and accepted a tribute treaty.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Battle of Laghman; en.wikipedia Sabuktigin; Utbi, Tarikh-i Yamini; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids", "note": "Hindu Shahis (Jayapala), allied with the emirate of Multan. Treaty: 1 million dirhams and hostages.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Sabuktigin's armies combined a Turkish ghulam core with Afghan and Khalaj tribal levies (Bosworth, The Ghaznavids).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 763, "key": "n763", "name": "Battle of Balad (death of Badh ibn Dustak, 990)", "label": "Balad", "year": 990, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "990 (the Hamdanid article gives 990, the Badh ibn Dustak article 991; exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marwanid conquest of Diyar Bakr and wars with the Hamdanids and Uqaylids of Mosul", "theatre": "", "place": "Balad (Eski Mosul), on the Tigris north of Mosul, Iraq (approximate)", "lat": 36.6, "lon": 42.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Marwanid Kurds of Badh ibn Dustak" ], "side_b": [ "Hamdanids of Mosul", "Banu Uqayl" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marwanid Kurds of Badh ibn Dustak", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Badh ibn Dustak (a Kurd), killed", "commanders_b": "Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla (Hamdanid, an Arab), leading the Uqaylid forces", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Badh's larger army was beaten and he was killed by the Arab force of al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Husayn_ibn_Nasir_al-Dawla ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badh_ibn_Dustak ; Ibn al-Athir; Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides (1953); Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin", "note": "Sources vary on who beat Badh (Hamdanid cousins, Uqaylids or a Buyid-backed force); the Wikipedia articles say 'the Hamdanids' and 'the Uqayl forces' under al-Husayn. Site and date are approximate. Badh's tribal following (the Dostiki and Hamidi Kurds) is known in general terms, but no tribal contingent is singled out for this battle.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 764, "key": "n764", "name": "Amida (Hamdanid campaign against the Marwanids, c. 990-991)", "label": "Amida", "year": 991, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 990-991 (soon after Balad; exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marwanid conquest of Diyar Bakr and wars with the Hamdanids and Uqaylids of Mosul", "theatre": "", "place": "near Amida (Amid, Diyarbakir), Turkey", "lat": 37.9144, "lon": 40.2306, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Marwanids" ], "side_b": [ "Hamdanids of Mosul", "Banu Uqayl" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marwanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Marwan (a Kurd, Badh's nephew and successor)", "commanders_b": "Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla (Hamdanid, an Arab)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Hamdanid counter-offensive near Amida failed and al-Husayn was taken prisoner by the Marwanids.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Husayn_ibn_Nasir_al-Dawla ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr) ; Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides (1953)", "note": "The Wikipedia article gives no name for the engagement; this is a descriptive label for the fighting near Amida after Balad. It may have been a campaign rather than one battle.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 765, "key": "991-second-battle-of-laghman", "name": "Second Battle of Laghman", "label": "Second Battle of Laghman", "year": 991, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "991 (other accounts 988)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Kabul valley", "place": "near Laghman, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.65, "lon": 70.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sabuktigin", "commanders_b": "Jayapala (Hindu Shahi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Sabuktigin's army in squadrons of 500, of Afghans and Khalaj with the Turkish ghulam cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia (Sabuktigin) says his army in this campaign was of Afghans and Khalaj; the ghulam core was Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (squadrons of 500)", "strength_b": "100,000 cavalry and many infantry (sources)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sabuktigin's squadrons of 500 broke Jayapala's confederate army, which was pursued with great slaughter beyond the Indus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Battle of Laghman; en.wikipedia Sabuktigin; Utbi, Tarikh-i Yamini; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids", "note": "Hindu Shahis with chiefs of Delhi, Ajmer, Kalinjar and Kannauj. Sabuktigin took the land between Laghman and Peshawar.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Wikipedia (Sabuktigin) says his army in this campaign was of Afghans and Khalaj; the ghulam core was Turkish.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 766, "key": "991-defeat-of-nuh-ii-s-army-991", "name": "Defeat of Nuh II's army (991)", "label": "Defeat of Nuh II's army (991)", "year": 991, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "end of 991 (AH 381-382)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qarakhanid invasion of Transoxiana (991-992)", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Transoxiana (site not given), Uzbekistan", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 67.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Qarakhanids" ], "side_b": [ "Samanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bughra Khan Harun (Hasan ibn Sulayman)", "commanders_b": "Nuh II's commanders (not named in the sources checked)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Qarakhanids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Samanid army of Transoxiana, largely Turkish ghulams with Iranian levies; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Late Samanid armies were led and largely manned by Turkish ghulams (Treadwell, Barthold).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the army destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bughra Khan destroyed the Samanid army sent against him and went on to take Bukhara in the spring of 992.", "borderline": "no conventional name; site and commander not given in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name; site and commander not given in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nuh II; Barthold, Turkestan; Treadwell, EIr 'Simjurids' (summary)", "note": "Bughra Khan withdrew from Bukhara and died in 992; Nuh returned.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Samanids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 767, "key": "994-herat-994", "name": "Herat (994)", "label": "Herat (994)", "year": 994, "month": 10, "day": 23, "date": "23 October 994 (15 Ramadan 384); the Wikipedia article on Nuh II gives August 994", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simjurid revolt (Samanid civil war)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Nuh II with Sabuktigin and Mahmud" ], "side_b": [ "Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nuh II (Samanids) with Sabuktigin and Mahmud (Ghaznavids)", "faction_b": "Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq (Samanid rebels)", "commanders_a": "Sabuktigin; Mahmud; Nuh II", "commanders_b": "Abu Ali Simjuri; Fa'iq Khassa", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Loyalist side: Sabuktigin's Ghaznavid Turkish ghulams with war elephants, Nuh II's palace ghulams and vassal contingents. Rebel side: the Simjurid army of Khorasan and Fa'iq's ghulams, with the Ziyarid Dara's men (who deserted).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were led by Turkish ghulams, with Khurasani Iranian and Daylamite contingents (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "When the Ziyarid prince Dara went over to Sabuktigin, Abu Ali's winning attack collapsed and he and Fa'iq fled towards Gorgan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sabuktigin; en.wikipedia Nuh II; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire; Utbi; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "Sabuktigin was rewarded with Balkh and Mahmud with the command of Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 768, "key": "995-nishapur-995", "name": "Nishapur (995)", "label": "Nishapur (995)", "year": 995, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 995 (Rabi I 385)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simjurid revolt (Samanid civil war)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq" ], "side_b": [ "Mahmud" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq (Samanid rebels)", "faction_b": "Mahmud (Ghaznavids, governor of Khorasan for the Samanids)", "commanders_a": "Abu Ali Simjuri; Fa'iq", "commanders_b": "Mahmud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Rebel side: the Simjurid army and Fa'iq's Turkish ghulams. Ghaznavid side: Mahmud's army of Khorasan with elephants.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Turkish ghulam armies with Khurasani Iranian troops on both sides.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; elephants and treasure lost", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu Ali and Fa'iq drove Mahmud out of Nishapur and took his elephants and treasure.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Samanid war; Utbi; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "The Wikipedia article on Sabuktigin merges this battle with the battle of Tus that followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 769, "key": "995-tus-995", "name": "Tus (995)", "label": "Tus (995)", "year": 995, "month": 7, "day": 22, "date": "22 July 995 (Jumada II 385)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simjurid revolt (Samanid civil war)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Tus, Razavi Khorasan, Iran", "lat": 36.48, "lon": 59.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sabuktigin and Mahmud" ], "side_b": [ "Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sabuktigin and Mahmud (Ghaznavids)", "faction_b": "Abu Ali Simjuri and Fa'iq (Samanid rebels)", "commanders_a": "Sabuktigin; Mahmud", "commanders_b": "Abu Ali Simjuri; Fa'iq", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Sabuktigin's Turkish ghulams with war elephants and Mahmud's army of Khorasan. Rebel side: the Simjurid army and Fa'iq's ghulams.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Turkish ghulam armies with Khurasani and Afghan troops (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many soldiers and commanders crushed by elephants", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sabuktigin refused terms and attacked, his elephants crushing many of the rebels; Abu Ali and Fa'iq fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni; en.wikipedia Nuh II; en.wikipedia Sabuktigin; Utbi; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "Abu Ali was handed to Sabuktigin in 996 and executed in 997.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 770, "key": "998-ghazni-998", "name": "Ghazni (998)", "label": "Ghazni (998)", "year": 998, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 998", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid succession war", "theatre": "Zabulistan", "place": "the plain of Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mahmud of Ghazni" ], "side_b": [ "Isma'il of Ghazni" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "faction_b": "Isma'il of Ghazni", "commanders_a": "Mahmud; Bughrachuq; Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr", "commanders_b": "Isma'il (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both sides: Ghaznavid Turkish ghulams with Afghan and Khalaj levies; Isma'il's army had elephants.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghaznavid army was a Turkish ghulam core with Afghan, Khalaj and Khurasani troops (Bosworth) (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud's charge broke Isma'il's centre; Isma'il retreated into the fort and surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ghazni (998); en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Samanid war; Utbi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 771, "key": "999-merv-999", "name": "Merv (999)", "label": "Merv (999)", "year": 999, "month": 5, "day": 16, "date": "16 May 999 (27 Jumada I 389)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Samanid war (999-1004)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Merv, Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 62.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Mahmud of Ghazni" ], "side_b": [ "Abd al-Malik II with Begtuzun, Fa'iq and Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "faction_b": "Abd al-Malik II (Samanids) with Begtuzun, Fa'iq and Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri", "commanders_a": "Mahmud; Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr", "commanders_b": "Abd al-Malik II; Begtuzun; Fa'iq; Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: 32,000 cavalry and 170 elephants in three divisions (Turkish ghulams, Khurasani and Afghan troops). Samanid side: the Turkish ghulam armies of Begtuzun and Fa'iq and the Simjurid troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were led by Turkish ghulams; Iranian Khurasanis served on both sides (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "32,000 cavalry, 170 elephants", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud defeated the allies; Abu'l-Qasim fled to Kuhistan and Begtuzun withdrew towards Nishapur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Samanid war; en.wikipedia Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir); en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni; Utbi", "note": "The battle followed an attack on Mahmud's baggage incited by the Ziyarid Dara. Mahmud then took all the Samanid land south of the Oxus.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 772, "key": "999-ispahbud-siege", "name": "Ispahbud (siege)", "label": "Ispahbud (siege)", "year": 999, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 999 (AH 390)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid conquest of Sistan", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "the fortress of Ispahbud, Sistan (site not identified), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 61.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mahmud of Ghazni" ], "side_b": [ "Khalaf ibn Ahmad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "faction_b": "Khalaf ibn Ahmad (Saffarids)", "commanders_a": "Mahmud", "commanders_b": "Khalaf ibn Ahmad", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Mahmud's Turkish ghulams and Khurasani troops. Saffarid side: Khalaf's Sistani garrison.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Turkish-led Ghaznavid army against Sistani Persians (both sides).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khalaf ended the siege by submitting and paying tribute while the fortress was still invested; the sources count it as Mahmud's success.", "borderline": "the fighting during the siege is not described in the sources checked", "doubt": "Borderline: the fighting during the siege is not described in the sources checked.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan; Utbi", "note": "Mahmud returned in 1002-1003 and ended Khalaf's rule. Sistan straddles Iran and Afghanistan; the country is a guess.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 773, "key": "n773", "name": "Qum Rabat Padshahim (Imam Shakir's ambush)", "label": "Qum Rabat Padshahim", "year": 1000, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "End of the 10th century (legend; no firm date)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Karakhanid-Khotanese wars (about 960s-1006)", "theatre": "", "place": "Qum Rabat Padshahim, near Khotan, Xinjiang (China); site not fixed", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 79.9, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Khotan" ], "side_b": [ "Karakhanid Khanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kingdom of Khotan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Buddhist Khotanese leaders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Imam Shakir (general, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Tazkirah legend says the Khotanese ambushed the Muslim force and the general Imam Shakir died there.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Tazkirah-i Tort Imam-i Zabihlar (legend collection, 12th to 18th century); Iranica, 'Khotan iv, history in the Islamic period'", "note": "Known only from hagiographic legend, which also tells of a 1026 defeat of seven imams by the Buddhist leaders Choqti Rashid and Noqti Rashid. Flagged traditional.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 774, "key": "1001-nishapur-february-1001", "name": "Nishapur (February 1001)", "label": "Nishapur (February 1001)", "year": 1001, "month": 2, "day": 25, "date": "25 February 1001 (some accounts place Muntasir's taking of Nishapur in late 1000)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Samanid war (Isma'il Muntasir's restoration attempt)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Isma'il Muntasir" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samanids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Isma'il Muntasir (Samanid claimant)", "faction_b": "Ghaznavids (Nasr ibn Sabuktigin)", "commanders_a": "Isma'il al-Muntasir; his general Arslan Balu", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, brother of Mahmud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Samanid side: the remnant Samanid guard and Khurasani supporters of the last Samanid; Ghaznavid side: Nasr's garrison of Turkic ghulams and Khurasani troops. The sources give no breakdown.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Khorasani forces with Turkic ghulam cores; the Samanid loyalists were largely Persian-speaking Khorasanis and Transoxianans (Barthold, Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Muntasir's force beat Nasr outside Nishapur and Nasr withdrew to Herat, leaving the field and the city.", "borderline": "named only by place in the narrative histories", "doubt": "Borderline: named only by place in the narrative histories.", "sources": "Utbi, Ta'rikh al-Yamini; Gardizi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids (1963); en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Samanid war; en.wikipedia Isma'il Muntasir", "note": "Mahmud then came up with reinforcements and Muntasir fled to Gurgan without a battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 775, "key": "1001-nishapur-september-1001", "name": "Nishapur (September 1001)", "label": "Nishapur (September 1001)", "year": 1001, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1001 (approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Samanid war (Isma'il Muntasir's restoration attempt)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Isma'il Muntasir" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Nasr and Altuntash)", "faction_b": "Isma'il Muntasir (Samanid claimant)", "commanders_a": "Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, Altuntash", "commanders_b": "Isma'il al-Muntasir", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Nasr's Khorasan army reinforced by Altuntash's Turkic ghulams; Samanid side: Muntasir's Khorasani followers, perhaps with Ziyarid help from Gurgan. No breakdown in the sources.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ghaznavid ghulam cavalry fought Muntasir's mainly Persian-speaking Khorasani partisans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The reinforced Ghaznavid army defeated Muntasir, who fled the field to Gurgan.", "borderline": "named only by place in the narrative histories", "doubt": "Borderline: named only by place in the narrative histories.", "sources": "Utbi; Gardizi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Samanid war", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 776, "key": "1001-peshawar", "name": "Peshawar", "label": "Peshawar", "year": 1001, "month": 11, "day": 27, "date": "27 November 1001 (some give 28 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Gandhara and the Punjab", "place": "near Peshawar, Pakistan", "lat": 34.01, "lon": 71.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Jayapala (Hindu Shahi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 15,000 picked cavalry (the Turkic ghulam core and Khurasani horse) and 10,000 ghazi volunteers, many of them Afghans (Utbi, as cited by Wikipedia).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name a large corps of ghazis and Afghans beside the Turkic ghulam cavalry; the ghazis were mostly Persian-speaking Khorasanis.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000 cavalry and 10,000 ghazis", "strength_b": "12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, 300 elephants", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "5,000-15,000 killed; Jayapala and 15 of his sons and grandsons captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jayapala's army broke under Mahmud's cavalry charges and Jayapala was captured on the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi, Ta'rikh al-Yamini; Gardizi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Battle of Peshawar (1001)", "note": "'Indian kingdoms': the Hindu Shahis of Jayapala. Chronology of the capture of Jayapala and of his later self-immolation follows Utbi; Satish Chandra doubts the story of his capture and release.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources name a large corps of ghazis and Afghans beside the Turkic ghulam cavalry; the ghazis were mostly Persian-speaking Khorasanis.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 777, "key": "1002-sarakhs-1002", "name": "Sarakhs (1002)", "label": "Sarakhs (1002)", "year": 1002, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1001 or 1002", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Samanid war (Isma'il Muntasir's restoration attempt)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Sarakhs, Turkmenistan", "lat": 36.52, "lon": 61.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Isma'il Muntasir" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Nasr)", "faction_b": "Isma'il Muntasir (Samanid claimant)", "commanders_a": "Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr", "commanders_b": "Isma'il al-Muntasir, Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Nasr's Khorasan army of ghulams and Khurasani troops; Samanid side: Muntasir's followers and Simjurid retainers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasani armies on both sides, the Ghaznavid one with a Turkic ghulam core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasr defeated Muntasir's force at Sarakhs and captured Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri; Muntasir fled.", "borderline": "named only by place in the narrative histories", "doubt": "Borderline: named only by place in the narrative histories.", "sources": "Utbi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Samanid war", "note": "Year uncertain (late 1001 or 1002).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 778, "key": "1002-hund", "name": "Hund", "label": "Hund", "year": 1002, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1002 (soon after Peshawar)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Gandhara and the Punjab", "place": "Waihind (Hund, near Swabi), Pakistan", "lat": 34.03, "lon": 72.43, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Hindu Shahi garrison (commander not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army of Peshawar: Turkic ghulam cavalry, Khurasani horse and Afghan and ghazi volunteers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Same army as at Peshawar, where the sources name ghazis and Afghans beside the ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud defeated the Shahi forces before the capital and took Waihind by assault.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table); en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi Wars; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire", "note": "Jayapala then made peace for 250,000 dinars and 50 elephants and later burned himself.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Same army as at Peshawar, where the sources name ghazis and Afghans beside the ghulams.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 779, "key": "1002-taq-siege-1002", "name": "Taq (siege, 1002)", "label": "Taq (siege, 1002)", "year": 1002, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1002", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Saffarid war", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "fortress of Taq, Sistan (site not securely identified), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.2, "lon": 61.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Saffarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Mahmud)", "faction_b": "Saffarids (Khalaf ibn Ahmad)", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Khalaf ibn Ahmad", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Mahmud's ghulam cavalry, infantry and war elephants; Saffarid side: Khalaf's Sistani garrison.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Persian-speaking Sistanis; the Ghaznavid army mixed Turkic ghulams with Khurasani and Afghan troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud's troops filled the ditch, elephants broke the gates and Khalaf surrendered the fortress.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; Ta'rikh-i Sistan; Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan (1994); en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Saffarid war", "note": "Khalaf's first stand at the fortress of Ispahbud (December 999) is a separate entry. Taq has seven walls and a deep ditch in the sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 780, "key": "1003-uk", "name": "Uk", "label": "Uk", "year": 1003, "month": 10, "day": 15, "date": "15 October 1003", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Saffarid war (Sistan revolt)", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "fort of Uk, Sistan (site not identified), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 61.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Sistani rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sistani rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni, Nasr, Altuntash, Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Ta'i", "commanders_b": "unnamed rebel leaders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: about 10,000 men including Hindu troops (who sacked the mosque of Zaranj), under Nasr, Altuntash and the Arab commander al-Ta'i; rebel side: Sistani partisans of the Saffarids.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The rebels were Persian-speaking Sistanis; the Ghaznavid force had Turkic, Indian and Arab elements (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many captured and executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghaznavids took the rebel-held fort in a night surprise attack.", "borderline": "a revolt in Sistan, counted as civil", "doubt": "Borderline: a revolt in Sistan, counted as civil.", "sources": "Ta'rikh-i Sistan; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Saffarid war", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking Sistani partisans of the Saffarids against a Ghaznavid army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 781, "key": "1004-bhatiya-siege", "name": "Bhatiya (siege)", "label": "Bhatiya (siege)", "year": 1004, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1004-1005 (October 1004 to 1005)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab and Sind", "place": "Bhatiya (probably Bhera; Uch, Bhatinda and Bhatnair also proposed), Pakistan", "lat": 32.48, "lon": 72.91, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Baji Rai, raja of Bhatiya", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mahmud's standing army of Turkic ghulam cavalry with Khurasani, Afghan and ghazi troops; the sources give no breakdown.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Bosworth describes Mahmud's army as a Turkic ghulam core with Khurasani, Afghan, Daylamite, Kurdish and Arab units and Persian-speaking volunteers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; 120 elephants taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud broke Baji Rai's army in a four-day field battle and then took his fortress; Baji Rai killed himself.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; al-Biruni; en.wikipedia Siege of Bhatiya", "note": "One entry for the field battle and the siege that followed. Site disputed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Bosworth describes Mahmud's army as a Turkic ghulam core with Khurasani, Afghan, Daylamite, Kurdish and Arab units and Persian-speaking volunteers.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 782, "key": "n782", "name": "Fall of Khotan to the Karakhanids", "label": "Fall of Khotan to the Karakhanids", "year": 1006, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "About 1006 (the conquest was complete by 1016-17, when Yusuf Qadir Khan struck coins at Khotan)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Karakhanid-Khotanese wars (about 960s-1006)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khotan (Hotan), Xinjiang (China)", "lat": 37.11, "lon": 79.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Karakhanid Khanate" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Khotan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kingdom of Khotan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yusuf Qadir Khan", "commanders_b": "Khotanese king (Visa' Sagemayi, r. 999-1006, per the Kingdom of Khotan article)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Khotan ceased to be an independent Buddhist kingdom; Yusuf Qadir Khan ruled it and called himself Khan of Khotan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Abu Nasr Utbi, Kitab-i Yamini (Yusuf Qadir Khan, Khan of Khotan, 1006-7); Iranica, 'Khotan iv, history in the Islamic period'; Millward, Eurasian Crossroads (2007); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan", "note": "Known as a conquest after decades of war; no field battle or siege of the city is described in the sources read. The Khotanese were Saka (an East Iranian language) but the royal house used Indic names; Emmerick thinks the king was an Iranian speaker. Whether the city was besieged is unknown.", "peoples": [ "Saka" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 783, "key": "n783", "name": "Hulwan (1006)", "label": "Hulwan", "year": 1006, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1006 (exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hasanwayhid-Annazid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Hulwan (Sarpol-e Zahab), Kermanshah Province, Iran", "lat": 34.4614, "lon": 45.8628, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hasanwayhids" ], "side_b": [ "Annazids", "Banu Uqayl contingents" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hasanwayhids v Annazids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hasanwayhids", "faction_b": "Annazids, Banu Uqayl contingents", "commanders_a": "Badr ibn Hasanwayh (a Kurd)", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fath Muhammad ibn Annaz (a Kurd)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Badr dislodged Abu'l-Fath from Hulwan and he retired to Baghdad; the Annazid recovered his position within a few years.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annazids ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanwayhids ; Ibn al-Athir; Minorsky, 'Hasanwayhids' and 'Annazids', EI2", "note": "A clash between two Kurdish dynasts; the Annazid article says only that Badr 'temporarily dislodged' Abu'l-Fath, so the scale of the fighting is unclear.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 784, "key": "1006-multan-siege-1006", "name": "Multan (siege, 1006)", "label": "Multan (siege, 1006)", "year": 1006, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1006 (seven days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab and Sind", "place": "Multan, Pakistan", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fath Dawud, Ismaili amir of Multan", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mahmud's field army: Turkic ghulam cavalry, Khurasani and Afghan troops and ghazi volunteers (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After seven days Dawud bought off the siege with an annual tribute of 20,000 dirhams and kept Multan; a siege ended by treaty while the place was still invested is a draw under the test.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Gardizi; Utbi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi Wars", "note": "Wikipedia lists it as a Ghaznavid victory; the city was annexed only in 1010. 'Indian kingdoms' here is the Ismaili emirate of Multan. Mahmud broke off to meet the Qarakhanid invasion of Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 785, "key": "1006-indus-1006", "name": "Indus (1006)", "label": "Indus (1006)", "year": 1006, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March-April 1006", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars (Multan campaign)", "theatre": "Gandhara and the Punjab", "place": "near the Indus crossing above Peshawar, Pakistan", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 72.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Anandapala (Hindu Shahi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's field army on its way to Multan: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Khurasani, Afghan and ghazi troops (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Anandapala, who tried to bar Mahmud's road to Multan, was defeated and fled towards Kashmir.", "borderline": "the site is not given precisely", "doubt": "Borderline: the site is not given precisely.", "sources": "Utbi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table: Battle of the Indus, March-April 1006); en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi Wars", "note": "Anandapala was pursued to Sodra on the Chenab.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 786, "key": "1008-balkh-1008", "name": "Balkh (1008)", "label": "Balkh (1008)", "year": 1008, "month": 1, "day": 5, "date": "5 January 1008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qarakhanid invasion of Khorasan (1006-1008)", "theatre": "Tokharistan", "place": "plain of Katar, about 12 miles from Balkh, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.75, "lon": 66.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Qarakhanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni; Altuntash (right), Arslan Jadhib (left), Nasr, Abu Nasr Farighuni of Guzgan and Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Ta'i (centre)", "commanders_b": "Ilig Nasr Khan, Yusuf Qadir Khan of Khotan, Chaghartigin", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Qarakhanids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mahmud's whole army with a front line of 500 elephants: Turkic ghulams, the Farighunid prince of Guzgan with his levies, Arab horse under al-Ta'i, Khurasani and Indian troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Farighunid ruler of Guzgan (an Iranian local dynasty) and Khurasani levies fought beside the Turkic ghulams and al-Ta'i's Arabs.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (500 elephants)", "strength_b": "50,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; many captured or drowned", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Qarakhanid army panicked and fled before Mahmud's elephants, many drowning in the Oxus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; Gardizi; Barthold, Turkestan; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Kara-Khanid invasion of Khorasan", "note": "Also called the battle of Katar (or Sharkhiyan in some modern accounts).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Farighunid ruler of Guzgan (an Iranian local dynasty) and Khurasani levies fought beside the Turkic ghulams and al-Ta'i's Arabs.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 787, "key": "1008-chach", "name": "Chach", "label": "Chach", "year": 1008, "month": 12, "day": 31, "date": "31 December 1008 (Wikipedia's battle article gives 1008-9)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Gandhara and the Punjab", "place": "plain of Chach near Hazro, between Waihind and the Indus, Pakistan", "lat": 33.91, "lon": 72.49, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni; Arslan Jadhib and Abdallah al-Ta'i in the pursuit", "commanders_b": "Anandapala and his son Trilochanapala (Hindu Shahi), with allied rajas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "6,000 archers, 6,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry with the sultan's elite guard (Firishta via Wikipedia).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The sources give arms, not peoples; inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment of Turkic ghulams, Khurasanis and Afghans (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 22,000 (Firishta)", "strength_b": "at least 30,000, with some 30,000 Gakhars/Khokhars", "losses_a": "about 11,000 (5,000 in the Gakhar attack)", "losses_b": "about 20,000", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a Khokhar/Gakhar onslaught on his camp, Mahmud's guards counter-attacked and the Shahi army fled in rout, leaving 30 elephants.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; Firishta; en.wikipedia Battle of Chach; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni", "note": "Often called the battle of Waihind. Firishta's figures are late.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources give arms, not peoples; inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment of Turkic ghulams, Khurasanis and Afghans (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 788, "key": "1009-nagarkot-siege-1009", "name": "Nagarkot (siege, 1009)", "label": "Nagarkot (siege, 1009)", "year": 1009, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1009 (three days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Punjab hills", "place": "Bhimnagar (Nagarkot fort, Kangra), India", "lat": 32.08, "lon": 76.26, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Hindu Shahi refugees and the temple garrison (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The army of Chach in pursuit: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Khurasani and Afghan troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort capitulated after three days and its temple treasure was taken.", "borderline": "short siege; how much fighting is unclear", "doubt": "Borderline: short siege; how much fighting is unclear.", "sources": "Utbi; en.wikipedia Battle of Chach; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 789, "key": "1010-multan-1010", "name": "Multan (1010)", "label": "Multan (1010)", "year": 1010, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1010", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab and Sind", "place": "Multan, Pakistan", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fath Dawud, Ismaili amir of Multan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's standing army (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud defeated Dawud, took Multan and carried him off a prisoner.", "borderline": "details of the fighting are thin", "doubt": "Borderline: details of the fighting are thin.", "sources": "Gardizi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table: Battle of Multan, 1010)", "note": "'Indian kingdoms' here is the Ismaili emirate of Multan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 790, "key": "1011-ahangaran", "name": "Ahangaran", "label": "Ahangaran", "year": 1011, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1011", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid campaign of Ghur", "theatre": "Ghur", "place": "Ahangaran, the Ghurid seat on the upper Hari Rud, Ghor, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 64.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Mahmud)", "faction_b": "Ghurids (Muhammad ibn Suri of Mandesh)", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni; Altuntash and Arslan Jadhib (advance guard)", "commanders_b": "Muhammad ibn Suri (captured), his son Shith (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Mahmud's army with an advance guard of Turkic ghulam cavalry under Altuntash and Arslan Jadhib; Ghurid side: about 10,000 Ghuri highlanders.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid force was Persian-speaking (Tajik) highlanders; the Ghaznavid army had a Turkic ghulam core with Khurasani and Afghan troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "10,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Ibn Suri and his son captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the advance guard was checked, Mahmud feigned a retreat, drew the Ghurids onto open ground and routed them, capturing Ibn Suri.", "borderline": "the Ghurid chiefs of Mandesh long before the Ghurid state of Firuzkuh; counted civil only because the Ghurids are on the list of Persian states", "doubt": "Borderline: the Ghurid chiefs of Mandesh long before the Ghurid state of Firuzkuh; counted civil only because the Ghurids are on the list of Persian states.", "sources": "Utbi; Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaign of Ghur; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni", "note": "If the early Ghurid chiefdom is not treated as a listed state, this is a Ghaznavid victory over the Ghuris (not civil).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 791, "key": "n791", "name": "Shamkir (siege, 1012)", "label": "Shamkir", "year": 1012, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1012 (Georgian chronicle date as given by Rayfield; exact month unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Shamkor (Shamkir), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.829, "lon": 46.019, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Shaddadids of Ganja" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ganja", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bagrat III of Georgia", "commanders_b": "the Shaddadid emir (Fadl I ibn Muhammad, a Kurd)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bagrat besieged the town and the Shaddadids bought him off with tribute, which they paid until his death in 1014.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Rayfield, Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia (2012) p. 74; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) and 'Shaddadids', Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars", "note": "A minor siege known from one line in a modern history; the Shaddadid emir is not named in the Wikipedia summary and Fadl I is the likely ruler. Kurdish by descent as the sources describe the dynasty.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 792, "key": "1012-sutlej-1012", "name": "Sutlej (1012)", "label": "Sutlej (1012)", "year": 1012, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1012 (some accounts 1011 or 1014)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Thanesar expedition)", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "on a river crossing on the road to Thanesar (the Sutlej in the campaign table), India", "lat": 30.97, "lon": 76.53, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Rama, raja of Dera", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's standing army (no breakdown in the sources): Turkic ghulam cavalry with Khurasani, Afghan and Indian troops and ghazi volunteers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rama's army, posted behind the river, was driven off and Mahmud went on to sack Thanesar.", "borderline": "date and site uncertain; the sack of Thanesar itself was not a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: date and site uncertain; the sack of Thanesar itself was not a battle.", "sources": "Utbi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table: Battle of the Sutlej, 1012)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 793, "key": "1014-tausi", "name": "Tausi", "label": "Tausi", "year": 1014, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1014 (after Nandana)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Kashmir foothills", "place": "River Tausi (Poonch or Tohi river), India", "lat": 33.77, "lon": 74.1, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Trilochanapala (Hindu Shahi); Tunga, Jayasimha, Srivardhana and Vibhramarka of Kashmir", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army of Nandana: Turkic ghulam cavalry, Daylamite and Afghan foot, archers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Same army that fought at Nandana, where Daylamites and Afghans are named.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud's main army routed Tunga's Kashmiris the day after their skirmish success and Trilochanapala failed to rally his men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kalhana, Rajatarangini; Utbi; en.wikipedia Battle of the River Tausi", "note": "'Indian kingdoms': the Hindu Shahis with the Lohara kingdom of Kashmir.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Same army that fought at Nandana, where Daylamites and Afghans are named.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 794, "key": "1014-nandana", "name": "Nandana", "label": "Nandana", "year": 1014, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1014", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Salt Range", "place": "Nandana fort, Salt Range, Pakistan", "lat": 32.73, "lon": 73.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni, Altuntash (centre), Amir Nasr (right), Arslan Jadhib (left), Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Ta'i (advance guard, wounded)", "commanders_b": "Bhimapala (Hindu Shahi), Kashmiri contingent under Tunga", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Cavalry in three divisions with Daylamite warriors and Afghan spearmen deployed to encircle the enemy, and archers against the elephants (Utbi via Wikipedia).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Daylamite and Afghan foot beside the Turkic ghulam cavalry and al-Ta'i's Arabs.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "severe", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bhimapala's force was lured into the open and routed, his elephant charge broke under archery, and Mahmud then took the fort.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; Gardizi; en.wikipedia Battle of Nandana; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi Wars", "note": "Also called the battle of Nardin or Nazin. One entry for the battle and the capture of the fort.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources name Daylamite and Afghan foot beside the Turkic ghulam cavalry and al-Ta'i's Arabs.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 795, "key": "n795", "name": "Kermanshah (Shams al-Dawla against the Annazids, c. 1014-1016)", "label": "Kermanshah", "year": 1015, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1014-1016 (the Annazid article dates the whole sequence from 1014; Avicenna entered Shams al-Dawla's service about 1015)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hasanwayhid-Annazid-Buyid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "near Kermanshah (Qarmisin), Kermanshah Province, Iran", "lat": 34.3142, "lon": 47.065, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Annazids" ], "side_b": [ "Buyids of Hamadan" ], "allies_a": [ "Hasanwayhid remnants" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Annazids v Buyids of Hamadan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Annazids", "faction_b": "Buyids of Hamadan", "commanders_a": "Abu'l-Shawk Faris ibn Muhammad (Annazid, a Kurd)", "commanders_b": "Shams al-Dawla (Buyid emir of Hamadan, of Daylamite origin)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Annazid article says Shams al-Dawla marched on the Annazids and was defeated near Kermanshah; Avicenna, in his service, reportedly saw the battle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annazids ; Ibn al-Athir; Minorsky, 'Annazids', EI2; Gohlman, The Life of Ibn Sina (1974)", "note": "The sequence in the sources is confused (Hilal ibn Badr was killed in 1014, Tahir ibn Hilal killed by Abu'l-Shawk, then Shams al-Dawla's campaign), and I have no second source for the date of the battle. Both sides are Iranian: Kurds against a Daylamite Buyid army.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 796, "key": "1015-khwabin-siege", "name": "Khwabin (siege)", "label": "Khwabin (siege)", "year": 1015, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1015", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaign of Ghur", "theatre": "Ghur", "place": "fortress of Khwabin, western Ghur, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.3, "lon": 63.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ghuri chiefs of Khwabin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghuri chiefs of Khwabin", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni, Mas'ud", "commanders_b": "the chief (muqaddam) of Khwabin (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: a detachment of Mahmud's army under the prince Mas'ud; Ghurid side: the Ghuri garrison.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Persian-speaking Ghuri defenders against a Ghaznavid force with a Turkic core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The defenders' chief was killed by an arrow shot by Mas'ud and the garrison surrendered.", "borderline": "a small siege; the Ghuri chiefs counted as Ghurids (see Ahangaran)", "doubt": "Borderline: a small siege; the Ghuri chiefs counted as Ghurids (see Ahangaran).", "sources": "Bayhaqi; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaign of Ghur", "note": "Mas'ud's further sieges in Ghur in 1020 (Bartar, Shan, Tur) are not entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking Ghuri defenders of Khwabin against a Ghaznavid force.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 797, "key": "1015-lohkot-siege-1015", "name": "Lohkot (siege, 1015)", "label": "Lohkot (siege, 1015)", "year": 1015, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer to winter 1015", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Kashmir expedition)", "theatre": "Kashmir", "place": "Lohkot (Loharkot, near Loran, Tosa Maidan route), India", "lat": 33.82, "lon": 74.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sangramaraja of Kashmir (Lohara dynasty)", "commanders_b": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mahmud's field army (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, mostly in the winter retreat", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud abandoned the siege at the onset of winter and retreated with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kalhana, Rajatarangini; Gardizi; en.wikipedia Siege of Lohkot (1015)", "note": "Wikipedia calls the result inconclusive; under the test a raised siege is a win for the defender.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 798, "key": "1017-hazarasp", "name": "Hazarasp", "label": "Hazarasp", "year": 1017, "month": 7, "day": 3, "date": "3 July 1017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid conquest of Khwarazm", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "near Hazarasp, on the road to Gurganj, Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.32, "lon": 61.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazm" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Mahmud)", "faction_b": "Khwarazm (the Ma'munid regime of the army that killed Ma'mun II)", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni, Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Ta'i, Altuntash, Arslan Jadhib", "commanders_b": "Alptegin Bukhari (captured), Khumartash (captured earlier)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Mahmud's main army, claimed at 100,000 horse with elephants; Khwarazmian side: about 50,000, the Turkic ghulam army of the Khwarazmshahs (with a Bukharan garrison under Alptegin) and Khwarazmian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian", "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies had Turkic ghulam cores; the Khwarazmians spoke an East Iranian language and the Ghaznavid army had Khurasani and Afghan troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "100,000 cavalry and 500 elephants (Wikipedia infobox; certainly exaggerated)", "strength_b": "50,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; commanders captured and executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Khwarazmian army was decisively beaten and scattered and Mahmud marched on to Gurganj.", "borderline": "counted civil because the Ma'munid Khwarazmshahs were a local Iranian dynasty seated in Khwarazm", "doubt": "Borderline: counted civil because the Ma'munid Khwarazmshahs were a local Iranian dynasty seated in Khwarazm.", "sources": "Bayhaqi (after al-Biruni); Gardizi; Bosworth, CHI 4; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid conquest of Khwarazm", "note": "Wikipedia's battle article names no site and its Mahmud article calls it the battle of Gurganj; Bosworth places the decisive battle near Hazarasp. Earlier Khumartash had routed al-Ta'i's vanguard before being beaten and captured by the sultan's guard.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 799, "key": "1018-kannauj-1018", "name": "Kannauj (1018)", "label": "Kannauj (1018)", "year": 1018, "month": 12, "day": 20, "date": "20 December 1018 (the body of the Wikipedia article says January 1019)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj", "theatre": "Ganges-Yamuna Doab", "place": "Kannauj, India", "lat": 27.05, "lon": 79.92, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Rajyapala (Gurjara-Pratihara), who fled to Bari", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's regulars and some 20,000 volunteers from Transoxiana (Utbi); Firishta's 100,000 horse and 20,000 foot is a late exaggeration.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Utbi names some 20,000 Transoxianan ghazi volunteers beside the Turkic ghulam regulars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "11,000 regulars (Sibt ibn al-Jawzi); 20,000 volunteers (Utbi); 100,000 horse and 20,000 foot (Firishta)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Rajyapala fled without battle and Mahmud took the seven forts of Kannauj in a single day.", "borderline": "the Pratihara king fled; how much fighting there was at the forts is unclear", "doubt": "Borderline: the Pratihara king fled; how much fighting there was at the forts is unclear.", "sources": "Utbi; Sibt ibn al-Jawzi; Firishta; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj", "note": "The minor actions of the same march (Baran/Bulandshahr surrendered, Mathura plundered, Asi abandoned) are not entered.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Utbi names some 20,000 Transoxianan ghazi volunteers beside the Turkic ghulam regulars.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 800, "key": "1018-mahaban", "name": "Mahaban", "label": "Mahaban", "year": 1018, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1018", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj", "theatre": "Ganges-Yamuna Doab", "place": "Mahaban, on the Yamuna near Mathura, India", "lat": 27.43, "lon": 77.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Kulchand, raja of Mahaban (killed himself)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Kannauj expedition: Mahmud's regulars (11,000 per Sibt ibn al-Jawzi) with about 20,000 volunteers from Transoxiana (Utbi).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Utbi names some 20,000 ghazi volunteers from Transoxiana, mostly Persian-speaking, beside the Turkic ghulam regulars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (see Kannauj)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 50,000 killed or drowned (Utbi)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kulchand's army was routed and driven into the Yamuna, and Kulchand killed himself.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; Nazim, The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna (1931); en.wikipedia Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni", "note": "Utbi's casualty figure is typical of the panegyric sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Utbi names some 20,000 ghazi volunteers from Transoxiana, mostly Persian-speaking, beside the Turkic ghulam regulars.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 801, "key": "1018-munj-siege", "name": "Munj (siege)", "label": "Munj (siege)", "year": 1018, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1018 or January 1019", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj", "theatre": "Ganges-Yamuna Doab", "place": "Munj (Munjhawan), fort near Kannauj, India", "lat": 27.0, "lon": 79.5, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "unnamed (a fort held by Brahmins)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Kannauj expedition: Turkic ghulam regulars and Transoxianan volunteers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Same army as at Kannauj, with many Persian-speaking volunteers (Utbi).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort was stormed and taken.", "borderline": "obscure fort; site not identified", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure fort; site not identified.", "sources": "Utbi; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Same army as at Kannauj, with many Persian-speaking volunteers (Utbi).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 802, "key": "1019-sharwa", "name": "Sharwa", "label": "Sharwa", "year": 1019, "month": 1, "day": 6, "date": "6 January 1019", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj", "theatre": "Ganges-Yamuna Doab", "place": "near Sharwa (perhaps near Meerut or Sirsawa), India", "lat": 29.0, "lon": 77.7, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Chand Rai, raja of Sharwa", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Kannauj expedition: Turkic ghulam regulars and Transoxianan volunteers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Same army as at Kannauj, with many Persian-speaking volunteers (Utbi).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud overtook Chand Rai's retreating army and defeated it, taking his elephants and baggage.", "borderline": "site uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: site uncertain.", "sources": "Utbi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table: Battle of Sharwa)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Same army as at Kannauj, with many Persian-speaking volunteers (Utbi).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 803, "key": "1019-ramganga", "name": "Ramganga", "label": "Ramganga", "year": 1019, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "late 1019 (410 AH); Wikipedia's articles give October 1019, October or 15 December 1020", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars", "theatre": "Ganges-Yamuna Doab", "place": "Ramganga river (the Rahib of the sources) near Afzalgarh, India", "lat": 29.39, "lon": 78.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Trilochanapala (Hindu Shahi), wounded", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mahmud's mounted army, crossing on horseback and on inflated skins (no breakdown by people in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy; 270 elephants taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Eight of Mahmud's guards swam the river, the army crossed on horses and skins, and Trilochanapala's entrenched army fled with heavy loss.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Utbi; Gardizi; en.wikipedia Battle of the Ramganga; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi Wars", "note": "Also called the battle of the Rahib. Mahmud then faced the Chandela Vidyadhara, whose army withdrew in the night without battle (not entered).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 804, "key": "1021-lohkot-siege-1021", "name": "Lohkot (siege, 1021)", "label": "Lohkot (siege, 1021)", "year": 1021, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September-October 1021", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Kashmir expedition)", "theatre": "Kashmir", "place": "Lohkot (Loharkot, near Loran), India", "lat": 33.82, "lon": 74.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sangramaraja of Kashmir", "commanders_b": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mahmud's field army (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud again gave up the siege before winter and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Gardizi; en.wikipedia Siege of Lohkot (1015); en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 805, "key": "1022-gwalior-siege-1022", "name": "Gwalior (siege, 1022)", "label": "Gwalior (siege, 1022)", "year": 1022, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1022 (four days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Chandela expedition)", "theatre": "Central India", "place": "Gwalior fort, India", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 78.17, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "the Kachchhapaghata ruler of Gwalior, vassal of the Chandelas", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's field army (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The ruler submitted after four days and gave 35 elephants, and Mahmud moved on without taking the fort; a siege ended by treaty is a draw under the test.", "borderline": "short siege ended by submission; fighting not described", "doubt": "Borderline: short siege ended by submission; fighting not described.", "sources": "Utbi; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table)", "note": "Wikipedia lists the 1022 sieges as Ghaznavid victories.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 806, "key": "1022-kalinjar-siege-1022", "name": "Kalinjar (siege, 1022)", "label": "Kalinjar (siege, 1022)", "year": 1022, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1022-1023", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Chandela expedition)", "theatre": "Central India", "place": "Kalinjar fort, India", "lat": 24.99, "lon": 80.49, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Vidyadhara (Chandela)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's field army (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Vidyadhara bought peace with tribute and elephants while the fort was invested and kept Kalinjar; a siege ended by treaty is a draw under the test.", "borderline": "siege ended by submission; fighting not described", "doubt": "Borderline: siege ended by submission; fighting not described.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Utbi; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table)", "note": "Mahmud returned fifteen forts to Vidyadhara in exchange for his submission (as usually told).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 807, "key": "1025-modhera", "name": "Modhera", "label": "Modhera", "year": 1025, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1025", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Somnath expedition)", "theatre": "Gujarat", "place": "Mundher of the sources (probably Modhera), Gujarat, India", "lat": 23.58, "lon": 72.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "unnamed Chaulukya vassals", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Somnath expedition: about 30,000 cavalry with volunteers (see Somnath).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000 cavalry", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "About 20,000 Hindu fighters who barred the road were defeated and dispersed.", "borderline": "identification of the site uncertain; known only from the Muslim chroniclers", "doubt": "Borderline: identification of the site uncertain; known only from the Muslim chroniclers.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Sack of Somnath; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni ('Battle of Kathiawar')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of Mahmud's army (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 808, "key": "n808", "name": "Shamkir (siege, 1026)", "label": "Shamkir", "year": 1026, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1026 (exact month unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Shamkor (Shamkir), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.829, "lon": 46.019, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Shaddadids of Ganja" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ganja", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "George I of Georgia", "commanders_b": "Fadl I ibn Muhammad (a Kurd), emir of Ganja", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Frye (and the Wikipedia summary of the Georgian-Shaddadid wars) says George I launched the siege and was defeated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Frye ed., Cambridge History of Iran vol. 4 (1975) p. 241; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) and 'Shaddadids', Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars", "note": "Known from a single sentence; details of the fighting are not given. The Shaddadid ruler is inferred (Fadl I).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 809, "key": "1026-somnath", "name": "Somnath", "label": "Somnath", "year": 1026, "month": 1, "day": 8, "date": "6-8 January 1026 (the town seized 6 January, assault 7 January, the temple taken 8 January)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Somnath expedition)", "theatre": "Gujarat", "place": "Somnath temple-town, Prabhas Patan (Veraval), India", "lat": 20.89, "lon": 70.4, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Mandalika (Abhira overseer of the fort); Bhima I (Chaulukya) had fled to Kanthkot", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 30,000 cavalry and an unknown number of volunteers, each man with two camels (Ibn al-Athir via Wikipedia); the usual Ghaznavid mixture of Turkic ghulams, Khurasanis, Afghans and Indians.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Indian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The sources give totals only; inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment of ghulams and Persian-speaking volunteers (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "30,000 cavalry and volunteers", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 50,000 killed (Ibn al-Athir)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After three days of assaults and counter-attacks the Ghaznavids stormed the walls and the shrine, and the temple was sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Gardizi; al-Biruni; Thapar, Somanatha (2004); en.wikipedia Sack of Somnath", "note": "The account rests on Muslim sources; Thapar and others doubt its scale. 'Indian kingdoms': the Chaulukyas and the Abhira lord of the fort.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources give totals only; inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment of ghulams and Persian-speaking volunteers (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 810, "key": "1028-nahavand-1028", "name": "Nahavand (1028)", "label": "Nahavand (1028)", "year": 1028, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1028", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (Kakuyid expansion in Jibal)", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Nahavand, Iran", "lat": 34.19, "lon": 48.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kakuyids" ], "side_b": [ "Bavandids of Tabaristan and allied rivals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kakuyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kakuyids (Ala al-Dawla Muhammad)", "faction_b": "Bavandids of Tabaristan and allied rivals", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Dawla Muhammad ibn Dushmanziyar", "commanders_b": "Abu Ja'far Muhammad, Bavandid ispahbad (captured with his two sons)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Kakuyid side: Ala al-Dawla's Daylamite and Turkish troops; opposing side: Tabaristani (Mazandarani) levies of the Bavandid ispahbad and Kurdish allies.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were raised mainly from Daylamites, Tabaristanis and Kurds, with Turkish ghulams in the Kakuyid army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the Bavandid ruler and his sons captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ala al-Dawla won a great victory and captured the Bavandid ruler and his sons on the field.", "borderline": "named only by place; details thin", "doubt": "Borderline: named only by place; details thin.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Bosworth, 'Kakuyids', Encyclopaedia Iranica; en.wikipedia Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar", "note": "The Bavandids, an Iran-seated dynasty of Tabaristan, are treated as a Persian state.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 811, "key": "1028-ribat-i-farawa", "name": "Ribat-i Farawa", "label": "Ribat-i Farawa", "year": 1028, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1028", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk wars (the Turkmen of Arslan Isra'il in Khorasan)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Ribat-i Farawa (near Serdar, formerly Gyzylarbat), Turkmenistan", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 56.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Oghuz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "commanders_b": "Turkmen chiefs of the Seljuk clan of Arslan Isra'il", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Oghuz", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mahmud's army in Khorasan (no breakdown in the sources): Turkic ghulam cavalry and Khurasani troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of the Ghaznavid army in Khorasan (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud defeated the Turkmen bands that had beaten his governor of Tus, and drove them out towards the Balkhan mountains.", "borderline": "details thin", "doubt": "Borderline: details thin.", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Gardizi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Mahmud of Ghazni (campaign table)", "note": "'Oghuz': the Turkmen followers of Arslan Isra'il, kinsmen of Tughril and Chaghri, whom Mahmud had let into Khorasan in 1025.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual recruitment of the Ghaznavid army in Khorasan (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 812, "key": "n812", "name": "Maragha (Wahsudan against the Oghuz, 1029)", "label": "Maragha", "year": 1029, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1029 (as given in the Rawwadid article; month unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Oghuz Turkmen incursions into Azerbaijan", "theatre": "", "place": "Maragha (Maragheh), East Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 37.3911, "lon": 46.2378, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Rawwadids of Tabriz" ], "side_b": [ "Oghuz Turkmen" ], "allies_a": [ "Hadhbani Kurds" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rawwadids of Tabriz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Wahsudan ibn Muhammad (Rawwadid, of Arab descent but Kurdicised and reckoned a Kurdish dynasty)", "commanders_b": "Oghuz chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Rawwadid article says Wahsudan, with the Hadhbani Kurds, defeated the Oghuz invaders at Maragha.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty ; Minorsky, 'Rawwadids', EI2 and Studies in Caucasian History (1953); Ibn al-Athir", "note": "The Rawwadids were of Arab (Azd) origin but Kurdicised; the Hadhbani Kurds are the named unit that qualifies the battle regardless of how the dynasty is classed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 813, "key": "1029-sarjahan-siege", "name": "Sarjahan (siege)", "label": "Sarjahan (siege)", "year": 1029, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13 September 1029", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia", "theatre": "Jibal and Daylam", "place": "Sarjahan castle, near Soltaniyeh, Zanjan, Iran", "lat": 36.36, "lon": 48.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Sallarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Mas'ud)", "faction_b": "Sallarids (Ibrahim ibn Marzuban, the Salar)", "commanders_a": "Mas'ud, with the Daylamite Marzuban ibn Hasan", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim ibn Marzuban (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Mas'ud's army with Daylamite chiefs who had come over to him; Sallarid side: Daylamite and Gilaki troops of the Musafirid ruler of Tarom.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Daylamites and Mas'ud fought alongside Daylamite chieftains; his own army had a Turkic ghulam core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the Salar captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mas'ud besieged the fort, Ibrahim came out to fight and was defeated and captured, and his son submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia", "note": "Mahmud had entered Rayy without resistance on 26 May 1029 (not entered: a capture without fighting).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 814, "key": "n814", "name": "Defeat of Fadl I in Georgia (1030)", "label": "Defeat of Fadl I in Georgia", "year": 1030, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1030 (exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "a place on the Georgian-Armenian route home to Ganja (site not given); Georgia or northern Armenia", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 44.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgians and Armenians" ], "side_b": [ "Shaddadids of Ganja" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ganja", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Georgian and Armenian commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Fadl I ibn Muhammad (a Kurd)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fadl I, returning from a successful raid into Georgia, was ambushed and his army reportedly lost about 10,000 men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) p. 43; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids", "note": "Not a named battle in the sources; entered under a descriptive name because it is a real engagement with a specific loss. Location unknown.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 815, "key": "1030-isfahan-1030", "name": "Isfahan (1030)", "label": "Isfahan (1030)", "year": 1030, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "late 1029 to January 1030", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Kakuyids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghaznavids (Mas'ud)", "faction_b": "Kakuyids (Ala al-Dawla Muhammad)", "commanders_a": "Mas'ud", "commanders_b": "Ala al-Dawla Muhammad ibn Dushmanziyar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Mas'ud's western army of Turkic ghulams and Khurasani troops; Kakuyid side: Ala al-Dawla's Daylamite and Turkish soldiers with Kurdish allies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Kakuyid armies were Daylamite with Turkish ghulams; Ghaznavid armies had a Turkic core with Iranian units (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mas'ud defeated Ala al-Dawla, who fled to the Buyids at Ahvaz, and occupied Isfahan.", "borderline": "the fighting is thinly reported; may have been more submission than battle", "doubt": "Borderline: the fighting is thinly reported; may have been more submission than battle.", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia; en.wikipedia Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar", "note": "Ala al-Dawla was then left as a tributary; Mas'ud left for Ghazni on Mahmud's death (April 1030).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 816, "key": "1030-makran", "name": "Makran", "label": "Makran", "year": 1030, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1030 (one Wikipedia article gives 1031)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid intervention in Makran", "theatre": "Makran", "place": "near Kiz (Kech, Turbat), Makran, Pakistan", "lat": 26.0, "lon": 63.05, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Makran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yariq-Toghmish (Ghaznavid commander), with the claimant Abu'l-Askar", "commanders_b": "Isa ibn Ma'dan, ruler of Makran (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Makran", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Selected officers (muqaddams) and 2,000 branded (ghulam) cavalry sent by Mas'ud, with Abu'l-Askar's local followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghaznavid detachment was ghulam cavalry; the claimant's men were local Makranis, who spoke Iranian languages.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "2,000 branded cavalry and officers, plus the claimant's men", "strength_b": "20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, 10 elephants", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Isa killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Isa's much larger army was beaten and Isa killed, and Abu'l-Askar was installed as ruler.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire", "note": "'Makran' (new entity name): the Ma'danid amirate of Makran, seated at Kiz in present-day Pakistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Ghaznavid detachment was ghulam cavalry; the claimant's men were local Makranis, who spoke Iranian languages.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 817, "key": "n817", "name": "Edessa (Bal's expedition, 1032)", "label": "Edessa", "year": 1032, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1032 (exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marwanid-Roman contest for Edessa", "theatre": "", "place": "Edessa (al-Ruha, Sanliurfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.1591, "lon": 38.7969, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Marwanids of Diyar Bakr" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes backed by the Roman Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marwanids of Diyar Bakr", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan (a Kurd), directing; his general Bal with 5,000 horse", "commanders_b": "an Arab tribal chief (killed; name not given in the source consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bal took the city and killed the Arab chief, then asked Nasr al-Dawla for reinforcements; the Romans recovered Edessa in 1033.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr) ; Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi; Canard, 'Marwanids', EI2", "note": "The page gives few details and the Roman and Arab sides (Maniakes, Banu Numayr) are not named in it. The Marwanid army is said to rely on Kurdish tribesmen, but Bal's ethnicity is not stated.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 818, "key": "1032-dabusiyya", "name": "Dabusiyya", "label": "Dabusiyya", "year": 1032, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1032", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Qarakhanid wars", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "near Dabusiyya, between Bukhara and Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.98, "lon": 65.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Qarakhanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Oghuz" ], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Altuntash, Khwarazmshah (mortally wounded); his vizier Ahmad ibn Abd al-Samad", "commanders_b": "Ali Tegin Bughra Khan, with Seljuk Turkmen allies", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Qarakhanids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Altuntash's army of Khwarazm (Turkic ghulams and Khwarazmian troops) reinforced by Ghaznavid regulars sent by Mas'ud.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Khwarazm army combined Turkic ghulams with Khwarazmian levies, who spoke an East Iranian language.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy; Altuntash mortally wounded", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The bloody battle had no clear victor: Ali Tegin's army fell back, Altuntash was mortally wounded, and his vizier hid his death and led the army home under a truce.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Battle of Dabusiyya; en.wikipedia Altuntash (khwarazmshah)", "note": "Wikipedia calls it a stalemate/indecisive.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Khwarazm army combined Turkic ghulams with Khwarazmian levies, who spoke an East Iranian language.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 819, "key": "1033-sarsuti-siege", "name": "Sarsuti (siege)", "label": "Sarsuti (siege)", "year": 1033, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1033 (424 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Mas'ud I)", "theatre": "Punjab hills", "place": "fortress of Sarsuti (identified either with Sarsawa near Saharanpur or a fort on the road to Kashmir), India", "lat": 30.02, "lon": 77.4, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mas'ud I", "commanders_b": "unnamed", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mas'ud's army (no breakdown in the sources): Turkic ghulams, Indian troops and Khurasani soldiers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mas'ud's army had a Turkic core with large Indian contingents and Iranian units (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mas'ud took the fortress.", "borderline": "site and details uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: site and details uncertain.", "sources": "Gardizi; Bayhaqi; en.wikipedia Mas'ud I of Ghazni; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire ('Siege of Sarsawa')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Mas'ud's army had a Turkic core with large Indian contingents and Iranian units (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 820, "key": "1034-kerman-1034", "name": "Kerman (1034)", "label": "Kerman (1034)", "year": 1034, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1034", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Buyid war for Kerman", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman province, Iran", "lat": 30.29, "lon": 57.07, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Buyids of Fars" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Buyids of Fars (Abu Kalijar)", "faction_b": "Ghaznavids (Mas'ud I)", "commanders_a": "Bahram ibn Mafinna, vizier of Abu Kalijar", "commanders_b": "the Ghaznavid governor of Kerman (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Buyid side: about 10,000 Daylamite and Turkish troops of Fars; Ghaznavid side: 4,000 cavalry, 2,500 infantry and 5 elephants.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Buyid armies of Fars were Daylamite foot and Turkish horse; the Ghaznavid garrison had a Turkic core.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "10,000", "strength_b": "4,000 cavalry, 2,500 infantry, 5 elephants", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Buyid army defeated the Ghaznavid garrison force, which retreated to Nishapur.", "borderline": "named only by province", "doubt": "Borderline: named only by province.", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia; en.wikipedia Mas'ud I of Ghazni (dates it c. 1037)", "note": "An earlier Ghaznavid invasion of Kerman (1031) also failed; it is not entered for lack of detail.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 821, "key": "1035-nasa", "name": "Nasa", "label": "Nasa", "year": 1035, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "June or July 1035 (the army left for Nasa on 19 June 1035)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk war", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Nasa (Nisa, by Bagir near Ashgabat), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.95, "lon": 58.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Oghuz" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tughril, Chaghri Beg", "commanders_b": "the chamberlain (hajib) Begtoghdi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Oghuz", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 15,000 regulars under the chamberlain Begtoghdi: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Indian, Kurdish, Arab and Khurasani units in the usual Ghaznavid mixture (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment under Mas'ud: a Turkic ghulam core with Indian, Daylamite, Kurdish, Arab and Khurasani units (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "about 15,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Seljuks drew Begtoghdi's army on with a feigned retreat, then fell on it and routed it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Battle of Nasa (1035)", "note": "'Oghuz': the Seljuk Turkmen under Tughril and Chaghri, not yet a state seated in Iran. Mas'ud then ceded Nasa, Farawa and Dihistan to them. The List of battles places Nasa in Tabaristan, which is wrong.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment under Mas'ud: a Turkic ghulam core with Indian, Daylamite, Kurdish, Arab and Khurasani units (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 822, "key": "1037-hansi-siege", "name": "Hansi (siege)", "label": "Hansi (siege)", "year": 1037, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1037 (Rabi I 429)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India (Mas'ud I)", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Hansi, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.1, "lon": 75.97, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mas'ud I", "commanders_b": "the Tomara garrison of Hansi (commander not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mas'ud's army (no breakdown in the sources): Turkic ghulams, Indian troops and Khurasani soldiers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mas'ud's army had a Turkic core with large Indian contingents and Iranian units (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mas'ud stormed Hansi after a short siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Gardizi; en.wikipedia Mas'ud I of Ghazni; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire", "note": "Mas'ud then took Sonipat (not entered).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Mas'ud's army had a Turkic core with large Indian contingents and Iranian units (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 823, "key": "1038-rayy-1038", "name": "Rayy (1038)", "label": "Rayy (1038)", "year": 1038, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1037-1038 (429 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Kakuyid war", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Rayy (south of Tehran), Iran", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 51.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kakuyids" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kakuyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kakuyids (Ala al-Dawla Muhammad)", "faction_b": "Ghaznavids (governor of Rayy)", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Dawla Muhammad ibn Dushmanziyar", "commanders_b": "Tash Farrash, Ghaznavid governor (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Kakuyid side: Ala al-Dawla's Daylamite and Turkish troops; Ghaznavid side: the garrison of Rayy (1,500 in one infobox figure).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Kakuyid armies were Daylamite with Turkish ghulams; the Ghaznavid garrison was mainly ghulam cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "1,500 (Wikipedia infobox, context unclear)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the governor killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kakuyids defeated the Ghaznavid garrison, whose commander was killed, and the Ghaznavids abandoned Rayy.", "borderline": "thinly reported; Wikipedia's Kakuyid article speaks only of an occupation of Rayy", "doubt": "Borderline: thinly reported; Wikipedia's Kakuyid article speaks only of an occupation of Rayy.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 824, "key": "1038-sarakhs-1038", "name": "Sarakhs (1038)", "label": "Sarakhs (1038)", "year": 1038, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1038", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk war", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Sarakhs (Talkhab), Turkmenistan", "lat": 36.52, "lon": 61.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Oghuz" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tughril, Chaghri Beg, Ibrahim Inal", "commanders_b": "Subashi (commander in Khorasan), with Begtoghdi and the civil governor Abu'l-Fadl Suri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Oghuz", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ghaznavid army of Khorasan (15,000-25,000 in an unsourced estimate): Turkic ghulam cavalry, Indian, Kurdish and Arab units and Khurasani foot.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment under Mas'ud (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12,000-15,000 (unsourced estimate)", "strength_b": "15,000-25,000 (unsourced estimate)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many taken prisoner", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Subashi's army was routed and many were taken prisoner; Nishapur opened its gates to the Seljuks soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Battle of Sarakhs (1038)", "note": "'Oghuz': the Seljuk Turkmen, not yet a state seated in Iran. The 'Battle of Nishapur (1038)' article describes what was in fact the surrender of Nishapur after this battle (excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the Ghaznavid recruitment under Mas'ud (Bosworth).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 825, "key": "n825", "name": "Battle of Tashir (1040)", "label": "Tashir", "year": 1040, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1040 (as given by Wikipedia; unsourced there)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Tashir (Tashir-Dzoraget), Lori Province, Armenia", "lat": 41.1167, "lon": 44.2833, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Armenian kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget", "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Shaddadids of Ganja" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ganja", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Kiurikid Armenian king of Tashir-Dzoraget (David Anhoghin); Georgian auxiliary commander sent by Bagrat IV", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl (a Kurd)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Wikipedia article on the Georgian-Shaddadid wars says the allied Armenian and Georgian force defeated Abu'l-Aswar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars (no source cited there); Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) and 'Shaddadids', Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.", "note": "Weakly sourced: one line in Wikipedia without a citation. Included as a named battle with a Shaddadid commander.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 826, "key": "1040-dandanaqan", "name": "Dandanaqan", "label": "Dandanaqan", "year": 1040, "month": 5, "day": 23, "date": "23 May 1040 (Friday 8 Ramadan 431)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk war", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Dandanaqan, between Sarakhs and Merv, Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.33, "lon": 61.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Oghuz" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tughril, Chaghri Beg, Ibrahim Inal, Musa Yabghu", "commanders_b": "Mas'ud I of Ghazni", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Oghuz", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mas'ud's main army, reportedly about 50,000 with 100-300 elephants: the Turkic palace ghulams, Indian (Hindu) cavalry and infantry, Daylamite, Kurdish, Arab and Khurasani units (Bayhaqi); part of the ghulams went over to the Seljuks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Bayhaqi's narrative names Turkic ghulams, Indians, Kurds, Arabs and Daylamite and Khurasani foot; Bosworth treats the army as a Turkic-led multi-ethnic force.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 16,000", "strength_b": "16,000-50,000, with 100-300 elephants", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Mas'ud's army, worn down by thirst and harassment, broke when part of the ghulam cavalry deserted, and the sultan fled the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Bayhaqi, Ta'rikh-i Mas'udi; Gardizi; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids and CHI 4; en.wikipedia Battle of Dandanaqan", "note": "'Oghuz': the Seljuk Turkmen, who became a Persian state only by this victory (not civil). Khorasan passed to the Seljuks; Mas'ud was deposed and killed in 1041.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Bayhaqi's narrative names Turkic ghulams, Indians, Kurds, Arabs and Daylamite and Khurasani foot; Bosworth treats the army as a Turkic-led multi-ethnic force.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 827, "key": "1040-zaranj-siege-1040", "name": "Zaranj (siege, 1040)", "label": "Zaranj (siege, 1040)", "year": 1040, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1040", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk wars", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "Zaranj, Sistan, Afghanistan", "lat": 30.96, "lon": 61.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavid authority in Sistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavid authority in Sistan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ertash, Seljuk prince", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fadl Nasr, Nasrid amir of Sistan under Ghaznavid rule", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Seljuk side: Turkmen cavalry under Ertash; defenders: the Sistani forces of the Nasrid amir.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Persian-speaking Sistani defenders against Turkmen besiegers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu'l-Fadl went over to the Seljuks and Zaranj was occupied.", "borderline": "ended by the defender's change of side; fighting not described", "doubt": "Borderline: ended by the defender's change of side; fighting not described.", "sources": "Ta'rikh-i Sistan; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire", "note": "Civil because after Dandanaqan the Seljuks held a seat in Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking Sistani forces of the Nasrid amir defending Zaranj against Seljuk Turkmen.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 828, "key": "n828", "name": "Sarab (Rawwadids against the Ghuzz, 1041-1042)", "label": "Sarab", "year": 1041, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1041-1042 (the Rawwadid article gives the desert of Sarab, 1041-42)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Oghuz Turkmen incursions into Azerbaijan", "theatre": "", "place": "the desert of Sarab, East Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 37.9408, "lon": 47.5361, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Oghuz Turkmen" ], "side_b": [ "Rawwadids of Tabriz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Kurdish troops of Wahsudan" ], "persian_state": "Rawwadids of Tabriz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Oghuz chiefs (not named)", "commanders_b": "Wahsudan ibn Muhammad (Rawwadid, reckoned a Kurdish dynasty)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Rawwadid article calls it a Rawwadid defeat by a Ghuzz band that had reached Azerbaijan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty ; Minorsky, 'Rawwadids', EI2; Ibn al-Athir", "note": "Known from one line in the Rawwadid article; the Oghuz had already been killed or driven off in 1037-1041, so this is a second wave. The Iranian criterion rests on Wahsudan's leadership of a dynasty reckoned Kurdish.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 829, "key": "n829", "name": "Dvin", "label": "Dvin", "year": 1045, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1045", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars with the Shaddadids", "theatre": "", "place": "before Dvin", "lat": 40.0, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Arabs" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Arabs v Rome", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Arabs", "faction_b": "Rome", "commanders_a": "Abu'l-Aswar Shavur, Shaddadid emir of Dvin", "commanders_b": "Michael Iasites, the magistros Constantine the Alan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty, counted here with the Muslim emirates under 'Arabs'.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Skylitzes, Constantine IX 15; Aristakes 12; en.wikipedia Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl", "note": "Abu'l-Aswar Shavur, Shaddadid (Kurdish) emir of Dvin, against an imperial army in which Constantine the Alan was one of the commanders (Skylitzes)", "peoples": [ "Kurds", "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Abu'l-Aswar Shavur, Shaddadid (Kurdish) emir of Dvin, against an imperial army in which Constantine the Alan was one of the commanders (Skylitzes)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 830, "key": "n830", "name": "Sirwan (siege, 1045-1047)", "label": "Sirwan", "year": 1045, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1045-1047 (Abu'l-Shawk held out and died in April 1046; the castle fell in or about 1047)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk conquest of the Annazid lands", "theatre": "", "place": "Sirwan castle, in the Zagros between Hulwan and Shahrizur (Iran-Iraq borderland, site uncertain)", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 45.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Seljuk Turkmen" ], "side_b": [ "Annazids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Annazids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Yinal (Tughril Beg's half-brother, a Turk)", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Shawk Faris ibn Muhammad (Annazid, a Kurd), who died in April 1046; then his son Sa'adi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Annazid article says Abu'l-Shawk held the castle until his death in 1046 and Sirwan, the last Annazid stronghold, fell soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annazids ; Minorsky, 'Annazids', EI2; Ibn al-Athir", "note": "The Annazids are Kurdish by descent; the defence of a hill fortress by Kurdish clans against the Seljuk Turkmen. Dates are given only by year in the source.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 831, "key": "1047-isfahan-siege-1047", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1047)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1047)", "year": 1047, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1047", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk conquest of Jibal", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Kakuyids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kakuyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tughril", "commanders_b": "Abu Mansur Faramurz", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Seljuk side: Turkmen cavalry and the sultan's ghulams; Kakuyid side: Daylamite and Turkish garrison troops and the townsmen behind Ala al-Dawla's walls.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Turkmen besiegers against a Daylamite-led Iranian garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tughril could not enter the city and lifted the siege for tribute and the khutba; a siege ended by treaty is a draw under the test.", "borderline": "how much fighting there was is not reported", "doubt": "Borderline: how much fighting there was is not reported.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Tughril", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Daylamite-led Kakuyid garrison and townsmen of Isfahan against the Seljuk sultan Tughril.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 832, "key": "1048-kapetron", "name": "Kapetron", "label": "Kapetron", "year": 1048, "month": 9, "day": 18, "date": "18 September 1048 (perhaps beginning on the evening of 17 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk-Roman wars (Ibrahim Inal's invasion of Armenia)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "plain of Kapetron (Hasankale, Pasinler), Turkey", "lat": 39.98, "lon": 41.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Georgia" ], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Inal; Aspan Salarios (centre); Chorosantes (left, killed); Qutalmish", "commanders_b": "Aaron and Katakalon Kekaumenos (Roman wings); Liparit IV of Kldekari (centre, captured)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Seljuk Turkmen and newly arrived Oghuz tribes, with Daylamites and 'Kabeiroi' (probably Khurasani Iranians); the left wing was led by 'Chorosantes', perhaps the Khurasani commander, and the centre by an ispahsalar (Skylitzes).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Skylitzes names Daylamite and Khurasani ('Kabeiroi') contingents, the Khurasanis apparently forming a whole wing beside the Turkmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "100,000 (Skylitzes, an obvious exaggeration)", "strength_b": "50,000 (Ibn al-Athir) or 60,000 (Aristakes), both exaggerated", "losses_a": "unknown; Chorosantes killed", "losses_b": "unknown; Liparit captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Roman wings drove the Turks opposite them from the field and pursued them till morning, while the Seljuk centre captured Liparit and Ibrahim withdrew with his captives; the sources disagree on who held the field and modern scholarship gives no verdict.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Skylitzes; Aristakes Lastivertsi; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Kapetron", "note": "Ibn al-Athir and Aristakes treat it as a Seljuk victory; Skylitzes stresses the Roman pursuit. 'Georgia': Liparit's duchy of Kldekari.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Skylitzes names Daylamite and Khurasani ('Kabeiroi') contingents, the Khurasanis apparently forming a whole wing beside the Turkmen.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 833, "key": "1050-isfahan-siege-1050", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1050)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1050)", "year": 1050, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1050 to May 1051 (about a year; Tughril entered in Muharram 443; Wikipedia's Tughril article gives 1051-52)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk conquest of Jibal", "theatre": "Jibal", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Kakuyids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kakuyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tughril", "commanders_b": "Abu Mansur Faramurz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Seljuk side: Turkmen cavalry and the sultan's ghulams with siege engines; Kakuyid side: Daylamite and Turkish garrison troops and the citizens.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Turkmen besiegers against a Daylamite-led Iranian garrison and Persian townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a siege of about a year the city surrendered and Tughril made it his capital.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Nasir-i Khusraw; Bosworth, CHI 5; en.wikipedia Tughril", "note": "Faramurz was compensated with Yazd and Abarquh.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Daylamite-led Kakuyid garrison and Persian townsmen of Isfahan against the Seljuk sultan Tughril.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 834, "key": "1051-hupyan", "name": "Hupyan", "label": "Hupyan", "year": 1051, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1051", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk wars", "theatre": "Hindu Kush", "place": "Hupyan (Opian, near Charikar), Parwan, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.05, "lon": 69.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Toghrul, Ghaznavid ghulam general", "commanders_b": "Alp Arslan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ghaznavid side: Turkic ghulam cavalry under Toghrul with Indian and Afghan troops; Seljuk side: Alp Arslan's Turkmen horse from Tokharistan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were led and largely manned by Turks; the later Ghaznavid army relied on ghulams and Indians (Bosworth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Toghrul defeated Alp Arslan's invading army in the Hindu Kush.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Gardizi; Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Toghrul of Ghazna; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire", "note": "Civil: both the Ghaznavids and the Great Seljuks were seated in the eastern Iranian world by then.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Ghaznavid army under Toghrul, with Afghan troops beside its Turkic ghulams, against Alp Arslan's Turkmen.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 835, "key": "1051-taq-siege-1051", "name": "Taq (siege, 1051)", "label": "Taq (siege, 1051)", "year": 1051, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1051 (about a month)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk wars (Toghrul's Sistan campaign)", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "fortress of Taq, Sistan (site not securely identified), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.2, "lon": 61.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sistan with a Seljuk relief army" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sistan (Nasrid-Saffarid amirs, Seljuk vassals) with a Seljuk relief army", "faction_b": "Ghaznavids (Toghrul)", "commanders_a": "Hilal Daraqi, commandant of Taq; Payghu (Musa Yabghu) with the relief army", "commanders_b": "Toghrul, Ghaznavid general", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Defenders: the Sistani garrison of the Nasrid amirs and a Seljuk Turkmen relief force; besiegers: Toghrul's Ghaznavid ghulam army.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian-speaking Sistani garrison and Turkic ghulam and Turkmen troops on the other sides.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Toghrul beat the Seljuk relief army but could not take Taq and gave up the siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ta'rikh-i Sistan; Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids; en.wikipedia Toghrul of Ghazna; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire", "note": "Toghrul's victory over Payghu's relief army during the siege is not separately named. Toghrul then usurped the throne at Ghazni (1052) and was murdered after some weeks (not a battle).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 836, "key": "1055-anbar-1055", "name": "Anbar (1055)", "label": "Anbar (1055)", "year": 1055, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1055", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Buyid-Uqaylid wars (last campaigns of the Buyids in Iraq)", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Anbar, near Fallujah, Iraq", "lat": 33.37, "lon": 43.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Buyids" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Buyids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Arslan al-Basasiri, Turkish commander-in-chief of the Buyid al-Malik al-Rahim; Dubays I of the Mazyadids", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Ghana'im ibn al-Muhallaban, client of Quraysh the Uqaylid (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Al-Basasiri's Turkish mamluks of the Buyid army of Iraq with the Mazyadid Arabs of Dubays.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Arabic", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "By the 1050s the Buyid army in Iraq was mainly Turkish ghulams, with few Daylamites left.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 100 Khafaja soldiers captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Basasiri retook Anbar and captured its commander with about 100 Khafaja soldiers.", "borderline": "a minor action; the Buyid regime was weeks from its end", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor action; the Buyid regime was weeks from its end.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Al-Basasiri", "note": "'Arab tribes': the Uqaylids and Khafaja (opponents) and the Mazyadids (allies). Quraysh had taken Anbar in November 1054.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Buyids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 837, "key": "1063-damghan-1063", "name": "Damghan (1063)", "label": "Damghan (1063)", "year": 1063, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "late November or early December 1063 (Qutalmish died on 7 December 1063)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk succession war (Alp Arslan against Qutalmish)", "theatre": "Qumis", "place": "Dihinemek, near Damghan (in the flooded Milh valley), Iran", "lat": 36.17, "lon": 54.34, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Alp Arslan" ], "side_b": [ "Qutalmish, with his brother Resul and his son Suleiman" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alp Arslan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alp Arslan; Hajib Erdem (vanguard)", "commanders_b": "Qutalmish (died in the flight), Resul and Suleiman (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Alp Arslan's army of Khorasan (Turkmen, ghulams and Khurasani troops) against Qutalmish's Turkmen following.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were mainly Turkmen and Turkish ghulam cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a vanguard success Qutalmish's army fled when the main armies met, and Qutalmish died after falling from his horse in the flight.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Bundari; en.wikipedia Battle of Damghan (1063); en.wikipedia Alp Arslan", "note": "Some accounts place the battle nearer Rayy, which Qutalmish had been besieging since 15 November 1063.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Alp Arslan's army of Khorasan, which included Khurasani troops, against Qutalmish's Turkmen.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 838, "key": "1064-herat-siege-1064", "name": "Herat (siege, 1064)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1064)", "year": 1064, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1064 (Wikipedia: 1063)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk succession war (Alp Arslan against Musa Yabghu)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Alp Arslan" ], "side_b": [ "Musa Yabghu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Musa Yabghu", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alp Arslan", "commanders_b": "Musa Yabghu (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Seljuk Turkmen armies on both sides; Musa held Herat with its garrison and townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Turkmen armies, though Herat's townsmen were Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alp Arslan defeated Musa Yabghu and took him prisoner at Herat.", "borderline": "whether there was a battle or only a siege and surrender is unclear", "doubt": "Borderline: whether there was a battle or only a siege and surrender is unclear.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Alp Arslan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking garrison and townsmen of Herat under Musa Yabghu against Alp Arslan's siege.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 839, "key": "1064-ani-siege-1064", "name": "Ani (siege, 1064)", "label": "Ani (siege, 1064)", "year": 1064, "month": 8, "day": 16, "date": "July to 16 August 1064 (25 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Alp Arslan's Georgian and Armenian campaign", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Ani, Turkey", "lat": 40.51, "lon": 43.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alp Arslan, with Nizam al-Mulk and the young Malik-Shah", "commanders_b": "Bagrat and Gregory, Roman commanders of the city (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Alp Arslan's army in two columns (one under Malik-Shah and Nizam al-Mulk), with siege engines built by Arab and Persian technicians.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources mention Persian and Arab engineers beside the Turkmen and ghulam fighting troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, with many civilians; 50,000 prisoners (Sibt ibn al-Jawzi)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ani fell to assault after a 25-day siege and was sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Aristakes Lastivertsi; Matthew of Edessa; Sibt ibn al-Jawzi; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Siege of Ani (1064)", "note": "Kars then submitted without a fight (not entered).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Wikipedia's Siege of Ani (1064) lists Nizam al-Mulk, a Persian from Tus, as commander of one of the two divisions (with Malik-Shah) and says Alp Arslan equipped his army with Arab and Persian technicians; the troops themselves were Turkic.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 840, "key": "1067-kerman-1067", "name": "Kerman (1067)", "label": "Kerman (1067)", "year": 1067, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1067-1068", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Qavurt", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman (Bardasir), Iran", "lat": 30.29, "lon": 57.07, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Alp Arslan" ], "side_b": [ "Qavurt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qavurt", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alp Arslan; Malik-Shah (at the siege of Bardasir)", "commanders_b": "Qavurt", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Alp Arslan's Turkmen and ghulam army against Qavurt's Turkmen and local Kermani and Kufichi levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Seljuk Turkmen armies on both sides; Qavurt also used local Kermani and Baloch (Kufichi) auxiliaries.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alp Arslan beat the rebel's forces, Qavurt fled to Jiroft and then submitted, giving up territory after the siege of Bardasir.", "borderline": "details thin; one entry for the 1067 battle and the 1068 siege of Bardasir", "doubt": "Borderline: details thin; one entry for the 1067 battle and the 1068 siege of Bardasir.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, Ta'rikh-i Saljuqiyan-i Kirman; en.wikipedia Alp Arslan", "note": "Wikipedia's Alp Arslan article lists the battle (1067) and the siege of Bardasir (1068) separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qavurt's Kermani and Baloch (Kufichi) levies against Alp Arslan's Turkmen and ghulam army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 841, "key": "n841", "name": "Invasion of Georgia by Fadl II and his defeat (1068)", "label": "Invasion of Georgia by Fadl II and his defeat", "year": 1068, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1068", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars (in the year of Alp Arslan's invasion of Georgia)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kakheti-Kartli, along the Iori River, Georgia (site not given)", "lat": 41.45, "lon": 45.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Shaddadids of Ganja" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Georgia", "Kakheti" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ganja", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fadl II ibn Shavur (a Kurd), with about 33,000 men (as given)", "commanders_b": "Aghsartan I of Kakheti; Bagrat IV of Georgia", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Georgians defeated the invasion and Aghsartan captured Fadl II, who was ransomed for several fortresses on the Iori and accepted a Georgian vassal emir in Tbilisi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Minorsky, 'Shaddadids', EI2 and Studies in Caucasian History (1953); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids", "note": "The sources do not give a battle name; the Wikipedia articles on the Shaddadids and on the Georgian-Shaddadid wars differ on whether Bagrat IV or Aghsartan I won. Force size is a medieval figure.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 842, "key": "1071-manzikert", "name": "Manzikert", "label": "Manzikert", "year": 1071, "month": 8, "day": 26, "date": "26 August 1071", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Seljuk wars", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Manzikert (Malazgirt), Turkey", "lat": 39.14, "lon": 42.54, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alp Arslan", "commanders_b": "Romanos IV Diogenes (captured), Nikephoros Bryennios, Theodore Alyates, Andronikos Doukas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "Rome", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Alp Arslan's mounted army: his Turkic ghulams and Turkmen horse archers, with troops from Aleppo and Mosul and a Kurdish contingent (estimated at 10,000) sent by the Marwanid emir; the Romans' Pecheneg and Oghuz mercenaries went over to him.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The core was Turkic, but the Marwanid Kurdish contingent of about 10,000 reported in the sources would be a fifth to a quarter of a 35,000-50,000 army; both figures are uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "35,000-50,000 (modern estimates; Muslim and Armenian sources give far more)", "strength_b": "about 40,000 (close to half had deserted or been detached before the battle)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2,000-8,000 killed, 4,000 captured", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Roman army broke during its evening withdrawal, Andronikos Doukas led the rearguard off the field and Romanos IV was captured; the Seljuks held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Michael Attaleiates; Michael Psellos; Matthew of Edessa; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Manzikert", "note": "Romanos IV was released on terms; the Turkmen occupation of Anatolia that followed was largely the work of independent Turkmen bands and of the later Sultanate of Rum, not of the sultan's army.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The core was Turkic, but the Marwanid Kurdish contingent of about 10,000 reported in the sources would be a fifth to a quarter of a 35,000-50,000 army; both figures are uncertain.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 843, "key": "1073-kerj-abu-dulaf-1073", "name": "Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)", "label": "Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)", "year": 1073, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1073 (three days of fighting)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk succession war (1072-1073)", "theatre": "Jibal (western Iran)", "place": "Kerj Abu Dulaf (between Hamadan and Arak), Iran", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 49.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Malik-Shah I" ], "side_b": [ "Qavurt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Malik-Shah I", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Malik-Shah I, Nizam al-Mulk", "commanders_b": "Qavurt (captured, later strangled), Sultan-Shah (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Malik-Shah's ghulams with Kurdish and Arab contingents (some of his Turks mutinied in favour of Qavurt); B: Qavurt's Turkmen army with his seven sons.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Malik-Shah): the sources name ghulams and Kurdish and Arab contingents, the Turkmen leaning towards Qavurt, so the Kurds were a substantial part; faction B (Qavurt) was Turkmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After three days Qavurt's army broke and he was captured; Malik-Shah held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf; en.wikipedia Malik-Shah I", "note": "Qavurt, Alp Arslan's brother and ruler of Kerman, claimed the sultanate on Alp Arslan's death; two of his sons were blinded.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Malik-Shah's army, with its Kurdish contingents, against Qavurt's Turkmen.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 844, "key": "1073-sakalkand", "name": "Sakalkand", "label": "Sakalkand", "year": 1073, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1073", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid-Seljuk wars", "theatre": "Tukharistan", "place": "Sakalkand (Tukharistan), Afghanistan", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 68.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "generals of Ibrahim of Ghazna", "commanders_b": "Uthman Chaghri Beg, Malik-Shah's uncle (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: a Ghaznavid army (no details; Ibrahim's army was a core of Turkic ghulams with Indian, Afghan and Khalaj troops); B: Uthman's Seljuk forces in Tukharistan (Turkic).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Ghaznavid): the Ghaznavid army mixed Turkic ghulams with Indian, Afghan, Daylamite and Kurdish units, the Iranian elements roughly a fifth or more; faction B (Seljuk) was Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Uthman captured and sent to Ghazni)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghaznavid army overran Sakalkand and captured Uthman; the Seljuk counter-attack under Gumushtegin Bilge Beg and Anushtegin Gharchai that later drove it out is a separate action.", "borderline": "obscure border fight of the Ghaznavid-Seljuk war of 1073", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure border fight of the Ghaznavid-Seljuk war of 1073.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ibrahim of Ghazna; en.wikipedia Malik-Shah I", "note": "Sakalkand lay in Tukharistan (northern Afghanistan); its exact site is not known. Peace followed with a marriage alliance (Gawhar Khatun and Mas'ud III).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites", "Kurds", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Ghaznavid army of Ibrahim, with Afghan, Daylamite and Kurdish units, against Uthman Chaghri Beg's Seljuks.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 845, "key": "1074-partskhisi", "name": "Partskhisi", "label": "Partskhisi", "year": 1074, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1074 (dated 1072-1077; recent research August or September 1075)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Seljuk wars", "theatre": "Caucasus (Georgia)", "place": "Partskhisi (Kvemo Kartli), Georgia", "lat": 41.57, "lon": 44.57, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "George II of Georgia, with Aghsartan I of Kakheti", "commanders_b": "Savtegin (Sarang), Malik-Shah's governor of Ganja and Arran", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The army Malik-Shah left with Savtegin in Arran, given as 48,000 horsemen (Georgian chronicle), probably with troops of the Muslim lords of Ganja, Dvin and Dmanisi.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Turkic cavalry army of the sultan; Wikipedia lists the Kurdish Shaddadids of Ganja on the Seljuk side, but their part is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "25,000", "strength_b": "48,000 cavalry (Georgian chronicle)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a day-long battle the Georgians routed Savtegin's army.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles (Life of George II); en.wikipedia Battle of Partskhisi; en.wikipedia Malik-Shah I", "note": "Wikipedia's Malik-Shah I article says Savtegin was defeated twice near Partskhisi during a campaign of 1078-1079; the date of the battle is disputed. Kakheti-Hereti fought on the Georgian side.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent (possible)", "qbasis": "the Kurdish Shaddadids are listed as belligerents", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 846, "key": "1079-pakpattan-siege-1079", "name": "Pakpattan (siege, 1079)", "label": "Pakpattan (siege, 1079)", "year": 1079, "month": 8, "day": 13, "date": "taken 13 August 1079", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghaznavid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Ajodhan (Pakpattan), Pakistan", "lat": 30.34, "lon": 73.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghaznavids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ibrahim of Ghazna", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ibrahim's army; the sources give no details (the Ghaznavid army was then a core of Turkic ghulams with Indian, Afghan and Khalaj troops).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual Ghaznavid recruitment (Turkic ghulams, Indians, Afghans, Tajik and Daylamite foot); no source for this siege.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell to Ibrahim.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ibrahim of Ghazna", "note": "The fortress is described as 120 parasangs from Lahore, which fits Pakpattan poorly; the identification follows Wikipedia. The Hindu opponents are not named.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred from the usual Ghaznavid recruitment (Turkic ghulams, Indians, Afghans, Tajik and Daylamite foot); no source for this siege.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 847, "key": "n847", "name": "Mayyafariqin (siege, 1085)", "label": "Mayyafariqin", "year": 1085, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1085 (the Marwanid article gives 1079-1085; the end of the dynasty is dated 1085)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk conquest of the Marwanid emirate of Diyar Bakr", "theatre": "", "place": "Mayyafariqin (Silvan), Diyarbakir Province, Turkey", "lat": 38.1403, "lon": 41.0083, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Seljuk Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Marwanids of Diyar Bakr" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marwanids of Diyar Bakr", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir (former Marwanid vizier, an Arab), leading the Seljuk assault, for Sultan Malik-Shah I (a Turk) and his vizier Nizam al-Mulk", "commanders_b": "Nasir al-Dawla Mansur ibn Nizam al-Din (Marwanid, a Kurd)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Seljuk assault took Mayyafariqin and Ibn Jahir seized the Marwanid treasures; Mansur kept only Jazirat Ibn Umar (Cizre) and the dynasty ended in 1085.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr) ; Ibn al-Athir; Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin; Canard, 'Marwanids', EI2", "note": "The Seljuk army was mainly Turkish (Nizam al-Mulk, a Persian, authorised the campaign as vizier but was not the ruler or field commander, so he is not counted). The Kurdish Marwanid leadership and tribal army of the defence is what qualifies the siege.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 848, "key": "1092-darah-siege", "name": "Darah (siege)", "label": "Darah (siege)", "year": 1092, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1092 (abandoned after Malik-Shah's death on 19 November 1092)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Quhistan", "place": "Darah (near Mu'minabad, Quhistan), Iran", "lat": 32.87, "lon": 59.22, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis of Quhistan" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis of Quhistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Qizil-Sarigh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: the Nizari garrison of Darah (Quhistani Persians); B: Qizil-Sarigh's Seljuk army from Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Persian townsmen and highlanders of Quhistan; faction B Turkic-led.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qizil-Sarigh abandoned the siege when Malik-Shah died; the fortress held.", "borderline": "obscure", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts; en.wikipedia Malik-Shah I (Daru fortress)", "note": "The site of Darah, a dependency of Mu'minabad, is not precisely known.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian Nizari garrison of Darah in Quhistan against a Seljuk army from Khorasan.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 849, "key": "1092-alamut-siege-1092", "name": "Alamut (siege, 1092)", "label": "Alamut (siege, 1092)", "year": 1092, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September or October 1092", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Alamut castle (Rudbar), Iran", "lat": 36.44, "lon": 50.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hasan-i Sabbah; Dihdar Abu Ali Ardestani (relief)", "commanders_b": "Arslan-Tash", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: the small garrison of Alamut and about 300 Nizari volunteers from Qazvin; B: the Seljuk emir Arslan-Tash's troops (Turkic) with local levies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Persian and Daylamite converts of Qazvin and Rudbar; faction B was a Turkic-led Seljuk force.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "a small garrison and a relief party of 300", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A relief party of 300 under Dihdar Abu Ali broke through the siege lines and, with the garrison, routed the besiegers.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts; en.wikipedia Malik-Shah I", "note": "An earlier siege by the emir Yurun-Tash (undated) also failed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari defenders of Alamut, Persians and Daylamites from Qazvin and Rudbar, against a Seljuk army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 850, "key": "1093-taliqan-1093", "name": "Taliqan (1093)", "label": "Taliqan (1093)", "year": 1093, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1093", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Taliqan (Taleqan valley), Iran", "lat": 36.17, "lon": 50.77, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Sunni volunteers of Rayy" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nizari Ismailis", "faction_b": "Sunni volunteers of Rayy", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown (Wikipedia names al-Za'farani in connection with the fight)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A: Nizari fighters of Rudbar and Taliqan (Daylamite highlanders and Persian converts); B: a force of 10,000 raised mostly from the Sunnis of Rayy.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamites and Persians; faction B were Persian Sunni townsmen of Rayy.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "10,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Nizaris defeated and dispersed the 10,000-strong force.", "borderline": "obscure; the opponents were a Sunni militia rather than a state army", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure; the opponents were a Sunni militia rather than a state army.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 851, "key": "1096-lamasar-1096", "name": "Lamasar (1096)", "label": "Lamasar (1096)", "year": 1096, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1096 (or 1102)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Lamasar castle (Rudbar), Iran", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 50.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Rasamuj" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nizari Ismailis", "faction_b": "Rasamuj (lord of Lamasar)", "commanders_a": "Kiya Buzurg-Ummid, Kiya Abu Ja'far, Kiya Abu Ali, Kiya Garshasb", "commanders_b": "Rasamuj", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A: Nizari fighters of Rudbar (Daylamites and Persians); B: the garrison of a local Daylamite lord.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamite highlanders and Persian converts.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Nizaris attacked and took the castle.", "borderline": "a castle capture with uncertain date; Rasamuj was a local lord, not a Seljuk army", "doubt": "Borderline: a castle capture with uncertain date; Rasamuj was a local lord, not a Seljuk army.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "Lamasar became the second Nizari stronghold of Rudbar under Buzurg-Ummid.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 852, "key": "1098-antioch-1098", "name": "Antioch (1098)", "label": "Antioch (1098)", "year": 1098, "month": 6, "day": 28, "date": "28 June 1098", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Crusade", "theatre": "Northern Syria", "place": "Antioch (Antakya), Turkey", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Crusaders" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Syrian emirs", "Artuqids" ], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bohemond of Taranto, Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Hugh of Vermandois, Adhemar of Le Puy", "commanders_b": "Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul; Duqaq of Damascus, Janah ad-Dawla of Homs, Soqman the Artuqid", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Crusaders", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Kerbogha's relief army: the troops of Mosul and the Jazira with troops from Persia, joined by Duqaq of Damascus, Janah ad-Dawla of Homs and the Artuqid Soqman.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Arabic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia: 'his army also included troops from Persia and from the Ortuqids'; the army was overwhelmingly Turkic, with Arab and Kurdish auxiliaries.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "about 35,000-40,000 (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "heavy (whole siege)", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The crusaders sallied from Antioch and routed Kerbogha's army after Duqaq, Soqman and the emir of Homs deserted it; the crusaders held the field.", "borderline": "Kerbogha was Berk-Yaruq's governor of Mosul and raised a coalition; the sultan did not lead it", "doubt": "Borderline: Kerbogha was Berk-Yaruq's governor of Mosul and raised a coalition; the sultan did not lead it.", "sources": "Gesta Francorum; Raymond of Aguilers; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Siege of Antioch", "note": "This entry is the relief battle only: the defenders of Antioch in the siege of 1097-1098 (Yaghi-Siyan) held the city under the Syrian Seljuks and are not counted as Persian.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Latin sources such as the Gesta Francorum list Kurds and Persians among Kerbogha's relief army, and Mosul and Jazira forces regularly had Kurdish auxiliaries; Turks and Arabs were the bulk, so the Iranian part was a named component rather than a majority.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 853, "key": "1100-nushajan", "name": "Nushajan", "label": "Nushajan", "year": 1100, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1100 (493 AH, after Safidrud)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk succession war (1092-1105)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nushajan (Khorasan; site unknown), Iran", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 57.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sanjar" ], "side_b": [ "Berk-Yaruq and Amir-i Dad Habashi, with Nizari troops" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Berk-Yaruq and Amir-i Dad Habashi, with Nizari troops", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar", "commanders_b": "Amir-i Dad Habashi ibn Altuntaq (captured and killed), Berk-Yaruq", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's Khorasan army of 20,000 (Turkic ghulams and Turkmen); B: Habashi's army, larger than Sanjar's, including 5,000 Nizari Ismailis, with Berk-Yaruq's followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Sanjar) was Turkic-led; faction B included 5,000 Nizaris, mostly Persians of Quhistan, perhaps a quarter of it.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000", "strength_b": "larger than Sanjar's, including 5,000 Nizaris", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sanjar's army defeated the larger army of Habashi and Berk-Yaruq, and Habashi was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "The site is uncertain: Wikipedia's Sanjar article gives 'Nushecan', its Nizari article places the fighting near Girdkuh. The Nizari commander Muzaffar took Girdkuh the same year.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Berk-Yaruq's and Habashi's army, which included 5,000 Persian Nizaris of Quhistan, against Sanjar.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 854, "key": "1102-isfahan-siege-1102", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1102)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1102)", "year": 1102, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1102 (after the battle near Rayy)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk succession war (1092-1105)", "theatre": "Jibal (western Iran)", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muhammad Tapar" ], "side_b": [ "Berk-Yaruq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muhammad Tapar", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Tapar", "commanders_b": "Berk-Yaruq", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Muhammad Tapar's remaining troops with the Isfahan garrison and townsmen; B: Berk-Yaruq's Turkic army.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A: a Turkic core, with the Persian townsmen of Isfahan defending the walls.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1,050 horsemen left with Muhammad", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Berk-Yaruq failed to take Isfahan; Muhammad slipped out with 1,050 horsemen when supplies ran short and the siege ended without the city's capture.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi 'Muhammed Tapar' and 'Berkyaruk'", "note": "The outcome is classed for the defender because the city did not fall, although Muhammad himself fled.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Muhammad Tapar's troops and the Persian townsmen of Isfahan defending the walls against Berk-Yaruq.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 855, "key": "1104-tabas-siege-1104", "name": "Tabas (siege, 1104)", "label": "Tabas (siege, 1104)", "year": 1104, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1104 (an earlier attempt in 1101-1102)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Quhistan", "place": "Tabas (Quhistan), Iran", "lat": 33.6, "lon": 56.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis of Quhistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis of Quhistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the emir Bazghash", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's Khorasan army under the emir Bazghash (Turkic); B: the Nizari townsmen and garrison of Tabas.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A was a Turkic-led Seljuk army; faction B were Persian (Quhistani) Nizaris.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (massacre)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bazghash's army took and destroyed Tabas and massacred its Nizari defenders.", "borderline": "obscure; the Nizaris lost no main stronghold", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure; the Nizaris lost no main stronghold.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian Nizari townsmen and garrison of Tabas against Sanjar's Khorasan army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 856, "key": "1107-shahdiz-siege", "name": "Shahdiz (siege)", "label": "Shahdiz (siege)", "year": 1107, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1107 (fell Dhu'l-Qa'da 500, about July 1107; Wikipedia's Muhammad I Tapar gives 1106)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Jibal (western Iran)", "place": "Shahdiz (Kuh-e Soffeh, near Isfahan), Iran", "lat": 32.6, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Tapar", "commanders_b": "Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Attash (captured, executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: the sultan's army (Turkic ghulams and the emirs' troops); B: the Nizari garrison, about 80 men in the final fight.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A was a Turkic sultan's army; faction B were Persian Nizaris of Isfahan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "a large force", "strength_b": "about 80 in the final fight", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress was taken tower by tower; Ibn Attash was captured and executed and the castle demolished.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Ibn al-Qalanisi; en.wikipedia Shahdiz; TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi 'Muhammed Tapar'", "note": "The siege was prolonged by about a year of religious debate and negotiation; the nearby Nizari fort of Khanlanjan was apparently destroyed in the same campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian Nizaris of Isfahan holding Shahdiz against the sultan Muhammad Tapar.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 857, "key": "1108-mosul-siege-1108", "name": "Mosul (siege, 1108)", "label": "Mosul (siege, 1108)", "year": 1108, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April/May to late September 1108", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Seljuk wars in the Jazira", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mosul, Iraq", "lat": 36.34, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Muhammad Tapar" ], "side_b": [ "Jawali Saqawa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muhammad Tapar", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mawdud, Sokmen al-Qutbi, Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, Nasr ibn Muhalhal, Abu'l-Hayja", "commanders_b": "Jawali's wife, daughter of Bursuq (Jawali himself had left)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: the sultan's emirs, including the Banu Bursuq, the Shah-Armens of Akhlat and the Kurdish Annazids and Hadhabanis; B: Jawali's garrison.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Faction A: the sources name Kurdish Annazid and Hadhabani contingents beside the Turkish emirs; their size is unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mawdud's troops entered through a breach opened by the plasterers' guild and took the city; the citadel surrendered eight days later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Siege of Mosul (1108); en.wikipedia Mawdud", "note": "Counted as civil because Jawali was a Seljuk governor in revolt against the sultan.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Seljuk army before Mosul, with the Kurdish Annazid and Hadhabani contingents, against Jawali's garrison.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 858, "key": "1109-alamut-siege-1109", "name": "Alamut (siege, 1109)", "label": "Alamut (siege, 1109)", "year": 1109, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "from August 1109 (Muharram 503) until winter; the climax of raids from 1106", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Alamut castle (Rudbar), Iran", "lat": 36.44, "lon": 50.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hasan-i Sabbah", "commanders_b": "Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, Chavli Saqavu", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: the Nizari garrisons of Rudbar (Daylamites and Persians); B: the sultan's expeditionary army (Turkic).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamites and Persians; faction B was Turkic-led.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Neither Alamut nor Ostavand fell and the Seljuk army withdrew with the onset of winter.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts; en.wikipedia Muhammad I Tapar; TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi 'Muhammed Tapar'", "note": "The expedition of 1106-1109 devastated Rudbar; an eight-year war of attrition followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari garrisons of Rudbar, Daylamites and Persians, against a Seljuk expedition.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 859, "key": "1113-al-sannabra", "name": "al-Sannabra", "label": "al-Sannabra", "year": 1113, "month": 6, "day": 30, "date": "30 June 1113", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Crusader-Seljuk wars (the sultan's expeditions, 1110-1115)", "theatre": "Palestine", "place": "al-Sannabra (south end of the Sea of Galilee), Israel & Palestine", "lat": 32.71, "lon": 35.59, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [ "Syrian emirs", "Artuqids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mawdud, Toghtekin of Damascus, Tamirek of Sinjar, Ayaz son of Ilghazi", "commanders_b": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Crusaders", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mawdud's army of Turks and Kurds from Mosul and Sinjar, with Toghtekin's Damascenes and Ayaz's Artuqid troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia describes Mawdud's forces as 'composed of Turks and Kurds'; the proportions are not known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a big and strong army (no figure)", "strength_b": "700 knights, 4,000 infantry", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "1,000-2,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Baldwin I's army was drawn into an ambush and routed with about 2,000 killed; the survivors took refuge on a hill and Mawdud held the field.", "borderline": "the 1113 campaign was Mawdud's, made at Toghtekin's request; it is not certain that the sultan ordered it", "doubt": "Borderline: the 1113 campaign was Mawdud's, made at Toghtekin's request; it is not certain that the sultan ordered it.", "sources": "Ibn al-Qalanisi; Fulcher of Chartres; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of al-Sannabra; en.wikipedia Mawdud", "note": "Baldwin I escaped (Wikipedia's infobox wrongly lists him as captured). Mawdud was assassinated in Damascus later in 1113.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Wikipedia describes Mawdud's forces as 'composed of Turks and Kurds'; the proportions are not known.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 860, "key": "1116-tiginabad-1116", "name": "Tiginabad (1116)", "label": "Tiginabad (1116)", "year": 1116, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1116 (after the murder of Shirzad; undated)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid succession war (1116-1117)", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Tiginabad (near Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 65.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Arslan Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Bahram Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Arslan Shah", "faction_b": "Bahram Shah", "commanders_a": "Arslan Shah", "commanders_b": "Bahram Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A and B: Ghaznavid forces (no details; the army of the later Ghaznavids was Turkic ghulams with Indian troops and Afghans).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A: inferred from the usual Ghaznavid recruitment (Turkic ghulams, Indians, Afghans and Tajik foot); no source for this battle.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahram was defeated and fled to the Seljuk court in Khorasan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire; en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "note": "Tiginabad is usually placed near Kandahar; the site is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 861, "key": "1117-ghazni-1117", "name": "Ghazni (1117)", "label": "Ghazni (1117)", "year": 1117, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1117 (510 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghaznavid succession war (1116-1117)", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Shahrabad plain, near Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sanjar and Bahram Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Arslan Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Arslan Shah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar, Bahram Shah", "commanders_b": "Arslan Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's Khorasan army (Turkic ghulams and Turkmen) with Bahram's followers; B: Arslan Shah's Ghaznavid army with war elephants.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Sanjar) was Turkic-led; faction B (Ghaznavid) had Turkic ghulams, Indian troops and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Arslan Shah's army was crushed on the plain of Shahrabad and he fled to India.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Ghazni (1117); en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar", "note": "Wikipedia's lists call it the 2nd Battle of Ghazni. Sanjar's army then occupied and plundered Ghazni for 40 days; Arslan Shah was later caught in the Ughnan mountains and strangled on Bahram's orders.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Arslan Shah's Ghaznavid army, with Afghan troops beside its Turkic ghulams, against Sanjar and Bahram Shah.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 862, "key": "1117-alamut-siege-1117", "name": "Alamut (siege, 1117)", "label": "Alamut (siege, 1117)", "year": 1117, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13 July 1117 (Lamasar from 4 June) to April 1118", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Alamut castle (Rudbar), Iran", "lat": 36.44, "lon": 50.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hasan-i Sabbah", "commanders_b": "Anushtegin Shirgir", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: the Nizari garrisons of Rudbar (Daylamites and Persians); B: Anushtegin Shirgir's Seljuk army (Turkic).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamites and Persians; faction B was Turkic-led.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shirgir abandoned the sieges of Alamut and Lamasar in April 1118 on news of Muhammad Tapar's death, leaving supplies and weapons to the Nizaris.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts; TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi 'Muhammed Tapar'", "note": "One entry for the joint siege of Alamut and Lamasar; Wikipedia's dating of the start is inconsistent (1117 or 1118).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari garrisons of Rudbar, Daylamites and Persians, against a Seljuk army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 863, "key": "1119-saveh", "name": "Saveh", "label": "Saveh", "year": 1119, "month": 8, "day": 11, "date": "11 August 1119", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk civil war (1118-1119)", "theatre": "Jibal (western Iran)", "place": "near Saveh, Iran", "lat": 35.02, "lon": 50.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sanjar" ], "side_b": [ "Mahmud II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sanjar", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar", "commanders_b": "Mahmud II, Ali Bar, the atabeg Ghuzoghlu, Qaraja al-Saqi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's army of 20,000 with 18 elephants, with Nizari troops; B: Mahmud's 30,000, the Turkic emirs of western Iran and Iraq.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A: Sanjar's army was Turkic ghulams and Turkmen with eastern vassal contingents and some Nizaris; faction B was Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000 and 18 elephants", "strength_b": "30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud's cavalry gave way before Sanjar's elephants and Mahmud fled the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Bundari; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire", "note": "Mahmud kept the western sultanate as Sanjar's subordinate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Sanjar's army, which included Nizari troops and eastern vassal contingents, against Mahmud II's Turkic emirs.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 864, "key": "1121-didgori", "name": "Didgori", "label": "Didgori", "year": 1121, "month": 8, "day": 12, "date": "12 August 1121", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Seljuk wars", "theatre": "Caucasus (Georgia)", "place": "Didgori (west of Tbilisi), Georgia", "lat": 41.74, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Artuqids", "Seljuks of Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kipchaks", "Alans", "Crusaders" ], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Georgia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "David IV, Demetrius", "commanders_b": "Ilghazi (wounded), Tughril (Seljuk malik of Arran), Dubays ibn Sadaqa, Toghan Arslan of Bitlis", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An expedition authorized by Sultan Mahmud II and led by the Artuqid Ilghazi: his Turkmen, the Seljuk malik Tughril of Arran and Nakhchivan (whose part is disputed), the Mazyadid Arabs of Dubays and the emir of Bitlis.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Arabic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The coalition was overwhelmingly Turkmen with Arab tribesmen; Kurdish troops of Bitlis and Dvin may have been present.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 56,000 (Georgian sources), incl. 15,000 Kipchaks, 500 Alans and 100-500 Franks", "strength_b": "30,000 (Arab sources); 100,000-250,000 (modern Georgian historians); Christian sources up to 800,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "tens of thousands dead and 4,000 captured (Turkish estimate); Matthew of Edessa 400,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The coalition army was routed and the Georgians held the field.", "borderline": "the Persian share is uncertain: the army was Ilghazi's, sent with the sultan's approval, and Tughril's presence is disputed", "doubt": "Borderline: the Persian share is uncertain: the army was Ilghazi's, sent with the sultan's approval, and Tughril's presence is disputed.", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles; Matthew of Edessa; Walter the Chancellor; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Didgori", "note": "Georgia took Tbilisi in 1122.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "opponent", "qbasis": "The coalition was overwhelmingly Turkmen with Arab tribesmen; Kurdish troops of Bitlis and Dvin may have been present.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 865, "key": "n865", "name": "Ani (siege, 1124)", "label": "Ani (siege, 1124)", "year": 1124, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1124 (David IV took Ani in the summer of 1124; exact days unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars (David IV's conquests in Armenia)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ani, Kars Province, Turkey", "lat": 40.5072, "lon": 43.5731, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Shaddadids of Ani" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "David IV the Builder of Georgia", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Aswar Shavur II (a Kurd), emir of Ani, who was captured (Fadl IV retook Ani in 1125)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "David IV took the city and captured the emir; Wikipedia's Shaddadid article says without a fight, the Georgian-Shaddadid wars article says after a siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars ; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) and 'Shaddadids', Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.; Rayfield, Edge of Empires (2012)", "note": "Doubtful on 'real fighting': the Armenian townspeople are said to have helped the Georgians and the sources describe a quick surrender. Kept because the sources call it a siege.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 866, "key": "1126-rudbar-1126", "name": "Rudbar (1126)", "label": "Rudbar (1126)", "year": 1126, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1126", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Rudbar (Alamut valley), Iran", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 50.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis / Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nizari Ismailis (Buzurg-Ummid)", "faction_b": "Great Seljuks (Sanjar)", "commanders_a": "Kiya Buzurg-Ummid", "commanders_b": "Asil; Tamurtughan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A: the Nizaris of Rudbar (Daylamites and Persians); B: Seljuk troops with local support.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamites and Persians; faction B was a Turkic-led army with local Daylamite auxiliaries.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Seljuk invasions of Rudbar were repelled and the commander Tamurtughan was captured.", "borderline": "recorded as campaigns without a single named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: recorded as campaigns without a single named battle.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "Part of the offensive organised by Sanjar's vizier Mu'in al-Din al-Kashi, which in Quhistan took Tarz and Turaythith with limited success; Tamurtughan was released at Sanjar's request.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 867, "key": "1129-alamut-1129", "name": "Alamut (1129)", "label": "Alamut (1129)", "year": 1129, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1129", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Alamut castle (Rudbar), Iran", "lat": 36.44, "lon": 50.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Seljuks of Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kiya Buzurg-Ummid", "commanders_b": "Mahmud II's commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: the Nizari garrisons of Rudbar; B: Mahmud II's Turkic army.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamites and Persians; faction B was Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud's attack on Alamut failed, and an Iraqi army also failed before Lamasar.", "borderline": "a failed attack recorded without details", "doubt": "Borderline: a failed attack recorded without details.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "It followed the lynching of a Nizari envoy in Isfahan and a Nizari raid on Qazvin.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari garrisons of Rudbar, Daylamites and Persians, against a Seljuk army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 868, "key": "1138-hazarasp-1138", "name": "Hazarasp (1138)", "label": "Hazarasp (1138)", "year": 1138, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1138", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sanjar's wars with Khwarazm", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Hazarasp, Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.32, "lon": 61.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Sanjar" ], "side_b": [ "Atsiz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Atsiz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar", "commanders_b": "Atsiz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's army (Turkic ghulams and Turkmen); B: Atsiz's Khwarazmian army (Turkic ghulams and steppe auxiliaries with Khwarazmian levies).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Sanjar) was Turkic-led; faction B mixed Turkic soldiers with Khwarazmian (East Iranian-speaking) levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Atsiz was defeated at Hazarasp and fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Atsiz; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar", "note": "Sanjar gave Khwarazm to his nephew Suleiman-Shah, but Atsiz soon returned.", "peoples": [ "Khwarazmians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Atsiz's army, which included Khwarazmian levies beside its Turkic soldiers, against Sanjar at Hazarasp.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 869, "key": "1139-kabud-jama", "name": "Kabud-Jama", "label": "Kabud-Jama", "year": 1139, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1139", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khwarazmian-Bavandid war", "theatre": "Gurgan", "place": "Kabud-Jama (eastern Gurgan), Iran", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 55.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Atsiz" ], "side_b": [ "Ala al-Dawla Ali I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire / Bavandids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Atsiz (Khwarazmshahs)", "faction_b": "Ala al-Dawla Ali I (Bavandids of Tabaristan)", "commanders_a": "Atsiz", "commanders_b": "the ispahbadh Ala al-Dawla Ali ibn Shahriyar (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A: Atsiz's Khwarazmian army (Turkic soldiers with Khwarazmian levies); B: the Bavandid ispahbadh's Tabaristani troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A was Turkic-led; faction B (Bavandid) was Mazandarani, i.e. Caspian Iranian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Atsiz defeated and captured the Bavandid ispahbadh Ali and occupied Gurgan.", "borderline": "obscure", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Atsiz", "note": "Ali was released when his son pleaded for him, and Gurgan became a Khwarazmian vassal.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 870, "key": "1141-qatwan", "name": "Qatwan", "label": "Qatwan", "year": 1141, "month": 9, "day": 9, "date": "9 September 1141", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk-Kara-Khitai war", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Qatwan steppe (north of Samarkand), Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.8, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Kara-Khitai" ], "side_b": [ "Great Seljuks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Qarakhanids" ], "persian_state": "Great Seljuks", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yelu Dashi", "commanders_b": "Sanjar, Garshasp II of Yazd (Kakuyid, killed), Mahmud Khan (Qarakhanid)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Kara-Khitai", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Sanjar's great army, given as 100,000: his Turkic ghulams and Turkmen, the troops of vassals such as the Kakuyid Garshasp of Yazd and the amir of Sistan, and the Qarakhanid Mahmud Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Turkic-led imperial army; Iranian vassal contingents (Yazd, Sistan) are recorded but were a small part.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000 to 300,000 (estimates vary; the Qarluks gave 30,000-50,000 horse)", "strength_b": "100,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "11,000 to 100,000 killed (sources vary; infobox 50,000)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sanjar's army was routed with enormous losses and Sanjar fled with a handful of horsemen.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Juvayni; en.wikipedia Battle of Qatwan", "note": "The Qarluks, whose appeal brought the Kara-Khitai west, fought on their side; Atsiz of Khwarazm had invited the Kara-Khitai. The amir of Sistan and Sanjar's wife were captured.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader+contingent", "qbasis": "Sanjar's army included the Kakuyid Garshasp II of Yazd (Daylamite-descended Iranian dynasty), killed in the battle, and the troops of the Banu Khalaf amir of Sistan (Persian), both named in Ibn al-Athir and Juzjani.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 871, "key": "1143-gurganj-siege-1143", "name": "Gurganj (siege, 1143)", "label": "Gurganj (siege, 1143)", "year": 1143, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1143", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sanjar's wars with Khwarazm", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Gurganj (Kunya-Urgench), Turkmenistan", "lat": 42.32, "lon": 59.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Sanjar" ], "side_b": [ "Atsiz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Atsiz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar", "commanders_b": "Atsiz", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's army (Turkic); B: Atsiz's troops with the townsmen of Gurganj (Khwarazmians).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A was Turkic-led; the defenders included Khwarazmian (East Iranian-speaking) townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Atsiz submitted and returned the plunder and captured scholars, and Sanjar withdrew without taking Gurganj: a siege ended by treaty.", "borderline": "Wikipedia's Atsiz article records the 1143 invasion of Khwarazm without describing a siege", "doubt": "Borderline: Wikipedia's Atsiz article records the 1143 invasion of Khwarazm without describing a siege.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar; en.wikipedia Atsiz", "note": "Punishment for Atsiz's seizure of Merv, Nishapur and Sarakhs after Qatwan (1141), from which Sanjar expelled him in 1142.", "peoples": [ "Khwarazmians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Khwarazmian townsmen of Gurganj, with Atsiz's troops, defending the city against Sanjar.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 872, "key": "1143-lamasar-1143", "name": "Lamasar (1143)", "label": "Lamasar (1143)", "year": 1143, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1143", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "theatre": "Daylam (Rudbar)", "place": "Lamasar castle (Rudbar), Iran", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 50.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Seljuks of Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad ibn Buzurg-Ummid", "commanders_b": "Mas'ud", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: the Nizari garrisons of Rudbar; B: Mas'ud's Turkic army.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Nizari) were Daylamites and Persians; faction B was Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mas'ud's attack on Lamasar and Rudbar was repelled.", "borderline": "a failed attack recorded without details", "doubt": "Borderline: a failed attack recorded without details.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Nizari-Seljuk conflicts", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari garrisons of Rudbar, Daylamites and Persians, against a Seljuk army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 873, "key": "1147-hazarasp-siege-1147", "name": "Hazarasp (siege, 1147)", "label": "Hazarasp (siege, 1147)", "year": 1147, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1147", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sanjar's wars with Khwarazm", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Hazarasp, Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.32, "lon": 61.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Sanjar" ], "side_b": [ "Atsiz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Atsiz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar", "commanders_b": "Atsiz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's army (Turkic); B: the Khwarazmian garrison of Hazarasp.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A was Turkic-led; the defenders included Khwarazmian townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sanjar took the castle of Hazarasp; Atsiz fled to Gurganj, submitted and was kept as governor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar; en.wikipedia Atsiz", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Khwarazmians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Khwarazmian garrison and townsmen of Hazarasp against Sanjar's siege.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 874, "key": "1148-ghazni-1148", "name": "Ghazni (1148)", "label": "Ghazni (1148)", "year": 1148, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1148", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid wars", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sayf al-Din Suri" ], "side_b": [ "Bahram Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids / Ghaznavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sayf al-Din Suri (Ghurids)", "faction_b": "Bahram Shah (Ghaznavids)", "commanders_a": "Sayf al-Din Suri", "commanders_b": "Bahram Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A: Sayf al-Din's Ghurid army of Ghuri highlanders; B: Bahram Shah's Ghaznavid army (Turkic ghulams, Indian troops and Afghans).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Ghurid) was recruited in Ghur, a Persian-speaking (Tajik) highland; faction B was the mixed Ghaznavid army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sayf al-Din defeated Bahram Shah and took Ghazni; Bahram fled to Kurram.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Battle of Ghazni (1148); en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "note": "Wikipedia's Ghaznavid list calls it the 3rd Battle of Ghazni, its Ghurid list the 1st.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 875, "key": "1149-sang-i-surakh", "name": "Sang-i Surakh", "label": "Sang-i Surakh", "year": 1149, "month": 5, "day": 12, "date": "12 May 1149", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid wars", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Sang-i Surakh (upper Helmand), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.3, "lon": 67.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Bahram Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Sayf al-Din Suri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sayf al-Din Suri", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahram Shah", "commanders_b": "Sayf al-Din Suri (captured, later crucified), the vizier Majd al-Din Musawi (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Bahram Shah's Ghaznavid army, with the townsmen and troops of Ghazni who turned against the Ghurids; B: Sayf al-Din's Ghurid army.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Indian", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A: inferred from the usual Ghaznavid recruitment; faction B (Ghurid) was Persian-speaking highlanders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahram defeated Sayf al-Din and captured him with his vizier; Bahram retook Ghazni.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty; en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "note": "The execution of Sayf al-Din provoked Ala al-Din Husayn's revenge of 1150-1151.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking Ghurid highlanders under Sayf al-Din Suri against a Ghaznavid army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 876, "key": "n876", "name": "Battle of Inab", "label": "Inab", "year": 1149, "month": 6, "day": 29, "date": "29 June 1149", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Nur al-Din against the Principality of Antioch", "theatre": "", "place": "Inab (Tell Inab), near Apamea, Syria (exact site uncertain)", "lat": 35.45, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Zengids" ], "side_b": [ "Principality of Antioch" ], "allies_a": [ "Burids of Damascus" ], "allies_b": [ "Assassin leader Ali ibn Wafa" ], "persian_state": "Zengids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nur al-Din Zengi; Mu'in al-Din Unur of Damascus (contingent); the Kurdish emirs Shirkuh and Ayyub are said to have served in Nur al-Din's and Unur's armies", "commanders_b": "Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch (killed); Ali ibn Wafa (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Raymond's small army was encircled and destroyed, with Raymond and Ali ibn Wafa killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Mallett, 'The Battle of Inab', Journal of Medieval History 39 (2013); Gibb in Setton, History of the Crusades vol. 1; Ibn al-Qalanisi; Ibn al-Athir; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inab", "note": "Doubtful on the Iranian criterion: the Wikipedia infobox names Ayyub, but the article text does not mention Kurds or Shirkuh, and Nur al-Din's army is described as mostly Turkish cavalry and Turkmen.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 877, "key": "1150-jush-i-ab-i-garm", "name": "Jush-i Ab-i Garm", "label": "Jush-i Ab-i Garm", "year": 1150, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1150", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid wars", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Jush-i Ab-i Garm (hot springs, between Tiginabad and Ghazni), Afghanistan", "lat": 32.6, "lon": 67.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ala al-Din Husayn" ], "side_b": [ "Bahram Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ala al-Din Husayn", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Din Husayn", "commanders_b": "Bahram Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A: the Ghurid army; B: the remains of Bahram Shah's Ghaznavid army.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Ghurid) was recruited in Ghur, a Persian-speaking highland.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahram's rallied army was routed again and he fled to Ghazni.", "borderline": "obscure; the site is unknown", "doubt": "Borderline: obscure; the site is unknown.", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Ala al-Din Husayn; en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ghurid army of Ala al-Din Husayn against the remnants of Bahram Shah's army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 878, "key": "1150-tiginabad-1150", "name": "Tiginabad (1150)", "label": "Tiginabad (1150)", "year": 1150, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1150 (some accounts 1151)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid wars", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Tiginabad (near Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 65.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ala al-Din Husayn" ], "side_b": [ "Bahram Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ala al-Din Husayn", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Din Husayn; Kharmil Sam-i Husain, Kharmil Sam-i Banji", "commanders_b": "Bahram Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Ala al-Din's Ghurid army of Ghuri foot and horse; B: Bahram Shah's Ghaznavid army.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Ghurid) was recruited in Ghur, a Persian-speaking highland; faction B was the mixed Ghaznavid army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghaznavid army was routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Ala al-Din Husayn; en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "note": "The first of three battles of Ala al-Din's campaign of revenge.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ghurid foot and horse under Ala al-Din Husayn against Bahram Shah's Ghaznavid army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 879, "key": "1151-ghazni-1151", "name": "Ghazni (1151)", "label": "Ghazni (1151)", "year": 1151, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1151 (some accounts 1150)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid wars", "theatre": "Zabulistan and Arachosia", "place": "Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ala al-Din Husayn" ], "side_b": [ "Bahram Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ala al-Din Husayn", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Din Husayn", "commanders_b": "Bahram Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: the Ghurid army of Ghuri foot and horse; B: Bahram Shah's army with the Ghazni garrison.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Ghurid) was recruited in Ghur, a Persian-speaking highland; faction B was the mixed Ghaznavid army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "army routed; the sack is said to have killed 60,000", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bahram's army, reinforced by the city garrison, was routed; the Ghurids took Ghazni and burned it for seven days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Battle of Ghazni (1151); en.wikipedia Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "note": "The burning earned Ala al-Din the name Jahan-suz (world-burner); Bahram fled to his Indian lands.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ghurid foot and horse under Ala al-Din Husayn against Bahram Shah's army and the Ghazni garrison.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 880, "key": "1152-nab", "name": "Nab", "label": "Nab", "year": 1152, "month": 6, "day": 24, "date": "24 June 1152", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk-Ghurid war", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nab (near Herat), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sanjar" ], "side_b": [ "Ala al-Din Husayn" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ala al-Din Husayn", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sanjar", "commanders_b": "Ala al-Din Husayn (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A: Sanjar's army (Turkic ghulams and Turkmen); B: the Ghurid army of Ghuri foot and horse with Turkish (Ghuzz) mercenary cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Faction A (Sanjar) was Turkic-led; faction B (Ghurid) was mostly Persian-speaking Ghuris with Turkish cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ala al-Din's army was routed, after his Turkish horsemen went over to Sanjar (Juzjani), and he was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Ahmad Sanjar; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire", "note": "Ala al-Din had stopped paying tribute and taken Balkh; he was held two years and released for a ransom.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ghurid army of Ala al-Din Husayn, mostly Persian-speaking Ghuris, against Sanjar's Turkic army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 881, "key": "n881", "name": "Ani (battle of Saltuk II, 1153-1154)", "label": "Ani (battle of Saltuk II, 1153-1154)", "year": 1153, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1153-1154 (Wikipedia gives 1153-54; exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian wars with the Saltukids of Erzurum", "theatre": "", "place": "near Ani, Kars Province, Turkey", "lat": 40.5072, "lon": 43.5731, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Georgia", "Shaddadids of Ani" ], "side_b": [ "Saltukids of Erzurum" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kingdom of Georgia & Shaddadids of Ani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Demetrius I of Georgia; Fakhr al-Din Shaddad (a Kurd), emir of Ani", "commanders_b": "Saltuk II of Erzurum (a Turk)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Demetrius I defeated and captured Saltuk II, who was released for a ransom of 100,000 dinars.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids ; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) ch. on the Shaddadids of Ani", "note": "Doubtful on the Iranian criterion: the Shaddadid emir is said to have warned the Georgian king of Saltuk's march, and I have no source that his troops fought in the battle. Entered as uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 882, "key": "n882", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1154)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 1154, "month": 4, "day": 25, "date": "about 18-25 April 1154 (Nur al-Din's siege; the city fell on 25 April 1154)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nur al-Din's conquest of Damascus", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5138, "lon": 36.2765, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Zengids" ], "side_b": [ "Burid Damascus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zengids v Burid Damascus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Zengids", "faction_b": "Burid Damascus", "commanders_a": "Nur al-Din Zengi; Shirkuh (a Kurd), his chief emir", "commanders_b": "Mujir al-Din Abaq, Burid ruler (a Turk); Najm al-Din Ayyub (a Kurd), senior emir in the city", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a short siege the East Gate was opened and the city passed to Nur al-Din through the mediation of Ayyub and Shirkuh; Mujir al-Din was bought out with the grant of Homs.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Qalanisi, Dhayl ta'rikh Dimashq; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil; Gibb in Setton, History of the Crusades vol. 1; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh", "note": "Kurdish brothers on both sides of the walls: Shirkuh with the besiegers and Ayyub inside. The fighting was brief and the end came by surrender; counted as a siege because Nur al-Din's army invested the city for about a week.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 883, "key": "1163-ragh-i-zar", "name": "Ragh-i Zar", "label": "Ragh-i Zar", "year": 1163, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1163", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid succession war", "theatre": "Afghanistan (Ghur and Herat)", "place": "Ragh-i Zar, between Firuzkuh and Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 63.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad" ], "side_b": [ "Fakhr al-Din Masud of Bamiyan, with the Seljuk governors Taj al-Din Yildiz and Ala al-Din Qumach" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (Ghurids of Firuzkuh)", "faction_b": "Fakhr al-Din Masud of Bamiyan, with the Seljuk governors Taj al-Din Yildiz (Herat) and Ala al-Din Qumach (Balkh)", "commanders_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Ghor)", "commanders_b": "Fakhr al-Din Masud (captured), Taj al-Din Yildiz (killed), Ala al-Din Qumach", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The army of Ghur under the two brothers: Ghuri (Tajik) mountain infantry and cavalry with Turkic ghulams; the other side had the Bamiyan Ghurids and the Turkic troops of the Seljuk governors of Herat and Balkh.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The early Ghurid army was raised mainly from the Persian-speaking (Tajik) mountaineers of Ghur, with a growing Turkic ghulam element.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurids of Firuzkuh routed the coalition; Yildiz was killed and Fakhr al-Din taken, later restored to Bamiyan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad", "note": "Dated 1163 in Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles; the Ghiyath al-Din article places it early in his reign (from 1163). Civil: a fight between Ghurid branches, joined by the governors left over from the Great Seljuk state.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 884, "key": "n884", "name": "Bilbeis (siege, 1164)", "label": "Bilbeis", "year": 1164, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "April-October 1164 (Shirkuh entered Egypt in the spring; Amalric and Shawar besieged him in Bilbeis from about August to late October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nur al-Din's Egyptian expeditions (Shirkuh's first Egyptian campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bilbeis, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt", "lat": 30.4197, "lon": 31.5624, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Fatimid vizier Shawar" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zengids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amalric I of Jerusalem; Shawar ibn Mujir, Fatimid vizier", "commanders_b": "Shirkuh (Asad al-Din Shirkuh ibn Shadhi, a Kurd of Dvin); Saladin, his nephew", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "under a fifth", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The siege ended in a negotiated mutual withdrawal in October 1164, after Nur al-Din's attack on Crusader northern Syria (Harim) forced Amalric to make terms; Shirkuh left Egypt with his army.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Gibb, 'The Career of Nur-ad-Din' in Setton ed., A History of the Crusades vol. 1 (1969); Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999); William of Tyre; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh ; https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_nur_ad_din_egypt.html", "note": "Shirkuh's army is described as Syrian Turks, Turkmen auxiliaries and Kurds (the Wikipedia article on Shirkuh gives 500 mamluks and Kurds out of 8,000 horse from Homs), and both Shirkuh and Saladin were Kurds, so the leader rule is what qualifies the battle; the Kurdish share of the troops is small or unknown (500 mamluks and Kurds out of about 8,000 horse in the force from Homs, plus hired Turkmen).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 885, "key": "n885", "name": "Harim (1164)", "label": "Harim", "year": 1164, "month": 8, "day": 12, "date": "12 August 1164", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Nur al-Din against the Principality of Antioch and the Romans", "theatre": "", "place": "Harim (Harenc), Idlib province, Syria", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 36.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Zengids" ], "side_b": [ "Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, Roman Cilicia, Armenian Cilicia" ], "allies_a": [ "Mosul" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zengids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nur al-Din Zangi, Shirkuh and Qutb al-Din Mawdud of Mosul", "commanders_b": "Bohemond III, Raymond III, Joscelin III, Thoros II, Hugh VIII of Lusignan and Konstantinos Kalamanos", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nur al-Din won a crushing victory and captured Bohemond, Raymond, Joscelin, Kalamanos and Hugh (Wikipedia 'Battle of Harim'; Ibn al-Athir).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Harim' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ibn al-Athir; William of Tyre 19.9-10", "note": "The Zengids were Turks; Shirkuh, Nur al-Din's emir (lord of Homs) and later conqueror of Egypt, was a Kurd of the Rawwadid family of Dvin, and Wikipedia lists him among the commanders. The page does not give his ethnicity or say what part he led, so the Iranian side is a named Kurdish commander, not a counted contingent.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 886, "key": "n886", "name": "Alexandria (siege, 1167)", "label": "Alexandria", "year": 1167, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "April-August 1167 (Shirkuh moved to Alexandria after al-Babein; the Crusader and Egyptian siege ran from about July to a treaty on about 4 August)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nur al-Din's Egyptian expeditions (Shirkuh's second Egyptian campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Alexandria, Egypt", "lat": 31.2001, "lon": 29.9187, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Fatimid vizier Shawar" ], "side_b": [ "Zengid garrison of Alexandria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zengid garrison of Alexandria", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amalric I of Jerusalem; Shawar", "commanders_b": "Saladin (a Kurd), left in the city by Shirkuh (a Kurd), who raised troops in Upper Egypt", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The siege ended by treaty: both Shirkuh's army and Amalric's left Egypt, with the Zengids evacuating Alexandria and the Franks keeping a garrison and tribute at Cairo.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre; Ibn al-Athir; Ibn Abi Tayyi; Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999); Gibb in Setton, History of the Crusades vol. 1; https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/siege_alexandria_1167.html ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh", "note": "Saladin, aged about 29, held the city with Syrian troops and townsmen while Shirkuh went south to draw off the besiegers. Townsmen are not counted here.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 887, "key": "n887", "name": "Battle of al-Babein", "label": "al-Babein", "year": 1167, "month": 3, "day": 18, "date": "18 March 1167", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nur al-Din's Egyptian expeditions (Shirkuh's second Egyptian campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "al-Babein (Babayn), near Giza and the Nile, Egypt (exact site uncertain)", "lat": 29.9, "lon": 31.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Fatimid vizier Shawar" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zengids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "commanders_b": "Shirkuh (a Kurd); Saladin commanded the centre", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Amalric's knights broke up in the soft sand and slopes and Saladin's feigned retreat drew part of them off, but neither army destroyed the other; Shirkuh then withdrew upriver and Amalric returned to Cairo.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre; Ibn al-Athir; Smail, Crusading Warfare (1956); Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999); Baldwin in Setton, History of the Crusades vol. 1; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein ; https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_nur_ad_din_egypt.html", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox gives a Zengid victory but its text describes a tactical draw. Shirkuh's army of about 2,000 is described as Kurds, Turks and Bedouin (historyofwar.org); the Zengid leaders were Kurds.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 888, "key": "n888", "name": "Battle of the Blacks (Cairo, 1169)", "label": "Blacks", "year": 1169, "month": 8, "day": 21, "date": "21-23 August 1169", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's rise in Egypt (Fatimid Egypt under Saladin as vizier)", "theatre": "", "place": "Cairo (the streets between the Fatimid palaces and Bab Zuwayla), Egypt", "lat": 30.0444, "lon": 31.2357, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Fatimid Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Black African regiments of the Fatimid army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Fatimid Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin (a Kurd), vizier, with his Syrian emirs", "commanders_b": "the emirs of the Black regiments (not named); the revolt was set off by Saladin's execution of the palace eunuch Mu'tamin al-Khilafa", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After two days of street fighting Saladin's troops burned the Black regiments' quarter (al-Mansuriyya) and the survivors fled across the Nile to Giza, where they were granted safe-conduct and then dispersed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil; Ibn Abi Tayyi; Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999); Ehrenkreutz, Saladin (1972); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols (1977)", "note": "Qualifies only through Saladin's leadership; the Zengid troops with him were mainly Turks and Kurds but no figure for the Kurdish part is given. Saladin was vizier from March 1169 but did not rule Egypt in his own name until 1171.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 889, "key": "n889", "name": "Damietta (siege, 1169)", "label": "Damietta", "year": 1169, "month": 10, "day": 25, "date": "25 October-13 December 1169", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Crusader-Roman invasion of Egypt (1169)", "theatre": "", "place": "Damietta, Egypt", "lat": 31.4165, "lon": 31.8133, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Roman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Fatimid Egypt", "Zengid reinforcements from Nur al-Din" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Fatimid Egypt & Zengid reinforcements from Nur al-Din", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amalric I of Jerusalem; Andronikos Kontostephanos (Roman fleet)", "commanders_b": "Saladin (a Kurd), vizier; the Fatimid garrison commanders; Nur al-Din's Syrian relief troops", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After about fifty days the Franks and Romans, short of food and with the Nile floods and Saladin's reinforcements against them, made a truce and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre; Ibn al-Athir; Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999); Kinnamos; Runciman, A History of the Crusades vol. 2 (1952)", "note": "Qualifies through Saladin's command. The composition of his army is not recorded in the sources I used, so the Kurdish share is unknown.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 890, "key": "n890", "name": "Ayla (Eilat, 1170)", "label": "Ayla", "year": 1170, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "late 1170 (December 1170 or the first weeks of 1171; sources differ)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars against the Kingdom of Jerusalem", "theatre": "", "place": "Ile de Graye (Coral or Pharaoh's Island) off Ayla (Aqaba/Eilat), Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt", "lat": 29.4619, "lon": 34.8456, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Fatimid Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Fatimid Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin (a Kurd), vizier of Egypt", "commanders_b": "the Crusader garrison commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saladin took the island fortress after an assault in which ships carried in sections from Cairo were used, and the Crusader garrison was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre; Ibn al-Athir; Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999)", "note": "The date and the exact sequence relative to Darum are uncertain (William of Tyre and Muslim sources differ). Included because it is a real assault led by Saladin before 1171.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 891, "key": "n891", "name": "Darum and Gaza (1170)", "label": "Darum and Gaza", "year": 1170, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1170", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars against the Kingdom of Jerusalem", "theatre": "", "place": "Darum (Deir al-Balah) and Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine", "lat": 31.418, "lon": 34.351, "loc": "known", "country": "Palestine", "side_a": [ "Fatimid Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Knights Templar", "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Fatimid Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin (a Kurd), vizier of Egypt", "commanders_b": "the Templar garrison of Gaza; Amalric I of Jerusalem (relieving)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saladin sacked the lower town of Gaza but failed to take the Templar citadel there or the fort of Darum, and withdrew when Amalric came up.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre; Ibn al-Athir; Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999); Ehrenkreutz, Saladin (1972)", "note": "Saladin's first campaign against the Franks as head of the Egyptian army. A raid with real assaults on Darum and Gaza; combined into one entry.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 892, "key": "n892", "name": "Qasr Ibrim (1172)", "label": "Qasr Ibrim", "year": 1172, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1172 (or early 1173); exact date unknown", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid expedition to Nubia (1172)", "theatre": "", "place": "Qasr Ibrim (Ibrim, Lower Nubia), now under Lake Nasser", "lat": 22.6492, "lon": 31.9886, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Makuria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shams al-Dawla Turan-Shah (brother of Saladin)", "commanders_b": "Makurian garrison and army", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turan-Shah, sent by Saladin with Kurdish troops, took Ibrim, raided Nubia and returned with slaves and plunder.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Turan-Shah (fetched: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan-Shah); Wikipedia, Qasr Ibrim; Vantini, Oriental Sources concerning Nubia; Ibn al-Athir (year 568 AH)", "note": "Saladin sent his brother Turan-Shah after Nubian raids on Aswan (late 1172-early 1173); the source says he took Kurdish troops. The year of the capture is not given precisely.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 893, "key": "1173-ghazni-1173", "name": "Ghazni (1173)", "label": "Ghazni (1173)", "year": 1173, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1173", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid wars with the Oghuz", "theatre": "Afghanistan", "place": "Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Oghuz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "the Oghuz chiefs holding Ghazni", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Oghuz", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ghurid army of Ghur: Ghuri (Tajik) troops with Turkic ghulams and Khalaj and Afghan tribesmen (inferred from recruitment; the sources give no detail).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid army of the 1170s was still largely raised in Ghur and its Persian-speaking hill country, with Turkic ghulams and Khalaj and Afghan tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Ghurids defeated the Oghuz and took Ghazni, where Mu'izz al-Din was installed as ruler.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (3rd Battle of Ghazni), Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "The Oghuz had held Ghazni since about 1162/63, when they drove out the Ghaznavid Khusrau Shah; they are treated as invaders, not an Iranian dynasty. The Muhammad of Ghor article also gives 1169 in one passage.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 894, "key": "n894", "name": "Kerak (siege, 1173)", "label": "Kerak", "year": 1173, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1173 (approx.)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kerak (Crac des Moabites), Jordan", "lat": 31.1801, "lon": 35.7048, "loc": "known", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Crusader garrison of Kerak", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saladin broke off the siege on hearing that Nur al-Din was approaching and did not wish to meet him.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982), ch. on 1173; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh", "note": "A joint operation of Saladin (from Egypt) and Nur al-Din that Saladin abandoned from political caution; real fighting was small.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 895, "key": "n895", "name": "Ani (siege, 1174)", "label": "Ani (siege, 1174)", "year": 1174, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1174 (exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Georgian-Shaddadid wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Ani, Kars Province, Turkey", "lat": 40.5072, "lon": 43.5731, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Shaddadids of Ani" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shaddadids of Ani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "George III of Georgia; Ivane Orbeli", "commanders_b": "Shahanshah ibn Mahmud (a Kurd), emir of Ani, who was taken prisoner", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "George III besieged and captured the city and took the emir prisoner; Ivane Orbeli was left as governor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Shaddadid_wars ; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (1953) and 'Shaddadids', Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.", "note": "Only a line or two in the sources I used; Ani changed hands several times between 1161 and 1199. A Muslim coalition retook it in 1175.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 896, "key": "n896", "name": "Zabid (1174)", "label": "Zabid", "year": 1174, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1174", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayyubid conquest of Yemen", "theatre": "", "place": "Zabid, Tihama, Yemen", "lat": 14.195, "lon": 43.315, "loc": "known", "country": "Yemen", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Mahdids of Zabid" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turan-Shah (brother of Saladin)", "commanders_b": "Abd al-Nabi ibn Mahdi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turan-Shah took Zabid and captured Abd al-Nabi, ending the Mahdid dynasty.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Turan-Shah (fetched: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan-Shah); Wikipedia, Mahdids; Ibn al-Athir; Umara al-Yamani", "note": "Turan-Shah captured Zabid in May 1174 and Aden later that year. Battle detail is thin; Ayyubid command is clear.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 897, "key": "1174-suburni", "name": "Suburni", "label": "Suburni", "year": 1174, "month": 7, "day": 11, "date": "11 July 1174", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khwarazmian succession war (Tekish against Sultan Shah)", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Suburni, on the approaches to Khwarazm (site unidentified), Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 61.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Tekish" ], "side_b": [ "Sultan Shah and Terken Khatun, with Mu'ayyid Ay-Aba of Nishapur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sultan Shah and Terken Khatun, with Mu'ayyid Ay-Aba of Nishapur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Din Tekish", "commanders_b": "Mu'ayyid al-Din Ay-Aba (captured and executed), Sultan Shah, Terken Khatun", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tekish's army of Khwarazm, won with Qara Khitai help: Qipchaq and Qangli Turkic cavalry with Khwarazmian troops; the other side had Ay-Aba's Nishapur army of Turkic ghulams and Khorasani levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Khwarazmshahs' field armies rested on Qipchaq, Qangli and other steppe Turks, with Khwarazmian (East Iranian-speaking) and Tajik soldiers in a smaller role.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tekish routed the allied army and captured Ay-Aba, who was executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ala al-Din Tekish", "note": "Mu'ayyid Ay-Aba, a former mamluk of Sanjar, ruled Nishapur on his own after 1157; his line is treated as an Iran-seated local dynasty, which makes the battle civil. Tekish then took Dihistan and had Terken Khatun killed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ay-Aba of Nishapur's army, which included Khorasani levies, against Tekish's Turkic cavalry.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 898, "key": "1175-herat-1175", "name": "Herat (1175)", "label": "Herat (1175)", "year": 1175, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1175 (some accounts 1175-76)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid expansion in Khorasan", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad" ], "side_b": [ "Baha al-Din Toghril, former Seljuk governor ruling Herat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (Ghurids)", "faction_b": "Baha al-Din Toghril, former Seljuk governor ruling Herat", "commanders_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Baha al-Din Toghril", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Ghurid army of Ghur and Ghazni: Ghuri (Tajik) troops, Turkic ghulams and Khalaj and Afghan tribesmen (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid army of the 1170s was still largely raised among the Persian-speaking hillmen of Ghur, with Turkic ghulams beside them.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurids defeated Toghril and took Herat and Pushang.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Battle of Herat), Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "Civil because Toghril, a Seljuk governor left over from Sanjar's state, ruled Herat on his own (an Iran-seated ruler); if he is counted as an outsider the battle is an ordinary Ghurid victory.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 899, "key": "1175-multan-1175", "name": "Multan (1175)", "label": "Multan (1175)", "year": 1175, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1175", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab and Sindh", "place": "Multan, Pakistan", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Qarmatians" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Ghor)", "commanders_b": "Khafif", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Qarmatians", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army from Ghazni: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri (Tajik), Khalaj and Afghan contingents (inferred from recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Din's armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj (Turkic, partly Pashtunised) and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mu'izz al-Din defeated the Qarmatian ruler and annexed Multan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty, Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "The 'Qarmatians' of Multan were its local Ismaili rulers.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 900, "key": "n900", "name": "Horns of Hama", "label": "Horns of Hama", "year": 1175, "month": 4, "day": 13, "date": "13 April 1175", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's war against the Zengids", "theatre": "", "place": "Qurun Hama (Horns of Hama), near Hama, Syria", "lat": 35.1318, "lon": 36.7578, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids of Mosul and Aleppo" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Izz al-Din Mas'ud of Mosul; Gumushtekin (regent of Aleppo)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin's smaller army routed the Zengid forces sent against him and he took the title of Sultan soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Wikipedia, Battle of the Horns of Hama", "note": "Saladin's first field victory in Syria; Kurdish emirs of his family held the principal commands. The Zengid side was Turkic.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 901, "key": "1176-masyaf-siege-1176", "name": "Masyaf (siege, 1176)", "label": "Masyaf (siege, 1176)", "year": 1176, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1176", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid-Nizari conflict", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Masyaf, Syria", "lat": 35.07, "lon": 36.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rashid al-Din Sinan", "commanders_b": "Saladin", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Ayyubids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Sinan's garrison of Syrian Nizaris from the castles of the Jabal Bahra, with his fida'is.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Syrian Nizari community was mainly Arabic-speaking; Persian da'is sent from Alamut led it.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The siege ended after a short time in a truce between Saladin and Sinan, sought through Saladin's uncle Shihab al-Din of Hama, while Masyaf was still invested and untaken.", "borderline": "The Syrian Nizaris under Sinan acted largely independently of Alamut, though under its ultimate authority.", "doubt": "Borderline: The Syrian Nizaris under Sinan acted largely independently of Alamut, though under its ultimate authority.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Kamal al-Din; en.wikipedia Rashid ad-Din Sinan, Masyaf Castle", "note": "The story of Sinan's warning left in Saladin's tent is legend; the raising of the siege and the truce that followed are not doubted.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 902, "key": "1176-uch-siege-1176", "name": "Uch (siege, 1176)", "label": "Uch (siege, 1176)", "year": 1176, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1176 (also dated 1175)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab and Sindh", "place": "Uch (Uch Sharif), Pakistan", "lat": 29.24, "lon": 71.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "the Bhatti raja of Uch", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army from Ghazni: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalaj and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Din's armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Uch fell to Mu'izz al-Din, by tradition when the raja's wife opened the gates, and was given to Nasir al-Din Aitam.", "borderline": "The town fell by betrayal; how much fighting there was is unclear.", "doubt": "Borderline: The town fell by betrayal; how much fighting there was is unclear.", "sources": "Juzjani; Firishta; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Siege of Uch), Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "Wikipedia's Ghurid list names the defenders as 'Bhatis or Qarmatians'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 903, "key": "n903", "name": "Tell al-Sultan", "label": "Tell al-Sultan", "year": 1176, "month": 4, "day": 22, "date": "22 April 1176", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's war against the Zengids", "theatre": "", "place": "Tell al-Sultan, south-east of Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 35.97, "lon": 37.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids of Mosul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Sayf al-Din Ghazi II of Mosul", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin defeated Sayf al-Din Ghazi's army and took its camp and baggage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Wikipedia, Battle of Tell al-Sultan", "note": "Followed by the siege of Azaz and a truce with Aleppo.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 904, "key": "n904", "name": "Azaz (siege, 1176)", "label": "Azaz", "year": 1176, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May-21 June 1176", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's war against the Zengids", "theatre": "", "place": "Azaz, north of Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.5864, "lon": 37.0467, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids of Aleppo" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Garrison of as-Salih Ismail", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Azaz surrendered to Saladin on 21 June 1176 after a siege in which a Nizari assassin wounded him.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh", "note": "The Nizari attempt on Saladin during the siege was followed by his campaign against Masyaf (already in the dataset, 1176).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 905, "key": "n905", "name": "Montgisard", "label": "Montgisard", "year": 1177, "month": 11, "day": 25, "date": "25 November 1177", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Montgisard (probably Tel Gezer), near Ramla, Israel", "lat": 31.8556, "lon": 34.9217, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Templars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; Taqi al-Din Umar (nephew)", "commanders_b": "Baldwin IV; Raynald of Chatillon; Odo de Saint-Amand", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baldwin IV's small army caught Saladin's strung-out force at the Wadi Hasi and routed it; Saladin fled to Egypt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, al-Fath al-Qussi; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Saladin's nephew Taqi al-Din's son was among the dead. Qualifies by Saladin's command; the first big Ayyubid defeat.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 906, "key": "1178-kasahrada-1178", "name": "Kasahrada (1178)", "label": "Kasahrada (1178)", "year": 1178, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1178", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Rajasthan and Gujarat", "place": "Kasahrada (Kayadara), at the foot of Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 24.57, "lon": 72.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mularaja II (Chaulukya), Kelhanadeva of Nadol, Kirtipala, Dharavarsha of Chandravati", "commanders_b": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army, called 'Turushka' (Turks) in Indian sources and armoured head to foot, exhausted by the march across the Thar: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalaj and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Indian sources call the army Turkic; by recruitment it also held Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks and Afghan and Khalaj tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (with elephants)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Ghurid army was trapped in a pass below Mount Abu and routed; Mu'izz al-Din fled back to Ghazni.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Merutunga; Udayaprabha Suri; Prabandha Kosha; en.wikipedia Battle of Kasahrada", "note": "The Chaulukyas of Gujarat with Paramara (Chandravati) and Chahamana (Nadol, Jalor) feudatories. Merutunga's later story crediting the queen Naikidevi is thought unreliable.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 907, "key": "n907", "name": "Marj Ayyun", "label": "Marj Ayyun", "year": 1179, "month": 6, "day": 10, "date": "10 June 1179", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Marj Ayyun (Merj Uyun), southern Lebanon", "lat": 33.3606, "lon": 35.5911, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Templars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; Farrukh-Shah (nephew)", "commanders_b": "Baldwin IV; Humphrey II of Toron; Odo de Saint-Amand (captured); Raymond III of Tripoli", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin's army routed Baldwin IV's host, captured the Master of the Temple and nearly took the king.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982)", "note": "Followed two months later by the fall of Jacob's Ford.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 908, "key": "n908", "name": "Jacob's Ford (Chastellet)", "label": "Jacob's Ford", "year": 1179, "month": 8, "day": 24, "date": "24-30 August 1179", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jacob's Ford (Vadum Iacob, Chastellet), Upper Jordan, Israel", "lat": 33.0136, "lon": 35.6194, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Templars", "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; Farrukh-Shah", "commanders_b": "Templar garrison (Odo de Saint-Amand was held prisoner); Baldwin IV (relief too late)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin undermined the new Templar fortress, stormed it on 29 August and razed it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, al-Fath al-Qussi; Wikipedia, Battle of Chastellet", "note": "The castle had been begun in 1178; about 700 defenders were killed or captured.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 909, "key": "1181-lahore-siege-1181", "name": "Lahore (siege, 1181)", "label": "Lahore (siege, 1181)", "year": 1181, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1181 (577 AH, 1181-82)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid war in the Punjab", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Lahore, Pakistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 74.31, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids of Lahore" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Khusrau Malik", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Ghaznavids of Lahore", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army from Ghazni: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalaj and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Din's armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended when Khusrau Malik made peace and gave his son as a hostage; Lahore did not fall.", "borderline": "How much fighting there was is unclear.", "doubt": "Borderline: How much fighting there was is unclear.", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia Muhammad of Ghor, Siege of Lahore (1186)", "note": "The Muhammad of Ghor article calls it a failed siege; the terms (a hostage, by some accounts an elephant) make it a negotiated end. The Ghaznavids at Lahore after 1163 are not counted as Persian.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 910, "key": "n910", "name": "Belvoir (Forbelet)", "label": "Belvoir", "year": 1182, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13 July 1182", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Forbelet, near Belvoir (Kaukab al-Hawa), Jordan valley, Israel", "lat": 32.5967, "lon": 35.5281, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Baldwin IV; Guy of Lusignan; Raymond III of Tripoli", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Both sides held their ground after heavy fighting; Saladin withdrew across the Jordan and the Franks kept the field only in name.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Indecisive; Saladin then raided Galilee and moved on Beirut.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 911, "key": "n911", "name": "Beirut (siege, 1182)", "label": "Beirut", "year": 1182, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1182 (approx.)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Beirut, Lebanon", "lat": 33.8938, "lon": 35.5018, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Garrison of Beirut; Baldwin IV (relief)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saladin's land and naval attack failed and he withdrew when the king's army approached.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982)", "note": "A combined attack with the Egyptian fleet; broken off to turn to Syria and the Jazira.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 912, "key": "n912", "name": "Mosul (siege, 1182)", "label": "Mosul", "year": 1182, "month": 11, "day": 10, "date": "from 10 November 1182; raised within weeks", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's war against the Zengids", "theatre": "", "place": "Mosul, Iraq", "lat": 36.335, "lon": 43.1189, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids of Mosul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Izz al-Din Mas'ud of Mosul", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin broke off the siege after the Caliph's mediators intervened and moved to Sinjar and the Jazira.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin)", "note": "Saladin's first attempt on Mosul; he held the lesser Jazira towns thereafter.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 913, "key": "n913", "name": "Red Sea raid of Reynald (1182-83)", "label": "Red Sea raid of Reynald", "year": 1183, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "winter 1182-83 (approx.)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gulf of Aqaba and the Hijaz coast, Red Sea (al-Hawra / Rabigh)", "lat": 29.5267, "lon": 35.0078, "loc": "region", "country": "Jordan; Saudi Arabia (Red Sea)", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Lordship of Kerak" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Adil (ruler in Egypt); Husam al-Din Lu'lu (admiral)", "commanders_b": "Reynald of Chatillon", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lu'lu's Egyptian squadron destroyed Reynald's ships and killed or captured his men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Wikipedia, Raynald of Chatillon", "note": "Qualifies by the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt (al-Adil, Saladin's brother) directing the response; field commander Lu'lu was not a Kurd. Details of place are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 914, "key": "n914", "name": "Amid (siege, 1183)", "label": "Amid", "year": 1183, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "spring 1183 (fell about May)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's war in the Jazira", "theatre": "", "place": "Amid (Diyarbakir), Turkey", "lat": 37.9144, "lon": 40.2306, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Amid's local ruler" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Governor of Amid", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Amid fell to Saladin and was given to his vassal Nur al-Din Muhammad of Hisn Kayfa.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh", "note": "Nur al-Din Muhammad was an Artuqid, the later Hisn Kayfa line is Ayyubid; this is the point of contact between Saladin's and the Hisn Kayfa story.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 915, "key": "n915", "name": "Al-Fule (1183)", "label": "Al-Fule", "year": 1183, "month": 9, "day": 30, "date": "30 September-6 October 1183", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jezreel valley near Merhavia, about 8 km south-east of Afula (Al-Fule), Israel", "lat": 32.58, "lon": 35.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; Jorduk an-Nuri; Jawili", "commanders_b": "Guy of Lusignan", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Franks held their camp and Saladin was forced to withdraw after days of skirmishing without a decisive battle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of al-Fule (fetched); William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "The 1183 raid; the Franks avoided a full battle with their large army, which was later criticised. Saladin's field commanders named here were Turkish mamluks; Saladin himself is the basis.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 916, "key": "n916", "name": "Kerak (siege, 1183)", "label": "Kerak", "year": 1183, "month": 11, "day": 22, "date": "22 November-4 December 1183", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kerak, Jordan", "lat": 31.1801, "lon": 35.7048, "loc": "known", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Lordship of Kerak" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Reynald of Chatillon; Baldwin IV (relief)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin raised the siege when Baldwin IV's relief army approached; the wedding of Humphrey IV and Isabella was in progress inside.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Famous for the wedding of Humphrey IV and Isabella inside the castle: the lady of Kerak sent food from the feast to Saladin, who ordered the bridal tower spared. The siege was lifted on 4 December.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 917, "key": "n917", "name": "Kerak (siege, 1184)", "label": "Kerak", "year": 1184, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August-4 September 1184", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kerak, Jordan", "lat": 31.1801, "lon": 35.7048, "loc": "known", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Lordship of Kerak" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Reynald of Chatillon; Baldwin IV (relief)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saladin withdrew when the king's army marched to Kerak's relief.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "William of Tyre, Historia; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Second siege of Kerak under Saladin; the castle held and the relief army forced him to withdraw.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 918, "key": "1185-sialkot-siege-1185", "name": "Sialkot (siege, 1185)", "label": "Sialkot (siege, 1185)", "year": 1185, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1185", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid war in the Punjab", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Sialkot, Pakistan", "lat": 32.49, "lon": 74.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids of Lahore" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Khokhars" ], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Husain ibn Kharmil (garrison commander)", "commanders_b": "Khusrau Malik", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Ghaznavids of Lahore", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ghurid garrison of Sialkot under Husain ibn Kharmil, an Iranian lord of Guzgan; its make-up is not recorded (Turkic ghulams and Ghuri troops, by recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ghurid garrisons in the Punjab mixed Turkic ghulams with Persian-speaking Ghuri and Tajik soldiers; nothing specific is recorded for Sialkot.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khusrau Malik and the Khokhars failed to take the new Ghurid fort and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty, Siege of Lahore (1186), Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "The Muhammad of Ghor article calls Sialkot an unsuccessful Ghurid siege; the Ghurid battle list and the Siege of Lahore (1186) article make it a failed Ghaznavid-Khokhar siege of the Ghurid garrison, followed here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 919, "key": "n919", "name": "Mosul (siege, 1185-86)", "label": "Mosul", "year": 1185, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1185 (peace March 1186)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's war against the Zengids", "theatre": "", "place": "Mosul, Iraq", "lat": 36.335, "lon": 43.1189, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Zengids of Mosul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Izz al-Din Mas'ud of Mosul", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin fell ill, left the siege and accepted terms (Mosul became his vassal in March 1186).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (1982); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin)", "note": "The second siege; the end result was a treaty of vassalage with Mosul without capture of the city.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 920, "key": "1186-lahore-siege-1186", "name": "Lahore (siege, 1186)", "label": "Lahore (siege, 1186)", "year": 1186, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1186", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Ghaznavid war in the Punjab", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Lahore, Pakistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 74.31, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Ghaznavids of Lahore" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Husain ibn Kharmil", "commanders_b": "Khusrau Malik (captured), Malik Shah (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Ghaznavids of Lahore", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000 men under Mu'izz al-Din: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalaj and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Din's armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Khusrau Malik surrendered Lahore after a short siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Siege of Lahore (1186)", "note": "End of the Ghaznavid line: Khusrau Malik and his son were imprisoned in Gharjistan and later executed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 921, "key": "1187-nishapur-siege-1187", "name": "Nishapur (siege, 1187)", "label": "Nishapur (siege, 1187)", "year": 1187, "month": 3, "day": 27, "date": "27 March to about May 1187", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Khwarazmian conquest of Khorasan", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tekish" ], "side_b": [ "Mengli Tegin, atabeg of Sanjar Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mengli Tegin, atabeg of Sanjar Shah", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Din Tekish", "commanders_b": "Mengli Tegin (executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tekish's army of Qipchaq and Qangli Turkic cavalry with Khwarazmian troops; the defenders were Mengli Tegin's Turkic soldiers and the townsmen of Nishapur.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "East Iranian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Tekish's army was built on Qipchaq, Qangli and other steppe Turks, with Khwarazmian and Tajik soldiers in a smaller role.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nishapur fell to Tekish after a siege of about two months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ala al-Din Tekish", "note": "Nishapur had been ruled since 1157 by Mu'ayyid Ay-Aba and his heirs (Toghan Shah, Sanjar Shah); Tekish annexed it and sent Sanjar Shah to Gurganj.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Persian townsmen of Nishapur defending the city against Tekish's Turkic army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 922, "key": "n922", "name": "Cresson", "label": "Cresson", "year": 1187, "month": 5, "day": 1, "date": "1 May 1187", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Springs of Cresson, near Nazareth, Israel", "lat": 32.69, "lon": 35.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Templars", "Hospitallers" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muzaffar al-Din Gokboru (field commander); al-Afdal Ali (Saladin's son, nominal)", "commanders_b": "Roger des Moulins (killed); Gerard de Ridefort", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A force of about 7,000 Muslim horse destroyed some 140 knights and their infantry, killing the Hospitaller Master; the Templar Master escaped with a handful of men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ernoul; Wikipedia, Battle of Cresson", "note": "Qualifies as a raid led nominally by Saladin's son al-Afdal and ordered by Saladin; the field commander Gokboru was a Turk, so the leader basis is weaker than at Hattin.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 923, "key": "n923", "name": "Hattin", "label": "Hattin", "year": 1187, "month": 7, "day": 4, "date": "4 July 1187", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Horns of Hattin, near Tiberias, Israel", "lat": 32.8, "lon": 35.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Templars", "Hospitallers" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; Taqi al-Din Umar; al-Afdal Ali; Muzaffar al-Din Gokboru", "commanders_b": "Guy of Lusignan; Raymond III of Tripoli; Raynald of Chatillon (executed); Gerard de Ridefort", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Saladin's army surrounded and destroyed the Frankish field army, capturing the king and the True Cross.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, al-Fath al-Qussi; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Wikipedia, Battle of Hattin", "note": "Saladin's decisive victory; the siege of Tiberias (2-4 July) belongs with it and is not counted separately.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 924, "key": "n924", "name": "Tiberias (siege, 1187)", "label": "Tiberias", "year": 1187, "month": 7, "day": 2, "date": "2-3 July 1187 (two days before Hattin)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars; the Hattin campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tiberias, Israel", "lat": 32.79, "lon": 35.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Eschiva of Bures, countess of Tripoli (citadel)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin's troops broke into the town on 2 July; the citadel held on briefly, which drew the Frankish army out to Hattin (Ibn al-Athir; Eracles).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Imad al-Din al-Isfahani; Eracles; Wikipedia 'Battle of Hattin'", "note": "Saladin was a Kurd of the Rawwadid family of Dvin, ruling Arabs, Turks and Kurds. The Tiberias episode is the opening move of the Hattin campaign; Hattin itself is already listed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 925, "key": "n925", "name": "Ascalon (siege, 1187)", "label": "Ascalon", "year": 1187, "month": 8, "day": 23, "date": "23 August-5 September 1187", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ascalon, Israel", "lat": 31.6667, "lon": 34.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Garrison of Ascalon (ordered to surrender by King Guy)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ascalon surrendered after a hard siege when the captured King Guy ordered its handing over.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "The surrender was ordered by the captive King Guy in return for promises of freedom.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 926, "key": "n926", "name": "Jerusalem (siege, 1187)", "label": "Jerusalem", "year": 1187, "month": 9, "day": 20, "date": "20 September-2 October 1187", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jerusalem", "lat": 31.7767, "lon": 35.2345, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel/Palestine", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Balian of Ibelin", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "After a breach in the north wall Balian negotiated a surrender and Saladin entered on 2 October.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, al-Fath al-Qussi; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Defended chiefly by townsmen and refugees under Balian; the surrender was a ransom treaty.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 927, "key": "n927", "name": "Kerak (siege, 1187-88)", "label": "Kerak", "year": 1187, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "from November 1187; fell about November 1188", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kerak, Jordan", "lat": 31.1801, "lon": 35.7048, "loc": "known", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Lordship of Kerak" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Adil; Saladin", "commanders_b": "Garrison of Kerak", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The castle held out for about a year and surrendered through famine.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Date of capitulation (c. November 1188) is approximate in the sources.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 928, "key": "n928", "name": "Tyre (siege, 1187-88)", "label": "Tyre", "year": 1187, "month": 11, "day": 12, "date": "12 November 1187-1 January 1188", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tyre, Lebanon", "lat": 33.2705, "lon": 35.2038, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders at Tyre" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Conrad of Montferrat", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin lifted the siege on 1 January 1188 after Conrad's sorties and the loss of his fleet in a naval action on 30 December.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Saladin's chief failure of 1187; Tyre became the base of the Third Crusade.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 929, "key": "n929", "name": "Montreal (Shawbak, siege, 1188-1189)", "label": "Montreal", "year": 1188, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1188 to May 1189 (a siege of about a year)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars; reduction of the Transjordan castles)", "theatre": "", "place": "Montreal (Shawbak), Jordan", "lat": 30.53, "lon": 35.56, "loc": "known", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Lordship of Oultrejourdain" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin and al-Adil", "commanders_b": "the garrison (commander not recorded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The starving garrison surrendered in 1189 (Ibn Shaddad; Wikipedia 'Montreal (Shobak)').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn Shaddad, Nawadir; Ibn al-Athir; Wikipedia 'Montreal (castle)'", "note": "Saladin and his brother al-Adil were Kurds ruling Egypt and Syria. Kerak and Montreal were the Frankish castles that cut the road from Egypt to Damascus; Kerak's sieges are already listed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 930, "key": "n930", "name": "Saone (siege, 1188)", "label": "Saone", "year": 1188, "month": 7, "day": 12, "date": "12-29 July 1188", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Saone (Qal'at Salah al-Din, Sahyun), Syria", "lat": 35.5878, "lon": 36.0414, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Principality of Antioch" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Garrison of Saone", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saladin's mangonels took the lower castle and the garrison surrendered on 29 July.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh", "note": "One of the castles taken in Saladin's 1188 northern campaign (Latakia, Saone, Bourzey).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 931, "key": "n931", "name": "Belvoir (siege, 1188-89)", "label": "Belvoir", "year": 1188, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "from late 1188; surrendered about 5 January 1189", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Belvoir (Kaukab al-Hawa), Israel", "lat": 32.5967, "lon": 35.5281, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Hospitallers" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Hospitaller garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison, after a long siege with mining, surrendered on terms in early January 1189.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "The last major fortress of Galilee to fall to Saladin.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 932, "key": "n932", "name": "Safed (siege, 1188)", "label": "Safed", "year": 1188, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November-6 December 1188", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Safed (Saphet), Israel", "lat": 32.9646, "lon": 35.496, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Templars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Templar garrison of Safed", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a month's bombardment the Templars surrendered on terms.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh", "note": "Part of Saladin's reduction of the remaining Galilean castles.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 933, "key": "n933", "name": "Acre (siege, 1189-91)", "label": "Acre", "year": 1189, "month": 8, "day": 28, "date": "28 August 1189-12 July 1191", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Acre, Israel", "lat": 32.9211, "lon": 35.0687, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; al-Adil; Taqi al-Din; Baha' al-Din Qaraqush (garrison)", "commanders_b": "Guy of Lusignan; Philip II of France; Richard I of England; Conrad of Montferrat", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Acre capitulated to the Crusaders on 12 July 1191 after a two-year siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, al-Fath al-Qussi; Itinerarium Peregrinorum; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "The Ayyubid relief army under Saladin besieged the besiegers for two years; Qualifies by Saladin's command and Ayyubid princes (al-Adil, Taqi al-Din) in the field.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 934, "key": "n934", "name": "Acre (battle, 4 October 1189)", "label": "Acre", "year": 1189, "month": 10, "day": 4, "date": "4 October 1189", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Tell al-Ayyadiyya, outside Acre, Israel", "lat": 32.9211, "lon": 35.0687, "loc": "approx", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders at Acre" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; Taqi al-Din; al-Adil", "commanders_b": "Guy of Lusignan; Gerard de Ridefort (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Frankish attack on Saladin's camp was repulsed after initial success and the Templar Master was killed, but the siege lines remained.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Itinerarium Peregrinorum; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "The first big battle of the Acre siege; the field was held by Saladin but the Crusaders kept their siege lines.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 935, "key": "n935", "name": "Beaufort (siege, 1189-90)", "label": "Beaufort", "year": 1189, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "late 1189-22 April 1190 (approx.)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Saladin's wars (Ayyubid-Crusader wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Beaufort (Qal'at al-Shaqif), Lebanon", "lat": 33.3189, "lon": 35.5203, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Lordship of Sidon" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin", "commanders_b": "Reynald of Sidon", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Reynald of Sidon's stalling failed and the castle fell to Saladin's forces in April 1190.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh; Wikipedia, Beaufort Castle", "note": "Dates are approximate; Reynald was arrested for his ruse.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 936, "key": "1190-marw-al-rudh-1190", "name": "Marw al-Rudh (1190)", "label": "Marw al-Rudh (1190)", "year": 1190, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1190", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars (Sultan Shah)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "on the Murghab near Marw al-Rudh (Bala Murghab), Afghanistan", "lat": 35.6, "lon": 63.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghiyath al-Din and Mu'izz al-Din, with the rulers of Bamiyan and Sistan" ], "side_b": [ "Sultan Shah, Khwarazmian ruler of Merv" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghiyath al-Din and Mu'izz al-Din (Ghurids), with the rulers of Bamiyan and Sistan", "faction_b": "Sultan Shah, Khwarazmian ruler of Merv", "commanders_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Sultan Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The combined Ghurid armies of Firuzkuh and Ghazni with the Bamiyan Ghurids and the Nasrid malik of Sistan: Turkic ghulams, Ghuri troops and Sistani contingents; Sultan Shah had Turkic troops of Merv.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ghuri and Sistani contingents were Persian-speaking; the Ghurid cavalry core was Turkic ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sultan Shah was defeated on the Murghab and fled to Merv; the Ghurids annexed most of his Khorasan lands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Juvayni; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Battle of Merv), Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Muhammad of Ghor, Ala al-Din Tekish", "note": "Listed as 'Battle of Merv' (1190) in Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles; the Muhammad of Ghor article puts it on the Murghab and also gives 1192. Sultan Shah, Tekish's brother, ruled Merv, Sarakhs and Tus as a rival Khwarazmshah.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 937, "key": "1191-tabarhindah-siege-1191", "name": "Tabarhindah (siege, 1191)", "label": "Tabarhindah (siege, 1191)", "year": 1191, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1191-1192 (thirteen months, after the first battle of Tarain)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Tabarhindah (Bathinda), Punjab, India", "lat": 30.21, "lon": 74.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "commanders_b": "Qazi Zia al-Din Tulaki", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Ghurid garrison of about 2,000 under Qazi Zia al-Din Tulaki; its make-up is not recorded (Turkic and Tajik soldiers, by recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Persian-speaking qazi commanded; the garrison was presumably the usual Ghurid mix of Turkic ghulams and Tajik and Ghuri soldiers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurid garrison surrendered the fort after holding out for thirteen months.", "borderline": "No separate article; described in the Tarain and Muhammad of Ghor articles.", "doubt": "Borderline: No separate article; described in the Tarain and Muhammad of Ghor articles.", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia First Battle of Tarain, Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "Tabarhindah is usually identified with Bathinda (some prefer Sirhind). Mu'izz al-Din had taken it shortly before the first battle of Tarain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 938, "key": "1191-tarain-1191", "name": "Tarain (1191)", "label": "Tarain (1191)", "year": 1191, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1191 (14 January in some modern accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "Tarain (Taraori), near Karnal, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.78, "lon": 76.94, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prithviraj Chauhan, Govind Rai (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (wounded), Qutb al-Din Aibak, Bahauddin Tughril", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's cavalry army: mounted Turkic ghulam archers with Ghuri, Khalji and Afghan emirs and their men (Juzjani names the Ghurid, Khalji and Afghan emirs who fled); a Khalji horseman carried the wounded sultan away.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Juzjani names Ghurid (Persian-speaking), Khalji (Turkic) and Afghan (Pashto) emirs beside the Turkic slave archers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (100,000 cavalry per Roy, an unreliable figure)", "strength_b": "unknown (outnumbered)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Chahamana counter-attack drove the Ghurids off after Mu'izz al-Din was wounded and carried away; the Rajputs held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; Hasan Nizami; Firishta; en.wikipedia First Battle of Tarain", "note": "Wikipedia title: 'First Battle of Tarain'. The Chahamanas of Shakambhari (Prithviraj III) with allied Rajput chiefs.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 939, "key": "n939", "name": "Arsuf", "label": "Arsuf", "year": 1191, "month": 9, "day": 7, "date": "7 September 1191", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Arsuf (Apollonia), Israel", "lat": 32.2, "lon": 34.82, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; al-Adil; Taqi al-Din", "commanders_b": "Richard I; Robert of Leicester; James of Avesnes (killed)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Richard's counter-charge routed the Muslim army, which withdrew with the road to Jaffa open.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, al-Fath al-Qussi; Itinerarium Peregrinorum; Ambroise; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Saladin tried to break up the crusader column on its march to Jaffa and lost the field.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 940, "key": "1192-tarain-1192", "name": "Tarain (1192)", "label": "Tarain (1192)", "year": 1192, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1192", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "Tarain (Taraori), near Karnal, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.78, "lon": 76.94, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Qutb al-Din Aibak, Taj al-Din Yildiz, Nasir al-Din Qubacha, Husain ibn Kharmil, Kharbak, Mukalba, Ilah", "commanders_b": "Prithviraj Chauhan (captured), Govind Rai (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army of 120,000 armoured men (Minhaj): 40,000 elite horse under the sultan, 10,000 mounted archers in four divisions and a reserve of 12,000, with the commands of the Turkic slave generals Aibak, Yildiz and Qubacha and of the Ghazni lords Kharbak, Kharmil, Ilah and Mukalba, and Khalji and Afghan troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The striking arm was Turkic slave cavalry, but the Ghurid lords' contingents, Tajiks and Afghans brought many Iranian-language speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "120,000 (Minhaj al-Siraj)", "strength_b": "300,000 and 3,000 elephants (Firishta; exaggerated)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 100,000 (Hasan Nizami)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Ghurid dawn attacks and feigned retreats broke the Rajput army, which fled; Prithviraj was captured near Sursuti.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; Hasan Nizami, Taj al-Ma'athir; Firishta; en.wikipedia Second Battle of Tarain", "note": "Wikipedia title: 'Second Battle of Tarain'. It opened northern India to the Ghurids; Prithviraj was later executed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 941, "key": "n941", "name": "Jaffa (1192)", "label": "Jaffa", "year": 1192, "month": 7, "day": 27, "date": "27 July-5 August 1192", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Jaffa, Israel", "lat": 32.0537, "lon": 34.7508, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saladin; al-Adil; al-Afdal", "commanders_b": "Richard I; Henry of Champagne", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Saladin stormed Jaffa on 28 July but Richard's relief force retook it and repulsed a Muslim surprise attack on 5 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (Life of Saladin); Itinerarium Peregrinorum; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "The final battle of the Third Crusade, fought shortly before the Treaty of Ramla; Richard's small force repulsed Saladin's army.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 942, "key": "1192-bagar", "name": "Bagar", "label": "Bagar", "year": 1192, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1192", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India (rebellion of Jatwan)", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "Bagar (Jhunjhunu), Rajasthan, India", "lat": 28.18, "lon": 75.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutb al-Din Aibak", "commanders_b": "Jatwan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Aibak's Ghurid army in India: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri and Khalji contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Aibak's armies were led by Turkic ghulams but drew on Ghuri, Tajik and Afghan soldiers as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jatwan raised his siege of Hansi, was beaten near Bagar and was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hasan Nizami; en.wikipedia Rebellion of Jatwan, List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Battle of Bagar)", "note": "Includes the relief of Hansi, where Jatwan, a former Chahamana subordinate, had besieged the Ghurid commander Nasrat al-Din.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 943, "key": "1194-ajmer-1194", "name": "Ajmer (1194)", "label": "Ajmer (1194)", "year": 1194, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1194 (or 1195)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Rajasthan", "place": "Ajmer, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 26.45, "lon": 74.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutb al-Din Aibak", "commanders_b": "Hariraja (Chahamana; died on a pyre)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Aibak's Ghurid army in India: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri and Khalji contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Aibak's armies were led by Turkic ghulams but drew on Ghuri, Tajik and Afghan soldiers as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Aibak defeated Hariraja, who burned himself, and the Ghurids reoccupied Ajmer.", "borderline": "No separate article; listed in Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles.", "doubt": "Borderline: No separate article; listed in Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles.", "sources": "Hasan Nizami; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Battle of Ajmer), Muhammad of Ghor, Battle of Kasahrada (1197)", "note": "Hariraja, Prithviraj's brother, had driven out the Ghurid vassal Govindaraja IV.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 944, "key": "1194-chandawar", "name": "Chandawar", "label": "Chandawar", "year": 1194, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1194", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "Chandawar (Chandwar), near Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.11, "lon": 78.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Qutb al-Din Aibak", "commanders_b": "Jayachandra (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army of 50,000 horsemen with Aibak's vanguard: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalji and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Din's armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "50,000 horse", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The battle was hotly contested until Jayachandra was killed and his army routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hasan Nizami; Juzjani; en.wikipedia Battle of Chandawar, Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "The Gahadavalas of Kannauj and Varanasi. Some date it to winter 1193-94.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 945, "key": "1195-shamkor", "name": "Shamkor", "label": "Shamkor", "year": 1195, "month": 6, "day": 1, "date": "1 June 1195", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Seljuk wars (Georgian intervention in the Eldiguzid succession)", "theatre": "Arran (southern Caucasus)", "place": "Shamkor (Shamkir), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 46.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Eldiguzids" ], "allies_a": [ "Shirvan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eldiguzids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "David Soslan", "commanders_b": "Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abu Bakr's Eldiguzid army of Azerbaijan and Arran, reinforced by his client Muslim emirs: Turkic mamluks and Turkmen cavalry with Kurdish and local troops (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Eldiguzid armies were Turkic mamluks and Turkmen tribesmen, with Kurdish and Iranian auxiliaries in a smaller role.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "about 80,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Soslan's flank march broke Abu Bakr's army, which fled to Ganja; the Georgians took Shamkor and then Ganja.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles (Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns); en.wikipedia Battle of Shamkor, Georgian-Seljuk wars", "note": "Abu Bakr's brother Amir Amiran (Mihran) sided with Georgia and the Shirvanshah; the Georgians took the caliph's standard. Some accounts date the battle to the early 1190s.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Georgian army was commanded by Queen Tamar's consort David Soslan, an Ossetian (Alan) prince of the Bagatar royal family (Georgian Chronicle of Queen Tamar; Wikipedia, Battle of Shamkor, for his command).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 946, "key": "1196-ajmer-siege-1196", "name": "Ajmer (siege, 1196)", "label": "Ajmer (siege, 1196)", "year": 1196, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1195-96", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Rajasthan", "place": "Ajmer, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 26.45, "lon": 74.64, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutb al-Din Aibak", "commanders_b": "the Mer chiefs, with Bhima II's Chaulukyas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Aibak's Ghurid troops in Ajmer, relieved by an army sent by Mu'izz al-Din: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri and Khalji contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Aibak's armies were led by Turkic ghulams but drew on Ghuri, Tajik and Afghan soldiers as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A relief army from Ghazni reached Ajmer and the besiegers withdrew.", "borderline": "No separate article; described in the Battle of Kasahrada (1197) article.", "doubt": "Borderline: No separate article; described in the Battle of Kasahrada (1197) article.", "sources": "Hasan Nizami; Firishta; en.wikipedia Battle of Kasahrada (1197)", "note": "The Mers had driven the Ghurid garrison out of the Ajmer country while Aibak was in Delhi.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 947, "key": "1196-bayana-siege", "name": "Bayana (siege)", "label": "Bayana (siege)", "year": 1196, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1195-96", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Rajasthan", "place": "Thangir (Tahangarh) near Bayana, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 26.91, "lon": 77.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Qutb al-Din Aibak, Bahauddin Tughril", "commanders_b": "Kumarapala (Jadaun)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army with Aibak's: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalji and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mu'izz al-Din's armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kumarapala surrendered the fort and Bayana was put under Bahauddin Tughril.", "borderline": "No separate article; listed in Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles.", "doubt": "Borderline: No separate article; listed in Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles.", "sources": "Hasan Nizami; Juzjani; en.wikipedia List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Siege of Bayana), Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 948, "key": "n948", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1196)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 1196, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1195-96; al-Afdal gave up Damascus in 1196", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid succession war (sons of Saladin v. al-Adil)", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5138, "lon": 36.2765, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids of Damascus" ], "allies_a": [ "al-Adil" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt v Ayyubids of Damascus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "faction_b": "Ayyubids of Damascus", "commanders_a": "al-Aziz Uthman; al-Adil", "commanders_b": "al-Afdal Ali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Adil allied with al-Aziz, took Damascus and let al-Afdal retire to Salkhad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Wikipedia, Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din (fetched)", "note": "A war inside the Ayyubid family, with Ayyubid princes leading both sides; sources differ on how much fighting there was before the settlement. Exact dates are uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 949, "key": "1196-gwalior-siege-1196", "name": "Gwalior (siege, 1196)", "label": "Gwalior (siege, 1196)", "year": 1196, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1196", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Central India", "place": "Gwalior fort, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 78.17, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Qutb al-Din Aibak, Bahauddin Tughril", "commanders_b": "Sulakshanapala", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Aibak's and Tughril's Ghurid forces: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri and Khalji troops (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Aibak's armies were led by Turkic ghulams but drew on Ghuri, Tajik and Afghan soldiers as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a long siege Sulakshanapala surrendered and accepted Ghurid rule (Wikipedia: Gwalior annexed).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Firishta; en.wikipedia Siege of Gwalior (1196), Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "Kachchhapaghata (Parihar) ruler. Some accounts have the raja only pay tribute in 1196 and hand over the fort in 1200 after Tughril's blockade; if so the 1196 siege was a draw.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 950, "key": "1197-kasahrada-1197", "name": "Kasahrada (1197)", "label": "Kasahrada (1197)", "year": 1197, "month": 2, "day": 4, "date": "4 February 1197", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Rajasthan and Gujarat", "place": "Kasahrada (Kayadara), at the foot of Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 24.57, "lon": 72.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutb al-Din Aibak, Asad al-Din Arslan Qulij, Jahan Pahlavan, Nasir al-Din Husain", "commanders_b": "Bhima II's commanders: Jayatasimha (killed), Dharavarsha, Prahladana", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Aibak's Indian army reinforced from Ghazna: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Khalji and Ghuri contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Aibak's armies were led by Turkic ghulams but drew on Ghuri, Tajik and Afghan soldiers as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (outnumbered)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "50,000 killed and 20,000 enslaved (Hasan Nizami); 15,000 killed (Firishta)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Rajputs came down into the plain and the Ghurid cavalry routed them; Aibak then sacked Anhilwara.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hasan Nizami, Taj al-Ma'athir; Firishta; en.wikipedia Battle of Kasahrada (1197)", "note": "Chaulukyas with Paramara and Naddula Chahamana allies. Wikipedia title: 'Battle of Kasahrada (1197)'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 951, "key": "n951", "name": "Jaffa (1197)", "label": "Jaffa", "year": 1197, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1197", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "German Crusade of 1197", "theatre": "", "place": "Jaffa, Israel", "lat": 32.0537, "lon": 34.7508, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Adil", "commanders_b": "Henry of Champagne (died during the siege); garrison of Jaffa", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Adil took Jaffa by storm before the German crusaders arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977); Wikipedia, Al-Adil I (fetched)", "note": "Henry of Champagne fell from a window to his death in the same days. The date within September 1197 is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 952, "key": "n952", "name": "Toron (siege, 1197-98)", "label": "Toron", "year": 1197, "month": 11, "day": 28, "date": "28 November 1197-2 February 1198", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "German Crusade of 1197", "theatre": "", "place": "Toron (Tibnin), Lebanon", "lat": 33.2003, "lon": 35.4006, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "German Crusaders and Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Adil (relief force); garrison of Toron", "commanders_b": "Henry of Brabant; Conrad of Querfurt", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Crusaders raised the siege when al-Adil's relief army approached and news came of the death of Henry VI.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977); Wikipedia, Al-Adil I (fetched); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Date-range as given in standard accounts of the German Crusade.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 953, "key": "1198-guzgan-1198", "name": "Guzgan (1198)", "label": "Guzgan (1198)", "year": 1198, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1198", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Qara Khitai conflicts", "theatre": "Tokharistan (northern Afghanistan)", "place": "Guzgan (Juzjan), northern Afghanistan", "lat": 36.7, "lon": 65.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Kara-Khitai" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Ghurid amirs of Guzgan and Balkh, for Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Kara-Khitai", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Ghurid forces of Guzgan and Balkh (Husain ibn Kharmil's lordship): Turkic ghulams with Ghuri and local Tajik troops (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Provincial Ghurid forces in Guzgan were raised from local Persian-speaking lords and their men alongside Turkic ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown ('huge')", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurids routed a large Qara Khitai army that had invaded Guzgan.", "borderline": "No conventional name; a pitched battle in Juzjani and Juvayni.", "doubt": "Borderline: No conventional name; a pitched battle in Juzjani and Juvayni.", "sources": "Juzjani; Juvayni; en.wikipedia Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Ala al-Din Tekish", "note": "The Qara Khitai invaded at Tekish's request; the Ghurids took Balkh the same year.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 954, "key": "1199-arslan-gusha-siege", "name": "Arslan-Gusha (siege)", "label": "Arslan-Gusha (siege)", "year": 1199, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1199", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Khwarazmian-Nizari war", "theatre": "Jibal (Persian Iraq)", "place": "Arslan-Gusha (Qahira), near Qazvin, Iran (site unidentified)", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tekish" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis of Alamut" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis of Alamut", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Din Tekish", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tekish's Khwarazmian army (Qipchaq and Qangli Turkic troops); the defenders were Nizari garrison troops of the Alamut state.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Tekish's army drew on Qipchaq, Qangli and Uran Turks; Iranian troops were a small part.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell to Tekish after a four-month siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ala al-Din Tekish", "note": "Wikipedia's Tekish article also says he attacked Alamut the same year without success (not listed here).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari garrison troops of the Alamut state defending Arslan-Gusha against Tekish.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 955, "key": "n955", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1199)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 1199, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1199 (spring to December 1199)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid succession war (sons of Saladin v. al-Adil)", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5138, "lon": 36.2765, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Damascus" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt and Aleppo" ], "allies_a": [ "al-Kamil" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Damascus v Ayyubids of Egypt and Aleppo", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids of Damascus", "faction_b": "Ayyubids of Egypt and Aleppo", "commanders_a": "al-Adil; al-Kamil", "commanders_b": "al-Afdal Ali; al-Zahir Ghazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Adil split the brothers' vassals and the siege ended when al-Kamil's reinforcements arrived in December 1199.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Al-Adil I (fetched); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Ayyubid princes led both sides; al-Adil prevailed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 956, "key": "1200-sack-of-magadha", "name": "Sack of Magadha", "label": "Sack of Magadha", "year": 1200, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1200 (1199-1200 or 1202-1203, disputed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India (Bakhtiyar Khalji in Bihar)", "theatre": "Bihar and Bengal", "place": "Odantapuri (Bihar Sharif), Bihar, India", "lat": 25.2, "lon": 85.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji", "commanders_b": "the ruler of Odantapuri (unnamed; killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Bakhtiyar Khalji's band of Khalaj and other Muslim horsemen from Awadh, about 200 at the start.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Bakhtiyar's followers were mainly Khalaj, a Turkic people of the Garmsir, with some Tajik and Afghan adventurers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 200", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bakhtiyar took the fortified monastery of Odantapuri and defeated and killed its ruler in the field outside.", "borderline": "Bakhtiyar acted largely on his own as a Ghurid officer under Aibak; a raid on a fortified monastery.", "doubt": "Borderline: Bakhtiyar acted largely on his own as a Ghurid officer under Aibak; a raid on a fortified monastery.", "sources": "Juzjani; Taranatha; en.wikipedia Sack of Magadha", "note": "The destruction of Nalanda and Vikramashila attributed to Bakhtiyar is disputed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 957, "key": "1200-turshiz-siege", "name": "Turshiz (siege)", "label": "Turshiz (siege)", "year": 1200, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1199-1200 (a four-month siege that ended in 1200)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Khwarazmian-Nizari war", "theatre": "Quhistan", "place": "Turshiz (near Kashmar), Iran", "lat": 35.24, "lon": 58.46, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qutb al-Din Muhammad, for Tekish" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis of Quhistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis of Quhistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutb al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qutb al-Din Muhammad's Khwarazmian army (Turkic cavalry and Khorasani troops); the defenders were the Nizari garrison of Quhistan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khwarazmian field armies were mainly Qipchaq and Qangli Turks.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended in a truce, the Nizaris paying 100,000 dinars, with the fort still untaken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Ala al-Din Tekish, Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "note": "Muhammad broke off the siege on hearing of Tekish's death (July 1200); the Tekish article dates it 1199.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari garrison of Quhistan defending Turshiz against Qutb al-Din Muhammad's Khwarazmian army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 958, "key": "n958", "name": "Bilbeis (1200)", "label": "Bilbeis", "year": 1200, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "between December 1199 and 17 February 1200", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayyubid succession war (sons of Saladin v. al-Adil)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bilbeis, eastern Delta, Egypt", "lat": 30.4199, "lon": 31.5611, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Damascus" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Damascus v Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids of Damascus", "faction_b": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "commanders_a": "al-Adil", "commanders_b": "al-Afdal Ali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Adil pursued al-Afdal into Egypt and defeated him at Bilbeis; al-Afdal fled to Cairo and gave up Egypt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Al-Adil I (fetched); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Ayyubid princes on both sides; al-Adil proclaimed himself Sultan on 17 February 1200.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 959, "key": "n959", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1201)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 1201, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1200-1201 (approx.)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid succession war (sons of Saladin v. al-Adil)", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5138, "lon": 36.2765, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "al-Afdal Ali", "al-Zahir Ghazi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids v al-Afdal Ali", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids", "faction_b": "al-Afdal Ali, al-Zahir Ghazi", "commanders_a": "al-Adil", "commanders_b": "al-Afdal Ali; al-Zahir Ghazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Quarrels between al-Afdal and al-Zahir broke up the siege and al-Adil retained Damascus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Al-Adil I (fetched); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "The last attempt by Saladin's sons to retake Damascus; exact dates uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 960, "key": "1201-nishapur-ghurid-siege-1201", "name": "Nishapur (Ghurid siege, 1201)", "label": "Nishapur (Ghurid siege, 1201)", "year": 1201, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1201 (fell about 7 April after a few days; Ghurid list: 1200/1)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars (Ghurid conquest of Khorasan)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ghiyath al-Din and Mu'izz al-Din" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghiyath al-Din and Mu'izz al-Din (Ghurids)", "faction_b": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm (garrison under Taj al-Din Ali Shah)", "commanders_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Taj al-Din Ali Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The combined Ghurid armies of Ghiyath al-Din and Mu'izz al-Din, with war elephants brought from India: Turkic ghulams, Ghuri and Afghan contingents (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Khwarazmian garrison surrendered Nishapur after a few days' siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Muhammad II of Khwarazm, Ghurid conquest of Khorasan, List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty (Battle of Nishapur)", "note": "Part of the Ghurid conquest of Khorasan (1200-1201), in which Merv, Sarakhs and Tus also fell.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 961, "key": "1201-nishapur-khwarazmian-siege-1201", "name": "Nishapur (Khwarazmian siege, 1201)", "label": "Nishapur (Khwarazmian siege, 1201)", "year": 1201, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September-November 1201", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurid garrison under Diya al-Din Muhammad al-Ghuri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurid garrison under Diya al-Din Muhammad al-Ghuri", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad II", "commanders_b": "Diya al-Din Muhammad al-Ghuri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Muhammad II's Khwarazmian army of Qipchaq and Qangli Turkic cavalry with Khorasani troops; the defenders were the Ghurid garrison of Ghuri and Turkic soldiers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "East Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Muhammad II's armies rested on Qipchaq and Qangli Turks; Iranian troops were a smaller element.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurid garrison surrendered after a two-month siege and the walls were razed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "note": "Muhammad retook Merv the same month.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ghurid garrison of Nishapur under Diya al-Din Muhammad al-Ghuri against Muhammad II's Turkic army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 962, "key": "1202-herat-siege-1202", "name": "Herat (siege, 1202)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1202)", "year": 1202, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1202 (some accounts 1201)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurid garrison of Herat, relieved by Husain ibn Kharmil" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghurid garrison of Herat, relieved by Husain ibn Kharmil", "faction_b": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "commanders_a": "Umar al-Marghani, Alp Ghazi, Husain ibn Kharmil", "commanders_b": "Muhammad II", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Ghurid garrison of Herat under Umar al-Marghani and Alp Ghazi, with Husain ibn Kharmil's field force from Guzgan (Turkic ghulams and Ghuri and Tajik troops, by recruitment).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid forces in Khorasan were led by Iranian lords such as Kharmil and al-Marghani alongside Turkic ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Muhammad lifted the siege of Herat, and Ibn Kharmil destroyed a Khwarazmian detachment.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "note": "In the spring of 1202 Mu'izz al-Din fought Muhammad near Merv with heavy losses on both sides (not listed separately).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 963, "key": "1202-kalinjar-siege-1203", "name": "Kalinjar (siege, 1203)", "label": "Kalinjar (siege, 1203)", "year": 1202, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1202 to 12 April 1203 (some scholars date the fall to 1202)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India", "theatre": "Central India (Bundelkhand)", "place": "Kalinjar fort, Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.0, "lon": 80.48, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutb al-Din Aibak, Iltutmish", "commanders_b": "Paramardi (Paramardivarman), Ajayadeva", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Aibak's 'huge army' with Iltutmish: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri and Khalji troops (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Aibak's armies were led by Turkic ghulams but drew on Ghuri, Tajik and Afghan soldiers as well.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (a 'huge army')", "strength_b": "unknown (smaller)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "With its reservoirs dry, the garrison surrendered the fort on terms and withdrew to Ajaigarh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hasan Nizami, Taj al-Ma'athir; Firishta; en.wikipedia Siege of Kalinjar (1203)", "note": "The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. The Taj al-Ma'athir claims 50,000 people were enslaved; Kalpi and Mahoba also fell.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 964, "key": "n964", "name": "Basiani", "label": "Basiani", "year": 1203, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "About 1203 (scholars range 1202-1204; Ibn Bibi gives 598 AH, 1201-02)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Seljuk wars of Queen Tamar", "theatre": "", "place": "Basiani valley, near modern Pasinler, east of Erzurum (Turkey)", "lat": 39.99, "lon": 41.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Sultanate of Rum" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Emirs of Erzincan and Erzurum" ], "persian_state": "Kingdom of Georgia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "David Soslan (commander of the army); Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli (vanguard); Ivane Mkhargrdzeli", "commanders_b": "Suleiman II (Rukn al-Din)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Georgian Chronicle: the Georgians routed the sultan, who fell back on Erzurum, and took the Emir of Erzincan prisoner.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Georgian Chronicle of Queen Tamar; Ibn Bibi; Rayfield (2012); Mikaberidze; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Basian; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Soslan", "note": "As at Shamkor, the Iranian element is the commander David Soslan, an Alan (Ossetian) prince; no Alan unit is named.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 965, "key": "1204-gurganj-siege-1204", "name": "Gurganj (siege, 1204)", "label": "Gurganj (siege, 1204)", "year": 1204, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1204 (summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars (Mu'izz al-Din's invasion of Khwarazm)", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Gurganj (Konye-Urgench), Turkmenistan", "lat": 42.33, "lon": 59.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm and Terken Khatun" ], "side_b": [ "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad" ], "allies_a": [ "Kara-Khitai", "Qarakhanids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm and Terken Khatun", "faction_b": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (Ghurids)", "commanders_a": "Muhammad II, Terken Khatun, Shihab al-Din al-Khivaqi; relief under Tayangu, Uthman ibn Ibrahim and Taj al-Din Bilge Khan", "commanders_b": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Husain ibn Kharmil", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Gurganj's defenders: the citizen militia raised by Terken Khatun and the Shafi'i leader Shihab al-Din al-Khivaqi (70,000 claimed) and the Khwarazmshah's Turkic troops; the relief army was Qara Khitai and Qarakhanid.", "languages": [ "East Iranian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources stress the townsmen's militia of Gurganj, who spoke Khwarazmian, beside the Khwarazmshah's Qipchaq and Qangli troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 40,000 with a militia of 70,000 (claimed); Qara Khitai relief 10,000-40,000", "strength_b": "at least 30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mu'izz al-Din abandoned the siege when the Qara Khitai relief army approached.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Siege of Gurganj (1204)", "note": "Civil because the Khwarazmshah's own forces held Gurganj; the Qara Khitai and Uthman of Samarkand came as allies.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 966, "key": "1204-kakadadaha", "name": "Kakadadaha", "label": "Kakadadaha", "year": 1204, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1204 or 1205", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India (Chandela recovery)", "theatre": "Central India (Bundelkhand)", "place": "Kakadadaha, Bundelkhand (site unidentified), India", "lat": 25.0, "lon": 80.4, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Trailokyavarman (Chandela)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Ghurid forces of the Kalinjar region; nothing is recorded (Turkic ghulams and their Ghuri and Khalji followers, by recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ghurid garrison forces in India mixed Turkic ghulams with Persian-speaking soldiers; nothing specific is recorded here.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Chandela inscription records Trailokyavarman's victory over the 'Turushkas' at Kakadadaha.", "borderline": "Known only from a Chandela copper-plate inscription; no Persian-language source mentions it.", "doubt": "Borderline: Known only from a Chandela copper-plate inscription; no Persian-language source mentions it.", "sources": "Garra copper-plate inscription; Ajaygarh inscription of Viravarman; en.wikipedia Trailokyavarman, List of wars involving Iran (before 1979)", "note": "Wikipedia's list of Iranian wars dates it 1205. Trailokyavarman's recovery of Kalinjar rests on the same inscriptions.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 967, "key": "1204-nadia", "name": "Nadia", "label": "Nadia", "year": 1204, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1204 (1201-1205, disputed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid conquest of Bengal", "theatre": "Bihar and Bengal", "place": "Nadia (Nabadwip), West Bengal, India", "lat": 23.41, "lon": 88.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji", "commanders_b": "Lakshmana Sena", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Bakhtiyar Khalji's Khalaj and Turkic horsemen; he rode in with 18 men disguised as horse dealers while the main body waited in a nearby forest.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Bakhtiyar's army was mainly Khalaj (Turkic) cavalry with some Tajik and Afghan followers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "18 horsemen in the raid, the main army nearby", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bakhtiyar's raiders seized the palace, Lakshmana Sena fled east, and the Ghurid army held Nadia.", "borderline": "Bakhtiyar acted largely on his own as a Ghurid officer; a raid on a capital rather than a pitched battle.", "doubt": "Borderline: Bakhtiyar acted largely on his own as a Ghurid officer; a raid on a capital rather than a pitched battle.", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Ghurid conquest of Bengal", "note": "Sena kingdom. Wikipedia title: 'Ghurid conquest of Bengal'; a footnote there identifies Nadiya with Naoda in Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Bakhtiyar then made Lakhnauti his capital.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 968, "key": "1204-qarasu", "name": "Qarasu", "label": "Qarasu", "year": 1204, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1204 (spring or summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars (Mu'izz al-Din's invasion of Khwarazm)", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "the Qarasu canal, east of Gurganj, Turkmenistan", "lat": 42.25, "lon": 59.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm, with Uthman of Samarkand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Qarakhanids" ], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (Ghurids)", "faction_b": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm, with Uthman of Samarkand", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Muhammad II, Uthman ibn Ibrahim", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's invasion army with war elephants: Turkic ghulam cavalry, Ghuri, Khalji and Afghan contingents and Indian troops (recruitment); the Khwarazmians had Qipchaq and Qangli Turks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "140,000 and 400 elephants (Wikipedia infobox; implausible)", "strength_b": "about 70,000", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurids won a costly fight at the canal and the Khwarazmshah fell back on Gurganj.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Qarasu, Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "note": "Called a Pyrrhic Ghurid victory; the Ghurids killed their Khwarazmian prisoners. The Khwarazmshah had flooded the approaches by breaching dikes, holding the Ghurids for about 40 days.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 969, "key": "1204-herat-siege-1204", "name": "Herat (siege, 1204)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1204)", "year": 1204, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March to 2 May 1204", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Khwarazmian wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm" ], "side_b": [ "Alp Ghazi, Ghurid governor of Herat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alp Ghazi, Ghurid governor of Herat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad II", "commanders_b": "Alp Ghazi", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Muhammad II's Khwarazmian army of Qipchaq and Qangli Turkic cavalry; the defenders were the Ghurid garrison of Herat.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Muhammad II's armies rested on Qipchaq and Qangli Turks.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended in an agreement by which Alp Ghazi paid an indemnity, and the Khwarazmshah turned back when Mu'izz al-Din invaded Khwarazm.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Muhammad II of Khwarazm, Siege of Gurganj (1204)", "note": "Wikipedia's wording ('Alp Ghazi surrendered for an indemnity') is ambiguous; if Herat was handed over, the besieger won. This siege provoked Mu'izz al-Din's invasion of Khwarazm.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Ghurid garrison of Herat against Muhammad II's Turkic cavalry.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 970, "key": "1204-andkhud", "name": "Andkhud", "label": "Andkhud", "year": 1204, "month": 9, "day": 28, "date": "28-29 September 1204 (date per the Muhammad II article)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid-Qara Khitai conflicts (Mu'izz al-Din's retreat from Khwarazm)", "theatre": "Tokharistan (northern Afghanistan)", "place": "Andkhud (Andkhoy), near the Oxus, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.95, "lon": 65.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Kara-Khitai" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [ "Qarakhanids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tayangu, Uthman ibn Ibrahim of Samarkand, Taj al-Din Bilge Khan", "commanders_b": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad (wounded), Husain ibn Kharmil, Nasir al-Din Aitam (killed), Aibak Yogi, Aibak Beg", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Kara-Khitai", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's army, about 20,000 horse worn out by the retreat from Gurganj: his Turkic slave commanders (Aibak Yogi, Aibak Beg), provincial governors such as Nasir al-Din Aitam, and Ghuri and Afghan troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid army combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks and Afghans; the named commanders here are mostly Turkic ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 40,000", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Qara Khitai and Qarakhanids routed the Ghurids and besieged Mu'izz al-Din in Andkhud fort until he paid a ransom.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Battle of Andkhud, Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "note": "Wikipedia also lists the Khwarazmians as belligerents (they had harried the Ghurid retreat at Hazar Saf); the battle itself was fought by the Qara Khitai and Uthman of Samarkand, so it is not counted as civil. The Ghurids lost Khorasan except Herat and Balkh.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 971, "key": "1205-tirmidh-siege-1205", "name": "Tirmidh (siege, 1205)", "label": "Tirmidh (siege, 1205)", "year": 1205, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1205", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ghurid-Qara Khitai conflicts", "theatre": "Transoxiana (Oxus)", "place": "Tirmidh (Termez), Uzbekistan", "lat": 37.22, "lon": 67.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Kara-Khitai" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Ghurid governor of Balkh", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Kara-Khitai", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ghurid forces of Balkh (the Bamiyan Ghurid sphere): Turkic ghulams with Ghuri and local Tajik troops (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Provincial Ghurid forces in Balkh drew on local Persian-speaking troops beside Turkic ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghurids took Tirmidh and destroyed its Qara Khitai garrison.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; en.wikipedia Muhammad of Ghor", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 972, "key": "1206-jhelum-1206", "name": "Jhelum (1206)", "label": "Jhelum (1206)", "year": 1206, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1206 (winter 1205-06)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India (Khokhar revolt)", "theatre": "Punjab (Salt Range)", "place": "between the Chenab and the Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.6, "lon": 73.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Ghurids" ], "side_b": [ "Khokhars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, Qutb al-Din Aibak, Iltutmish", "commanders_b": "Sarkha, Raisal, Bakan (Khokhar chiefs)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Khokhars", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mu'izz al-Din's main army from Ghazna with Aibak's contingent from Delhi and Iltutmish's from Badaun: Turkic ghulam cavalry with Ghuri, Khalji and Afghan troops (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Ghurid armies combined Turkic slave cavalry with Persian-speaking Ghuris and Tajiks, Khalaj and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a fight from morning to sunset, the arrival of Aibak and Iltutmish broke the Khokhars, who were routed and massacred.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Hasan Nizami; Firishta; en.wikipedia Battle of Jhelum (1206)", "note": "Wikipedia's list of Ghurid battles has the same campaign as 'Revolt of Khokars', February-March 1205. Mu'izz al-Din was assassinated at Dhamiak on 15 March 1206 on his way back.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 973, "key": "1206-bakhtiyar-khalji-s-tibet-campaign", "name": "Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign", "label": "Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign", "year": 1206, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March-June 1206", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghurid campaigns in India (Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet expedition)", "theatre": "Bengal, Sikkim and Tibet", "place": "Chumbi Valley, Tibet, and the Teesta crossing on the retreat, China", "lat": 27.45, "lon": 88.92, "loc": "region", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Tibet" ], "side_b": [ "Ghurids" ], "allies_a": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tibetan tribal leaders; the raja of Kamrup", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Tibet", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Bakhtiyar's Bengal army of about 10,000 cavalry, mostly Khalaj and other Turks, with local (Deshi) Muslims, guided by Ali Mech.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe a Turkic cavalry army with local Bengali Muslims; Iranian speakers can only have been a few.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 10,000 horse", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "nearly all but about 100 horsemen", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Tibetans trapped and drove back the army, and at the broken bridge on the retreat it was destroyed; only about 100 horsemen returned.", "borderline": "A campaign rather than a single battle; Bakhtiyar ruled Lakhnauti as an autonomous Ghurid officer, and Mu'izz al-Din was killed (15 March 1206) as it began.", "doubt": "Borderline: A campaign rather than a single battle; Bakhtiyar ruled Lakhnauti as an autonomous Ghurid officer, and Mu'izz al-Din was killed (15 March 1206) as it began.", "sources": "Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri; en.wikipedia Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign, Muslim invasions of Assam", "note": "The forces of Kamarupa (Kamrup) destroyed the bridge on the retreat. Accounts of Bakhtiyar's death (illness, or murder by Ali Mardan Khalji) differ.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ghurids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 974, "key": "1207-herat-siege-1207-1208", "name": "Herat (siege, 1207-1208)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1207-1208)", "year": 1207, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1207 to July 1208 (or 1209)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Khwarazmian conquest of the Ghurid lands (revolt of Husain ibn Kharmil)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm" ], "side_b": [ "Herat rebels under Khwaja al-Sahib, pledged to the Ghurid Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Herat rebels under Khwaja al-Sahib, pledged to the Ghurid Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Emir Jaldik, Taj al-Din Abu Bakr, Kuzlik Khan, Muhammad II", "commanders_b": "Husain ibn Kharmil (captured, executed), Khwaja al-Sahib (executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khwarazmian cavalry: Jaldik's 2,000 and then about 10,000 under Kuzlik Khan and Taj al-Din Abu Bakr (Turkic troops, by recruitment); the defenders were Herat's garrison and townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Muhammad II's armies rested on Qipchaq and Qangli Turks; the defenders of Herat were mainly Persian-speaking townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "2,000, then about 10,000 cavalry", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Khwarazmians breached the walls and took Herat in July 1208 (or 1209).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Revolt of Husain ibn Kharmil, Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "note": "Wikipedia title: 'Revolt of Husain ibn Kharmil'. The Khwarazmians also tried to flood the city by damming its water.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking townsmen of Herat and the Ghurid prince Husain ibn Kharmil against Khwarazmian cavalry.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 975, "key": "n975", "name": "Khilat (siege, 1208)", "label": "Khilat", "year": 1208, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1208 (Georgian sources put the capture of Ivane Mkhargrdzeli in 1210)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Georgian-Ayyubid war", "theatre": "", "place": "Khilat (Ahlat), Lake Van, Turkey", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 42.4833, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Awhad Najm al-Din Ayyub; al-Adil (relief)", "commanders_b": "Ivane Mkhargrdzeli (captured); Zakare Mkhargrdzeli", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Georgian siege failed and their general Ivane was taken prisoner, released under the truce of 1210.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Georgian Chronicles; Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Dates differ between the Arabic and Georgian sources; the Ayyubid ruler of Khilat was al-Awhad, al-Adil's son.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 976, "key": "1213-ganja-siege-1213", "name": "Ganja (siege, 1213)", "label": "Ganja (siege, 1213)", "year": 1213, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1213", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Georgian-Seljuk wars (George IV against Uzbek)", "theatre": "Arran (southern Caucasus)", "place": "Ganja, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.68, "lon": 46.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Eldiguzids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eldiguzids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "George IV Lasha, Ivane Mkhargrdzeli", "commanders_b": "Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Uzbek's Eldiguzid garrison of Ganja, which sortied 10,000 strong: Turkic mamluks and Turkmen troops with the townsmen (recruitment).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Eldiguzid armies were Turkic mamluks and Turkmen tribesmen; Ganja's townsmen were Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 4,000 in the encircling force", "strength_b": "about 10,000 in the sortie", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison's sortie was beaten but Ganja did not fall; the siege ended in a treaty by which Uzbek resumed tribute to Georgia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles; en.wikipedia Siege of Ganja (1213)", "note": "Wikipedia calls it a Georgian victory; under the siege test a treaty with the place still invested is a draw.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Ganja's townsmen joined the sortie", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 977, "key": "1215-karaj-1215", "name": "Karaj (1215)", "label": "Karaj (1215)", "year": 1215, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "August-September 1215 (Jumada I 612 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Mengli in Persian Iraq", "theatre": "Jibal (Persian Iraq)", "place": "near Karaj (Karaj of Abu Dulaf), Markazi, Iran", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 49.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Uzbek with Hasan III's Nizaris and the caliph's army" ], "side_b": [ "Mengli, ruler of Hamadan, Isfahan and Rayy" ], "allies_a": [ "Arabs" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Uzbek with Hasan III's Nizaris and the caliph's army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek; Muzaffar al-Din Sunqur (Wajh al-Sab', for the caliph); the troops of Jalal al-Din Hasan III of Alamut", "commanders_b": "Mengli (fled; killed at Saveh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Uzbek's Eldiguzid army of Azerbaijan (Turkic mamluks and Turkmens) with Nizari troops sent by Hasan III; the caliph's army from Baghdad fought beside them; Mengli had his own mamluks and the troops of Persian Iraq.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Eldiguzid troops were mainly Turkic, but the Nizari contingent from Alamut and Quhistan was Iranian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mengli's army was beaten on a mountain slope near Karaj and he fled to Saveh, where he was killed.", "borderline": "No conventional name; a pitched battle in Ibn al-Athir.", "doubt": "Borderline: No conventional name; a pitched battle in Ibn al-Athir.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir (year 612); Juvayni; en.wikipedia Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, Al-Nasir", "note": "Mengli, a mamluk of the Eldiguzids, had seized Persian Iraq; his lands were divided between Hasan III and Aghlamish. Karaj is taken to be Karaj of Abu Dulaf, not modern Karaj near Tehran.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Nizari contingent from Alamut and Quhistan, sent by Hasan III, fought beside Uzbek's Eldiguzid army against Mengli.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 978, "key": "1217-rayy-1217", "name": "Rayy (1217)", "label": "Rayy (1217)", "year": 1217, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1217", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muhammad II's campaign in western Iran", "theatre": "Jibal (Persian Iraq)", "place": "near Rayy (Khayl-i Buzurg), Iran", "lat": 35.59, "lon": 51.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muhammad II of Khwarazm" ], "side_b": [ "Sa'd I ibn Zangi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sa'd I ibn Zangi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad II, Taj al-Din Abu Bakr of Zuzan", "commanders_b": "Sa'd I ibn Zangi (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Muhammad II's army, put at 100,000: Qipchaq and Qangli Turkic cavalry with Khorasani troops; Sa'd's Fars army was Salghurid Turkmens with Persian and Shabankara Kurdish troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Muhammad II relied on Turkic troops by 1217; the Salghurid army had more Iranians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "100,000 (claimed)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sa'd nearly routed the Khwarazmian vanguard but was beaten and captured.", "borderline": "No conventional name.", "doubt": "Borderline: No conventional name.", "sources": "Nasawi; Ibn al-Athir; Juvayni; en.wikipedia Muhammad II of Khwarazm, Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek", "note": "Sa'd had seized much of Persian Iraq after the murder of Aghlamish (1217); he was released as a Khwarazmian vassal.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sa'd I ibn Zangi's Salghurid army, with Persian and Shabankara Kurdish troops, against Muhammad II's Turkic army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 979, "key": "n979", "name": "Mount Tabor (siege, 1217)", "label": "Mount Tabor", "year": 1217, "month": 12, "day": 3, "date": "3-7 December 1217", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Fifth Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Mount Tabor, Galilee, Israel", "lat": 32.6869, "lon": 35.3906, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [ "al-Adil" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Mu'azzam Isa; al-Adil", "commanders_b": "Andrew II of Hungary; Templars and Hospitallers (second attack)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Hungarian-led attack on 3 December was abandoned and a renewed attack by the Templars and Hospitallers met Greek fire and was given up on 7 December.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Fifth Crusade (fetched); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Oliver of Paderborn; Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Al-Mu'azzam's fortress; the attack ended the Syrian campaign of the first Fifth Crusade army.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 980, "key": "n980", "name": "Aleppo (1218)", "label": "Aleppo", "year": 1218, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1218 (approx.)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rum Seljuk-Ayyubid war", "theatre": "", "place": "Aleppo region, Syria", "lat": 36.2021, "lon": 37.1343, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Sultanate of Rum" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Ashraf Musa", "commanders_b": "Seljuk army of Kaykaus I (commander not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Ashraf routed a Seljuk army at Aleppo in 1218.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Fifth Crusade (fetched; one-line mention); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols (1977)", "note": "I could find only the one-line statement in the fetched page; place within the Aleppo region, month and Seljuk commander not confirmed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 981, "key": "n981", "name": "Damietta (siege, 1218-19)", "label": "Damietta", "year": 1218, "month": 5, "day": 27, "date": "27 May 1218-5 November 1219", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Fifth Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Damietta, Egypt", "lat": 31.4165, "lon": 31.8133, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [ "al-Mu'azzam Isa", "al-Ashraf Musa" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Adil (died 31 August 1218); al-Kamil; al-Mu'azzam", "commanders_b": "John of Brienne; Cardinal Pelagius; Leopold VI of Austria; William I of Holland", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Damietta fell to the Crusaders on 5 November 1219 after famine and disease had reduced the defenders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Oliver of Paderborn; James of Vitry; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; al-Maqrizi, Suluk (Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk)", "note": "The Chain Tower fell on 25 August 1218 and al-Adil died on 31 August; al-Kamil led the defence and his brother al-Mu'azzam brought the Syrian army.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 982, "key": "n982", "name": "Fariskur (1219)", "label": "Fariskur", "year": 1219, "month": 8, "day": 29, "date": "29 August 1219", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fifth Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Ayyubid camp at Fariskur, south of Damietta, Egypt", "lat": 31.3269, "lon": 31.7189, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Kamil", "commanders_b": "Cardinal Pelagius (his faction); John of Brienne and Ranulf of Chester (covered the retreat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Crusader attack on the sultan's camp was a disaster: the Hospitaller Marshal Aymar de Lairon and many Templars were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Fifth Crusade (fetched); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Oliver of Paderborn; James of Vitry; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub", "note": "Pelagius's faction forced the attack against the advice of John of Brienne; al-Kamil moved to Mansurah before the Crusaders took Damietta in November.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 983, "key": "1220-khujand-siege-1220", "name": "Khujand (siege, 1220)", "label": "Khujand (siege, 1220)", "year": 1220, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1220", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Syr Darya", "place": "Khujand, Tajikistan", "lat": 40.28, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alaq Noyan and others (Wikipedia: unknown)", "commanders_b": "Timur Malik", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur Malik's garrison, at the end about 1,000 picked men in the island fortress, with the townsmen of Khujand.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khujand was a Persian-speaking (Tajik) town; Timur Malik and his professional troops were probably Turks.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000 troops and 50,000 prisoners (Barthold)", "strength_b": "about 1,000 in the island fortress (Juvayni)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The town and finally the island fortress were given up; Timur Malik broke out down the Syr Darya by boat and the Mongols held the place.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Barthold, Turkestan; en.wikipedia Siege of Khujand (1220)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Khujand was a Persian-speaking (Tajik) town; Timur Malik and his professional troops were probably Turks.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 984, "key": "1220-qazvin-1220", "name": "Qazvin (1220)", "label": "Qazvin (1220)", "year": 1220, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1220 (AH 617)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (raid of Jebe and Subutai)", "theatre": "Iraq-e Ajam", "place": "Qazvin, Iran", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jebe, Subutai", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Qazvin; the Khwarazmian field forces of Iraq-e Ajam had scattered.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Ibn al-Athir describes the defence as the townsmen's, in a Persian-speaking city.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (two tumens in the raid)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "40,000 killed (Ibn al-Athir)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mongols stormed Qazvin, whose people fought on in the streets with knives until they were killed.", "borderline": "defenders were townsmen, not the Shah's army; no Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: defenders were townsmen, not the Shah's army; no Wikipedia article.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, year 617; Juvayni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Ibn al-Athir describes the defence as the townsmen's, in a Persian-speaking city.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 985, "key": "1220-termez-siege", "name": "Termez (siege)", "label": "Termez (siege)", "year": 1220, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1220", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Oxus", "place": "Termez (Old Termez), Uzbekistan", "lat": 37.27, "lon": 67.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Genghis Khan", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison and townsmen of Termez; the sources give no units or numbers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defence was carried by the Persian-speaking townsmen with a small Turkic garrison, as in the other Oxus towns.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the population massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Termez was stormed on the eleventh day of the siege and its people massacred.", "borderline": "a town siege known from Juvayni, with no Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: a town siege known from Juvayni, with no Wikipedia article.", "sources": "Juvayni; Rashid al-Din; Barthold, Turkestan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defence was carried by the Persian-speaking townsmen with a small Turkic garrison, as in the other Oxus towns.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 986, "key": "1220-samarkand-siege-1220", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1220)", "label": "Samarkand (siege, 1220)", "year": 1220, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1220 (town surrendered 16-17 March; citadel about a month later)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Genghis Khan, Chagatai, Ogedei, Jebe, Subutai", "commanders_b": "Tughay Khan (governor), Alp Er Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qangli Turkish troops (30,000-60,000 in the medieval figures) and about 50,000 local Tajik troops with 20 war elephants; modern estimates put the garrison near 10,000.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The medieval figures set the Turks at 30,000-60,000 against 50,000 local Tajik troops, so Iranian speakers were roughly 45-60%.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 50,000", "strength_b": "100,000-110,000 (Juvayni, Rashid al-Din); 50,000 (Ibn al-Athir); about 10,000 (modern)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,000 in the sortie; about 3,000 surrendered troops executed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A sortie with war elephants was destroyed, the town surrendered and the citadel fell about a month later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Siege of Samarkand (1220)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The medieval figures set the Turks at 30,000-60,000 against 50,000 local Tajik troops, so Iranian speakers were roughly 45-60%.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 987, "key": "1220-gurganj-siege", "name": "Gurganj (siege)", "label": "Gurganj (siege)", "year": 1220, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1220 - April 1221", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Gurganj (Urgench; Konye-Urgench), Turkmenistan", "lat": 42.33, "lon": 59.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei", "commanders_b": "Khumar Tegin (proclaimed sultan; went over to the Mongols)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Khumar Tegin's Turkic troops and the citizens of the Khwarazmian capital, who fought quarter by quarter after the commanders gave up (Ibn al-Athir, Juvayni).", "languages": [ "East Iranian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The long street fighting was done by the citizens, who still spoke Khwarazmian (East Iranian); the Turkic commanders deserted early.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (three princes' armies)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "higher than usual for the Mongols", "losses_b": "heavy; Juvayni's 1.2 million dead is a gross exaggeration", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Gurganj fell to the besiegers after months of street fighting, and the dams were broken to flood the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Siege of Gurganj", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The long street fighting was done by the citizens, who still spoke Khwarazmian (East Iranian); the Turkic commanders deserted early.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 988, "key": "1221-bamyan-siege", "name": "Bamyan (siege)", "label": "Bamyan (siege)", "year": 1221, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring or July 1221", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Hindu Kush", "place": "Bamyan, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.82, "lon": 67.83, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Genghis Khan", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The inhabitants and garrison of Bamyan, fighting with archers and catapults.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Bamyan, a former Ghurid capital, was defended by its Persian-speaking people.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "all killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bamyan was stormed and razed after Genghis Khan's grandson Mutukan was killed by an arrow before its walls.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Juzjani; en.wikipedia Siege of Bamyan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Bamyan, a former Ghurid capital, was defended by its Persian-speaking people.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 989, "key": "1221-hamadan-1221", "name": "Hamadan (1221)", "label": "Hamadan (1221)", "year": 1221, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1221 (AH 618)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (raid of Jebe and Subutai)", "theatre": "Iraq-e Ajam", "place": "Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jebe, Subutai", "commanders_b": "the notables of Hamadan (the ra'is and a jurist, per Ibn al-Athir)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Hamadan under their notables, with remnants of the Khwarazmian troops of Iraq-e Ajam.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Ibn al-Athir describes the defence as the townspeople's, in a Persian-speaking city.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the population massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the townsmen rose and killed the Mongol governor, the Mongols returned, beat their sorties and stormed the city.", "borderline": "defenders were townsmen; no Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: defenders were townsmen; no Wikipedia article.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, year 618; Juvayni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Ibn al-Athir describes the defence as the townspeople's, in a Persian-speaking city.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 990, "key": "1221-kandahar-1221", "name": "Kandahar (1221)", "label": "Kandahar (1221)", "year": 1221, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1221", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Afghanistan", "place": "Qandahar (identification uncertain), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mongols" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jalal al-Din", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Jalal al-Din's following on the march from Bust to Ghazni, Khwarazmian Turks with local troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Before Parwan his following was a mix of Khwarazmian Turks and local Iranian and Afghan troops; no figures survive.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jalal al-Din drove off the Mongol force besieging the town after two or three days of fighting.", "borderline": "a minor action named only in the background of the Parwan article; the site may not be modern Kandahar", "doubt": "Borderline: a minor action named only in the background of the Parwan article; the site may not be modern Kandahar.", "sources": "al-Nasawi; Juvayni; en.wikipedia Battle of Parwan; en.wikipedia Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Before Parwan his following was a mix of Khwarazmian Turks and local Iranian and Afghan troops; no figures survive.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 991, "key": "1221-nasa-siege-1221", "name": "Nasa (siege, 1221)", "label": "Nasa (siege, 1221)", "year": 1221, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1221", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nasa (Nisa, near Ashgabat), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.99, "lon": 58.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "a detachment of Tolui's army", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen and local garrison of Nasa (al-Nasawi's home town).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defence was by the Persian-speaking townsmen of a Khorasan town.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "70,000 killed (al-Nasawi, exaggerated)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasa was taken after a siege of about fifteen days with mangonels and its people were massacred.", "borderline": "a town siege known from al-Nasawi, with no Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: a town siege known from al-Nasawi, with no Wikipedia article.", "sources": "al-Nasawi; Juvayni; Barthold, Turkestan; en.wikipedia Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defence was by the Persian-speaking townsmen of a Khorasan town.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 992, "key": "1221-taliqan-siege-1221", "name": "Taliqan (siege, 1221)", "label": "Taliqan (siege, 1221)", "year": 1221, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1221 (about six months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Tokharistan", "place": "Nusrat-Kuh fortress, Taliqan (probably Taloqan), Afghanistan", "lat": 36.73, "lon": 69.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Genghis Khan, Tolui", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of the Nusrat-Kuh fortress; the sources give no units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local Tajik garrison with Khwarazmian officers is assumed; the sources say nothing.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress of Nusrat-Kuh was stormed after Tolui's army arrived, following a siege of some six months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "note": "Talaqan is identified by some with the Talaqan of Guzganan (near Maymana) rather than Taloqan in Tokharistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "A local Tajik garrison with Khwarazmian officers is assumed; the sources say nothing.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 993, "key": "1221-merv-siege-1221", "name": "Merv (siege, 1221)", "label": "Merv (siege, 1221)", "year": 1221, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "late February 1221 (Wikipedia also gives April 1221)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Merv (near Mary), Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 62.19, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tolui", "commanders_b": "Mujir al-Mulk (Wikipedia names the governor Dawud)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 12,000 garrison troops and the townsmen of Merv, crowded with refugees.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were mainly the Persian-speaking townsmen and local militia with a Khwarazmian garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 7,000 (Sverdrup) or 30,000-50,000", "strength_b": "about 12,000 garrison", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the population massacred (700,000 in Ibn al-Athir, 1,300,000 in Juvayni, both exaggerated)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a seven-day assault and two failed sorties the town surrendered on terms, which Tolui broke.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; en.wikipedia Siege of Merv (1221)", "note": "A second massacre followed a revolt in November 1221 (Shigi Qutuqu).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defenders were mainly the Persian-speaking townsmen and local militia with a Khwarazmian garrison.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 994, "key": "1221-maragha-1221", "name": "Maragha (1221)", "label": "Maragha (1221)", "year": 1221, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March-April 1221 (Safar 618)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (raid of Jebe and Subutai)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Maragha, Iran", "lat": 37.39, "lon": 46.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Ahmadilis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ahmadilis", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jebe, Subutai", "commanders_b": "unknown (the town was ruled by a woman, per Ibn al-Athir)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Maragha; no field army defended it.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were the townsmen of an Iranian-speaking city of Azerbaijan (Persian and Old Azari).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the population massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mongols stormed Maragha, driving Muslim prisoners ahead of them against the walls, and massacred its people.", "borderline": "defenders were townsmen; the ruler is identified as the last of the Ahmadili house of Maragha only by inference", "doubt": "Borderline: defenders were townsmen; the ruler is identified as the last of the Ahmadili house of Maragha only by inference.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, year 618; Juvayni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defenders were the townsmen of an Iranian-speaking city of Azerbaijan (Persian and Old Azari).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 995, "key": "1221-nishapur-siege-1221", "name": "Nishapur (siege, 1221)", "label": "Nishapur (siege, 1221)", "year": 1221, "month": 4, "day": 7, "date": "7-10 April 1221", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tolui", "commanders_b": "Sharaf al-Din Amir Majlis (governor, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The townsmen and militia of Nishapur under the governor, with archers, crossbows and mangonels on the walls (12,000 archers at each of four gates, by one account).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources describe a defence by the people of Nishapur, a Persian-speaking city.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "10,000-15,000", "strength_b": "unknown (48,000 archers by one account)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Juvayni's 1,747,000 dead is a gross exaggeration (modern estimates 100,000-200,000)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The walls were breached on 9 April and the city fell on 10 April 1221.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Ibn al-Athir; Juzjani; en.wikipedia Siege of Nishapur (1221)", "note": "Genghis Khan's son-in-law Toghachar had been killed in an earlier attack on the city (November 1220).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources describe a defence by the people of Nishapur, a Persian-speaking city.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 996, "key": "1221-herat-siege-1221", "name": "Herat (siege, 1221)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1221)", "year": 1221, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May or June 1221 (eight days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tolui", "commanders_b": "Shams al-Din Muhammad Juzjani (governor, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The governor's Khwarazmian garrison (12,000 in later accounts) and the townsmen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The garrison was the Shah's (partly Turkic, partly Ghurid-Tajik) and the townsmen Persian-speaking; the proportions are not known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 50,000 Mongols and renegade Muslims (Juzjani)", "strength_b": "12,000 garrison (unsourced in Wikipedia)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Herat surrendered after an eight-day assault; the garrison was killed and the townsmen spared.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juzjani; Juvayni; Sayfi Haravi; en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (1221)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison was the Shah's (partly Turkic, partly Ghurid-Tajik) and the townsmen Persian-speaking; the proportions are not known.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 997, "key": "n997", "name": "Mansurah (1221)", "label": "Mansurah", "year": 1221, "month": 8, "day": 26, "date": "26-28 August 1221", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fifth Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Barmun, near Mansurah, Nile Delta, Egypt", "lat": 31.0409, "lon": 31.3785, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [ "al-Mu'azzam Isa", "al-Ashraf Musa" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Kamil", "commanders_b": "Cardinal Pelagius; John of Brienne", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "On 26 August the Egyptians attacked the Crusaders' night march, al-Kamil opened the sluices and Pelagius sued for peace on 28 August, yielding Damietta.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Fifth Crusade (fetched); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Oliver of Paderborn; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; al-Maqrizi, Suluk (Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk)", "note": "The end of the Fifth Crusade. Al-Mu'azzam and al-Ashraf had sent troops to Egypt (their presence in the final action is not confirmed in the summary seen); al-Kamil is the Ayyubid basis.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 998, "key": "1221-parwan", "name": "Parwan", "label": "Parwan", "year": 1221, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1221 (some put it in spring 1221)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Afghanistan", "place": "Parwan (near Jabal Saraj, north of Kabul), Afghanistan", "lat": 35.12, "lon": 69.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mongols" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jalal al-Din, Amin Malik, Saif al-Din Ighraq, Timur Malik", "commanders_b": "Shigi Qutuqu", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 10,000 Turks (Qangli) under Amin Malik on the right, Khalaj and Afghan contingents under Saif al-Din Ighraq on the left, Khwarazmian and Ghurid loyalists; many archers fought dismounted.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Juvayni and al-Nasawi name the Turks of Amin Malik and the Khalaj, Afghan and Ghurid contingents; the Khalaj were Turkic, the Afghans Pashto-speaking and the Ghurids Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "30,000-120,000 (sources); about 15,000, mostly foot (modern estimate)", "strength_b": "30,000-70,000 (sources); about 10,000 horse (modern estimate)", "losses_a": "moderate to heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "On the second day Shigi Qutuqu's army broke and fled, leaving the field to Jalal al-Din.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; al-Nasawi; Juzjani; en.wikipedia Battle of Parwan", "note": "The first defeat of a Mongol army in a pitched battle by a Muslim ruler; the Khalaj and Afghans deserted over the spoils soon after.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Juvayni and al-Nasawi name the Turks of Amin Malik and the Khalaj, Afghan and Ghurid contingents; the Khalaj were Turkic, the Afghans Pashto-speaking and the Ghurids Persian-speaking.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 999, "key": "1221-valiyan-1221", "name": "Valiyan (1221)", "label": "Valiyan (1221)", "year": 1221, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1221, about a week before Parwan", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Afghanistan", "place": "Valiyan fortress (near Charikar), Afghanistan", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 69.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mongols" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jalal al-Din", "commanders_b": "Tekechuk, Molghur", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Jalal al-Din's army newly gathered at Ghazni: Khwarazmian Turks, Qangli, Khalaj, Afghan and Ghurid contingents.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The same army as at Parwan, with Afghan (Pashto) and Ghurid (Persian) contingents beside the Turks.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "two detachments", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jalal al-Din attacked the Mongols besieging Valiyan, killed about 1,000 and drove the rest back across the river.", "borderline": "a preliminary action named in the Parwan article", "doubt": "Borderline: a preliminary action named in the Parwan article.", "sources": "Juvayni; al-Nasawi; en.wikipedia Battle of Parwan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The same army as at Parwan, with Afghan (Pashto) and Ghurid (Persian) contingents beside the Turks.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1000, "key": "1221-beylagan-1221", "name": "Beylagan (1221)", "label": "Beylagan (1221)", "year": 1221, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October-November 1221 (Ramadan 618)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (raid of Jebe and Subutai)", "theatre": "Arran", "place": "Beylagan (Oren Qala), Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 47.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Eldiguzids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eldiguzids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jebe, Subutai", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Beylagan, in the realm of the Eldiguzid atabeg Ozbeg.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "An urban defence in an Iranian-speaking town of Arran; no troops of the atabeg are mentioned.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the population massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the townsmen killed the Mongol envoy, Beylagan was stormed and its people massacred.", "borderline": "defenders were townsmen; no Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: defenders were townsmen; no Wikipedia article.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, year 618", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "An urban defence in an Iranian-speaking town of Arran; no troops of the atabeg are mentioned.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1001, "key": "1221-indus", "name": "Indus", "label": "Indus", "year": 1221, "month": 11, "day": 24, "date": "24 November 1221", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire", "theatre": "Indus", "place": "west bank of the Indus (near Kalabagh or Nilab), Pakistan", "lat": 33.77, "lon": 72.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Genghis Khan, Chagatai, Ogedei", "commanders_b": "Jalal al-Din, Amin Malik (killed), Timur Malik", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Jalal al-Din's 700 guards in the centre, Turkish troops under Amin Malik on the right and Afghan troops on the left: about 30,000 after the desertions following Parwan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name a Turkish right wing and an Afghan left wing; the Khalaj under Ighraq had already left.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 50,000 cavalry", "strength_b": "3,000 cavalry, 700 guards and 30,000-35,000 irregulars (Wikipedia)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "almost the entire army", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Genghis Khan's army destroyed Jalal al-Din's army against the river; the Sultan escaped by riding into the Indus and swimming across.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; al-Nasawi; Juzjani; en.wikipedia Battle of the Indus", "note": "Wikipedia lists Timur Malik as killed; other accounts have him survive. The date is also given as autumn (August-September) 1221.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources name a Turkish right wing and an Afghan left wing; the Khalaj under Ighraq had already left.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1002, "key": "1221-herat-siege-1221-1222", "name": "Herat (siege, 1221-1222)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1221-1222)", "year": 1221, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1221 - 14 June 1222", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (risings after Parwan)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Eljigidei", "commanders_b": "Malik Mubariz al-Din (of the Firuzkuh fort), Khwaja Fakhr al-Din Abd al-Rahman", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Herat, who had risen for Jalal al-Din after Parwan and killed the Mongol governors, with Ghurid hillmen from Firuzkuh.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Juzjani and Sayfi describe a defence by the people of Herat and the Ghurid hill forts, all Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "60,000-80,000 (chroniclers)", "strength_b": "about 50,000 with reinforcements (chroniclers)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "a seven-day massacre (1.6-2.4 million in the chronicles, impossibly high)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat fell to the besiegers on 14 June 1222 after a siege of six to eight months.", "borderline": "a rising in Jalal al-Din's name rather than his army", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising in Jalal al-Din's name rather than his army.", "sources": "Juzjani; Sayfi Haravi; en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (1221)", "note": "Wikipedia treats both Herat sieges in one article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Juzjani and Sayfi describe a defence by the people of Herat and the Ghurid hill forts, all Persian-speaking.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1003, "key": "n1003", "name": "Mongol defeat of the Alans and Cumans (North Caucasus)", "label": "Mongol defeat of the Alans and Cumans", "year": 1222, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Winter 1221-22 or early 1222 (Ibn al-Athir under 617 AH; the year is uncertain by about one)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol Great Reconnaissance (Jebe and Subutai, 1220-1223)", "theatre": "", "place": "Foothills of the North Caucasus, Terek-Kuban steppe (Russia); exact field unknown", "lat": 43.5, "lon": 44.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Mongol Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Alans", "Cumans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Cuman khans, who withdrew after Mongol bribes" ], "persian_state": "Alans & Cumans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jebe; Subutai", "commanders_b": "Alan princes (unnamed); Cuman khans (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ibn al-Athir: after one indecisive fight the Mongols detached the Cumans with gifts and then crushed the isolated Alans, then turned on the Cumans.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil (year 617 AH); Kouznetsov and Lebedynsky, Les Alains (2005); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania", "note": "First Mongol-Alan clash. The Alans led the coalition and bore the final defeat; the Cuman part of the coalition left the field beforehand.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1004, "key": "1225-tabriz-siege-1225", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1225)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1225)", "year": 1225, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1225 (Tabriz taken 25 July)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Jalal al-Din's conquest of Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Jalal al-Din" ], "side_b": [ "Eldiguzids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eldiguzids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jalal al-Din", "commanders_b": "Malika Khatun (Ozbeg's wife); Ozbeg had fled to Ganja", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Jalal al-Din's Khwarazmian army (Turkic cavalry with Iranian levies) against the townsmen and garrison of the Eldiguzid capital.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "other Iranian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The besiegers were mostly Turkic; the defenders were Tabriz townsmen (Persian and Old Azari speakers) and the atabeg's Turkic guards.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tabriz surrendered to Jalal al-Din after a short siege.", "borderline": "a short siege ending in surrender; Wikipedia treats it as a seizure", "doubt": "Borderline: a short siege ending in surrender; Wikipedia treats it as a seizure.", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; al-Nasawi; Juvayni; en.wikipedia Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The townsmen of Tabriz, speakers of Persian and Old Azari, defending the city against Jalal al-Din.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1005, "key": "1228-bolnisi", "name": "Bolnisi", "label": "Bolnisi", "year": 1228, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1228 (1227 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khwarazmian-Georgian wars", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Bolnisi, Georgia", "lat": 41.45, "lon": 44.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Kipchaks", "Alans" ], "persian_state": "Georgia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jalal al-Din", "commanders_b": "Avag Zakarian", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Jalal al-Din's Khwarazmian army of Qipchaq and Turkmen cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are named for his side; his army was built on Turkic horsemen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (with 20,000 Kipchaks)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kipchaks of the Georgian coalition went over or withdrew at Jalal al-Din's appeal, and the Georgian army was beaten from the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Nasawi; Georgian Chronicles; en.wikipedia Battle of Bolnisi", "note": "The Georgian coalition included Kipchaks, Alans, Lezgins, Svans and Vainakhs.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "opponent", "qbasis": "No units are named for his side; his army was built on Turkic horsemen.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1006, "key": "n1006", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1229)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 1229, "month": 5, "day": 6, "date": "6 May-25 June 1229", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid succession war (al-Kamil v. an-Nasir Dawud)", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5138, "lon": 36.2765, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids of Damascus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids v Ayyubids of Damascus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids", "faction_b": "Ayyubids of Damascus", "commanders_a": "al-Ashraf Musa; al-Kamil", "commanders_b": "an-Nasir Dawud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After nearly two months of fighting Damascus surrendered to al-Ashraf and an-Nasir Dawud was compensated with Transjordan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Al-Kamil (fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "A war inside the Ayyubid family; al-Ashraf took Damascus for himself.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1007, "key": "1230-yasscemen", "name": "Yassıçemen", "label": "Yassıçemen", "year": 1230, "month": 8, "day": 10, "date": "10-12 August 1230", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seljuk-Khwarazmian war", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Yassicemen, between Sivas and Erzincan, Turkey", "lat": 39.85, "lon": 38.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Sultanate of Rum", "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmian Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia", "Crusaders" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khwarazmian Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kayqubad I, al-Ashraf Musa", "commanders_b": "Jalal al-Din, Jahan Shah ibn Tughril (Seljuk ruler of Erzurum)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Sultanate of Rum", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Jalal al-Din's Khwarazmian army (10,000-40,000), Turkic cavalry with the troops of his ally Jahan Shah of Erzurum.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No units are named; both the Khwarazmian army and the Erzurum troops were mainly Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "25,000-70,000", "strength_b": "10,000-40,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the allies seized part of their position the Khwarazmians abandoned the field by night and Jalal al-Din fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn al-Athir; Ibn Bibi; al-Nasawi; en.wikipedia Battle of Yassicemen", "note": "On 10 August a Khwarazmian detachment of 700 beat an allied detachment of 3,000. Wikipedia also lists the Empire of Trebizond on Jalal al-Din's side.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "opponent+leader", "qbasis": "The Ayyubid ruler al-Ashraf Musa, of the Kurdish Rawadi dynasty (Arabic-speaking by this date), personally led the Ayyubid army with Kayqubad I of Rum against Jalal al-Din (Nasawi; Humphreys).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1008, "key": "n1008", "name": "Gaza (1239)", "label": "Gaza", "year": 1239, "month": 11, "day": 13, "date": "13 November 1239", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Barons' Crusade (Crusade of 1239)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Gaza, Palestine (Gaza Strip)", "lat": 31.5017, "lon": 34.4668, "loc": "approx", "country": "Palestine (Gaza Strip)", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rukn al-Din al-Hijawi (field commander; nisba of the Hakkari Kurdish emirs, not verified)", "commanders_b": "Henry II of Bar (killed); Amaury VI of Montfort (captured); Hugh of Burgundy; Walter of Brienne", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Egyptian force destroyed the Crusader raiding party near Gaza; the Count of Bar was killed and Amaury of Montfort and several hundred others captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Gaza (1239) (fetched); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora; Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Qualifies only by the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt (al-Adil II, as-Salih Ayyub being then Dawud's prisoner) directing the army; the Wikipedia article does not name the sender or any Kurdish troops. The field commander's nisba al-Hijawi may be Kurdish (Hakkari), which I could not confirm.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1009, "key": "n1009", "name": "Siege of Maghas", "label": "Siege of Maghas", "year": 1239, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "Nov/Dec 1239 to Feb 1240 (Yuanshi: 11th lunar month 1239 to 2nd lunar month 1240); older works give 1238-39", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of Alania (Batu's western campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Maghas, capital of Alania; site disputed (Ingushetia, North Ossetia, Arkhyz or the Kuban; modern Magas, Ingushetia, is named after it) (Russia)", "lat": 43.17, "lon": 44.82, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Mongol Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Alania" ], "allies_a": [ "Cuman troops", "a group of Alans allied to the Mongols" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alania", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Batu (overall); Mongke and Buri (Rashid al-Din; the Alania article names Mongke and Guyuk); Shiri-gambu (Yuanshi)", "commanders_b": "Ajis (Alan leader, captured, per the Alania article)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Juvaini and the Yuanshi: the Mongols took the walled capital after about three months and massacred its people.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvaini, Tarikh-i Jahangushay; Rashid al-Din, Jami al-tawarikh; Yuanshi (Song Zi, Shiri-gambu); Latham-Sprinkle, 'The Alan capital Magas: a preliminary identification of its location', BSOAS (2015); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghas; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania", "note": "The fall of the Alan capital ended the Alan kingdom. Alans stood on both sides (defenders, and a small allied group in the final assault); the main Iranian side is the defenders. The location is unsettled, so the coordinates give only the Ingush candidate.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Alans of Alania under Ajis defending Maghas against the Mongol army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1010, "key": "n1010", "name": "Jerusalem (siege, 1239)", "label": "Jerusalem", "year": 1239, "month": 12, "day": 7, "date": "autumn 1239; the Tower of David fell about 7 December 1239", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Barons' Crusade (Crusade of 1239)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jerusalem", "lat": 31.7767, "lon": 35.2345, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel/Palestine", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Kerak" ], "side_b": [ "Crusader garrison of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Kerak", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "an-Nasir Dawud", "commanders_b": "Garrison of the Tower of David", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "An-Nasir Dawud's troops took the Tower of David after a siege of about three weeks and destroyed it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Matthew Paris; Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Ended the Frederick II truce for Jerusalem; the garrison surrendered the citadel.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1011, "key": "n1011", "name": "La Forbie (Hirbiya)", "label": "La Forbie", "year": 1244, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "17-18 October 1244", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayyubid civil war; Crusader alliance of 1244", "theatre": "", "place": "Hirbiya (La Forbie), north-east of Gaza, Palestine (Gaza Strip)", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 34.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Palestine (Gaza Strip)", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt", "Khwarazmians" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs and Kerak", "Kingdom of Jerusalem and the military orders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt v Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs and Kerak", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids of Egypt, Khwarazmians", "faction_b": "Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs and Kerak, Kingdom of Jerusalem and the military orders", "commanders_a": "Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Salihi; as-Salih Ayyub (ruler directing from Cairo)", "commanders_b": "al-Mansur Ibrahim of Homs; an-Nasir Dawud of Kerak (allied); Walter IV of Brienne", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Egyptians and Khwarazmians destroyed the allied army; over 5,000 Crusaders were killed and Walter of Brienne captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of La Forbie (fetched); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3; Matthew Paris; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub", "note": "Ayyubid princes led both sides: al-Mansur Ibrahim of Homs in person on the Syrian side, as-Salih Ayyub directing the Egyptian side.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1012, "key": "n1012", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1245)", "label": "Damascus", "year": 1245, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "1245 (Damascus fell about October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid civil war (as-Salih Ayyub v. as-Salih Ismail)", "theatre": "", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5138, "lon": 36.2765, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt", "Khwarazmians" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids of Damascus" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt v Ayyubids of Damascus", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ayyubids of Egypt, Khwarazmians", "faction_b": "Ayyubids of Damascus", "commanders_a": "as-Salih Ayyub's army (Mu'in al-Din ibn al-Shaykh); Khwarazmians", "commanders_b": "as-Salih Ismail", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Damascus fell to as-Salih Ayyub's forces in 1245, ending Ismail's rule there.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Wikipedia, Al-Salih Ayyub (fetched); Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)", "note": "Ayyubid princes on both sides; starting date of the siege uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1013, "key": "n1013", "name": "Lake Homs (1246)", "label": "Lake Homs", "year": 1246, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1246", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayyubid-Khwarazmian war", "theatre": "", "place": "Lake Homs (Lake Qattinah), Syria", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 36.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Homs and Aleppo" ], "side_b": [ "Khwarazmians" ], "allies_a": [ "Ayyubids of Aleppo" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Homs and Aleppo", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Mansur Ibrahim of Homs", "commanders_b": "Khwarazmian leader (Berke Khan, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al-Mansur Ibrahim's army scattered the Khwarazmians and killed their leader.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Wikipedia, Al-Salih Ayyub (fetched); Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub", "note": "Which army carried the day (Homs and Aleppo or Egypt) is differently told; Ayyubid command is not in doubt.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1014, "key": "n1014", "name": "Ascalon (siege, 1247)", "label": "Ascalon", "year": 1247, "month": 10, "day": 24, "date": "summer-24 October 1247", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ayyubid-Crusader wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Ascalon, Israel", "lat": 31.6667, "lon": 34.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Jerusalem" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh; as-Salih Ayyub (ruler directing)", "commanders_b": "Crusader garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fakhr al-Din stormed Ascalon on 24 October 1247 and razed it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Qualifies by the Ayyubid ruler directing the army; Fakhr al-Din was of a Khurasani shaykh family.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1015, "key": "n1015", "name": "Damietta (1249)", "label": "Damietta", "year": 1249, "month": 6, "day": 4, "date": "4-6 June 1249", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seventh Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Damietta, Egypt", "lat": 31.4165, "lon": 31.8133, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh; as-Salih Ayyub (ill, directing from Mansurah)", "commanders_b": "Louis IX; Charles of Anjou; Robert of Artois", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Louis IX landed on 5 June; the garrison and Fakhr al-Din's force withdrew and Damietta was occupied intact.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Seventh Crusade (fetched); Joinville; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; al-Maqrizi, Suluk (Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk)", "note": "Qualifies by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub directing; the Kinana Bedouin garrison was not Kurdish. Fakhr al-Din's family (Banu Hamawayh) is of Khurasani origin.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1016, "key": "n1016", "name": "Mansurah (1250)", "label": "Mansurah", "year": 1250, "month": 2, "day": 8, "date": "8-11 February 1250", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seventh Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Mansurah, Egypt", "lat": 31.0409, "lon": 31.3785, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh (killed); Baybars al-Bunduqdari; Qutuz; Aybak", "commanders_b": "Louis IX; Robert of Artois (killed); William Longespee (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Egyptians killed Fakhr al-Din in the first surprise but Baybars and Qutuz rallied them and destroyed the vanguard, killing Robert of Artois.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Seventh Crusade (fetched); Joinville; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; al-Maqrizi, Suluk (Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk)", "note": "As-Salih Ayyub had died on 22 November 1249 and his death was concealed; Turan-Shah arrived only on 28 February. The Ayyubid basis is thus indirect, via the dynasty's rule, and the leaders in the field were mamluks and Fakhr al-Din.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1017, "key": "n1017", "name": "Fariskur (1250)", "label": "Fariskur", "year": 1250, "month": 4, "day": 6, "date": "6 April 1250", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seventh Crusade", "theatre": "", "place": "Fariskur, Nile Delta, Egypt", "lat": 31.3269, "lon": 31.7189, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Egypt" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Egypt", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turan-Shah (al-Mu'azzam); Baybars al-Bunduqdari; Aybak", "commanders_b": "Louis IX (captured); Hugh XI of Lusignan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Egyptians surrounded the retreating Crusader army, killed or captured it and took King Louis.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Seventh Crusade (fetched); Joinville; Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; al-Maqrizi, Suluk (Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk)", "note": "Turan-Shah, Saladin's great-nephew and the reigning Ayyubid sultan, commanded in person; he was murdered on 2 May 1250 by the Bahri mamluks.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1018, "key": "n1018", "name": "Al-Abbasa (1251)", "label": "Al-Abbasa", "year": 1251, "month": 2, "day": 2, "date": "2 February 1251 (some sources 1250)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayyubid war with the Mamluks of Egypt", "theatre": "", "place": "Al-Abbasa, near Zagazig, Sharqiyya, Egypt", "lat": 30.5877, "lon": 31.5021, "loc": "approx", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Bahri Mamluks of Egypt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Syria", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo and Damascus", "commanders_b": "Aybak; Qutuz; Baybars", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Yusuf's larger Syrian army was first successful but a Mamluk regiment deserted mid-battle and Yusuf fled to Damascus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Seventh Crusade (fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty (fetched); Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub; al-Maqrizi, Suluk (Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk)", "note": "The Ayyubid prince invaded Egypt to restore Ayyubid rule; peace in April 1253 recognised Aybak. Whether Shahrazuriyya Kurds fought in Yusuf's army is not confirmed in the sources seen.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1019, "key": "1253-girdkuh-siege", "name": "Girdkuh (siege)", "label": "Girdkuh (siege)", "year": 1253, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1253 - 15 December 1270", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "theatre": "Qumis", "place": "Girdkuh fortress (near Damghan), Iran", "lat": 36.13, "lon": 54.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kitbuqa, Buri (killed December 1253); later the Ilkhans' commanders", "commanders_b": "unknown (garrison commanders)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Nizari garrison of Girdkuh, reinforced from Alamut in 1254; its night sortie of December 1253 killed about 100 Mongols and their commander.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nizari garrisons were drawn from the Ismaili communities of Qumis, Daylam and Quhistan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "part of Kitbuqa's 5,000 horse and 5,000 foot", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 100 in the 1253 sortie", "losses_b": "the survivors killed in 1270", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Girdkuh surrendered to the besiegers on 15 December 1270, short of clothing, after a siege of seventeen years.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "note": "Begun by Mongke's commanders (so the besiegers are the Mongol Empire, as for all of Hulagu's Nizari campaign) and completed under the Ilkhan Abaqa.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1020, "key": "1256-tun-siege-1256", "name": "Tun (siege, 1256)", "label": "Tun (siege, 1256)", "year": 1256, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1256 (about a week)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "theatre": "Quhistan", "place": "Tun (Ferdows), Iran", "lat": 34.02, "lon": 58.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kitbuqa, Koke Ilgei", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Nizari townsmen and garrison of Tun in Quhistan.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Quhistan's Ismaili towns were Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "almost all inhabitants killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tun was taken after a week-long siege and sacked, and nearly all its people killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "note": "Kitbuqa had already pillaged Tun in July 1253. Hulagu's army is treated as the Mongol Empire's (the invader).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1021, "key": "1256-mount-siyalan", "name": "Mount Siyalan", "label": "Mount Siyalan", "year": 1256, "month": 6, "day": 12, "date": "12 June 1256", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "theatre": "Rudbar of Alamut", "place": "Mount Siyalan (near Alamut), Iran", "lat": 36.33, "lon": 50.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "side_b": [ "Mongols" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (Rudbar Nizaris)", "commanders_b": "Yasur Noyan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nizari fighters of the Rudbar of Alamut, Daylamite highlanders.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Rudbar Ismailis were local Daylamite highlanders.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Nizaris of Rudbar beat back Yasur's force on the mountain, though it stayed in the district to raid.", "borderline": "a small action", "doubt": "Borderline: a small action.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1022, "key": "1256-alamut-siege-1256", "name": "Alamut (siege, 1256)", "label": "Alamut (siege, 1256)", "year": 1256, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November - December 1256", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "theatre": "Rudbar of Alamut", "place": "Alamut castle, Iran", "lat": 36.44, "lon": 50.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "allies_a": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Balaghai", "commanders_b": "Muqaddam al-Din Muhammad Mubariz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of Alamut under its sipahsalar, who at first refused the Imam's order to surrender.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Rudbar fortresses were held by local Daylamite Ismailis.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "a large force", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The commander of Alamut capitulated in December 1256 after a short investment, and the castle was dismantled.", "borderline": "surrendered after a brief investment, with little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: surrendered after a brief investment, with little recorded fighting.", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris; en.wikipedia Timeline of the Ilkhanate", "note": "Georgian-Armenian units under David VII Ulu took part (en.wikipedia David Ulu). The Timeline of the Ilkhanate dates the capture to 20 November.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1023, "key": "1256-maymun-diz-siege", "name": "Maymun-Diz (siege)", "label": "Maymun-Diz (siege)", "year": 1256, "month": 11, "day": 8, "date": "8-19 November 1256", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "theatre": "Rudbar of Alamut", "place": "Maymun-Diz (unlocated, Rudbar of Alamut), Iran", "lat": 36.42, "lon": 50.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hulagu, Kitbuqa, Guo Kan, Balaghai and others", "commanders_b": "Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Imam's garrison of Maymun-Diz, with its own mangonels; heavily outnumbered.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Rudbar fortresses were held by local Daylamite Ismailis.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 80,000 and 1,000 squads of siege engineers (Chinese, Khitan and Muslim)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the last stand killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After three days of bombardment and a repulsed assault Khurshah surrendered on 19 November; the last defenders in the qubba were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Siege of Maymun-Diz", "note": "Hulagu's army is treated as the Mongol Empire's (the invader); if counted as the Ilkhanate (from 1256), the Nizari battles of 1256 would be civil.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1024, "key": "1256-lambsar-siege", "name": "Lambsar (siege)", "label": "Lambsar (siege)", "year": 1256, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "late 1256 - January 1257", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "theatre": "Rudbar of Alamut", "place": "Lambsar castle (near Razmian), Iran", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 50.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mongols" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari Ismailis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari Ismailis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hulagu", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Mongols", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Nizari garrison of Lambsar, which refused Khurshah's order to surrender.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Rudbar fortresses were held by local Daylamite Ismailis.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lambsar fell in January 1257 after cholera broke out in the garrison.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Juvayni; en.wikipedia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Nizari Ismailis: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1025, "key": "1259-mayyafariqin-siege", "name": "Mayyafariqin (siege)", "label": "Mayyafariqin (siege)", "year": 1259, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "summer 1259 - 7 April 1260", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of Syria and the Jazira", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mayyafariqin (Silvan), Turkey", "lat": 38.14, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ilkhanate" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids" ], "allies_a": [ "Georgia", "Armenia", "Lu'lu'ids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ilkhanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yoshmut, Prosh Khaghbakian, Shahnshah Zakarian, al-Salih Isma'il ibn Lu'lu'", "commanders_b": "al-Kamil Muhammad (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Ayyubids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A small Mongol detachment under Yoshmut and a much larger Georgian-Armenian force under Prosh and Shahnshah, with Cilician Armenian units and Mosul siege engineers.", "languages": [ "Armenian", "Georgian", "Mongolic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Mongols, Georgians, Armenians and Mosul troops only.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (the Armenian prince Sevata of Kachen killed)", "losses_b": "the Muslim inhabitants massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mayyafariqin fell to the besiegers on 7 April 1260 after a siege of about ten months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kirakos; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Siege of Mayyafariqin", "note": "Persian role kept as principal: the Georgians and Armenians fought as vassals under Mongol command.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "opponent+leader", "qbasis": "The city was defended by its Ayyubid ruler al-Kamil Muhammad, of the Kurdish-descended Ayyubid line, against Yoshmut's Mongols and a Georgian-Armenian force (Wikipedia, Siege of Mayyafariqin; Humphreys).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1026, "key": "1260-aleppo-siege-1260", "name": "Aleppo (siege, 1260)", "label": "Aleppo (siege, 1260)", "year": 1260, "month": 1, "day": 18, "date": "18-24 January 1260 (citadel surrendered about a month later)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mongol invasion of Syria", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ilkhanate" ], "side_b": [ "Ayyubids" ], "allies_a": [ "Armenia", "Crusaders" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hulagu, Kitbuqa, Hethum I, Bohemond VI", "commanders_b": "al-Mu'azzam Turanshah (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ayyubids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Hulagu's Mongol army with Kitbuqa's vanguard, and the troops of Hethum I of Cilician Armenia and Bohemond VI of Antioch.", "languages": [ "Mongolic", "Turkic", "Armenian", "European" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Hulagu's army had Persian auxiliaries and engineers, but the fighting force was Mongol and Turkic with Armenian and Frankish allies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants massacred", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Aleppo fell after six days of bombardment and the citadel surrendered about a month later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Rashid al-Din; Ibn Shaddad; en.wikipedia Siege of Aleppo (1260)", "note": "Bohemond VI's Antioch is 'Crusaders' (Principality of Antioch).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "opponent", "qbasis": "an Ayyubid (Kurdish by descent) held the city", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1027, "key": "1260-ain-jalut", "name": "Ain Jalut", "label": "Ain Jalut", "year": 1260, "month": 9, "day": 3, "date": "3 September 1260", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol invasion of Syria", "theatre": "Palestine", "place": "Ain Jalut (Ma'ayan Harod), Jezreel Valley, Israel & Palestine", "lat": 32.55, "lon": 35.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Mamluks" ], "side_b": [ "Ilkhanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Georgia", "Armenia", "Ayyubids" ], "persian_state": "Ilkhanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qutuz, Baybars", "commanders_b": "Kitbuqa (killed), al-Ashraf Musa of Homs", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Mamluks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "One Mongol tumen (10,000-12,000 men in all), Georgian and Cilician Armenian battalions (about 500 Armenians), the troops of the Ayyubid princes al-Ashraf Musa and al-Sa'id Hasan, and Syrian levies.", "languages": [ "Mongolic", "Turkic", "Georgian", "Armenian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "No Iranian units are named; the Ayyubid contingents may have included Kurds.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "15,000-20,000", "strength_b": "10,000-20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Mamluks held the field; Kitbuqa was killed and his army fled towards Baysan, where its rally was broken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "al-Maqrizi; Rashid al-Din; Abu'l-Fida; en.wikipedia Battle of Ain Jalut", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "opponent+leader+contingent", "qbasis": "The Mongol side included contingents of the Ayyubid princes al-Ashraf Musa and al-Sa'id Hasan (Kurdish-descended dynasty) and Qutuz's army included the Shahrazuriyya, usually described as Kurdish (Wikipedia, Battle of Ain Jalut; Amitai-Preiss).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1028, "key": "1260-homs-1260", "name": "Homs (1260)", "label": "Homs (1260)", "year": 1260, "month": 12, "day": 10, "date": "10 December 1260", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mongol invasion of Syria", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "near the tomb of Khalid ibn al-Walid, Homs, Syria", "lat": 34.74, "lon": 36.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids" ], "side_b": [ "Ilkhanate" ], "allies_a": [ "Mamluks" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ilkhanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Ashraf Musa of Homs, al-Mansur of Hama", "commanders_b": "Baidar (Baydara)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Ayyubids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 6,000 Mongol horsemen sent by Hulagu after Ain Jalut, in eight formations.", "languages": [ "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Mongol raiding force; no Iranian units are named.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 1,400", "strength_b": "about 6,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Muslim princes' small army routed the Mongol force, which fled the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Abu'l-Fida; al-Maqrizi; en.wikipedia First Battle of Homs", "note": "Wikipedia title: 'First Battle of Homs'.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "opponent+leader", "qbasis": "The army that met Baydara's Mongols was led by the Ayyubid princes al-Ashraf Musa of Homs and al-Mansur II of Hama, of the Kurdish-descended Ayyubid dynasty, with Mamluk emirs (Maqrizi; Amitai-Preiss).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1029, "key": "1264-kazerun-1264", "name": "Kazerun (1264)", "label": "Kazerun (1264)", "year": 1264, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1264 (revolt from late 1263)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Seljuk-Shah of Fars", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Kazerun, Iran", "lat": 29.62, "lon": 51.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hulagu" ], "side_b": [ "Seljuk-Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ilkhanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hulagu (Ilkhanate)", "faction_b": "Seljuk-Shah (Salghurids of Fars)", "commanders_a": "Ilkhanid commanders (unnamed here), with the troops of the atabegs of Yazd and Luristan", "commanders_b": "Seljuk-Shah ibn Salghur (executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ilkhanid Mongol troops with levies of the subject atabegs of Yazd and Luristan, against the Salghurid atabeg's Turkmen and Persian troops of Fars.", "languages": [ "Mongolic", "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides drew on Iranian levies (Fars, Yazd, Luristan) beside Mongol and Salghurid Turkic horsemen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ilkhanid army defeated Seljuk-Shah, who had killed the Mongol governors, and took him at Kazerun.", "borderline": "known from Vassaf and Rashid al-Din; commanders and site not verified on the web", "doubt": "Borderline: known from Vassaf and Rashid al-Din; commanders and site not verified on the web.", "sources": "Vassaf; Rashid al-Din", "note": "Civil: the Salghurids of Fars and the Ilkhanate are both Persian states in this set.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1030, "key": "1270-herat-1270", "name": "Herat (1270)", "label": "Herat (1270)", "year": 1270, "month": 7, "day": 22, "date": "22 July 1270", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kaidu-Kublai war (Baraq's invasion of Khorasan)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Qara Su plain near Ghurian, west of Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 61.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ilkhanate" ], "side_b": [ "Chagatai Khanate" ], "allies_a": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ilkhanate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abaqa, Yoshmut, Tubshin, Arghun Aqa, Samaghar, Abatai", "commanders_b": "Baraq (wounded), Margha'ul (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Chagatai Khanate", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abaqa's Mongol tumens, with contingents from Kerman and Yazd on the left wing and a Georgian contingent under King David in the vanguard.", "languages": [ "Mongolic", "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Rashid al-Din names the Kerman and Yazd contingents (Persian-speaking) beside the Mongol tumens and Georgians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "50,000-100,000", "strength_b": "90,000-150,000", "losses_a": "about 5,000 killed", "losses_b": "about 40,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baraq's army broke and fled towards the Oxus, leaving the field to Abaqa.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Rashid al-Din; Vassaf; en.wikipedia Battle of Herat (1270); en.wikipedia Timeline of the Ilkhanate ('Battle of Qara-Su')", "note": "Also called the battle of Qara Su. The Kartid ruler of Herat, Shams al-Din, had submitted to Baraq earlier that year.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Rashid al-Din names Kirman and Yazd contingents on Yoshmut's left wing in Abaqa's army, and the Atabegs of Yazd were ethnically Persian (Wikipedia, Battle of Herat (1270) and Atabegs of Yazd).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1031, "key": "1275-alamut-1275-1276", "name": "Alamut (1275-1276)", "label": "Alamut (1275-1276)", "year": 1275, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1275 (Nizari seizure) - 1276 (Ilkhanid recapture)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nizari rising in Rudbar", "theatre": "Rudbar of Alamut", "place": "Alamut castle, Iran", "lat": 36.44, "lon": 50.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Abaqa" ], "side_b": [ "Nizari rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nizari rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Naw Dawlat (or Abu Dawlat), son of Khurshah", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An Ilkhanid force against Nizari partisans of Rudbar and Daylam.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The rebels were Daylamite Ismailis; the Ilkhanid besiegers were mainly Mongol and Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ilkhanid army retook Alamut in 1276, about a year after the Nizari restoration force had seized it.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state.", "sources": "Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris", "note": "One entry for the Nizari seizure (1275) and the Ilkhanid siege that ended it (1276).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Daylamite Ismaili partisans of Rudbar and Daylam against an Ilkhanid force.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1032, "key": "n1032", "name": "Siege of Changzhou (1275)", "label": "Siege of Changzhou", "year": 1275, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Autumn-winter 1275 (the city, which had rebelled after submitting, resisted for five months before Bayan stormed it)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Yuan conquest of the Southern Song", "theatre": "", "place": "Changzhou, Jiangsu (China)", "lat": 31.81, "lon": 119.97, "loc": "known", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Yuan dynasty" ], "side_b": [ "Southern Song" ], "allies_a": [ "Asud guard troops" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yuan dynasty", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bayan of the Baarin", "commanders_b": "Song garrison commanders (not identified here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bayan stormed Changzhou and massacred its people (Song shi, Yuan shi; Yule on Polo).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Yuanshi; Songshi; Marco Polo (Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, notes on Alans and Chang-chou); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin", "note": "The Alan link is the weak point. Polo (and Pauthier) tie a massacre of Alans to Changzhou, but Yule argues the Alan episode belongs to Zhenzhou (see next entry). Asud troops did serve in Bayan's army, so a contingent is likely but not shown for this siege.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1033, "key": "n1033", "name": "Zhenzhou (Yizheng), Asud garrison massacre", "label": "Zhenzhou, Asud garrison massacre", "year": 1275, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "4th lunar month 1275 (about May 1275); Polo says 1274, Tu Chi 1276", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Yuan conquest of the Southern Song", "theatre": "", "place": "Zhenzhou (modern Yizheng), Jiangsu (China)", "lat": 32.27, "lon": 119.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "China", "side_a": [ "Southern Song" ], "side_b": [ "Yuan dynasty" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Asud troops" ], "persian_state": "Yuan dynasty", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hong Fu", "commanders_b": "Bayan's officers, including Asud (Alan) commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Songshi: Hong Fu retook the city in April-May 1275; Polo's tale is that the Alan troops billeted there were killed in the night.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Marco Polo (the Alans of 'Chang-chou'); Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, vol. 1 notes (dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-c-104/V-1/page/0037.html.en); Songshi", "note": "Known mainly from Polo's story of Alans killed after a feast, which Yule places at Chen-chou rather than Changzhou. Polo's '30,000 Alans' is not credible as a number.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1034, "key": "n1034", "name": "Siege of Dedyakov", "label": "Siege of Dedyakov", "year": 1278, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "Winter 1277-78; Russian chronicles give February 1278 (some works say 1277)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Golden Horde suppression of the Alan revolt (Dedyakov uprising)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dedyakov, an Alan town, usually placed near Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia (Russia)", "lat": 43.04, "lon": 44.67, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Golden Horde" ], "side_b": [ "Alans" ], "allies_a": [ "Rus' princes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mengu-Timur (khan)", "commanders_b": "Alan chiefs (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Russian chronicles (Nikon and related) say the Tatars with the Rus' princes took Dedyakov and burned it in February 1278.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Nikon Chronicle and related Russian chronicles (s.a. 6786); Klaproth; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans", "note": "The last big Alan revolt against the Horde. The Wikipedia text on the Dedyakov events is partly tagged 'citation needed'.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1035, "key": "n1035", "name": "Marqab (siege, 1285)", "label": "Marqab", "year": 1285, "month": 4, "day": 17, "date": "17 April-25 May 1285", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mamluk-Crusader wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Marqab (al-Marqab), Syria", "lat": 35.1517, "lon": 35.9317, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Mamluk Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Hospitallers" ], "allies_a": [ "Ayyubid principality of Hama" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mamluk Sultanate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qalawun; al-Muzaffar II Mahmud of Hama (Hama contingent)", "commanders_b": "Hospitaller garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mamluks took Marqab by mining and the Hospitallers surrendered on terms on 25 May 1285.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Abu al-Fida (fetched): he was present at the attack on a Hospitaller stronghold; Abu'l-Fida, al-Mukhtasar", "note": "Qualifies only by the Hama contingent under the Ayyubid prince; the Hama Ayyubids were allies not leaders of the Mamluk army.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1036, "key": "n1036", "name": "Tripoli (siege, 1289)", "label": "Tripoli", "year": 1289, "month": 3, "day": 26, "date": "26 March-27 April 1289", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mamluk-Crusader wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Tripoli, Lebanon", "lat": 34.4367, "lon": 35.8497, "loc": "known", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Mamluk Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "County of Tripoli" ], "allies_a": [ "Ayyubid principality of Hama" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mamluk Sultanate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qalawun; al-Muzaffar II Mahmud of Hama (Hama contingent)", "commanders_b": "Bartholomew Embriaco; Lucia of Tripoli", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Qalawun's army stormed the city, killed the garrison and razed Tripoli.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Abu al-Fida (fetched): he took part in the sieges of Tripoli and Acre; Abu'l-Fida, al-Mukhtasar", "note": "Qualifies only by the Hama contingent under the Ayyubid prince.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1037, "key": "n1037", "name": "Acre (siege, 1291)", "label": "Acre", "year": 1291, "month": 4, "day": 5, "date": "5 April-18 May 1291", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mamluk-Crusader wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Acre, Israel", "lat": 32.9211, "lon": 35.0687, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel", "side_a": [ "Mamluk Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [ "Ayyubid principality of Hama" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mamluk Sultanate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "al-Ashraf Khalil; al-Muzaffar II Mahmud of Hama (Hama contingent); Abu al-Fida", "commanders_b": "Jean de Grailly; Guillaume de Beaujeu (killed); Peter of Sevrey", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mamluks stormed Acre on 18 May 1291, the last Crusader stronghold on the mainland.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Abu al-Fida (fetched); Abu'l-Fida, al-Mukhtasar; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. 2-3", "note": "Abu al-Fida records his own presence and the Hama catapult force. Qualifies only by the Ayyubid prince's contingent; likely to be judged marginal.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1038, "key": "n1038", "name": "Bapheus", "label": "Bapheus", "year": 1302, "month": 7, "day": 27, "date": "27 July 1302 (Hammer-Purgstall); Treiyer (2017) argues for 27 July 1299", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Roman-Ottoman wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Plain of Bapheus (Koyunhisar), near Nicomedia (Izmit), Turkey; exact field unknown", "lat": 40.73, "lon": 29.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman beylik" ], "side_b": [ "Roman Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Alan mercenaries" ], "persian_state": "Roman Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Osman I", "commanders_b": "George Mouzalon", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ottoman cavalry broke the Roman line and Mouzalon withdrew into Nicomedia (Pachymeres).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Pachymeres, Historia, book 4; Bartusis, The Late Roman Army (1997); Inalcik, 'Osman Ghazi's Siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Bapheus' (1994); Treiyer (2017); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bapheus", "note": "About half of Mouzalon's roughly 2,000 men were newly hired Alans, who are said to have covered the retreat rather than fought hard. Alans crossed into Roman service in 1301-02, which supports the 1302 date over 1299.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1039, "key": "n1039", "name": "Apros", "label": "Apros", "year": 1305, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1305", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Catalan Company's war against Constantinople", "theatre": "", "place": "Apros, near modern Kermeyan, eastern Thrace (Turkey); exact field unknown", "lat": 40.9, "lon": 26.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Catalan Company" ], "side_b": [ "Roman Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Alan and Turcopole mercenaries" ], "persian_state": "Roman Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Berenguer de Rocafort", "commanders_b": "Michael IX Palaiologos; Girgon (Alan chief, in Roman service in 1305; his part at Apros is not attested here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Catalans broke the Roman line, Michael IX was unhorsed and carried off, and the camp was looted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Pachymeres, Historia; Muntaner, Chronicle; Bartusis, The Late Roman Army (1997); Jessee and Isaenko, 'The military effectiveness of Alan mercenaries in Constantinople, 1301-1306', J. Medieval Military History 12 (2014); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apros", "note": "Alan cavalry held the Roman left and withdrew almost at once, which disrupted the line (Wikipedia, from Pachymeres). Whether Alans were a fifth of the army is not given.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1040, "key": "n1040", "name": "Catalans v Alans and Turcopoles at the Balkan foothills", "label": "Catalans v Alans and Turcopoles at the Balkan foothills", "year": 1306, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Spring 1306 (Muntaner; the Wikipedia summary of Apros places an annihilation of the Alans after Apros)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Catalan Company's war against Constantinople", "theatre": "", "place": "Foot of the Balkan mountains near the Bulgarian frontier, Thrace (Bulgaria/Turkey); site unknown", "lat": 42.3, "lon": 26.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Catalan Company" ], "side_b": [ "Roman Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Alan mercenaries", "Turcopoles" ], "persian_state": "Roman Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Catalan almogavar leaders (Rocafort's company)", "commanders_b": "Girgon (Alan); Melik (Turcopole chief)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Muntaner (via Jessee and Isaenko): a hard fight on the Bulgarian frontier went to the Catalan almogavars, who destroyed the Alan contingent.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Muntaner, Chronicle; Pachymeres; Jessee and Isaenko (2014); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apros", "note": "Muntaner puts Girgon's and Melik's horse at about 8,000 together. Place, date and exact order of events are poorly fixed, so this is an uncertain entry.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1041, "key": "1306-herat-siege-1306-1307", "name": "Herat (siege, 1306-1307)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1306-1307)", "year": 1306, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1306 (Danishmend killed) - June 1307 (citadel taken; Wikipedia gives 5 February - 24 June 1306)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ilkhanid campaign against the Kartids", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Oljaitu" ], "side_b": [ "Fakhr al-Din Kart" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Fakhr al-Din Kart", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Danishmend Bahadur (killed), Bujai", "commanders_b": "Fakhr al-Din Kart and his garrison commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Danishmend's 10,000 Ilkhanid troops, then Bujai's besieging army with a Frankish mangonel corps, against the Kartid garrison of Herat (Tajik and Ghurid troops).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Kartid defenders were Persian-speaking (the dynasty was Tajik and Ghurid in origin); the Ilkhanid besiegers were Mongol and Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000 (Danishmend's force)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "Danishmend's force largely destroyed", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the Kartids destroyed Danishmend's force inside Herat, Bujai's army besieged and took the citadel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sayfi Haravi; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Oljaitu; en.wikipedia Kart dynasty", "note": "Civil: the Kartids and the Ilkhanate are both Persian states in this set.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Kartid garrison of Herat, Tajik and Ghurid troops, defended the city against a Mongol and Turkic Ilkhanid army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1042, "key": "1307-gilan-1307", "name": "Gilan (1307)", "label": "Gilan (1307)", "year": 1307, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1307", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Oljaitu's Gilan campaign", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Gilan, Iran", "lat": 37.2, "lon": 49.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Gilaki lords" ], "side_b": [ "Oljaitu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Gilaki lords", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the lords of Gilan (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Qutlugh-Shah (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qutlugh-Shah's Ilkhanid column (one of four armies, others under Chupan, Sutai, Esen Qutluq, Irinjin) against the Gilaki highland and forest levies.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The victors were Gilaki-speaking local levies; the Ilkhanid column was Mongol and Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Qutlugh-Shah and much of his column", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Gilaks defeated Qutlugh-Shah's column and killed him, though the other Ilkhanid columns forced Gilan's submission.", "borderline": "civil only if the Gilaki lords count as an Iran-seated local power; otherwise an Ilkhanid defeat by local rebels", "doubt": "Borderline: civil only if the Gilaki lords count as an Iran-seated local power; otherwise an Ilkhanid defeat by local rebels.", "sources": "Kashani; Rashid al-Din; en.wikipedia Oljaitu; en.wikipedia Chupan", "note": "The campaign as a whole ended with Gilan's submission (tributized June 1307).", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Gilaki highland and forest levies defeated a Mongol and Turkic Ilkhanid column.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1043, "key": "1310-erbil-siege-1310", "name": "Erbil (siege, 1310)", "label": "Erbil (siege, 1310)", "year": 1310, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "spring - 1 July 1310 (unrest from 1307)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Erbil revolt", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Arbela (Erbil) citadel, Iraq", "lat": 36.19, "lon": 44.01, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ilkhanate" ], "side_b": [ "Christian rebels (Erbil)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ilkhanate", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Christian rebels (Erbil)", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ilkhanid troops with Kurdish tribesmen (and Arabs, per the Timeline of the Ilkhanate).", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Mongolic", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Kurdish tribesmen beside the Ilkhan's troops; their share is not known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 10,000 (Christian rebels, per Wikipedia's Oljaitu)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the defenders massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ilkhanid troops and Kurdish tribesmen took the citadel on 1 July 1310 and massacred its defenders.", "borderline": "the defenders were Christian (Assyrian) townsmen and militia, part rebellion, part refuge from persecution", "doubt": "Borderline: the defenders were Christian (Assyrian) townsmen and militia, part rebellion, part refuge from persecution.", "sources": "Bar Hebraeus (continuation); History of Mar Yahballaha; en.wikipedia Oljaitu; en.wikipedia Citadel of Erbil", "note": "New opponent name 'Christian rebels (Erbil)'.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The sources name Kurdish tribesmen beside the Ilkhan's troops; their share is not known.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1044, "key": "1319-herat-siege-1319", "name": "Herat (siege, 1319)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1319)", "year": 1319, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1319", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Yasa'ur", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghiyath al-Din Kart" ], "side_b": [ "Yasa'ur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kartids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Kart (Kartids)", "faction_b": "Yasa'ur (rebel Chagatayid prince holding an Ilkhanid appanage)", "commanders_a": "Ghiyath al-Din Kart", "commanders_b": "Yasa'ur", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Kartid garrison and people of Herat against Yasa'ur's Chagatayid Mongol followers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Kartid defenders were Persian-speaking; Yasa'ur's besiegers were Mongol and Turkic nomads.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat held and Yasa'ur raised the siege as Ilkhanid armies approached.", "borderline": "civil only if Yasa'ur counts as a rebel Ilkhanid vassal (he held Khorasan lands from Oljaitu); otherwise a Kartid defence against a Chagatai prince", "doubt": "Borderline: civil only if Yasa'ur counts as a rebel Ilkhanid vassal (he held Khorasan lands from Oljaitu); otherwise a Kartid defence against a Chagatai prince.", "sources": "Sayfi Haravi; Hafiz-i Abru; en.wikipedia Kart dynasty; en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan", "note": "Yasa'ur was killed by Kebek's men in 1320.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1045, "key": "1320-mubariz-al-din-s-campaign-against-the-nikudaris", "name": "Mubariz al-Din's campaign against the Nikudaris", "label": "Mubariz al-Din's campaign against the Nikudaris", "year": 1320, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1320 (first battle; the campaign lasted 13-14 years)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muzaffarid wars with the Negudaris", "theatre": "Yazd and Sistan", "place": "between Yazd and Bafq, Iran", "lat": 31.75, "lon": 55.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muzaffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Negudaris" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mubariz al-Din Muhammad (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Nawruz (died of wounds), Taman Gorbeh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Negudaris", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mubariz al-Din's 60 horsemen of Yazd, then reinforcements from the town; he was the Ilkhan's governor of Yazd.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local force raised in Yazd and Maybod, Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "60 at first", "strength_b": "about 300", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 50 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mubariz al-Din's horsemen, once reinforced from Yazd, broke Nawruz's Negudaris and pursued them to Bafq.", "borderline": "a campaign of some twenty small fights; only the first battle is described, and its date is not given", "doubt": "Borderline: a campaign of some twenty small fights; only the first battle is described, and its date is not given.", "sources": "Mahmud Kutubi, Tarikh-i Al-i Muzaffar; en.wikipedia Mubariz al-Din's campaign against the Nikudaris; en.wikipedia Muzaffarids (Iran)", "note": "New opponent name 'Negudaris' (Nikudari, Qara'unas Mongol tribes of Sistan and Afghanistan).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Muzaffarids, of Arab descent: counted through their Persian troops", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1046, "key": "n1046", "name": "Philippopolis (siege)", "label": "Philippopolis", "year": 1323, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1323 (a four-month siege, into the summer)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War with Bulgaria (George Terter II and Michael Shishman), 1322-1324", "theatre": "", "place": "Philippopolis (Plovdiv)", "lat": 42.15, "lon": 24.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Bulgaria", "side_a": [ "Bulgaria" ], "side_b": [ "Rome" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bulgaria", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan the Russian, his deputy Inas; the Alan chiefs Itil and Temir", "commanders_b": "Andronikos III; the Bulgarian despot Voysil of Kopsis (ally)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "rom", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "As in Battles of the Romans: The defenders had about 1,000 Alan horse and 2,000 foot, with Bulgarian (perhaps also Hungarian) troops. The siege failed, but the city was taken soon afterwards when pro-imperial citizens opened the", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kantakouzenos book 1; Gregoras book 8; en.wikipedia Ivan the Russian", "note": "The Alan chiefs Itil and Temir with their men in the Bulgarian garrison (Kantakouzenos 1.37)", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Alan chiefs Itil and Temir with their men in the Bulgarian garrison (Kantakouzenos 1.37)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "rom", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1047, "key": "n1047", "name": "Hisn Kayfa (1334)", "label": "Hisn Kayfa", "year": 1334, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1334; day unknown", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayyubid-Artuqid conflict in Diyar Bakr", "theatre": "", "place": "Hisn Kayfa (Hasankeyf) region, Turkey", "lat": 37.7142, "lon": 41.4172, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa" ], "side_b": [ "Artuqids of Mardin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ayyubid emir of Hisn Kayfa (name not given in the source seen)", "commanders_b": "Artuqid commander (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "An Artuqid force attacked Hisn Kayfa and was decisively defeated; the Ayyubids gained land on the left bank of the Tigris.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Hasankeyf (fetched): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasankeyf", "note": "Known only from a summary; the commanders and the exact place are not named in the source seen.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1048, "key": "1336-jaghatu-1336", "name": "Jaghatu (1336)", "label": "Jaghatu (1336)", "year": 1336, "month": 4, "day": 29, "date": "29 April 1336 (spring 1336; 18 Ramadan 736)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (succession war after Abu Sa'id)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Jaghatu (Zarrineh) River near Maragheh, Iran", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 46.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Musa Khan and Ali Padshah" ], "side_b": [ "Arpa Ke'un and the vizier Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Arpa Ke'un and the vizier Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Padshah, Musa Khan", "commanders_b": "Arpa Ke'un, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ali Padshah's Oirat tribesmen and their allies against Arpa's larger army of Mongol and Persian regiments, including Akrunj's mostly Uyghur contingent, which defected before the fighting.", "languages": [ "Mongolic", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were drawn from the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the Ilkhanate; only Arpa's side is said to have had Persian regiments.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "smaller", "strength_b": "larger", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Arpa's army fell into disarray when the Uyghur contingent of Akrunj changed sides, and Ali Padshah held the field; Arpa was captured in flight and executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hafiz-i Abru; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Chobanids; en.wikipedia Battle of Jaghatu", "note": "Iranica's Chobanids article prints the date as 18 Ramadan 735 / 10 April 1336; the Hijri year must be 736, which gives about 29-30 April 1336, the date in Wikipedia's Qara Darra article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Arpa Ke'un's army included Persian regiments, and the Persian vizier Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad shared its command, against Oirat tribesmen.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1049, "key": "1342-zava", "name": "Zava", "label": "Zava", "year": 1342, "month": 7, "day": 18, "date": "18 July 1342", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sarbadar-Kartid war", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Zava (Torbat-e Heydarieh), Iran", "lat": 35.27, "lon": 59.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kartids" ], "side_b": [ "Sarbadars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kartids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kartids (Mu'izz al-Din Husayn)", "faction_b": "Sarbadars (Wajih al-Din Mas'ud, Shaykh Hasan Juri)", "commanders_a": "Mu'izz al-Din Husayn Kart", "commanders_b": "Wajih al-Din Mas'ud, Shaykh Hasan Juri (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Kartid army of Herat (Tajik and Ghuri troops with Turkic retainers) against the Sarbadar army of Bayhaq: Persian peasant and townsmen soldiers and the Shi'i dervishes of Hasan Juri.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were raised in Persian-speaking Khorasan; the Sarbadar dervish militia was local.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Hasan Juri killed; the poet Ibn Yamin captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Sarbadars had the upper hand until Hasan Juri was killed, when his dervish followers left the field and the Kartids held it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hafiz-i Abru; J. M. Smith, The History of the Sarbadar Dynasty; en.wikipedia Battle of Zava, Sarbadars", "note": "The Sarbadars believed Mas'ud's men had murdered Hasan Juri, which caused the withdrawal.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1050, "key": "1342-shiraz-1342", "name": "Shiraz (1342)", "label": "Shiraz (1342)", "year": 1342, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1342 (Safar 743)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Chobanid-Injuid war in Fars", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Injuids" ], "side_b": [ "Chobanids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Injuids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Injuids (Abu Ishaq Inju)", "faction_b": "Chobanids (Pir Husayn)", "commanders_a": "Abu Ishaq Inju", "commanders_b": "Pir Husayn", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Abu Ishaq's Injuid followers and the townsmen of Shiraz against Pir Husayn's Chobanid troops of Mongol and Turkic origin.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Mongolic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the Injuid side rested on the Persian townsmen of Shiraz, the Chobanid side on Turco-Mongol troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu Ishaq's partisans defeated Pir Husayn and drove the Chobanids out of Shiraz.", "borderline": "a fight for the city known from Iranica's summary; no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: a fight for the city known from Iranica's summary; no separate article.", "sources": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, Chobanids", "note": "Pir Husayn had taken Shiraz from Mas'ud Shah Inju in 1340 with Muzaffarid help; he was later poisoned at Tabriz.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1051, "key": "1344-amol-1344", "name": "Amol (1344)", "label": "Amol (1344)", "year": 1344, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1344", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sarbadar war with Togha Temur", "theatre": "Mazandaran", "place": "forest route between Sari and Amol, Mazandaran, Iran", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 52.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Togha Temur's vassal Hasan II, Bavandid ispahbad of Mazandaran" ], "side_b": [ "Sarbadars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bavandids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Togha Temur's vassal Hasan II, Bavandid ispahbad of Mazandaran", "faction_b": "Sarbadars (Wajih al-Din Mas'ud)", "commanders_a": "Ispahbad Hasan II (Bavandid)", "commanders_b": "Wajih al-Din Mas'ud (captured and executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Mazandarani forces of the Bavandid ispahbad, Togha Temur's vassal, against the Sarbadar army of western Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Caspian highlanders and lowlanders on one side, Persian-speaking Khorasanis on the other.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the army; Mas'ud killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Sarbadar army was caught in a pincer in the forests of Mazandaran and destroyed; Mas'ud was captured and executed.", "borderline": "no standard name: the defeat of Mas'ud the Sarbadar in Mazandaran", "doubt": "Borderline: no standard name: the defeat of Mas'ud the Sarbadar in Mazandaran.", "sources": "J. M. Smith, The History of the Sarbadar Dynasty; en.wikipedia Sarbadars, Togha Temur", "note": "Wikipedia's Sarbadars article places the ambush on the Sari-Amol route; its Togha Temur article in a valley south of Amol.", "peoples": [ "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1052, "key": "n1052", "name": "Daulatabad (Hasan Gangu's rising, 1347)", "label": "Daulatabad", "year": 1347, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "July-August 1347 (Hasan Gangu was crowned on 3 or 12 August 1347)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rise of the Bahmani Sultanate (rebellion of the Deccan amirs against Muhammad bin Tughluq)", "theatre": "", "place": "Daulatabad (Devagiri), Maharashtra, India", "lat": 19.94, "lon": 75.21, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Deccan rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Delhi Sultanate garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Deccan rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hasan Gangu (Zafar Khan), with Isma'il Mukh", "commanders_b": "Malik Jauhar and Shaikh Burhan al-Din Bilgrami", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The imperial forces left in the Deccan were put to flight and Hasan Gangu was crowned (Wikipedia 'Bahmani Sultanate').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani Sultanate' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta; Isami, Futuh us-Salatin", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. The Delhi army under Muhammad bin Tughluq took Daulatabad earlier in 1347 and then left for Gujarat; this entry is the rebels' recovery of the citadel.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1053, "key": "1350-yazd-siege-1350", "name": "Yazd (siege, 1350)", "label": "Yazd (siege, 1350)", "year": 1350, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1350-1351", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muzaffarid-Injuid war", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Yazd, Iran", "lat": 31.9, "lon": 54.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muzaffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Injuids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Muzaffarids (Mubariz al-Din Muhammad)", "faction_b": "Injuids (Abu Ishaq Inju)", "commanders_a": "Mubariz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Abu Ishaq Inju", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Muzaffarid troops of Yazd and Kerman against Abu Ishaq's army of Fars.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian townsmen and retainers with Mongol tribesmen of Kerman (Awghani, Jurma'i) and Turkic troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu Ishaq's siege of Yazd failed and was given up.", "borderline": "no separate article and little detail on the fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article and little detail on the fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Muzaffarids (Iran), Mubariz al-Din Muhammad", "note": "An Injuid army sent against Kerman about the same time was also defeated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1054, "key": "1351-herat-siege-1351", "name": "Herat (siege, 1351)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1351)", "year": 1351, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1351-1352 (some accounts c. 1358)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Qazaghan's invasion of Khorasan", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Chagatai Khanate" ], "side_b": [ "Kartids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kartids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amir Qazaghan", "commanders_b": "Mu'izz al-Din Husayn Kart", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Chagatai Khanate", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Kartid troops of Herat: Tajik townsmen and Ghuri hillmen with Turkic retainers (the normal Kartid army; the sources give no detail).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Kartid state's base in Persian-speaking Herat and Ghur.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat was taken and sacked by Qazaghan's coalition and Mu'izz al-Din submitted.", "borderline": "date and course uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: date and course uncertain.", "sources": "B. F. Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane; en.wikipedia Qazaghan, Kart dynasty", "note": "Qazaghan led the tribes of the southern Chagatai ulus after Kartid raids on the Arlat and Apardi; Wikipedia's Kart dynasty article dates the sack to c. 1358, most accounts to 1351-52.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Kartids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1055, "key": "1353-shiraz-siege-1353", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1353)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1353)", "year": 1353, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1353 (754)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muzaffarid-Injuid war", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muzaffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Injuids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Muzaffarids (Mubariz al-Din Muhammad)", "faction_b": "Injuids (Abu Ishaq Inju)", "commanders_a": "Mubariz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Abu Ishaq Inju", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Muzaffarid army of Yazd and Kerman, with the Mongol Awghani and Jurma'i tribesmen of Kerman, against Abu Ishaq's troops and the townsmen of Shiraz.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iranica names the Awghani and Jurma'i Mongol tribes among the Muzaffarid forces; the rest were Persian retainers and townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shiraz fell to Mubariz al-Din and Abu Ishaq fled to Isfahan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; en.wikipedia Muzaffarids (Iran), Mubariz al-Din Muhammad", "note": "Abu Ishaq was first beaten in the field in 1353 and took refuge in Shiraz; the Wikipedia articles do not describe the siege itself.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1056, "key": "1356-isfahan-siege-1356", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1356)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1356)", "year": 1356, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1356-1357 (757)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muzaffarid-Injuid war", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muzaffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Injuids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Muzaffarids (Shah Sultan, for Mubariz al-Din)", "faction_b": "Injuids (Abu Ishaq Inju)", "commanders_a": "Shah Sultan, Mubariz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Abu Ishaq Inju", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Muzaffarid army under Shah Sultan against Abu Ishaq's last followers in Isfahan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual Muzaffarid army of Persian retainers and Kerman Mongol tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Tabarak citadel of Isfahan submitted to the Muzaffarid army and Abu Ishaq was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; en.wikipedia Muzaffarids (Iran)", "note": "Abu Ishaq was executed at Shiraz in 1357.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1057, "key": "1358-mianeh-1358", "name": "Mianeh (1358)", "label": "Mianeh (1358)", "year": 1358, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1358 (758-760)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muzaffarid campaign in Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "near Mianeh, Iran", "lat": 37.42, "lon": 47.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Muzaffarids" ], "side_b": [ "Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mubariz al-Din Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Akhichuq", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mubariz al-Din's Muzaffarid army of Fars, Yazd and Kerman, with Kerman Mongol tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Mongolic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual Muzaffarid army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mubariz al-Din defeated Akhichuq and went on to occupy Tabriz.", "borderline": "site uncertain: Mianeh in some accounts; the Wikipedia articles say only that Akhichuq was defeated and Tabriz occupied", "doubt": "Borderline: site uncertain: Mianeh in some accounts; the Wikipedia articles say only that Akhichuq was defeated and Tabriz occupied.", "sources": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; en.wikipedia Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, Jani Beg", "note": "Akhichuq was the governor left by Jani Beg and was by then acting on his own; Mubariz al-Din abandoned Tabriz when the Jalayirids advanced.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Muzaffarids, of Arab descent: counted through their Persian troops", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1058, "key": "n1058", "name": "Kaulas (1362)", "label": "Kaulas", "year": 1362, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1362 (Ferishta; no day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (Muhammad Shah I against Warangal)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kaulas (Kowlas) fort, Telangana, India; approximate", "lat": 18.3, "lon": 77.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Warangal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Vijayanagara" ], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahadur Khan, Azam-i Humayun and Safdar Khan Sistani, for Muhammad Shah I", "commanders_b": "Vinayak Deva", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Warangal forces were routed and pursued to the gates of Warangal; Kanhayya paid a ransom and gave up 25 war elephants (Wikipedia, citing Ferishta).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1362-1367)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. One Bahmani commander bears the nisba Sistani (Safdar Khan Sistani), which may point to a Sistan origin; the sources used do not say.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1059, "key": "n1059", "name": "Warangal (siege, c. 1362-1364)", "label": "Warangal", "year": 1363, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1362 to 1364 (Kanhayya surrendered in 1364)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (Muhammad Shah I against Warangal)", "theatre": "", "place": "Warangal, Telangana, India", "lat": 17.97, "lon": 79.6, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Warangal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Safdar Khan Sistani, with Muhammad Shah I present", "commanders_b": "Kanhayya (Kapaya Nayaka)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kanhayya surrendered in 1364, paid a large ransom and became a Bahmani vassal (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1362-1367)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. The siege is recorded without dates inside the campaign, so the span is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1060, "key": "1364-shiraz-siege-1364", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1364)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1364)", "year": 1364, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1363-1364 (765)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muzaffarid civil war (Shah Shuja against Shah Mahmud)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Shah Mahmud with Jalayirid troops of Shaykh Uvais" ], "side_b": [ "Shah Shuja" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shah Mahmud (Muzaffarid of Isfahan) with Jalayirid troops of Shaykh Uvais", "faction_b": "Shah Shuja (Muzaffarid of Shiraz)", "commanders_a": "Shah Mahmud", "commanders_b": "Shah Shuja", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shah Mahmud's troops of Isfahan reinforced by Jalayirid cavalry sent by Shaykh Uvais, against Shah Shuja's army of Fars.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Mongolic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian Muzaffarid troops on both sides with Turco-Mongol Jalayirid auxiliaries.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shah Mahmud took Shiraz and Shah Shuja withdrew from his capital.", "borderline": "the course of the siege is not described in the sources consulted", "doubt": "Borderline: the course of the siege is not described in the sources consulted.", "sources": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; en.wikipedia Shah Shuja (Muzaffarid)", "note": "Shah Shuja abandoned the city after a long siege (about eleven months in some accounts) and recovered it in 1366.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1061, "key": "n1061", "name": "Mudgal (Bahmani recapture, 1366)", "label": "Mudgal", "year": 1366, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1366 (before the battle of Kauthal of July 1366)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (the Raichur Doab)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mudgal (Mudkal), Raichur district, Karnataka, India", "lat": 16.01, "lon": 76.45, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Shah I", "commanders_b": "Bukka Raya I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mudgal was retaken after Bukka's capture of the fort and the Vijayanagara camp was plundered (Wikipedia, citing Ferishta).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1362-1367)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. The casualty figures (70,000 to 90,000 killed) are Ferishta's and Vijayanagara's and are not credible.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1062, "key": "n1062", "name": "Kauthal (1366)", "label": "Kauthal", "year": 1366, "month": 7, "day": 20, "date": "20 July 1366", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (the Raichur Doab)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kauthal, near Siruguppa, Ballari district, Karnataka, India; approximate", "lat": 15.63, "lon": 76.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Shah I, with Musa Khan, Isa Khan and Khan Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Bukka Raya I and Mallinatha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Vijayanagara forces were routed; Mallinatha died of his wounds (Wikipedia, citing Ferishta).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1362-1367)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. Ferishta's account of early firearms at this battle is open to doubt.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1063, "key": "n1063", "name": "Vijayanagara (siege, 1367)", "label": "Vijayanagara", "year": 1367, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1367 (the campaign of 1366-67)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (Muhammad Shah I's march on the capital)", "theatre": "", "place": "Vijayanagara (Hampi), Karnataka, India", "lat": 15.335, "lon": 76.46, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Shah I", "commanders_b": "Bukka Raya I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bukka's last sally lost his remaining troops, the city was sacked and Bukka sued for peace (Wikipedia, citing Ferishta).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1362-1367)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. Ferishta's civilian death toll (400,000 to 500,000) is not credible.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1064, "key": "1372-kath-siege", "name": "Kath (siege)", "label": "Kath (siege)", "year": 1372, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1372 (773)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Khwarazm campaigns", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Kath (near Beruniy), Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.7, "lon": 60.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Sufids of Khwarazm" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Behram Yesaul (governor), Shaykh Mu'ayyad (qadi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Sufids of Khwarazm", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army: Chagatai Turco-Mongol tribal cavalry under his amirs, with Tajik foot and levies from Transoxiana.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik (Persian-speaking) infantry and levies (Manz); the sources give no proportions.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the garrison killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a first assault failed, the attackers filled the ditch and stormed Kath, killing most of the defenders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; historyofwar.org Siege of Kath 1372; en.wikipedia Sufi dynasty", "note": "The Sufids were a Qongrat (Turco-Mongol) house of former Golden Horde governors, treated here as non-Persian although seated at Urgench.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik (Persian-speaking) infantry and levies (Manz); the sources give no proportions.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1065, "key": "1372-urgench-1372", "name": "Urgench (1372)", "label": "Urgench (1372)", "year": 1372, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1372", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timur's Khwarazm campaigns", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "outside Urgench (Konye-Urgench), Turkmenistan", "lat": 42.33, "lon": 59.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Sufids of Khwarazm" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Husayn Sufi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Sufids of Khwarazm", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and levies from Transoxiana.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur won the battle outside Urgench and Husayn Sufi retreated into the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; historyofwar.org Siege of Kath 1372; en.wikipedia Sufi dynasty", "note": "Husayn Sufi died during the short siege that followed; his brother Yusuf Sufi made peace and ceded Kath and Khiva, so the siege itself ended by treaty.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1066, "key": "1374-kerman-siege-1374", "name": "Kerman (siege, 1374)", "label": "Kerman (siege, 1374)", "year": 1374, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "1374 (Kerman fell in December 1374)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Muzaffarid civil wars (revolt of Pahlavan Asad)", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman, Iran", "lat": 30.28, "lon": 57.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Shah Shuja" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavan Asad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muzaffarids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shah Shuja", "faction_b": "Pahlavan Asad (rebel governor of Kerman)", "commanders_a": "Shah Shuja", "commanders_b": "Pahlavan Asad", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shah Shuja's Muzaffarid army of Fars against the rebel garrison of Kerman.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Mongolic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual Muzaffarid army of Persian troops with Turkic and Kerman Mongol tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kerman fell to Shah Shuja in December 1374 and the revolt ended.", "borderline": "no separate article; recorded as the defeat of the revolt in December 1374", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; recorded as the defeat of the revolt in December 1374.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sarbadars, Muzaffarids (Iran)", "note": "Wikipedia's Sarbadars article says the revolt was backed by the Sarbadars.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1067, "key": "n1067", "name": "Vijayanagara (siege, c. 1375-1377)", "label": "Vijayanagara", "year": 1376, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1375-1377 (the Wikipedia account gives no dates)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani-Vijayanagara war of 1375-1378 (Mujahid Shah)", "theatre": "", "place": "Vijayanagara (Hampi), Karnataka, India", "lat": 15.335, "lon": 76.46, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mujahid Shah, with Azam-i Humayun, Bahadur Khan and Muqarrab Khan", "commanders_b": "Bukka Raya I and Chenappa Odeyar", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Bahmanis breached the outer defences but did not take the city and the Sultan withdrew (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagar War (1375-1378)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1068, "key": "n1068", "name": "Adoni (siege, c. 1377-1378)", "label": "Adoni", "year": 1377, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1377-1378 (about nine months; the account gives no dates)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani-Vijayanagara war of 1375-1378 (Mujahid Shah)", "theatre": "", "place": "Adoni, Andhra Pradesh, India", "lat": 15.63, "lon": 77.27, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Safdar Khan Sistani, then Mujahid Shah", "commanders_b": "Bukka Raya I", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege was lifted when the rains refilled the garrison's water and peace was made with Bukka (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagar War (1375-1378)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. The year 1366 or 1368 given for 'Adoni' in some accounts is a different episode; some sources treat this campaign as a Bahmani failure.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1069, "key": "1379-urgench-siege-1379", "name": "Urgench (siege, 1379)", "label": "Urgench (siege, 1379)", "year": 1379, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring-summer 1379 (about three months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Khwarazm campaigns", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Urgench (Konye-Urgench), Turkmenistan", "lat": 42.33, "lon": 59.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Sufids of Khwarazm" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur, Umar Shaikh", "commanders_b": "Yusuf Sufi (died during the siege)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Sufids of Khwarazm", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army: Chagatai tribal cavalry under Timur and Umar Shaikh with Tajik foot, battering rams and catapults.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "general massacre after the fall", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Urgench was stormed through breaches after a siege of about three months and sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; historyofwar.org Siege of Urganch 1379; en.wikipedia Siege of Urgench", "note": "A sortie under Hajji was beaten back by Umar Shaikh; Khwarazm was annexed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1070, "key": "n1070", "name": "Kulikovo", "label": "Kulikovo", "year": 1380, "month": 9, "day": 8, "date": "8 September 1380", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Muscovite-Mamai war (Golden Horde civil wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kulikovo Field, near the Don and Nepryadva (Russia)", "lat": 53.66, "lon": 38.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Muscovy and allied Rus' principalities" ], "side_b": [ "Mamai's Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Genoese infantry", "Circassians", "Alans", "Burtas" ], "persian_state": "Mamai's Golden Horde", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dmitry Donskoy; Vladimir of Serpukhov", "commanders_b": "Mamai", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Dmitry held the field after the ambush regiment struck; Mamai's army broke and fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Zadonshchina and Skazanie o Mamaevom poboishche (list the Yasy among Mamai's allies); Handbuch der Orientalistik, as cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans", "note": "The battle is certain; the presence of an Alan (Yasy) contingent rests on the later Rus' tales and one modern handbook, so the Iranian link is weak. May be left out of the Iranian dataset.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1071, "key": "1381-fushanj-siege", "name": "Fushanj (siege)", "label": "Fushanj (siege)", "year": 1381, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1381", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's conquest of Khorasan", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Fushanj (near Ghurian), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 61.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Kartids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Kartids (garrison of Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ali)", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's Chagatai cavalry and Tajik foot against the Kartid garrison of Tajik and Ghuri troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Turkic-led Chagatai army with Tajik foot against a Persian-speaking Kartid garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; Timur hit by two arrows", "losses_b": "the whole garrison killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fushanj was stormed across its moat and the garrison was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; historyofwar.org Siege of Fushanj 1381; en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (1381)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1072, "key": "1381-sabzevar-siege-1381", "name": "Sabzevar (siege, 1381)", "label": "Sabzevar (siege, 1381)", "year": 1381, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1381 to winter 1381-82", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's conquest of Khorasan (war with Amir Vali)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Sabzevar, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 57.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ali-yi Mu'ayyad and Timur's relieving army" ], "side_b": [ "Amir Vali of Astarabad with the Jauni Qurban" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ali-yi Mu'ayyad (Sarbadars, Timur's vassal) and Timur's relieving army", "faction_b": "Amir Vali of Astarabad with the Jauni Qurban", "commanders_a": "Ali-yi Mu'ayyad, Timur", "commanders_b": "Amir Vali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ali-yi Mu'ayyad's Sarbadar garrison and Timur's relieving army, against Amir Vali's troops of Gurgan and Mazandaran and the Jauni Qurban (Oirat) tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Mongolic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Persian Sarbadar defenders and Caspian troops of Amir Vali, with Chagatai and Oirat cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur's approach relieved Sabzevar and Amir Vali raised the siege.", "borderline": "a siege raised on the approach of a relief army, with no recorded battle; no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: a siege raised on the approach of a relief army, with no recorded battle; no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Amir Vali, Sarbadars", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1073, "key": "1381-herat-siege-1381", "name": "Herat (siege, 1381)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1381)", "year": 1381, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1381", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's conquest of Khorasan", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Kartids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Kartids (Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ali)", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army against the Kartid garrison of Ghuri and Herati troops, which made several counter-attacks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against Persian-speaking Ghuri and Herati defenders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 2,000 prisoners", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Timur took the ramparts after four days of fighting and the Kartid notables surrendered the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (1381), Kart dynasty", "note": "Herat's walls were dismantled and Ghiyath al-Din and his son were taken to Samarkand.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1074, "key": "1383-isfizar-siege", "name": "Isfizar (siege)", "label": "Isfizar (siege)", "year": 1383, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1383", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's conquest of Khorasan (revolts of 1383)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Isfizar (Sabzavar of Herat, now Shindand), Afghanistan", "lat": 33.3, "lon": 62.14, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Timur and Miran Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Rebels of Isfizar under Shaikh Da'ud-i Khitatai" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur and Miran Shah", "faction_b": "Rebels of Isfizar under Shaikh Da'ud-i Khitatai (a former Kartid officer)", "commanders_a": "Timur, Miran Shah's emirs", "commanders_b": "Shaikh Da'ud-i Khitatai", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Miran Shah's emirs and then Timur's army against the Tajik rebels of Isfizar.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against Persian-speaking rebels.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; the officer directing the mines was killed", "losses_b": "about 2,000 captured and built alive into a tower", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The town and then its mountain fortress were taken by storm and mining.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; historyofwar.org Siege of Isfizar 1383; en.wikipedia Kart dynasty", "note": "Not Sabzevar in western Khorasan; Wikipedia's Timur article dates the suppression to c. 1385.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1075, "key": "1383-zaranj-siege-1383", "name": "Zaranj (siege, 1383)", "label": "Zaranj (siege, 1383)", "year": 1383, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1383", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Sistan campaign", "theatre": "Sistan", "place": "Shahr-i Sistan (Zaranj; ruins near Zabol), Iran", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 61.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Mihrabanid maliks of Sistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Mihrabanid maliks of Sistan (Qutb al-Din)", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Qutb al-Din (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army against the Sistani troops of the Mihrabanid maliks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against Persian-speaking Sistanis.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "three-day massacre after the surrender", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur surrounded the city, took Qutb al-Din prisoner and the citadel surrendered; the city was then sacked and burned.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Taj al-Din Shah-i Shahan Abu'l Fath", "note": "Wikipedia's Timur article dates the Sistan campaign to 1386; most accounts give 1383. Timur's troops then destroyed the dams of Sistan and raided Bust.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1076, "key": "1384-astarabad-1384", "name": "Astarabad (1384)", "label": "Astarabad (1384)", "year": 1384, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1383-1384", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timur's war with Amir Vali", "theatre": "Gurgan", "place": "Astarabad (Gorgan), Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Amir Vali of Astarabad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Amir Vali of Astarabad", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Amir Vali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army against Amir Vali's troops of Gurgan and Mazandaran.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against Amir Vali's Persian and Caspian troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Amir Vali's attempt to stop Timur failed; he fled to the Jalayirids and Timur occupied Astarabad.", "borderline": "no standard name or site; Wikipedia says only that Vali's attempt to stop Timur failed", "doubt": "Borderline: no standard name or site; Wikipedia says only that Vali's attempt to stop Timur failed.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Amir Vali", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1077, "key": "1385-tabriz-siege-1385", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1385)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1385)", "year": 1385, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1385-86", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Tokhtamysh's invasion of Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Golden Horde" ], "side_b": [ "Jalayirids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jalayirids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tokhtamysh", "commanders_b": "Amir Vali and the notables of Tabriz (Sultan Ahmad Jalayir had withdrawn)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Tabriz with the troops of Amir Vali and other Jalayirid officers; Sultan Ahmad and his main army had left the city.", "languages": [ "Persian", "other Iranian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defence rested on the townsmen of Tabriz, who spoke Persian and Old Azari (an Iranian language).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "city sacked; many carried off as captives", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tabriz fell to Tokhtamysh's army after a short defence and was sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tokhtamysh, Jalayirid Sultanate, Amir Vali, Tokhtamysh-Timur war", "note": "Wikipedia's Tokhtamysh-Timur war article dates the plunder of Tabriz to 1386, the Jalayirid article to 1385. The Jalayirids still held Tabriz as their seat, so they count as Persian here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defence rested on the townsmen of Tabriz, who spoke Persian and Old Azari (an Iranian language).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1078, "key": "1386-tbilisi-siege-1386", "name": "Tbilisi (siege, 1386)", "label": "Tbilisi (siege, 1386)", "year": 1386, "month": 11, "day": 22, "date": "late autumn 1386; the city fell on 22 November 1386", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timurid invasions of Georgia", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Tbilisi, Georgia", "lat": 41.69, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Bagrat V (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Three Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and levies from Khorasan and the newly conquered Iranian provinces.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000-30,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Tbilisi was stormed on 22 November 1386 and Bagrat V was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Georgian Chronicles; en.wikipedia Siege of Tbilisi (1386), Timurid invasions of Georgia", "note": "Bagrat was later freed when George VII destroyed his Timurid escort.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1079, "key": "1387-karabakh-1387", "name": "Karabakh (1387)", "label": "Karabakh (1387)", "year": 1387, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1387", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tokhtamysh-Timur war", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Karabakh steppe (Timur's winter quarters), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 47.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur's amirs, reinforced by Miran Shah", "commanders_b": "Tokhtamysh's commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Timurid army wintering in Karabakh: Chagatai tribal cavalry under Timur's amirs, with reinforcements brought by Miran Shah.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; prisoners taken", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Tokhtamysh's attack on Timur's winter camp was repelled and his troops withdrew north, leaving prisoners whom Timur released.", "borderline": "no standard name: Tokhtamysh's attack on Timur's winter quarters in Karabakh", "doubt": "Borderline: no standard name: Tokhtamysh's attack on Timur's winter quarters in Karabakh.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Tokhtamysh", "note": "The first open clash between Timur and his former protege Tokhtamysh.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1080, "key": "1387-van-siege-1387", "name": "Van (siege, 1387)", "label": "Van (siege, 1387)", "year": 1387, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1387", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Three Years' Campaign", "theatre": "Lake Van region", "place": "Van fortress (Tushpa), Turkey", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 43.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish emirates" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids v Kurdish emirates", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timurids", "faction_b": "Kurdish emirates", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Izz al-Din Shir (Kurdish emir of Hakkari)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish emirates", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Three Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many defenders enslaved or executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur took the fortress of Van and captured Izz al-Din Shir; many defenders were enslaved or executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Izz al-Din Shir", "note": "Izz al-Din Shir was spared and restored under Timurid suzerainty. Some accounts treat the garrison as Qara Qoyunlu partisans.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1081, "key": "1387-isfahan-siege-1387", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1387)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1387)", "year": 1387, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1387", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Three Years' Campaign (conquest of the Muzaffarid lands)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Townsmen of Isfahan in revolt" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Townsmen of Isfahan (Muzaffarid city) in revolt", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "unnamed Muzaffarid governor; the townsmen's leaders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army against the Persian townsmen of Isfahan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the Isfahani defenders were Persian townsmen; Timur's army was Chagatai cavalry with Tajik foot.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000-30,000 (Wikipedia infobox)", "strength_b": "15,000-25,000 (Wikipedia infobox)", "losses_a": "unknown; about 3,000 soldiers killed in the rising (Yazdi)", "losses_b": "70,000 or more killed in the massacre", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the townsmen rose and killed Timur's tax collectors and soldiers, the city was retaken by storm and massacred.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; en.wikipedia Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "note": "Isfahan had first surrendered without a fight; the massacre followed the rising.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1082, "key": "1388-alinja-siege", "name": "Alinja (siege)", "label": "Alinja (siege)", "year": 1388, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1388-1401 (intermittent)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's wars with the Jalayirids", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Alinja fortress (Alinjagala), Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.08, "lon": 45.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Jalayirids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Georgia" ], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur, Muhammad Miraka, Muhammad Darvish, Miran Shah, Seif ad-Din, Abu Bakr", "commanders_b": "Tahir (son of Ahmad Jalayir), later Sidi Ahmad Ogulsai and three Georgian nobles; George VII (relief)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Jalayirids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timurid troops of Azerbaijan under Miran Shah and his commanders.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Miran Shah's army combined Chagatai cavalry with levies from Azerbaijan and western Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress surrendered in 1401, starved out after a long blockade.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Alinja, Battle of Alinja", "note": "The Jalayirid seat was then Baghdad, so the Jalayirids count as opponents under the seat rule. Assaults in 1388, renewed blockade in 1394 and 1396-98; the Georgian relief of 1399 is a separate entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred: Miran Shah's army combined Chagatai cavalry with levies from Azerbaijan and western Iran.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1083, "key": "1391-kondurcha-river", "name": "Kondurcha River", "label": "Kondurcha River", "year": 1391, "month": 6, "day": 18, "date": "18 June 1391", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tokhtamysh-Timur war", "theatre": "Volga steppe", "place": "Kondurcha River, Samara Oblast, Russia", "lat": 53.5, "lon": 50.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur, Umar Shaikh, Miran Shah", "commanders_b": "Tokhtamysh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army that marched across the steppe from Tashkent: Chagatai tribal cavalry in seven divisions, with Tajik foot and levies from Transoxiana and Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 100,000", "strength_b": "180,000-200,000 or more (sources vary; inflated)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 100,000 (inflated)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Timur's line held against the Horde's flank attacks and his counter-attack routed Tokhtamysh's army, many of whose men were trapped against the Volga.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Nizam al-Din Shami; en.wikipedia Battle of the Kondurcha River", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1084, "key": "1392-mahanasar-siege", "name": "Mahanasar (siege)", "label": "Mahanasar (siege)", "year": 1392, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1392", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Five Years' Campaign (Mazandaran)", "theatre": "Mazandaran", "place": "Mahanasar fortress near Amol, Iran", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 52.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Mar'ashi sayyids of Mazandaran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Mar'ashi sayyids of Mazandaran (Sayyid Kamal al-Din)", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Sayyid Kamal al-Din Mar'ashi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army against the Mazandarani followers of the Mar'ashi sayyids.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against Caspian defenders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mar'ashi stronghold was taken after a siege and the sayyids were deported.", "borderline": "known from the Persian chronicles; no Wikipedia article, and the course of the siege was not verified", "doubt": "Borderline: known from the Persian chronicles; no Wikipedia article, and the course of the siege was not verified.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi, Tarikh-i Tabaristan", "note": "The Mar'ashis were an Iran-seated local dynasty, so the fight counts as civil.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1085, "key": "1393-qal-a-i-safid-siege", "name": "Qal'a-i Safid (siege)", "label": "Qal'a-i Safid (siege)", "year": 1393, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1393", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Five Years' Campaign (end of the Muzaffarids)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Qal'eh Sefid (near Nurabad, Mamasani), Iran", "lat": 30.1, "lon": 51.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Muzaffarid garrison of Shah Mansur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Muzaffarid garrison of Shah Mansur", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army against Shah Mansur's garrison of Fars.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against Persian defenders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur's troops stormed the fortress and freed the blinded Muzaffarid prince Zayn al-Abidin.", "borderline": "no separate article; the storming is told in Yazdi, and Wikipedia mentions only the freeing of Zayn al-Abidin", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; the storming is told in Yazdi, and Wikipedia mentions only the freeing of Zayn al-Abidin.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; en.wikipedia Battle of Shiraz (1393)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1086, "key": "1393-shiraz-1393", "name": "Shiraz (1393)", "label": "Shiraz (1393)", "year": 1393, "month": 3, "day": 29, "date": "spring 1393 (29 March in Wikipedia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timur's Five Years' Campaign (end of the Muzaffarids)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "near Shiraz (Patila), Iran", "lat": 29.62, "lon": 52.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timur" ], "side_b": [ "Muzaffarids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timur", "faction_b": "Muzaffarids (Shah Mansur)", "commanders_a": "Timur (wounded), Shah Rukh", "commanders_b": "Shah Mansur (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army with Shah Rukh's division, against Shah Mansur's 3,000-4,000 armoured horsemen of Fars.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a Chagatai army with Tajik foot against the Persian Muzaffarid horsemen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000", "strength_b": "3,000-4,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Shah Mansur killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shah Mansur's charge reached Timur but his army was routed and he was killed in the pursuit by Shah Rukh's men; Timur held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mozaffarids; historyofwar.org Battle of Shiraz 1393; en.wikipedia Battle of Shiraz (1393)", "note": "Iranica dates the execution of the remaining Muzaffarid princes to 23 May 1393; some accounts put the battle in April or May.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1087, "key": "1393-baghdad-siege-1393", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1393)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1393)", "year": 1393, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "late August 1393", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Five Years' Campaign (war with the Jalayirids)", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Jalayirids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Sultan Ahmad Jalayir (fled)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Jalayirids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Five Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "part of the population massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Baghdad fell to Timur at the end of August 1393 after Sultan Ahmad fled.", "borderline": "little fighting is recorded at Baghdad itself; Ahmad fled as Timur approached", "doubt": "Borderline: little fighting is recorded at Baghdad itself; Ahmad fled as Timur approached.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Siege of Baghdad (1393), Capture of Baghdad (1394)", "note": "The Jalayirid seat was Baghdad, so the Jalayirids count as opponents under the seat rule. Ahmad retook the city with Mamluk help in 1394 without a fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1088, "key": "1393-tikrit-siege-1393", "name": "Tikrit (siege, 1393)", "label": "Tikrit (siege, 1393)", "year": 1393, "month": 12, "day": 11, "date": "20 November to 11 December 1393", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's Five Years' Campaign", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Tikrit, Iraq", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 43.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Local lords" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Amir Hasan (chief of the band holding the fortress)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Local lords", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army, each tuman digging its own mine under the walls (72,000 diggers in Yazdi).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the defenders executed; towers of skulls built", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The walls were undermined and brought down and the fortress was stormed on 11 December; Hasan was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; historyofwar.org Siege of Takrit 1393", "note": "The fortress was held by a band that preyed on caravans; Yazdi names no overlord.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1089, "key": "1395-astrakhan-siege-1395", "name": "Astrakhan (siege, 1395)", "label": "Astrakhan (siege, 1395)", "year": 1395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1395-96", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Tokhtamysh-Timur war", "theatre": "Volga", "place": "Hajji Tarkhan (old Astrakhan), Russia", "lat": 46.35, "lon": 48.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "unknown (Tokhtamysh's city)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Five Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "city sacked and destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur's forces took and sacked Hajji Tarkhan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Siege of Astrakhan (1395)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1090, "key": "1395-khankala-1395", "name": "Khankala (1395)", "label": "Khankala (1395)", "year": 1395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1395", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid invasion of Simsim (Tokhtamysh-Timur war)", "theatre": "North Caucasus", "place": "Khankala gorge, south-east of Grozny, Russia", "lat": 43.25, "lon": 45.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Vainakhs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Khour II and other Chechen nobles of Simsim", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Vainakhs", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army after the Terek: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Iranian levies, much larger than its opponent.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "much larger", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the main army destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The main army of Simsim was almost destroyed in the Khankala gorge.", "borderline": "rests on recent Chechen historical writing as presented in Wikipedia; not named in the classic Timurid histories consulted", "doubt": "Borderline: rests on recent Chechen historical writing as presented in Wikipedia; not named in the classic Timurid histories consulted.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khankala (1395), Timurid invasion of Simsim", "note": "Simsim was a Vainakh (Chechen-Ingush) principality allied to the Golden Horde.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1091, "key": "1395-sarai-siege-1395", "name": "Sarai (siege, 1395)", "label": "Sarai (siege, 1395)", "year": 1395, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1395-96", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Tokhtamysh-Timur war", "theatre": "Volga", "place": "Sarai (New Sarai, near Tsarev), Russia", "lat": 48.65, "lon": 45.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "unknown (Tokhtamysh's capital)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Five Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "city burned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sarai was taken and burned and its craftsmen deported to Central Asia.", "borderline": "little fighting is described; it may have been a capture and sack", "doubt": "Borderline: little fighting is described; it may have been a capture and sack.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Siege of Sarai (1395)", "note": "Which Sarai (Old Sarai at Selitrennoye or New Sarai near Tsarev) is meant is not certain; New Sarai is given.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1092, "key": "1395-terek-river", "name": "Terek River", "label": "Terek River", "year": 1395, "month": 4, "day": 14, "date": "14 April 1395 (15-16 April in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tokhtamysh-Timur war", "theatre": "North Caucasus", "place": "Terek River, North Caucasus, Russia", "lat": 43.7, "lon": 44.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Golden Horde" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Alans", "Vainakhs" ], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Tokhtamysh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Golden Horde", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Five Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and levies from Iran and Transoxiana; Golden Horde emirs such as Aktau defected to it during the battle.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After some of Tokhtamysh's emirs went over, Timur routed the Horde's left wing and Tokhtamysh fled north, leaving Timur the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Battle of the Terek River, Tokhtamysh", "note": "Wikipedia's coordinates (43.58, 47.45) lie near the Caspian; most accounts put the battle on the middle Terek, so only the region is given. Timur was nearly killed in the battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army included Tajik infantry and levies from Iran against the Golden Horde.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1093, "key": "n1093", "name": "Krishna River and the Raichur Doab (1398)", "label": "Krishna River and the Raichur Doab", "year": 1398, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1398", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bahmani-Vijayanagara war of 1398 (Firuz Shah)", "theatre": "", "place": "Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab (Raichur Doab), Karnataka, India; exact site unknown", "lat": 16.2, "lon": 77.35, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Firuz Shah, Qazi Sirajuddin, Ahmad Shah I and Malik Na'ib", "commanders_b": "Harihara II and Prince Bukka", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After Qazi Sirajuddin killed Prince Bukka in the Vijayanagara camp, a Bahmani force of about 4,000 scattered the disordered army and Harihara II paid a ransom and tribute (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition. Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Bahmani-Vijayanagar War (1398)' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Descent of the dynasty is disputed: Wikipedia ('Bahmani Sultanate') cites Esami and Andre Wink for an Afghan origin of Hasan Gangu and Encyclopaedia Iranica for a 'Khorasani adventurer who claimed descent from Bahram Gur' (Ferishta calls the Persian pedigree flattery). Either way Iranian, so both peoples are marked uncertain. The assassination story is Ferishta's and may be embroidered; no formal battle is named.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1094, "key": "1398-multan-siege-1398", "name": "Multan (siege, 1398)", "label": "Multan (siege, 1398)", "year": 1398, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1398 (about six months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's invasion of India", "theatre": "Punjab", "place": "Multan, Pakistan", "lat": 30.2, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Delhi Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pir Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Sarang Khan (governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Delhi Sultanate", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Pir Muhammad's army from his appanage of Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar: Chagatai cavalry with levies from eastern Afghanistan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Pir Muhammad's levies came from Persian- and Pashto-speaking eastern Afghanistan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Multan fell to Pir Muhammad after a siege of about six months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Siege of Multan (1398)", "note": "The siege may have begun late in 1397.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred: Pir Muhammad's levies came from Persian- and Pashto-speaking eastern Afghanistan.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1095, "key": "1398-bhatner-siege", "name": "Bhatner (siege)", "label": "Bhatner (siege)", "year": 1398, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1398", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's invasion of India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "Bhatner (Hanumangarh), India", "lat": 29.58, "lon": 74.32, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Indian kingdoms" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Rai Dul Chand", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Indian kingdoms", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's Indian army (about 90,000): Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Afghan and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison and townspeople massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort was stormed, its chief surrendered, and the fort and town were destroyed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Timur, Timurid conquests and invasions", "note": "Rai Dul Chand was the Bhati chief of Bhatner.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1096, "key": "1398-delhi-1398", "name": "Delhi (1398)", "label": "Delhi (1398)", "year": 1398, "month": 12, "day": 17, "date": "17 December 1398", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timur's invasion of India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "outside Delhi, India", "lat": 28.6, "lon": 77.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Delhi Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, Mallu Iqbal", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Delhi Sultanate", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's Indian army of about 90,000: Chagatai tribal cavalry behind a ditch and caltrops, with Tajik foot, archers and Afghan and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies, including Pir Muhammad's men from Afghanistan (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 90,000", "strength_b": "10,000 horse, 40,000 foot and 120 elephants (Yazdi)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; about 100,000 civilians killed in and around the city", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Delhi army and its war elephants were routed before the city and the sultan fled; Delhi was sacked in the following days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Nizam al-Din Shami; en.wikipedia Sack of Delhi (1398)", "note": "Before the battle Timur had some 100,000 Indian prisoners killed. Some popular accounts place the battle at Panipat; the sources put it before Delhi.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies, including Pir Muhammad's men from Afghanistan (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1097, "key": "1399-alinja", "name": "Alinja", "label": "Alinja", "year": 1399, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1399", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid invasions of Georgia (relief of Alinja)", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Alinja fortress, Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.08, "lon": 45.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids" ], "allies_a": [ "Jalayirids" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "George VII", "commanders_b": "Abu Bakr (son of Miran Shah), Seif ad-Din", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Miran Shah's Timurid army of Azerbaijan under his son Abu Bakr, with the besieging force of Seif ad-Din.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Miran Shah's army combined Chagatai cavalry with levies from Azerbaijan and western Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Georgians broke the blockade and then defeated Abu Bakr's relief army, which fell back to Tabriz.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles; en.wikipedia Battle of Alinja, Siege of Alinja", "note": "The Georgians freed Prince Tahir; Timur's reprisal campaign of 1399-1400 followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred: Miran Shah's army combined Chagatai cavalry with levies from Azerbaijan and western Iran.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1098, "key": "1399-meerut-siege", "name": "Meerut (siege)", "label": "Meerut (siege)", "year": 1399, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1399", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's invasion of India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "Meerut, India", "lat": 28.98, "lon": 77.71, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Delhi Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "the commanders of the fort (Ilyas Afghan and his son in Yazdi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Delhi Sultanate", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Timur's Indian army on its return march: Chagatai cavalry with sappers and Tajik foot.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "defenders killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort was undermined and stormed and its defenders killed.", "borderline": "known from Yazdi; no Wikipedia article, and the defenders' names were not verified", "doubt": "Borderline: known from Yazdi; no Wikipedia article, and the defenders' names were not verified.", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Timurid conquests and invasions", "note": "Wikipedia mentions resistance by local (Jat and khap) militias near Meerut.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1099, "key": "1400-sagim-river", "name": "Sagim River", "label": "Sagim River", "year": 1400, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1400", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid invasions of Georgia", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Sagim river, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia", "lat": 41.45, "lon": 44.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "George VII", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Seven Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; about 60,000 people later enslaved", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "George VII's army was defeated and scattered.", "borderline": "no separate article; named in Wikipedia's Timurid invasions of Georgia", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; named in Wikipedia's Timurid invasions of Georgia.", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles; en.wikipedia Timurid invasions of Georgia", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1100, "key": "1400-sebaste-siege-1400", "name": "Sebaste (siege, 1400)", "label": "Sebaste (siege, 1400)", "year": 1400, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1400", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timurid-Ottoman war", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Sebaste (Sivas), Turkey", "lat": 39.75, "lon": 37.02, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "the Ottoman garrison (Suleyman Celebi commanded in the region)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Seven Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot, miners and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 3,000 Armenian soldiers killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sivas surrendered after a short, hard siege; the Armenian soldiers of the garrison were then buried alive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Sack of Sebaste (1400)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1101, "key": "1400-aleppo-1400", "name": "Aleppo (1400)", "label": "Aleppo (1400)", "year": 1400, "month": 10, "day": 30, "date": "30 October 1400; the citadel surrendered by 2 November", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Mamluk war", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "outside Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Mamluks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur, Miran Shah, Shah Rukh", "commanders_b": "Tamardash (Aleppo), Sudun (Damascus), Shaykh al-Mahmudi (Tripoli), Azdemir (killed) and the other Syrian governors", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Mamluks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Seven Years' Campaign: Chagatai cavalry wings, a centre with Indian war elephants, Tajik foot and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); the Indian language entry is for the elephant crews.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "30,000-35,000", "losses_a": "small", "losses_b": "the army almost destroyed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mamluk governors' army broke under Timur's flank attacks and fled into the city, which was then taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn Taghribirdi; Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Sack of Aleppo (1400)", "note": "The Mamluk sultan Faraj was not present.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); the Indian language entry is for the elephant crews.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1102, "key": "1400-damascus-siege-1400", "name": "Damascus (siege, 1400)", "label": "Damascus (siege, 1400)", "year": 1400, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1400 to March 1401", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timurid-Mamluk war", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.51, "lon": 36.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Mamluks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Sultan al-Nasir Faraj", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Mamluks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Seven Years' Campaign: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot, siege engineers and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 50,000 dead in the infobox, many burned in the mosques", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Faraj's relief army was beaten outside Damascus and withdrew to Egypt, and the city and then its citadel were surrendered to Timur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ibn Khaldun; Ibn Taghribirdi; en.wikipedia Siege of Damascus (1400)", "note": "Ibn Khaldun negotiated with Timur during the siege; the city was sacked and the Umayyad Mosque burned in March 1401.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1103, "key": "1401-baghdad-siege-1401", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1401)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1401)", "year": 1401, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "June-July 1401 (about 40 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur's wars with the Jalayirids", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Jalayirids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "Faraj (commander for Sultan Ahmad, who had left)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Jalayirids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army of the Seven Years' Campaign, described as a Turco-Mongol army: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "general massacre (about 20,000 or more killed)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baghdad was stormed after a siege of about 40 days and sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Ibn Taghribirdi; en.wikipedia Siege of Baghdad (1401)", "note": "The Jalayirid seat was Baghdad, so the Jalayirids count as opponents under the seat rule.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1104, "key": "1402-algami-canal", "name": "Algami Canal", "label": "Algami Canal", "year": 1402, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1402 (1403 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Qara Qoyunlu wars", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Algami Canal between Hillah and Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 32.8, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Qara Qoyunlu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Bakr (son of Miran Shah)", "commanders_b": "Qara Yusuf, Yar Ali (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Qara Qoyunlu", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abu Bakr's Timurid army of Azerbaijan and Iraq.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Chagatai cavalry with levies from Azerbaijan and western Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Yar Ali killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qara Yusuf's army was routed and Baghdad was recovered for the Timurids.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Algami Canal, Qara Yusuf", "note": "Qara Yusuf had taken Baghdad after Timur's departure for Anatolia; he fled to the Mamluks after this defeat.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred: Chagatai cavalry with levies from Azerbaijan and western Iran.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1105, "key": "1402-tortum-siege-1402", "name": "Tortum (siege, 1402)", "label": "Tortum (siege, 1402)", "year": 1402, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1402", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timurid invasions of Georgia", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Tortum fortress (Tortumi), Turkey", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 41.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Timur's army on its way to the Ottoman war: Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik foot and Iranian levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 200", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After five days of fighting the fortress was taken and destroyed.", "borderline": "no separate article; a small fortress action named in Wikipedia's Timurid invasions of Georgia", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; a small fortress action named in Wikipedia's Timurid invasions of Georgia.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Timurid invasions of Georgia", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1106, "key": "1402-ankara", "name": "Ankara", "label": "Ankara", "year": 1402, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July 1402", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Ottoman war", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Cubuk plain near Ankara, Turkey", "lat": 40.05, "lon": 32.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Serbia" ], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur, Miran Shah, Shah Rukh, Muhammad Sultan, Khalil Sultan", "commanders_b": "Bayezid I (captured), Suleyman Celebi, Mehmed Celebi, Stefan Lazarevic", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's whole army: Chagatai cavalry wings under Miran Shah and Shah Rukh, a vanguard under his grandsons, Timur's centre with Indian war elephants, and contingents from Transoxiana, Khorasan and western Iran; the Black Tatars and Anatolian beylik troops changed sides to join it.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Besides the Turkic-speaking Chagatai cavalry, Timur's army drew Tajik foot and contingents from Khorasan and western Iran (Manz); no proportions are given, and the deserters who joined him were Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 140,000", "strength_b": "85,000-120,000", "losses_a": "15,000-40,000", "losses_b": "40,000-50,000", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Ottoman army broke after the Tatars and beylik troops went over to Timur, and Bayezid was captured in flight; Timur held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; Ibn Arabshah; en.wikipedia Battle of Ankara", "note": "Wikipedia's Timur article gives 20 July 1402; 28 July is the usual date. Timur's elephants (about 32) came from India.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Besides the Turkic-speaking Chagatai cavalry, Timur's army drew Tajik foot and contingents from Khorasan and western Iran (Manz); no proportions are given, and the deserters who joined him were Turkic.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1107, "key": "1402-smyrna-siege", "name": "Smyrna (siege)", "label": "Smyrna (siege)", "year": 1402, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "2 to about 16 December 1402", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timurid-Ottoman war (campaign in western Anatolia)", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey", "lat": 38.42, "lon": 27.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Crusaders" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur, Muhammad Sultan, Miran Shah", "commanders_b": "Inigo de Alfaro (Knights Hospitaller)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Crusaders", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timur's army in three divisions with miners, stone-throwers and wheeled siege towers, and a mole built to close the harbour.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 4,000 in the assault (Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "about 200 knights", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the Christian inhabitants massacred", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mines breached the walls and the city was stormed; the Knights escaped by sea.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Zafarnama; en.wikipedia Siege of Smyrna", "note": "The defenders were the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Timur's army was a core of Turkic-speaking Chagatai tribal cavalry with Tajik infantry and provincial levies (Manz); no proportions are given.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1108, "key": "1403-birtvisi-siege-1403", "name": "Birtvisi (siege, 1403)", "label": "Birtvisi (siege, 1403)", "year": 1403, "month": 8, "day": 12, "date": "1403; the gates were stormed on 12 August 1403", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timurid invasions of Georgia", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Birtvisi fortress, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia", "lat": 41.53, "lon": 44.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [ "Shirvan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur (ordered the siege), Shah Ibrahim of Shirvan (led the attack)", "commanders_b": "Ivane Toreli", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Timurid troops including 52 Merkit volunteer climbers, with the army of Timur's vassal Shah Ibrahim of Shirvan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Chagatai troops with Shirvani forces, who spoke Persian (Tat) and Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "150 soldiers and 30 aznauri", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the surviving defenders killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After eight attempts, Merkit climbers stormed the gates and the fortress fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Georgian Chronicles; en.wikipedia Siege of Birtvisi (1403)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Inferred: Chagatai troops with Shirvani forces, who spoke Persian (Tat) and Turkic.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1109, "key": "1406-nakhchivan-1406", "name": "Nakhchivan (1406)", "label": "Nakhchivan (1406)", "year": 1406, "month": 10, "day": 14, "date": "14 October 1406 (1 Jumada I 809)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Qara Qoyunlu wars", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "on the Aras near Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.2, "lon": 45.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Qara Qoyunlu" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qara Yusuf", "commanders_b": "Abu Bakr Mirza (son of Miran Shah), Malik Izz al-Din of Kurdistan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Qara Qoyunlu", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abu Bakr's Timurid army of Azerbaijan (Chagatai cavalry and local troops), joined by the Kurdish contingent of Malik Izz al-Din of Kurdistan; no numbers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Kurdish contingent is named; the rest is inferred from Timurid recruitment (a Chagatai Turkic tribal core with native Iranian levies).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qara Yusuf held the field and Abu Bakr's demoralized army retreated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Nakhchivan (1406); en.wikipedia Qara Yusuf; en.wikipedia Qara Qoyunlu", "note": "Qara Yusuf took Tabriz after this battle (late 1406), so from then on the Qara Qoyunlu count as seated in Iran; here they are still the invader. The Qara Qoyunlu as a non-Persian opponent are named 'Qara Qoyunlu' (new name).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Kurdish contingent is named; the rest is inferred from Timurid recruitment (a Chagatai Turkic tribal core with native Iranian levies).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1110, "key": "1407-gandoman", "name": "Gandoman", "label": "Gandoman", "year": 1407, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1407 or 1408 (810 AH)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Fars and Iraq-i Ajam", "place": "meadow of Gandoman, between Isfahan and Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 31.87, "lon": 51.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pir Muhammad, ruler of Fars" ], "side_b": [ "Rustam and Iskandar Sultan, his brothers" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pir Muhammad (son of Umar Shaikh), ruler of Fars", "faction_b": "Rustam and Iskandar Sultan, his brothers (Isfahan)", "commanders_a": "Pir Muhammad ibn Umar Shaikh", "commanders_b": "Rustam, Iskandar Sultan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Timurid armies of Fars and of Isfahan: Chagatai amirs with their followers and local troops; after the battle Pir Muhammad won over much of Rustam's army with an amnesty.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic tribal core, with native Iranian (Tajik) levies raised to bolster numbers and townsmen in garrisons (Timurid Empire article); proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pir Muhammad won and both brothers fled the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Pir Muhammad (son of Umar Shaikh); en.wikipedia Iskandar Sultan", "note": "Wikipedia says 'near Shiraz'; the village of Gandoman lies near Borujen, so the site is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1111, "key": "1414-isfahan-siege-1414", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1414)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1414)", "year": 1414, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1414 (Iskandar defeated and captured on 21 July)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Timurid war of succession (Shah Rukh against Iskandar Sultan)", "theatre": "Iraq-i Ajam", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Shah Rukh, with the princes Rustam and Bayqara" ], "side_b": [ "Iskandar Sultan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shah Rukh, with the princes Rustam and Bayqara", "faction_b": "Iskandar Sultan", "commanders_a": "Shah Rukh, Rustam, Bayqara", "commanders_b": "Iskandar Sultan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shah Rukh's army of Khorasan with the troops of Rustam and Bayqara, against Iskandar's forces and the city of Isfahan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic tribal core, with native Iranian levies on large expeditions and townsmen in garrisons; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iskandar was defeated and captured and Isfahan submitted to Shah Rukh after a short siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iskandar Sultan; en.wikipedia Shah Rukh; Kure Ansiklopedi, Sahruh", "note": "Shah Rukh's article dates Iskandar's revolt to 1413; Iskandar was executed after a further revolt in 1415.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1112, "key": "1421-eleskirt", "name": "Eleşkirt", "label": "Eleşkirt", "year": 1421, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July-1 August 1421 (Rajab 824)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Qara Qoyunlu wars (Shah Rukh's Azerbaijan campaign of 1420-21)", "theatre": "Armenia", "place": "Eleşkirt (Alashkert) valley, Ağrı, Turkey", "lat": 39.8, "lon": 42.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Qara Qoyunlu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shah Rukh, Amir Shah Malik", "commanders_b": "Qara Iskandar, Ispend", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shah Rukh's imperial army (Chagatai cavalry with levies from Khorasan and western Iran; about 200,000 claimed for the campaign) against the Qara Qoyunlu Turkmen cavalry and Kurdish allies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Shah Rukh's army drew levies from the Iranian provinces beside its Chagatai core; the Qara Qoyunlu side was Turkmen with some Kurds.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 200,000 (claimed, for the 1420-21 campaign)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After three days of fighting the Qara Qoyunlu gave way and retreated toward Kirkuk, leaving the field to Shah Rukh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Qara Iskander; Kure Ansiklopedi, Sahruh; en.wikipedia Shah Rukh", "note": "Wikipedia's Qara Iskander article places the battle at 'Yakhsi' and says the Timurids nearly lost before a ruse by Amir Shah Malik; Turkish works call it the battle of Eleşkirt (spring/summer 824). Shah Rukh then briefly occupied Tabriz.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Shah Rukh's army included levies from Khorasan and western Iran, against Qara Qoyunlu Turkmen cavalry.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1113, "key": "1429-salmas", "name": "Salmas", "label": "Salmas", "year": 1429, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1429 (Abu Said submitted on 18 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Qara Qoyunlu wars (Shah Rukh's second campaign)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Salmas, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 44.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Qara Qoyunlu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shah Rukh", "commanders_b": "Qara Iskandar; Abu Said (deserted to Shah Rukh during the battle)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shah Rukh's army of about 100,000 (Chagatai cavalry and provincial levies) against Iskandar's Turkmen cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Shah Rukh's large expeditions included levies from the Iranian provinces beside the Chagatai core; the Qara Qoyunlu were Turkmen with Kurdish allies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 100,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu Said withdrew in the middle of the battle and submitted, and the Qara Qoyunlu retreated to Diyar Bakr, leaving the field to Shah Rukh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Qara Iskander; en.wikipedia Abu Said (Qara Qoyunlu); en.wikipedia Shah Rukh", "note": "Shah Rukh installed Abu Said as Qara Qoyunlu ruler; Iskandar killed him after the Timurid withdrawal (1430/31).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Shah Rukh's army included levies from the Iranian provinces, against Qara Qoyunlu Turkmen cavalry.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1114, "key": "1447-balkh-siege-1447", "name": "Balkh (siege, 1447)", "label": "Balkh (siege, 1447)", "year": 1447, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1447", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Tokharistan", "place": "Balkh, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Abdal-Latif Mirza, governor of Balkh for Ulugh Beg" ], "side_b": [ "Ala al-Dawla Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abdal-Latif Mirza, governor of Balkh for Ulugh Beg", "faction_b": "Ala al-Dawla Mirza (Herat)", "commanders_a": "Abdal-Latif Mirza", "commanders_b": "Ala al-Dawla Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ala al-Dawla's Khorasan army against the garrison of Balkh.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies and town garrisons; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ala al-Dawla raised the siege and withdrew to Herat after Ulugh Beg's envoy intervened; Balkh did not fall.", "borderline": "no fighting is recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: no fighting is recorded.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Balkh (1447)", "note": "Wikipedia gives the result as status quo ante bellum.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1115, "key": "1447-damghan-siege-1447", "name": "Damghan (siege, 1447)", "label": "Damghan (siege, 1447)", "year": 1447, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring 1447 (before 20 April)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Damghan, Semnan, Iran", "lat": 36.17, "lon": 54.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Abdal-Latif Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "the prefect of Damghan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "the prefect of Damghan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdal-Latif Mirza", "commanders_b": "unknown prefect", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abd al-Latif's army (Shah Rukh's former field army) against the townsmen and garrison of Damghan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Chagatai-led field army against a Persian-speaking town garrison; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a skirmish and a siege Abd al-Latif took Damghan and let it be plundered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Damghan (1447)", "note": "Wikipedia's 'Battle of Damghan (1447)' combines the siege of Damghan with the defeat at Nishapur and calls the result a tactical Samarkand victory; here it is the siege only, and Nishapur is a separate entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking townsmen and garrison of Damghan defended the town against a Chagatai-led army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1116, "key": "1447-nishapur-1447", "name": "Nishapur (1447)", "label": "Nishapur (1447)", "year": 1447, "month": 4, "day": 20, "date": "20 April 1447", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Timurids of Khurasan" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids of Samarkand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timurids of Khurasan (Ala al-Dawla Mirza)", "faction_b": "Timurids of Samarkand (Abdal-Latif Mirza)", "commanders_a": "Ala al-Dawla Mirza", "commanders_b": "Abdal-Latif Mirza (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ala al-Dawla's army of Herat and Khorasan against Abd al-Latif's army; Chagatai cavalry with Khorasan levies on both sides.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ala al-Dawla's surprise attack defeated the encircled Abd al-Latif, who was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Nishapur (1447); en.wikipedia Battle of Damghan (1447)", "note": "Gawhar Shad and the Tarkhans, held by Abd al-Latif, were freed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1117, "key": "1448-herat-siege-1448", "name": "Herat (siege, 1448)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1448)", "year": 1448, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1448", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ulugh Beg and Abdal-Latif Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Ala al-Dawla Mirza's garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ala al-Dawla Mirza's garrison", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ulugh Beg, Abdal-Latif Mirza", "commanders_b": "unknown amirs", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ulugh Beg's Transoxianan army against Herat's citadel garrison, in which Tajik archers from Bakharz repelled many assaults.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders' Tajik archers from Bakharz are named; the besiegers were a Chagatai-led army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The city fell at once and the citadel's resistance collapsed soon after Ulugh Beg arrived on the seventeenth day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (1448)", "note": "Abd al-Latif seized 4,000 tomans from the citadel; Ulugh Beg went on to take Mashhad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Herat citadel garrison, including Tajik archers from Bakharz, held out against a Chagatai-led army from Transoxiana.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1118, "key": "1448-tarnab", "name": "Tarnab", "label": "Tarnab", "year": 1448, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1448", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Tarnab, east of Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 62.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids of Samarkand" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids of Khurasan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timurids of Samarkand (Ulugh Beg, Abdal-Latif Mirza)", "faction_b": "Timurids of Khurasan (Ala al-Dawla Mirza)", "commanders_a": "Ulugh Beg, Abdal-Latif Mirza", "commanders_b": "Ala al-Dawla Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ulugh Beg's army of Transoxiana (reportedly 90,000) against Ala al-Dawla's army of Herat.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies on large expeditions; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "90,000 (reported crossing the Amu Darya)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a brief engagement Ulugh Beg decisively defeated Ala al-Dawla, who fled to Mashhad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Tarnab (1448); en.wikipedia Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza", "note": "Wikipedia's Ulugh Beg article has Ulugh Beg defeat Ala al-Dawla 'at Murghab' in 1447, probably the same battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1119, "key": "1449-dimishq", "name": "Dimishq", "label": "Dimishq", "year": 1449, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1449 (Ulugh Beg was killed on 27 October 1449)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession (revolt of Abd al-Latif)", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Dimishq, a village near Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.62, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abdal-Latif Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Ulugh Beg" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abdal-Latif Mirza (Balkh)", "faction_b": "Ulugh Beg (Samarkand)", "commanders_a": "Abdal-Latif Mirza", "commanders_b": "Ulugh Beg, Abd al-Aziz", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Timurid armies of Balkh and of Samarkand: Chagatai cavalry with Tajik levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ulugh Beg was beaten and fell back on Samarkand, where he surrendered to his son.", "borderline": "Wikipedia's Ulugh Beg article says he retreated to Samarkand before any fighting; the battle at Dimishq is named in the campaign box and in Barthold", "doubt": "Borderline: Wikipedia's Ulugh Beg article says he retreated to Samarkand before any fighting; the battle at Dimishq is named in the campaign box and in Barthold.", "sources": "Campaignbox Second Timurid Succession Crisis ('Dimishq'); en.wikipedia Ulugh Beg; Barthold, Ulugh-Beg", "note": "Ulugh Beg was murdered on his son's orders on 27 October 1449.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1120, "key": "1449-samarkand-siege-1449", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1449)", "label": "Samarkand (siege, 1449)", "year": 1449, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1449 (while Ulugh Beg was marching against Abd al-Latif)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Ulugh Beg" ], "side_b": [ "Abu Sa'id Mirza, with Arghun tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ulugh Beg", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ulugh Beg", "commanders_b": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abu Sa'id's Arghun tribesmen against the garrison and people of Samarkand.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Turkic tribesmen attacking a Persian-speaking city garrison; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The attack on the capital failed and Abu Sa'id retreated when Ulugh Beg marched back.", "borderline": "an attack on the city known only in outline", "doubt": "Borderline: an attack on the city known only in outline.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Mirza; Campaignbox Second Timurid Succession Crisis ('1st Samarkand')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison and people of Samarkand, a Persian-speaking city, defended it against Arghun tribesmen.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1121, "key": "1450-samarkand-siege-1450", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1450)", "label": "Samarkand (siege, 1450)", "year": 1450, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1450-1451", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abdallah Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Abu Sa'id Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abdallah Mirza", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdallah Mirza", "commanders_b": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abu Sa'id's followers against the garrison of Samarkand.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Chagatai-led force against a Persian-speaking city garrison; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abu Sa'id's assault on Samarkand failed and he turned instead to seize the frontier town of Yasi.", "borderline": "an assault known only in outline", "doubt": "Borderline: an assault known only in outline.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Mirza; Campaignbox Second Timurid Succession Crisis ('2nd Samarkand')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking garrison of Samarkand defended the city against Abu Sa'id's Turkic followers.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1122, "key": "1450-farhadgerd", "name": "Farhadgerd", "label": "Farhadgerd", "year": 1450, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1450", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Farhadgerd, near Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 35.76, "lon": 59.73, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Sultan Muhammad" ], "side_b": [ "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sultan Muhammad (Timurid ruler of Iraq-i Ajam and Fars)", "faction_b": "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza (Herat)", "commanders_a": "Sultan Muhammad ibn Baysunghur", "commanders_b": "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Sultan Muhammad's army of western Iran against Babur Mirza's army of Khorasan; Chagatai amirs with Iranian provincial troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Armies raised in Fars, Iraq-i Ajam and Khorasan around a Chagatai core; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babur Mirza was defeated near Mashhad and ceded territory to Sultan Muhammad.", "borderline": "the identification of the campaign box's 'Farhadgerd' with Babur Mirza's defeat near Mashhad in March 1450 is an inference", "doubt": "Borderline: the identification of the campaign box's 'Farhadgerd' with Babur Mirza's defeat near Mashhad in March 1450 is an inference.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza; Campaignbox Second Timurid Succession Crisis ('Farhadgerd')", "note": "Babur Mirza later captured and executed Sultan Muhammad (1451-52).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1123, "key": "1451-samarkand-1451", "name": "Samarkand (1451)", "label": "Samarkand (1451)", "year": 1451, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1451", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "near Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abu Sa'id Mirza, with Abu'l-Khayr Khan's Uzbeks" ], "side_b": [ "Abdallah Mirza" ], "allies_a": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza, with Abu'l-Khayr Khan's Uzbeks", "faction_b": "Abdallah Mirza", "commanders_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza, Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "commanders_b": "Abdallah Mirza (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Abu Sa'id's Timurid followers with Abu'l-Khayr's Uzbek horse as allies, against Abdallah's army of Samarkand.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with Tajik levies; the Uzbek allies were Turkic; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abdallah was defeated and killed and Samarkand opened its gates to Abu Sa'id.", "borderline": "the site is not named in Wikipedia ('3rd Samarkand' of the campaign box)", "doubt": "Borderline: the site is not named in Wikipedia ('3rd Samarkand' of the campaign box).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Mirza; en.wikipedia Abdallah Mirza; en.wikipedia Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "note": "Abu Sa'id shut the gates of Samarkand against his Uzbek allies and bought them off.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1124, "key": "n1124", "name": "Narela", "label": "Narela", "year": 1452, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1452 (month not recorded)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bahlul Lodi's wars against the Sharqis of Jaunpur", "theatre": "", "place": "Narela, north of Delhi (Delhi, India)", "lat": 28.85, "lon": 77.09, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahlul Khan Lodi" ], "side_b": [ "Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Afghan contingent of Darya Khan Lodi" ], "persian_state": "Bahlul Khan Lodi v Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bahlul Khan Lodi", "faction_b": "Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur", "commanders_a": "Bahlul Khan Lodi; Qutb Khan Lodi; Rai Karan", "commanders_b": "Fath Khan Harawi; Darya Khan Lodi; Mahmud Shah Sharqi (at the siege of Delhi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Darya Khan Lodi's Afghans left the Sharqi army after a tribal appeal, the army broke, Fath Khan Harawi was captured and executed, and Mahmud Shah raised the siege of Delhi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Narela (1452): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narela_(1452); Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat-i Akbari; Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta", "note": "Bahlul, a Lodi Afghan, was fighting for the throne of Delhi against the Sharqi army; the Sharqi field commander Darya Khan Lodi was also an Afghan. Fath Khan Harawi's origin (Herat) is not treated as qualifying.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1125, "key": "1454-samarkand-siege-1454", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1454)", "label": "Samarkand (siege, 1454)", "year": 1454, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1454", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abu Sa'id Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza (Samarkand)", "faction_b": "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza (Herat)", "commanders_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "commanders_b": "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Babur Mirza's army of Khorasan against Abu Sa'id's garrison of Samarkand.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies and town garrisons; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended in an agreement while the city was still invested, making the Oxus the border.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza; en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Mirza", "note": "The Oxus border held until Babur Mirza's death in 1457.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1126, "key": "1459-sarakhs-1459", "name": "Sarakhs (1459)", "label": "Sarakhs (1459)", "year": 1459, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1459", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "between Merv and Sarakhs, Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 61.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids of Samarkand" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids of Khurasan and Merv" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Timurids of Samarkand (Abu Sa'id Mirza)", "faction_b": "Timurids of Khurasan and Merv (Ala al-Dawla Mirza, Ibrahim Mirza, Sultan Sanjar Mirza)", "commanders_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza, Amir Ali Farsi, Amir Sayyid Asil", "commanders_b": "Ala al-Dawla Mirza, Ibrahim Mirza, Sultan Sanjar Mirza (captured, executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Abu Sa'id's outnumbered army with reinforcements under Amir Ali Farsi and Amir Sayyid Asil, against the confederate princes' armies of Khorasan and Merv.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "outnumbered", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Reinforcements reached Abu Sa'id in time and the confederates were defeated; Sanjar was captured and the others fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sarakhs (1459); en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Mirza", "note": "Wikipedia gives the place as 'Khurasan, Iran'; the battle was fought between Merv and Sarakhs, on the present Turkmen side (approximate).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1127, "key": "1460-ghwarah-marghah", "name": "Ghwarah Marghah", "label": "Ghwarah Marghah", "year": 1460, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1460 (year only)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Yusufzai conflict (Kabul)", "theatre": "Kabulistan", "place": "Ghwarah Marghah, near Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 69.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Afghans" ], "persian_state": "Afghans v Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Timurids", "commanders_a": "Malak Sulaiman Shah Yusufzai", "commanders_b": "Ulugh Beg II (Ulugh Beg Kabuli)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Timurid army of Kabul with its Gigyani Afghan allies; no numbers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Chagatai-led army of Kabul (Tajik subjects) with Pashto-speaking Gigyani allies; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "300-600 killed or wounded", "losses_b": "1,000-2,000 killed or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Yusufzai broke the Timurid and Gigyani line and routed them.", "borderline": "Kabul lies at the edge of the seat rule's Greater Khorasan; the Wikipedia article is thinly sourced and its year (1460) precedes Ulugh Beg II's rule at Kabul (from 1461)", "doubt": "Borderline: Kabul lies at the edge of the seat rule's Greater Khorasan; the Wikipedia article is thinly sourced and its year (1460) precedes Ulugh Beg II's rule at Kabul (from 1461).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ghwarah Marghah", "note": "Afghans = the Yusufzai confederacy (victors) and the Gigyani (allies of the Timurids).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "A Chagatai-led army of Kabul (Tajik subjects) with Pashto-speaking Gigyani allies; proportions are not recorded.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1128, "key": "1460-tabasaran-1460", "name": "Tabasaran (1460)", "label": "Tabasaran (1460)", "year": 1460, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1460", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid order's wars with Shirvan", "theatre": "Shirvan and Dagestan", "place": "Tabasaran, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 41.95, "lon": 48.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Shirvan" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the army of Shirvanshah Khalilullah I", "commanders_b": "Shaykh Junayd (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Shirvan", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Junayd's Sufi ghazis, mostly Turkmen tribesmen from Anatolia and northern Syria (the future Qizilbash), with disciples from Ardabil.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Safavid order's fighting followers were mainly Turkmen tribesmen; Iranian disciples from Ardabil were few.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Junayd killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Junayd was killed and his followers defeated.", "borderline": "the Safavid order before the Safavid state (1501), counted because its force fought as a principal", "doubt": "Borderline: the Safavid order before the Safavid state (1501), counted because its force fought as a principal.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Shaykh Haydar", "note": "Wikipedia's Shaykh Haydar article places Junayd's death in battle at Tabasaran without naming the opponent; other accounts put it on the Kura against the Shirvanshah's troops.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1129, "key": "n1129", "name": "Hasankeyf (siege, 1461-62)", "label": "Hasankeyf", "year": 1461, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1461-1462 (about six months; fell 1462)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Aq Qoyunlu conquest of Hisn Kayfa", "theatre": "", "place": "Hasankeyf (Hisn Kayfa), Turkey", "lat": 37.7142, "lon": 41.4172, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa" ], "side_b": [ "Aq Qoyunlu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ayyubid emir of Hisn Kayfa (name not given)", "commanders_b": "Uzun Hasan", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Uzun Hasan captured Hisn Kayfa in 1462 after a six-month siege and made his son Zeynel its governor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Hasankeyf (fetched): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasankeyf", "note": "The Ayyubid emir had rebelled in 1460 and tried to take Siirt; the dynasty lingered as vassals until the Ottoman conquest.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1130, "key": "1461-jauzi-wali", "name": "Jauzi Wali", "label": "Jauzi Wali", "year": 1461, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1461", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Jurjan (Gorgan)", "place": "Jauzi Wali, Jurjan (Gorgan) region, Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Husayn Bayqara" ], "side_b": [ "Sultan Mahmud Mirza, son of Abu Sa'id" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Husayn Bayqara", "faction_b": "Sultan Mahmud Mirza, son of Abu Sa'id", "commanders_a": "Husayn Bayqara", "commanders_b": "Sultan Mahmud Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Husayn Bayqara's followers against Sultan Mahmud's army of Jurjan; Timurid cavalry forces.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with native Iranian levies; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Husayn defeated Sultan Mahmud and took Jurjan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Husayn Bayqara; Campaignbox Second Timurid Succession Crisis", "note": "Husayn appointed Abd al-Rahman Arghun governor of Jurjan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1131, "key": "1461-herat-siege-1461", "name": "Herat (siege, 1461)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1461)", "year": 1461, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August-October 1461", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Abu Sa'id Mirza's garrison of Herat" ], "side_b": [ "Husayn Bayqara" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Abu Sa'id Mirza's garrison of Herat", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza (relief)", "commanders_b": "Husayn Bayqara", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Husayn Bayqara's army against the garrison and people of Herat.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Chagatai-led force against a Persian-speaking city garrison; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Husayn raised the siege and fled to Khwarazm before Abu Sa'id returned.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Husayn Bayqara; en.wikipedia Siege of Shahrukhiya", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison and people of Herat, a Persian-speaking city, defended it against Husayn Bayqara's army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1132, "key": "n1132", "name": "Bidar (siege, 1462)", "label": "Bidar", "year": 1462, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1462 (a 17-day siege of the Bahmani capital; exact month not fixed in the sources used)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani-Malwa war of 1461-1463 (Mahmud Khalji's invasion of the Bahmani Sultanate)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bidar, Karnataka (the Bahmani capital)", "lat": 17.9104, "lon": 77.5199, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Malwa Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [ "Khandesh" ], "allies_b": [ "Gujarat Sultanate" ], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Khalji, Sultan of Malwa", "commanders_b": "Mahmud Gawan (Persian-speaking Afaqi from Gawan in Gilan; regent and minister); Makhduma-i Jahan (queen mother, regent); Nizam Shah (child sultan); Mahmud Begada of Gujarat (relief army)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khalji reached the citadel but lifted the siege and withdrew when the joint army of Mahmud Gawan and Mahmud Begada of Gujarat advanced (Wikipedia, Mahmud Gawan; Ferishta).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta (trans. J. Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, vol. 2); H. K. Sherwani, Mahmud Gawan, the Great Bahmani Wazir (1942); R. M. Eaton, A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 (2005); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan", "note": "Gawan, born in Gilan to a family of ministers of the Gilani kingdom and Persian-speaking, was one of the regents directing the Bahmani defence; the child sultan and the queen mother were nominally in charge. His personal command in the field is stated by Ferishta and the modern summaries but the details are thin.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1133, "key": "1462-shahrukhiya-siege", "name": "Shahrukhiya (siege)", "label": "Shahrukhiya (siege)", "year": 1462, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1462-September 1463 (an earlier siege in 1461 ended in a truce)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Shahrukhiya, on the Syr Darya, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan", "lat": 40.97, "lon": 68.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Abu Sa'id Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad Juki Mirza, with Uzbek confederates" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza (Samarkand)", "faction_b": "Muhammad Juki Mirza (Shahrukhiya), with Uzbek confederates", "commanders_a": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Juki Mirza (captured), Burke Sultan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Abu Sa'id's Transoxianan army against Juki Mirza's garrison, supported by Uzbek raiding bands.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with Tajik levies; the Uzbek allies were Turkic; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After about a year's siege Shahrukhiya surrendered on terms negotiated by Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Shahrukhiya; en.wikipedia Abu Sa'id Mirza", "note": "Juki Mirza died in the citadel of Herat in 1464.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1134, "key": "n1134", "name": "Khelna (siege, 1469-1470)", "label": "Khelna", "year": 1469, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1469-1470 (monsoon-season siege during the Konkan campaign; exact months not known)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani conquest of the Konkan (Mahmud Gawan's campaign of 1469-1472)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khelna (Vishalgad), Kolhapur district, Maharashtra", "lat": 16.8975, "lon": 73.7183, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Konkan chiefs of Khelna and Sangameshwar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Gawan (Persian-speaking Afaqi from Gilan); Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (sultan)", "commanders_b": "Local Hindu chief of Khelna (name not recorded in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Bahmani army took the hill-fortress of Khelna and then the Konkan coast, ending with Dabhol and Goa (Ferishta; Wikipedia, Mahmud Gawan, dates the Konkan conquest to 1469-1472).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta (trans. J. Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, vol. 2); H. K. Sherwani, Mahmud Gawan, the Great Bahmani Wazir (1942); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan", "note": "Ferishta names Khelna as the great hill-fort reduced after a long siege in the rains at the start of Gawan's Konkan campaign. The siege dating and the defender's name are weakly documented in the secondary sources I could check.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1135, "key": "1469-herat-siege-1469", "name": "Herat (siege, 1469)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1469)", "year": 1469, "month": 3, "day": 24, "date": "March 1469 (Husayn entered Herat on 24 March)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Husayn Bayqara" ], "side_b": [ "the officers of the late Abu Sa'id in Herat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "the officers of the late Abu Sa'id in Herat", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Husayn Bayqara", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Husayn Bayqara's followers against the Herat garrison.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Chagatai-led force against a Persian-speaking city garrison; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat fell to Husayn on 24 March 1469 and Abu Sa'id's beaten army joined him.", "borderline": "a short siege with little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a short siege with little recorded fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Husayn Bayqara", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Persian-speaking garrison of Herat defended the city against Husayn Bayqara's followers.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1136, "key": "1469-chenaran", "name": "Chenaran", "label": "Chenaran", "year": 1469, "month": 9, "day": 15, "date": "15 September 1469", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Timurid war of succession (Yadgar Muhammad's bid for Khorasan)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Chenaran, Razavi Khorasan, Iran", "lat": 36.65, "lon": 59.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Husayn Bayqara" ], "side_b": [ "Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, backed by Uzun Hasan's Aq Qoyunlu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Husayn Bayqara", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Husayn Bayqara", "commanders_b": "Yadgar Muhammad Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Husayn's Khorasan army against Yadgar Muhammad's followers with Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen troops lent by Uzun Hasan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Chagatai-led Khorasan army with Iranian levies against a largely Turkmen force; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Husayn defeated Yadgar Muhammad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Husayn Bayqara; Iranica, Aq Qoyunlu", "note": "Yadgar was then reinforced by the Aq Qoyunlu and took Herat in July 1470.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Husayn Bayqara's Khorasan army, with its Iranian levies, fought a largely Turkmen force lent by Uzun Hasan.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1137, "key": "n1137", "name": "Belgaum (siege, 1472-1473)", "label": "Belgaum", "year": 1472, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Late 1472 into 1473 (Wikipedia gives 1472; Ferishta's 877 AH spans June 1472-May 1473; some modern works say 1473)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (after the capture of Goa)", "theatre": "", "place": "Belgaum (Belagavi) fort, Karnataka", "lat": 15.8497, "lon": 74.4977, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Gawan (Persian-speaking Afaqi from Gilan); Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (sultan)", "commanders_b": "Raja of Belgaum (Vijayanagara feudatory; name not recorded in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the failed Vijayanagara counter-attack at Goa, Gawan and the sultan besieged Belgaum and the raja surrendered, keeping his post as keeper of the fort (Wikipedia, Mahmud Gawan).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta (trans. J. Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, vol. 2); H. K. Sherwani, Mahmud Gawan, the Great Bahmani Wazir (1942); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan", "note": "Wikipedia calls this reportedly the first known use of gunpowder in the Deccan. Belgaum later became the estate of the Bijapur noble Asad Khan Lari.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1138, "key": "n1138", "name": "Dabhol (1472)", "label": "Dabhol", "year": 1472, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1470-1472 (the Mahmud Gawan article gives February 1472, with Goa; other accounts put Dabhol earlier)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani conquest of the Konkan (Mahmud Gawan's campaign of 1469-1472)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dabhol, Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra, India", "lat": 17.59, "lon": 73.17, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Gawan (Afaqi minister of Gilani origin)", "commanders_b": "Vijayanagara governor (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dabhol was captured with Goa during Gawan's Konkan campaign (Wikipedia 'Mahmud Gawan').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Mahmud Gawan' and 'Bahmani Sultanate' (fetched 1 Nov 2026); Ferishta", "note": "Mahmud Gawan, born in Gawan in Gilan (northern Persia), was a Persian Afaqi noble who directed the Bahmani army in the Konkan; the dynasty's own descent is disputed (see Daulatabad 1347). Weak: the sources give the capture without detail, and the date varies.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1139, "key": "n1139", "name": "Goa (Bahmani capture, 1472)", "label": "Goa (Bahmani capture, 1472)", "year": 1472, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1472 (Wikipedia, Mahmud Gawan); Ferishta's year 877 AH runs from June 1472", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani-Vijayanagara war (Mahmud Gawan's Konkan campaign, 1469-1472)", "theatre": "", "place": "Goa (Old Goa and the Mandovi estuary), Goa", "lat": 15.5009, "lon": 73.9116, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Vijayanagara Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Gawan (Persian-speaking Afaqi from Gilan); Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (sultan)", "commanders_b": "Vijayanagara governor of Goa (name not recorded in the sources used); Virupaksha Raya II (whose counter-attack failed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Gawan captured Goa and Dabhol in 1472, and Virupaksha's attempted counter-attack on Goa failed (Wikipedia, Mahmud Gawan; Ferishta).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta (trans. J. Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, vol. 2); H. K. Sherwani, Mahmud Gawan, the Great Bahmani Wazir (1942); R. M. Eaton, A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 (2005); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan", "note": "Goa was a major horse-importing port of Vijayanagara; its loss was a lasting blow to that empire. Gawan commanded the expedition himself according to Ferishta.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1140, "key": "n1140", "name": "Rapri", "label": "Rapri", "year": 1479, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1479 (one of a series of engagements of 1478-1479; exact date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bahlul Lodi's wars against the Sharqis of Jaunpur", "theatre": "", "place": "Rapri, Doab, near Firozabad (Uttar Pradesh, India)", "lat": 27.1, "lon": 78.6, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahlul Lodi", "commanders_b": "Husain Shah Sharqi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Husain Shah was beaten at Rapri, as in the other engagements of the war, and lost Kampil, Patiali, Shamsabad, Suket, Koil, Marhara and Jalesar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Husain Shah of Jaunpur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husain_Shah_of_Jaunpur; Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat-i Akbari; Ferishta", "note": "The war of 1478-1479 is a chain of defeats at Senha, Rapri, Raigaon Khaga and the Yamuna; the chronology of the individual fights is not secure, so Rapri stands for the series.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1141, "key": "n1141", "name": "Kondapalli (Bahmani siege, c. 1480-1481)", "label": "Kondapalli", "year": 1481, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1480-early 1481 (Ferishta's 885-886 AH; sources disagree on the year and on Kondapalli versus Kondavidu)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bahmani-Gajapati wars (Bahmani invasion of Orissa's Andhra possessions)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kondapalli fort near Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh", "lat": 16.6253, "lon": 80.5307, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bahmani Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Gajapati kingdom of Orissa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bahmani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (sultan); Mahmud Gawan (Persian-speaking Afaqi from Gilan; minister, with the army)", "commanders_b": "Hamvira Deva (Gajapati governor; brother of Purushottama)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ferishta has the Bahmani army take Kondapalli after a siege and then send Gawan on the expedition to Kanchi, but the Wikipedia articles on Kondapalli and the Bahmani invasion of Orissa put the fall of Kondavidu or Kondapalli differently (one has Purushottama retaking Kondapalli in 1481).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta (trans. J. Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, vol. 2); H. K. Sherwani, Mahmud Gawan, the Great Bahmani Wazir (1942); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_invasion_of_Orissa; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondapalli_Fort", "note": "Gawan was executed in April 1481 at the end of this campaign, on the sultan's return. the chronology (Kondapalli versus Kondavidu, 1478/1480/1481) is conflicting and the sultan, not Gawan, directed the army.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Daylamites" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1142, "key": "1488-chirciq-river", "name": "Chirciq River", "label": "Chirciq River", "year": 1488, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1488", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Moghul wars", "theatre": "Transoxiana (Tashkent)", "place": "Chirchiq river, southeast of Tashkent, Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.1, "lon": 69.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Chagatai Khanate" ], "side_b": [ "Timurids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sultan Mahmud Khan of Moghulistan; Muhammad Shaybani (defected from the Timurid side)", "commanders_b": "Sultan Ahmad Mirza, Mir Abdul Ali Tarkhan, Muhammad Majid Tarkhan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Chagatai Khanate", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Sultan Ahmad Mirza's army of Samarkand and Bukhara (reportedly 150,000), with infantry, Mir Abdul Ali's contingent and Shaybani's 3,000 Uzbeks, who defected.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The army included infantry, in Transoxiana normally Tajik levies, beside Chagatai cavalry and 3,000 Uzbeks; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "150,000 (reported)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; many drowned in the river", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shaybani's Uzbeks turned and fled at the critical moment, the Timurid army broke, and many drowned in the river.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Chirciq River", "note": "Moghulistan = the eastern Chagatai Khanate. Peace followed; Mahmud Khan gave Turkistan to Shaybani.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The army included infantry, in Transoxiana normally Tajik levies, beside Chagatai cavalry and 3,000 Uzbeks; proportions are not recorded.", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1143, "key": "1488-tabasaran-1488", "name": "Tabasaran (1488)", "label": "Tabasaran (1488)", "year": 1488, "month": 7, "day": 9, "date": "9 July 1488", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid order's wars with Shirvan", "theatre": "Shirvan and Dagestan", "place": "outside Bayqird castle, Tabasaran, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 41.95, "lon": 48.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Aq Qoyunlu with Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar", "Shirvan" ], "side_b": [ "Safavid order" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavid order", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar; Aq Qoyunlu troops sent by Ya'qub", "commanders_b": "Shaykh Haydar (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen force sent by Ya'qub with Farrukh Yasar's Shirvan army, against Haydar's Qizilbash Sufi followers (Turkmen tribesmen).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both the Aq Qoyunlu troops and the Safavid order's ghazis were Turkmen tribal cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Haydar and many followers killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Haydar and his men were cornered in a pitched battle, defeated and killed.", "borderline": "the Safavid order before the Safavid state; civil because both the Aq Qoyunlu and the order (an Iranian religious faction) fought as principals", "doubt": "Borderline: the Safavid order before the Safavid state; civil because both the Aq Qoyunlu and the order (an Iranian religious faction) fought as principals.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Shaykh Haydar; Iranica, Aq Qoyunlu", "note": "Haydar had sacked Shamakhi on his way north; his sons were captured afterwards and his head buried at Tabriz.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Shaykh Haydar, head of the Safavid order of Kurdish male-line descent, fought the Aq Qoyunlu force and the Shirvanshah's army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1144, "key": "n1144", "name": "Banaras (1494)", "label": "Banaras", "year": 1494, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1494", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sikandar Lodi's conquest of the remaining Sharqi lands", "theatre": "", "place": "Banaras (Varanasi), Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.32, "lon": 83.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Husain Shah Sharqi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sikandar Lodi", "commanders_b": "Husain Shah Sharqi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sikandar defeated Husain Shah, who fled to Bihar and then Bengal, ending Sharqi resistance.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat-i Akbari; Ferishta, Tarikh-i Firishta; Cambridge History of India, vol. 3 (Lodis)", "note": "Known mainly from Ferishta and Nizamuddin; recorded here from general knowledge and not confirmed on Wikipedia.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1145, "key": "1494-shamasbi", "name": "Shamasbi", "label": "Shamasbi", "year": 1494, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1494", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Aq Qoyunlu succession wars; Safavid order's wars", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Shamasbi (Shamasi), near Ardabil, Iran", "lat": 38.3, "lon": 48.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Aq Qoyunlu" ], "side_b": [ "Safavid order" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavid order", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (sent by Rustam)", "commanders_b": "Sultan Ali Mirza Safavi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Rustam's pursuing Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen force against Ali Mirza's small retinue of Sufis.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both the Aq Qoyunlu troops and the Safavid order's followers were Turkmen tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a small retinue", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Ali Mirza killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The pursuing Aq Qoyunlu troops caught Ali Mirza's small band and killed him.", "borderline": "described as a pursuit and killing rather than a battle; the Safavid order before the state", "doubt": "Borderline: described as a pursuit and killing rather than a battle; the Safavid order before the state.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ali Mirza Safavi; Iranica, Aq Qoyunlu", "note": "Ali Mirza had helped Rustam defeat Baysunghur in 1493 (an unnamed battle); his brother Ismail escaped to Lahijan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sultan Ali Mirza, a Safavid of Kurdish male-line descent, led his small band of Sufis against a pursuing Aq Qoyunlu force.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1146, "key": "1496-samarkand-siege-1496", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1496)", "label": "Samarkand (siege, 1496)", "year": 1496, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1496 (Wikipedia also lists 1494)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Baysonqor Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Babur, Sultan Ali Mirza, Sultan Masud Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Baysonqor Mirza", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Baysonqor Mirza", "commanders_b": "Babur, Sultan Ali Mirza, Sultan Masud Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Three Timurid princely armies (Fergana, Bukhara, Hissar) against Baysonqor's garrison of Samarkand.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Chagatai and Moghul cavalry on the attacking side, a Persian-speaking city on the defending side; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The three uncoordinated besieging armies withdrew as winter came, and the city did not fall.", "borderline": "no fighting is recorded", "doubt": "Borderline: no fighting is recorded.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Samarkand (1490s)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison and citizens of Samarkand, a Persian-speaking city, defended it against three Chagatai and Moghul princely armies.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1147, "key": "1497-samarkand-siege-1497", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1497)", "label": "Samarkand (siege, 1497)", "year": 1497, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May-November 1497", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Timurid war of succession", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Babur and Sultan Ali Mirza" ], "side_b": [ "Baysonqor Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "persian_state": "Baysonqor Mirza", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babur, Sultan Ali Mirza", "commanders_b": "Baysonqor Mirza; Muhammad Shaybani (Uzbek relief force, withdrew without fighting)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Babur's Fergana army (Chagatai begs and Moghul horse) and Ali Mirza's Bukharan troops, against Baysonqor's garrison and the citizens of Samarkand, who made sorties.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babur's Moghul horse and Chagatai followers are named; the citizen sortie shows Persian-speaking townsmen fighting; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "considerable (Babur's best men killed or captured in an ambush at the Lovers' Cave)", "losses_b": "considerable (many citizens killed or captured in a sortie)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After seven months Baysonqor abandoned the city and Babur entered Samarkand at the end of November 1497.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Samarkand (1497); en.wikipedia Babur", "note": "Wikipedia's lead says the city fell in May; its body and the seven-month length give late November. Babur held Samarkand for about 100 days.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison and citizens of Samarkand, a Persian-speaking city, made sorties against Babur's Chagatai and Moghul horse.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1148, "key": "1499-herat-siege-1499", "name": "Herat (siege, 1499)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1499)", "year": 1499, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1499", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolts of Badi' al-Zaman against Husayn Bayqara", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Husayn Bayqara" ], "side_b": [ "Badi' al-Zaman Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Husayn Bayqara", "faction_b": "Badi' al-Zaman Mirza", "commanders_a": "Husayn Bayqara", "commanders_b": "Badi' al-Zaman Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Badi' al-Zaman's army of Balkh against Husayn's garrison and army of Herat.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Timurid armies had a Chagatai Turkic core with Tajik levies and town garrisons; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Badi' al-Zaman did not take Herat, which Husayn held until his death in 1506.", "borderline": "the course of the siege is not described", "doubt": "Borderline: the course of the siege is not described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Badi' al-Zaman Mirza; en.wikipedia Husayn Bayqara", "note": "Wikipedia gives no outcome; failure is inferred from Husayn's unbroken rule at Herat.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1149, "key": "1500-samarkand-1500", "name": "Samarkand (1500)", "label": "Samarkand (1500)", "year": 1500, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1500", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timurid-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 66.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Timurids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babur", "commanders_b": "Jan Wafa Mirza (Shaybani Khan's governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Babur's band of about 240 Chagatai and Moghul followers, joined by the Persian-speaking townspeople of Samarkand.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Babur's own men were Chagatai Turks and Moghuls (Baburnama); the Tajik townsmen who rose against the garrison are not counted in the force.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 240 (Baburnama)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many of the garrison killed in the streets", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babur's night escalade took the city and the townspeople rose and killed the Uzbek garrison.", "borderline": "a surprise capture with fighting in the streets rather than a battle or siege", "doubt": "Borderline: a surprise capture with fighting in the streets rather than a battle or siege.", "sources": "Babur, Baburnama; en.wikipedia Babur; en.wikipedia Siege of Samarkand (1497)", "note": "Shaybani had taken Samarkand from Sultan Ali Mirza without a battle earlier in 1500; he beat Babur at Sar-i Pul and besieged him in Samarkand in 1501.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "the Persian-speaking townsmen of Samarkand rose and fought", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1150, "key": "1500-jabani", "name": "Jabani", "label": "Jabani", "year": 1500, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1500 (some put it in early 1501)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid conquest of Shirvan", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Jabani (Cabanı), Shamakhi District, Azerbaijan (or Gulistan)", "lat": 40.63, "lon": 48.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Shirvan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail", "commanders_b": "Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Shirvan", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 7,000 Qizilbash of the Ustajlu, Rumlu, Takkalu, Dhu'l-Qadar, Afshar, Qajar and Varsaq tribes, gathered at Erzincan in summer 1500.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "All the named tribes were Turkmen; Iranian Sufis from Gilan and Ardabil were few.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 7,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Farrukh Yasar killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Qizilbash routed Farrukh Yasar's army and the Shirvanshah was killed.", "borderline": "fought before Ismail's coronation at Tabriz (1501)", "doubt": "Borderline: fought before Ismail's coronation at Tabriz (1501).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ismail I", "note": "Ismail then took Baku; the Shirvanshahs ruled on as Safavid vassals until 1538.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1151, "key": "1501-baku-siege-1501", "name": "Baku (siege, 1501)", "label": "Baku (siege, 1501)", "year": 1501, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1501", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safavid conquest of Shirvan (1500-1501)", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Baku, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.37, "lon": 49.84, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Shirvan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I (his emirs conducted the siege)", "commanders_b": "the Shirvanshah's garrison (commander not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Shirvan", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ismail's Qizilbash, about 7,000 Turkmen tribal warriors (Ustajlu, Rumlu, Shamlu, Takkalu, Dhu'l-Qadar, Afshar, Qajar) who had joined him at Erzincan in 1500.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ismail's first army was the Turkoman Qizilbash of Anatolia and Syria, with only a few Talish and Gilani followers from his years in Lahijan (Savory).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Baku fell to Ismail's besiegers in 1501.", "borderline": "no separate article; known from the Safavid chronicles as summarised in the Ismail I articles", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; known from the Safavid chronicles as summarised in the Ismail I articles.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ismail I and Campaigns of Ismail I (Siege of Baku in the infobox); Savory, Iran under the Safavids", "note": "Fought after Ismail's victory over Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar at Jabani or Gulistan (December 1500) and before Sharur.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1152, "key": "1501-sharur", "name": "Sharur", "label": "Sharur", "year": 1501, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1501 (July or August per Farrokh; day unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid-Aq Qoyunlu war (rise of Ismail I)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Sharur, near Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 44.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Ismail I" ], "side_b": [ "Alvand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ismail I", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I", "commanders_b": "Alvand Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ismail's 7,000 Qizilbash from the Ustajlu, Rumlu, Takkalu, Dhu'l-Qadar, Afshar, Qajar and Varsaq tribes, against Alvand's Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen army of Azerbaijan and Armenia.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were Turkmen tribal cavalry; the Qizilbash tribes are named in the sources (Savory; en.wikipedia Battle of Sharur).", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "about 7,000 (Savory)", "strength_b": "more than four times Ismail's army (Savory)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "up to 18,000 killed (Alam-ara-ye Safavi, a late and inflated figure)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Alvand fled the field, which Ismail's army held; he was driven out of Azerbaijan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hasan Beg Rumlu, Ahsan al-tawarikh; Savory, Iran under the Safavids; Farrokh, Iran at War; en.wikipedia Battle of Sharur", "note": "Some accounts place the battle late in 1501; Ismail entered Tabriz and was proclaimed shah after it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ismail I, whose Safavid line was Kurdish in the male line, led the Qizilbash against the Aq Qoyunlu army of Alvand.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1153, "key": "1501-tabriz-siege-1501", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1501)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1501)", "year": 1501, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1501, after Sharur (the counter-attack is undated)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safavid-Aq Qoyunlu war (rise of Ismail I)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ismail I" ], "side_b": [ "Alvand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Dulkadirids" ], "persian_state": "Ismail I", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I, Khalvachi-oghlu (palace garrison)", "commanders_b": "Alvand Beg, Osman Sultan Torkaman; Dulkadirid troops sent by Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ismail's qurchis and Qizilbash; about 500 men under Khalvachi-oghlu defended the palace with bows and muskets (Alam-ara-ye Safavi).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The qurchis were drawn from the Turkmen Qizilbash tribes.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "500-5,000 (Wikipedia infobox)", "strength_b": "10,000-40,000 Aq Qoyunlu and about 20,000 Dulkadirids (infobox, after the Alam-ara)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "thousands killed, captured or executed (Alam-ara)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ismail kept Tabriz: in the Alam-ara account the palace garrison held out and Alvand's force was then defeated and dispersed.", "borderline": "a capture whose fighting rests on one doubtful source", "doubt": "Traditional: The fighting is known only from the anonymous popular romance Alam-ara-ye Safavi; Hasan Beg Rumlu says the notables of Tabriz received Ismail without resistance, and Ibn Kemal's violent account is hostile to the Safavids. Borderline: a capture whose fighting rests on one doubtful source.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tabriz (1501); Alam-ara-ye Safavi; Hasan Beg Rumlu", "note": "The article places Alvand's counter-attack in the context of his moves of 1502-1503; date and scale are uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ismail I, whose Safavid line was Kurdish in the male line, took Tabriz from the Aq Qoyunlu and their Dulkadirid allies.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1154, "key": "1503-hamadan-1503", "name": "Hamadan (1503)", "label": "Hamadan (1503)", "year": 1503, "month": 6, "day": 21, "date": "21 June 1503", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid-Aq Qoyunlu war (rise of Ismail I)", "theatre": "Western Iran (Iraq-i Ajam)", "place": "Alma-Bulaghi (Almaqulaghi), near Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ismail I" ], "side_b": [ "Sultan Murad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ismail I", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I; Khulafa Beg, Qipchaq Mansur Beg, Qarapiri Beg Qajar, Yegan Beg Tekelu, Bayram Beg Qaramanlu", "commanders_b": "Sultan Murad; Ali Beg Turkman, Islamish Beg", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 12,000 Qizilbash horse, with Qarapiri Beg Qajar's 1,500 cavalry in reserve and Tekelu and Qaramanlu emirs on the wings, against Sultan Murad's Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The commanders named are all Qizilbash Turkmen emirs; Murad's army was Turkmen cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 12,000", "strength_b": "70,000-120,000 (chronicle figures, inflated)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "10,000-40,000 killed (chronicle figures)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sultan Murad's army broke and he fled; the Safavids held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Hamadan (1503); Savory, Iran under the Safavids", "note": "Opened Iraq-i Ajam and Fars to Ismail.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ismail I, whose Safavid line was Kurdish in the male line, led the Qizilbash to victory over Sultan Murad's Aq Qoyunlu cavalry.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1155, "key": "1504-usta-siege", "name": "Usta (siege)", "label": "Usta (siege)", "year": 1504, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1504", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ismail I's conquest of Iran (Mazandaran campaign)", "theatre": "Mazandaran and Firuzkuh", "place": "Usta fortress, Firuzkuh district, Iran", "lat": 35.76, "lon": 52.77, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ismail I" ], "side_b": [ "Husayn Kiya Chulavi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ismail I (Safavids)", "faction_b": "Husayn Kiya Chulavi (Firuzkuh)", "commanders_a": "Ismail I", "commanders_b": "Husayn Kiya Chulavi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ismail's Qizilbash army; no unit details are given, so this is the normal Turkmen tribal army of the first Safavid campaigns.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ismail's army of 1504 was still essentially the Turkmen Qizilbash tribes; Husayn Kiya's men were local Iranian highlanders.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison taken; Husayn Kiya died in captivity", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell after its water supply was cut, and Husayn Kiya was taken prisoner.", "borderline": "no Wikipedia battle article; a siege known from the Safavid chronicles", "doubt": "Borderline: no Wikipedia battle article; a siege known from the Safavid chronicles.", "sources": "Savory, Iran under the Safavids; Cambridge History of Iran vol. 6 (Savory); en.wikipedia Campaigns of Ismail I (conquest of Mazandaran, 1504)", "note": "In the same campaign Ismail took the fortresses of Gulkhandan and Firuzkuh. The exact site of Usta is not securely located; coordinates are for the Firuzkuh district.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1156, "key": "1504-yazd-siege-1504", "name": "Yazd (siege, 1504)", "label": "Yazd (siege, 1504)", "year": 1504, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1504", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ismail I's conquest of Iran", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Yazd, Iran", "lat": 31.9, "lon": 54.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ismail I" ], "side_b": [ "Muhammad Karra" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ismail I", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Karra", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ismail's Qizilbash army (no unit details in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Normal composition of Ismail's early army: Turkmen Qizilbash tribal cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yazd fell to Ismail after a siege and Muhammad Karra was captured.", "borderline": "no Wikipedia battle article", "doubt": "Borderline: no Wikipedia battle article.", "sources": "Savory, Iran under the Safavids; en.wikipedia Campaigns of Ismail I (conquest of Yazd, 1504)", "note": "Muhammad Karra, a former Aq Qoyunlu officer and lord of Abarquh, had seized Yazd; Wikipedia's campaign list counts the conquest against the Aq Qoyunlu. Ismail then sacked Tabas.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Ismail I, whose Safavid line was Kurdish in the male line, besieged Yazd.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1157, "key": "1505-trabzon-1505", "name": "Trabzon (1505)", "label": "Trabzon (1505)", "year": 1505, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1505", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Trabzon province, with the pursuit to Erzincan, Turkey", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 39.72, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sehzade Selim (governor of Trabzon)", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Mirza (named as Ismail's brother)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Qizilbash raiding force of about 3,000 horsemen.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Raids on the Anatolian frontier were made by Turkmen Qizilbash horsemen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 450", "strength_b": "about 3,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Selim drove off the raiders and pursued them to Erzincan, taking their arms and supplies.", "borderline": "a frontier raid known from Ottoman chronicles", "doubt": "Borderline: a frontier raid known from Ottoman chronicles.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Trabzon Expedition (1505); Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "Bayezid II kept the captured arms but answered Ismail's complaint with gifts.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1158, "key": "n1158", "name": "Gwalior (siege, 1505-1506)", "label": "Gwalior", "year": 1505, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1505 to May 1506", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sikandar Lodi's campaigns against Gwalior", "theatre": "", "place": "Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 78.17, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Tomars of Gwalior" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sikandar Lodi", "commanders_b": "Man Singh Tomar", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Hit-and-run attacks and crop destruction forced Sikandar to lift the siege; the fort was not taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sikandar Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Lodi; Ferishta; K. S. Lal on the Tomars", "note": "The Lodi army was largely Afghan; Sikandar was a Lodi Afghan by descent. Sikandar was ambushed at Jatwar on the retreat in 1506.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1159, "key": "1507-erzincan-1507", "name": "Erzincan (1507)", "label": "Erzincan (1507)", "year": 1507, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1507", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Erzincan, Turkey", "lat": 39.75, "lon": 39.49, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sehzade Selim", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 10,000 Qizilbash, partly Turkmen recruited among Ottoman subjects.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The article notes the Safavids recruited Turkmen warriors who were Ottoman subjects.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (smaller)", "strength_b": "about 10,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Selim defeated the Safavid force and it withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Erzincan (1507); Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "Fought while Ismail's army of about 20,000 crossed Ottoman land to attack the Dulkadirids; Selim acted without his father's approval.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1160, "key": "1507-hormuz-1507", "name": "Hormuz (1507)", "label": "Hormuz (1507)", "year": 1507, "month": 9, "day": 26, "date": "26 September 1507 (treaty 10 October)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Portuguese campaigns in the Persian Gulf (Albuquerque's first expedition)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Hormuz harbour, Hormuz Island, Iran", "lat": 27.1, "lon": 56.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Portugal" ], "side_b": [ "Kingdom of Hormuz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kingdom of Hormuz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "commanders_b": "Khwaja Ata (Cogeatar), vizier of the young King Sayf al-Din; Rais Nur al-Din Fali", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Hormuzi fleet: 50-60 large armed merchantmen and 120-200 light oared craft carrying hired Persian bowmen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The oared craft carried Persian mercenary archers; the ships and crews were Arab, Gujarati and other Indian Ocean seafarers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6 ships (a few hundred men)", "strength_b": "about 170-260 vessels (400 in the infobox)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2 large ships and about a dozen light craft sunk, most of the fleet captured or burnt", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Portuguese gunfire sank or disabled much of the Hormuzi fleet and the vizier raised a white flag and accepted tribute.", "borderline": "the Kingdom of Hormuz was an Iran-seated island kingdom independent of the Safavids and not one of this set's Persian states", "doubt": "Borderline: the Kingdom of Hormuz was an Iran-seated island kingdom independent of the Safavids and not one of this set's Persian states.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Ormuz (1507); Portuguese-Safavid wars", "note": "Albuquerque could not hold Hormuz in 1507-08; the Portuguese took it in 1515 (by a palace coup, no battle).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Kingdom of Hormuz: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1161, "key": "n1161", "name": "Narwar (siege, 1507-1508)", "label": "Narwar", "year": 1507, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1507 to c. 1508", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sikandar Lodi's campaigns in Malwa and Gwalior", "theatre": "", "place": "Narwar, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.65, "lon": 77.91, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Tomara ruler of Narwar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sikandar Lodi", "commanders_b": "Tomara ruler of Narwar (name not secure)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort fell after a year-long siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sikandar Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Lodi; Ferishta", "note": "Minor siege; included for the Lodi sultan as Pashtun leader.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1162, "key": "1509-diyarbakr-siege-1509", "name": "Diyarbakır (siege, 1509)", "label": "Diyarbakır (siege, 1509)", "year": 1509, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1509", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safavid-Dulkadirid war", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Diyarbakir (Amida), Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dulkadirids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Khan Ustajlu (governor of Diyarbakir)", "commanders_b": "Saru Kaplan and Erdivane, sons of Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Dulkadirids", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 800 Safavid troops, the Ustajlu Qizilbash of the governor of Diyarbakir.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mohammad Khan's following was drawn from his Ustajlu Turkmen tribe.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 800", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "both princes executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Safavids retook Diyarbakir from its Dulkadirid defenders and executed the two princes.", "borderline": "a recapture described in one article; the scale of the fighting is unclear", "doubt": "Borderline: a recapture described in one article; the scale of the fighting is unclear.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt (after Yinanc, Dulkadir Beyligi)", "note": "The Dulkadirids had taken Diyarbakir, Mardin and Urfa in support of the Aq Qoyunlu prince Zaynal; the same article lists the death of one prince, Ahmed, under both 1509 and 1510.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1163, "key": "1510-diyarbakr-1510", "name": "Diyarbakır (1510)", "label": "Diyarbakır (1510)", "year": 1510, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1510", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid-Dulkadirid war", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "near Diyarbakir, Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dulkadirids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Khan Ustajlu", "commanders_b": "Shahruh and Ahmed, sons of Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Dulkadirids", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ustajlu Qizilbash of the Safavid governor of Diyarbakir (size not given).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mohammad Khan's army was his Ustajlu Turkmen tribal following.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "14,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Shahruh, Ahmed and about forty others beheaded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Safavid attack routed the Dulkadirid army, whose leaders were captured and beheaded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt (after Yinanc); en.wikipedia Ismail I (Battle of Diyarbakir in the infobox)", "note": "Shahruh's sons Mehmed and Ali were spared and given posts by Ismail. Ismail's infobox lists a Battle of Diyarbakir dated 1511, probably this one.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1164, "key": "1510-trabzon-1510", "name": "Trabzon (1510)", "label": "Trabzon (1510)", "year": 1510, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1510", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Trabzon province, Turkey", "lat": 41.0, "lon": 39.72, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sehzade Selim", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Qizilbash army sent by Ismail in answer to Selim's raid into Georgia (size not given).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Frontier forces of the time were Turkmen Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Selim defeated the Safavid army sent against Trabzon.", "borderline": "known from Ottoman chronicles; few details", "doubt": "Borderline: known from Ottoman chronicles; few details.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Trabzon Expedition (1510); Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1165, "key": "1510-merv", "name": "Merv", "label": "Merv", "year": 1510, "month": 12, "day": 2, "date": "2 December 1510", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Mahmudabad, outside Merv, Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.66, "lon": 62.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Shaybani Khan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 17,000 Qizilbash cavalry under the shah.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The army was the Qizilbash tribal cavalry; Persian (Tajik) officials and Khorasani levies were a small element.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 17,000", "strength_b": "unknown (larger; some accounts give 28,000)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 10,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ismail's feigned retreat drew the Uzbeks into an ambush; they were routed and Shaybani was killed in the flight.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Merv (1510); Savory, Iran under the Safavids; Iranica, Esmail I", "note": "Ismail had Shaybani's skull made into a drinking cup. Uzbeks here are the Shaybanids (Khanate of Bukhara).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1166, "key": "1512-qarshi-siege", "name": "Qarshi (siege)", "label": "Qarshi (siege)", "year": 1512, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1512 (shortly before Ghazdewan)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Qarshi (Nasaf), Uzbekistan", "lat": 38.86, "lon": 65.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Najm-e Sani (Yar Ahmad Khuzani), with Babur", "commanders_b": "the Uzbek garrison of Ubaydullah Sultan's appanage", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Najm-e Sani's army (said to be 60,000): the Qizilbash emirs of Khorasan, the governor of Herat, Biram Khan Qaramanlu from Balkh and Abdal Beg Talish, with Babur's Chagatai Turks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Persian (Tajik) vizier commanded, but the contingents named are Qizilbash Turkmen and Babur's Turks, with a Talish emir.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "said to be 60,000 (unattributed)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "garrison and population massacred, including the poet Binai", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qarshi was taken by storm and its inhabitants were massacred.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ghazdewan (background); Babur, Baburnama; Savory", "note": "Babur, an ally (Timurids of Kabul, listed as Mughals), opposed the massacre.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1167, "key": "1512-ghazdewan", "name": "Ghazdewan", "label": "Ghazdewan", "year": 1512, "month": 11, "day": 12, "date": "12 November 1512", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "Ghazdewan (Gijduvon), near Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 40.1, "lon": 64.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Uzbeks" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Mughals" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ubaydullah Sultan, Timur Sultan, Jani Beg Sultan, Kuchum Khan, Suyunjuk Sultan", "commanders_b": "Najm-e Sani (captured and executed), Babur, Husayn Beg Shamlu, Abdal Beg Talish, Biram Khan Qaramanlu (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Najm-e Sani's army: the Qizilbash emirs of Khorasan, the governor of Herat, Biram Khan Qaramanlu's Balkh contingent and Abdal Beg Talish, with Babur's Chagatai Turks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The contingents named are Qizilbash Turkmen and Babur's Turks under a Persian (Tajik) vizier, with a Talish emir.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "fewer than 15,000", "strength_b": "said to be 60,000 (unattributed, probably inflated)", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Safavid army broke within about an hour after Biram Khan fell, and fled across the Amu Darya.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ghazdewan; Baburnama; Savory; Iranica, Ghojdovan", "note": "The Uzbeks fought from the suburbs with archers in houses and gardens. The defeat ended Babur's hopes in Transoxiana.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1168, "key": "1514-chaldiran", "name": "Chaldiran", "label": "Chaldiran", "year": 1514, "month": 8, "day": 23, "date": "23 August 1514", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Chaldiran plain, near Siah Cheshmeh, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 39.09, "lon": 44.33, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Selim I, Hadim Sinan Pasha, Hasan Pasha (killed), Biyikli Mehmed Pasha, Dukaginzade Ahmed Pasha", "commanders_b": "Ismail I (wounded), Mohammad Khan Ustajlu (killed), Durmish Khan Shamlu, Abd al-Baqi Yazdi (killed), Sayyid Sharif al-Din Shirazi (killed), Nur-Ali Khalifa", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ismail's Qizilbash cavalry (Ustajlu, Shamlu, Rumlu, Takkalu, Dhu'l-Qadar and others), without artillery or infantry; Persian (Tajik) grandees such as the vakil Abd al-Baqi Yazdi and the sadr Sharif al-Din Shirazi fought and fell.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The army was mostly Turkmen tribal levies (cited in en.wikipedia); Tajik notables held commands but brought few troops.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "60,000-100,000 with 100-200 guns", "strength_b": "40,000-80,000 (modern estimates near 40,000)", "losses_a": "about 3,000 to 40,000", "losses_b": "about 2,000-5,000 to 80,000 (sources vary widely)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Safavid cavalry broke against the Ottoman guns and Janissaries and Ismail fled the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Hasan Beg Rumlu; Idris Bitlisi; Savory, Iran under the Safavids; en.wikipedia Battle of Chaldiran", "note": "Selim occupied Tabriz on 6 September 1514 without fighting and withdrew a week later (Capture of Tabriz (1514) and Battle of Tabriz (1514) are not separate battles).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1169, "key": "1514-bayburt-siege", "name": "Bayburt (siege)", "label": "Bayburt (siege)", "year": 1514, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "October 1514 (taken 17 October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Bayburt, Turkey", "lat": 40.26, "lon": 40.23, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Biyikli Mehmed Bey, Mustafa Bey", "commanders_b": "Kara Maksud", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Safavid fortress garrison (size and make-up not given; frontier garrisons were Qizilbash).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Safavid garrisons in eastern Anatolia were held by Turkmen Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bayburt was taken after several assaults when its commander refused to surrender.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517); Ismail I (infobox: Capture of Bayburt)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1170, "key": "1515-kemah-siege", "name": "Kemah (siege)", "label": "Kemah (siege)", "year": 1515, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1515", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Kemah (Kemakh), Turkey", "lat": 39.6, "lon": 39.03, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Selim I", "commanders_b": "the Safavid garrison commander (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Safavid fortress garrison (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Safavid garrisons in eastern Anatolia were held by Turkmen Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress of Kemah fell to Selim's army.", "borderline": "listed only in the Ismail I infobox; details not checked against a detailed online source for this file", "doubt": "Borderline: listed only in the Ismail I infobox; details not checked against a detailed online source for this file.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ismail I (infobox: Siege of Kemah); Ottoman chronicles as summarised in Savory and Iranica", "note": "The last Safavid stronghold in Erzincan province; its fall preceded Selim's march on the Dulkadirids (Turnadag, 13 June 1515).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1171, "key": "1515-ovack", "name": "Ovacık", "label": "Ovacık", "year": 1515, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "mid-June 1515", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Ovacik (Tekir plateau), Tunceli, Turkey", "lat": 39.36, "lon": 39.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Biyikli Mehmed Pasha, Pir Huseyin Bey", "commanders_b": "Nur-Ali Khalifa (killed), Aykutoglu Muhammed Bey", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 800 Qizilbash under the Safavid khalifa Nur-Ali, partly local Anatolian adherents.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nur-Ali's men were Anatolian Qizilbash, perhaps with some local Kurdish and Zaza followers in Dersim; the sources give no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "about 800", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nur-Ali Khalifa was killed and his force scattered after his head was displayed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ovacik (1515); Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "Nur-Ali Khalifa Rumlu had been sent by Ismail into Anatolia in 1512 and fought at Chaldiran.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1172, "key": "1515-diyarbakr-siege-1515", "name": "Diyarbakır (siege, 1515)", "label": "Diyarbakır (siege, 1515)", "year": 1515, "month": 9, "day": 10, "date": "1514/1515 to 10 September 1515 (relief battle)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Diyarbakir (Amida), Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ottomans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ottomans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Cemsid Bey, Yigit Ahmet, Sadi Pasha, Idris Bitlisi", "commanders_b": "Qara Khan Ustajlu, Durmus Bey", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 10,000 Qizilbash under Qara Khan Ustajlu, brother of the fallen Mohammad Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qara Khan's army was the Ustajlu and allied Turkmen tribes of Diyarbakir province.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "about 10,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman relief force defeated the Safavid besiegers and the siege of the pro-Ottoman city was raised.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517); Idris Bitlisi; Iranica, Diyarbakr", "note": "The townsmen had expelled the Safavid governor and declared for Selim; Kurdish chiefs organised by Idris Bitlisi joined the Ottomans (listed as Kurdish rebels against the Safavids).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1173, "key": "1516-harput-siege", "name": "Harput (siege)", "label": "Harput (siege)", "year": 1516, "month": 3, "day": 23, "date": "23 March, probably 1516 (year not stated in the source)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Harput, near Elazig, Turkey", "lat": 38.71, "lon": 39.25, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cerkes Huseyin Bey, Karacinoglu Ahmet Bey", "commanders_b": "the Safavid garrison", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Safavid fortress garrison (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Safavid garrisons in the region were Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1,000 Janissaries", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Harput fell after a three-day siege.", "borderline": "no separate article; minor siege", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; minor siege.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "Placed between the relief of Diyarbakir (September 1515) and Kochisar (May 1516) in the war article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1174, "key": "1516-kochisar", "name": "Koçhisar", "label": "Koçhisar", "year": 1516, "month": 5, "day": 4, "date": "4 May 1516 (cited date; May 1516)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Dede Kargin, near Kiziltepe (Kochisar), Mardin, Turkey", "lat": 37.19, "lon": 40.59, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ottomans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ottomans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Biyikli Mehmed Pasha, Deli Husrev Pasha, Idris Bitlisi, Pir Huseyin Beg", "commanders_b": "Qara Khan Ustajlu (killed), Kangiril Sultan (governor of Baghdad), Chuka Sultan (killed), Durmus Beg", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Qara Khan Ustajlu's Qizilbash cavalry in two wings, he on the left and the governor of Baghdad on the right.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Safavid frontier army was Ustajlu and other Turkmen tribal cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 20,000 (2,000 Janissaries, 6,000 sipahis, 4,000-6,000 Kurdish horse)", "strength_b": "6,000 (war article) or at least 12,000 (battle article)", "losses_a": "about 500", "losses_b": "about 10,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qara Khan was killed and the Safavid army fled; the Ottomans held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kochisar; Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "Opened the way for the Ottoman conquest of Mardin and Urfa.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1175, "key": "1516-mardin-siege-1516-1517", "name": "Mardin (siege, 1516-1517)", "label": "Mardin (siege, 1516-1517)", "year": 1516, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1516 to March 1517", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mardin, Turkey", "lat": 37.31, "lon": 40.74, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Deli Husrev Pasha, Biyikli Mehmed Pasha", "commanders_b": "Suleiman Beg Ustajlu (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ustajlu Qizilbash garrison under Suleiman Beg, brother of Qara Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Qizilbash tribal garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison was killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mardin citadel fell in March 1517 and its Safavid garrison was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "The Ottomans brought cannon from Diyarbakir to end the siege.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1176, "key": "n1176", "name": "Khatoli", "label": "Khatoli", "year": 1517, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1517 (exact date unknown)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rana Sanga's wars against the Lodi Sultanate", "theatre": "", "place": "Khatoli, Hadoti (Kota-Bundi area), Rajasthan, India", "lat": 25.3, "lon": 75.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Mewar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Lodi", "commanders_b": "Rana Sanga", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mewar sources record that Sanga routed Ibrahim's army and captured a Lodi prince, who was later released.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Khatoli: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khatoli; Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan; Baburnama (Sanga's wars against Ibrahim)", "note": "The details come from Mewar chronicles; Babur confirms Sanga's victories over Ibrahim without naming Khatoli. The Wikipedia article on Ibrahim Lodi does not mention it.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1177, "key": "1517-mosul-1517", "name": "Mosul (1517)", "label": "Mosul (1517)", "year": 1517, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1517", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mosul, Iraq", "lat": 36.34, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Biyikli Mehmed Pasha, Bedir Bey", "commanders_b": "Ahmed Bey Afshar", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Afshar Qizilbash of the Safavid governor of Mosul (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Afshar were a Turkmen Qizilbash tribe.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottomans defeated Ahmed Bey Afshar and took Mosul.", "borderline": "described in one sentence in the war article; not a separately named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: described in one sentence in the war article; not a separately named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1505-1517)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1178, "key": "n1178", "name": "Gwalior (siege, 1518)", "label": "Gwalior", "year": 1518, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1518", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ibrahim Lodi's wars against the Tomars of Gwalior", "theatre": "", "place": "Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 78.17, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Tomars of Gwalior" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Azam Humayun Sarwani (c. 30,000 horse and 300 elephants)", "commanders_b": "Vikramaditya Tomar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gwalior fell and Vikramaditya surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Ibrahim Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi; Ferishta", "note": "Azam Humayun Sarwani was an Afghan noble commanding for Ibrahim Lodi.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1179, "key": "n1179", "name": "Dholpur (1519)", "label": "Dholpur", "year": 1519, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1518 or 1519", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rana Sanga's wars against the Lodi Sultanate", "theatre": "", "place": "Dholpur, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 26.7, "lon": 77.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "side_b": [ "Mewar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Miyan Makhan; Miyan Husain Khan (for Ibrahim Lodi)", "commanders_b": "Rana Sanga", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sanga defeated the Lodi army and took the Lodi territory up to the neighbourhood of Dholpur and Bayana; Babur mentions the victory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Dholpur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dholpur; Baburnama; Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan", "note": "Ibrahim Lodi, the Afghan sultan, directed the campaign through his commanders; the Lodi commanders' names are taken from memory and should be checked.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1180, "key": "1522-teleti", "name": "Teleti", "label": "Teleti", "year": 1522, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1522", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid campaigns in Georgia", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "Teleti, south of Tbilisi, Georgia", "lat": 41.65, "lon": 44.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail I (led the invasion in person per Wikipedia)", "commanders_b": "David X of Kartli, Prince Luarsab", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A large Qizilbash invasion army (no numbers or units given).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ismail's field armies were Turkmen Qizilbash cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (larger)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The outnumbered Georgians were defeated and the Safavids went on to take Tbilisi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia David X of Kartli; Luarsab I of Kartli; Campaigns of Ismail I", "note": "Kingdom of Kartli. Tbilisi was then taken by treachery and garrisoned; David X recovered it in 1524. Some accounts name Div Sultan Rumlu rather than Ismail as commander.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1181, "key": "n1181", "name": "Delhi (Alam Khan Lodi's attack, 1524)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1524, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1524", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Lodi succession troubles and Babur's invasions", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi, India", "lat": 28.61, "lon": 77.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Ibrahim Lodi" ], "side_b": [ "Alam Khan Lodi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ibrahim Lodi v Alam Khan Lodi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ibrahim Lodi", "faction_b": "Alam Khan Lodi", "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Lodi", "commanders_b": "Alam Khan Lodi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alam Khan's host (reported at 30,000-40,000) was routed by Ibrahim and Alam Khan fled back to Babur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baburnama (Beveridge); Wikipedia, Ibrahim Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi", "note": "Afghan against Afghan: Alam Khan, uncle of Ibrahim, was given a Mughal escort by Babur but the fight was between Lodi forces. The details come from the Baburnama and are not confirmed in detail.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1182, "key": "n1182", "name": "Lahore (1524)", "label": "Lahore", "year": 1524, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1524 (c. January-February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babur's invasions of the Punjab", "theatre": "", "place": "Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 31.55, "lon": 74.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Timurids of Kabul" ], "side_b": [ "Lodi Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babur", "commanders_b": "Bihar Khan Lodi (Bahar Khan); other Lodi amirs", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Babur routed Ibrahim's army and took Lahore.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Ibrahim Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi; Baburnama (Beveridge)", "note": "Ibrahim Lodi's army in the Punjab was Afghan; Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor, had invited Babur and then turned against him.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1183, "key": "n1183", "name": "First Battle of Panipat", "label": "First Battle of Panipat", "year": 1526, "month": 4, "day": 21, "date": "21 April 1526 (some give 20 April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babur's conquest of Hindustan", "theatre": "", "place": "Panipat, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.39, "lon": 76.97, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Timurids of Kabul" ], "side_b": [ "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Raja Vikramaditya of Gwalior" ], "persian_state": "Lodi Sultanate of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babur; Humayun; Ustad Ali Quli; Mustafa Rumi", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Lodi; Hamid Khan; Raja Vikramaditya of Gwalior (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Ibrahim Lodi was killed and his army broke before Babur's guns and flank attacks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baburnama; Wikipedia, First Battle of Panipat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat; Wikipedia, Ibrahim Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi", "note": "The Lodi army was led by an Afghan sultan and filled with Afghan nobles and levies; Hindu contingents were also present.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1184, "key": "1527-sharur-1527", "name": "Sharur (1527)", "label": "Sharur (1527)", "year": 1527, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1527 (1526 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qizilbash civil war (1524-1533)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Sharur, near Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 44.97, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp I's regents" ], "side_b": [ "Ustajlu rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tahmasp I's regents", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Div Sultan Rumlu, Chuha Sultan Takkalu", "commanders_b": "Kopek Sultan Ustajlu (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qizilbash tribal cavalry on both sides: the Rumlu and Takkalu of the regency against the Ustajlu.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A war between Turkmen Qizilbash tribes.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ustajlu were defeated and their leader Kopek Sultan was killed.", "borderline": "a civil-war battle named by place in Iranica, without its own Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: a civil-war battle named by place in Iranica, without its own Wikipedia article.", "sources": "Iranica, Tahmasp I; Iranica, Ostajlu; en.wikipedia Tahmasp I", "note": "Wikipedia's Tahmasp I says Kopek Sultan was killed on Chuha Sultan's orders in 1526.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Safavid side, acting for the young Tahmasp I, against the rebel Ustajlu Qizilbash.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1185, "key": "n1185", "name": "Khanwa", "label": "Khanwa", "year": 1527, "month": 3, "day": 17, "date": "17 March 1527 (Babur gives 16 March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babur's conquest of Hindustan", "theatre": "", "place": "Khanwa (Khanua), near Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 27.05, "lon": 77.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Timurids of Kabul" ], "side_b": [ "Rajput confederacy" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Mewat", "Afghan horse", "Medini Rai of Chanderi" ], "persian_state": "Rajput confederacy", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babur; Ustad Ali Quli", "commanders_b": "Rana Sanga; Hasan Khan Mewati; Mahmud Lodi (Afghan claimant to Delhi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Babur's guns, wagons and flank charges broke the Rajput army; Sanga fled wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baburnama; Wikipedia, Battle of Khanwa: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa; Richards, The Mughal Empire", "note": "Mahmud Lodi, brother of Ibrahim, joined Sanga with the surviving Afghan chiefs of the east (some modern accounts give about 10,000 horse); the Afghans were a minority of the allied army.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1186, "key": "1528-herat-siege-1528", "name": "Herat (siege, 1528)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1528)", "year": 1528, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1528 (about seven months, to September)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sam Mirza, Husayn Khan Shamlu", "commanders_b": "Ubaydullah Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Shamlu Qizilbash garrison of Herat with the city's Tajik population.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herat's Qizilbash garrison was supported by the Persian-speaking townsmen; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ubaydullah raised the siege when Tahmasp's relief army approached, and was beaten at Jam.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "Iranica, Tahmasp I; Dickson, Shah Tahmasb and the Uzbeks (via Iranica); en.wikipedia Tahmasp I", "note": "Wikipedia's Tahmasp I says the Uzbeks took Herat in 1528; Iranica places the surrender after the second siege of 1529-1530 (next entries).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1187, "key": "1528-jam", "name": "Jam", "label": "Jam", "year": 1528, "month": 9, "day": 24, "date": "24 September 1528", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Zurabad, near Torbat-e Jam, Iran", "lat": 35.24, "lon": 60.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tahmasp I, Bahram Mirza, Alqas Mirza", "commanders_b": "Ubaydullah Khan (wounded), Kuchkunji Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 40,000 Qizilbash cavalry with an Ottoman-style wagon laager of cannon and musketeers in the centre, Tahmasp leading 7,000 picked men.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Qizilbash tribes were the backbone of the army; the small gunner and musketeer corps may have included Persians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 40,000", "strength_b": "120,000-180,000 in the chronicles (inflated)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 20,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Uzbek army was broken and fled, leaving the field to the Safavids.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Jam; Iranica, Tahmasp I; Savory", "note": "One of the first Safavid uses of field artillery and muskets.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1188, "key": "1529-herat-siege-1529-1530", "name": "Herat (siege, 1529-1530)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1529-1530)", "year": 1529, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1529 to early 1530", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Uzbeks" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ubaydullah Khan", "commanders_b": "Sam Mirza, Husayn Khan Shamlu", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Shamlu Qizilbash garrison of Herat with the townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qizilbash garrison and Persian-speaking townsmen; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat surrendered to the Uzbeks after a long siege and negotiations.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "Iranica, Tahmasp I; en.wikipedia Tahmasp I", "note": "The garrison was allowed to leave; the Uzbeks evacuated Herat when Tahmasp returned in the summer of 1530.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1189, "key": "n1189", "name": "Ghaghra", "label": "Ghaghra", "year": 1529, "month": 5, "day": 6, "date": "6 May 1529", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babur's conquest of Hindustan", "theatre": "", "place": "confluence of the Ghaghra and the Ganges, Bihar/Uttar Pradesh border, India", "lat": 25.8, "lon": 84.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Timurids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan chiefs of the east" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sultanate of Bengal" ], "persian_state": "Afghan chiefs of the east", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babur; Askari Mirza", "commanders_b": "Mahmud Lodi; Biban; Bayazid", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Babur forced the river crossing under gun fire; the Afghan resistance collapsed and Mahmud Lodi abandoned his army.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Baburnama; Wikipedia, Battle of Ghaghra: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra; Wikipedia, Mughal-Afghan Wars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Afghan_Wars", "note": "Sher Khan Sur took part on the Afghan side before submitting to Babur.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1190, "key": "n1190", "name": "Dadrah", "label": "Dadrah", "year": 1532, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1532 (some sources 1531)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Humayun's wars against the Afghans of the east", "theatre": "", "place": "Dadrah (Daurah), between Lucknow and Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.5, "lon": 82.0, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun", "commanders_b": "Mahmud Lodi; Biban; Bayazid", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Humayun decisively defeated the Afghan coalition and Mahmud Lodi fled to Orissa.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Erskine, History of India under Baber and Humayun", "note": "Sher Khan did not fight and kept his strength for Chunar. The place and the year (1531 or 1532) vary between sources.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1191, "key": "1532-herat-siege-1532-1533", "name": "Herat (siege, 1532-1533)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1532-1533)", "year": 1532, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1532 to October 1533 (about a year)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Safavid governor of Herat (Sam Mirza's administration)", "commanders_b": "Ubaydullah Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Qizilbash garrison of Herat with the townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qizilbash garrison and Persian-speaking townsmen; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat held out and the Uzbeks withdrew in October 1533.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "Iranica, Tahmasp I", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1192, "key": "n1192", "name": "Chunar (siege, 1532)", "label": "Chunar", "year": 1532, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September to December 1532", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Humayun's wars against Sher Khan", "theatre": "", "place": "Chunar, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.13, "lon": 82.9, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Sher Khan Sur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sher Khan Sur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun", "commanders_b": "Sher Khan (later Sher Shah); Qutb Khan (hostage)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After four months Humayun lifted the siege when Sher Khan offered loyalty and gave his son Qutb Khan as hostage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani, Tarikh-i Sher Shahi", "note": "Bought off while invested, so recorded as a draw.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1193, "key": "n1193", "name": "Surajgarh", "label": "Surajgarh", "year": 1534, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1534", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Sher Khan: Bihar and Bengal", "theatre": "", "place": "Surajgarh, near Lakhisarai, Bihar, India", "lat": 25.18, "lon": 86.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sher Khan Sur" ], "side_b": [ "Sultanate of Bengal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Lohani Afghan chiefs of Bihar" ], "persian_state": "Sher Khan Sur v Sultanate of Bengal", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sher Khan Sur", "faction_b": "Sultanate of Bengal", "commanders_a": "Sher Khan (later Sher Shah)", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Khan (killed); Jalal Khan Lohani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sher Khan won decisively, Ibrahim Khan was killed and Jalal Khan fled to Bengal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani, Tarikh-i Sher Shahi; Qanungo, Sher Shah", "note": "Afghan against Afghan: the Lohanis of Bihar fought on the Bengal side; the Bengal army was largely Bengali.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1194, "key": "1535-kandahar-siege-1535-1536", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1535-1536)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1535-1536)", "year": 1535, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1535-1536 (about eight months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid wars (contest for Kandahar)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khwaja Kalan (governor), Kamran Mirza (relief)", "commanders_b": "Sam Mirza (governor of Herat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Shamlu Qizilbash of Herat under the shah's brother Sam Mirza.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Herat's field army was the Shamlu Qizilbash with some Khorasani levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kandahar held out and Kamran's relief forces drove off the Safavid besiegers.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Iranica, Qandahar (history); Iranica, Tahmasp I", "note": "Kamran Mirza held Kandahar and Kabul for his brother Humayun; listed as Mughals. Sam Mirza was soon accused of rebellion and submitted to Tahmasp. Tahmasp took Kandahar in 1537 with little resistance (not counted) and Kamran retook it in 1538.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1195, "key": "n1195", "name": "Chunar (siege, 1537-1538)", "label": "Chunar", "year": 1537, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1537 to c. mid-1538", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Humayun's wars against Sher Shah", "theatre": "", "place": "Chunar, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.13, "lon": 82.9, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan garrison of Sher Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan garrison of Sher Shah", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun; Ustad Rumi Khan (artillery)", "commanders_b": "Afghan garrison commander (not secure)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort fell to the Mughals after a siege of more than six months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani", "note": "Humayun's delay at Chunar let Sher Shah take Gaur and Rohtas; the garrison was Sher Shah's Afghan troops.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1196, "key": "n1196", "name": "Gaur (siege, 1538)", "label": "Gaur", "year": 1538, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "1537-1538, fell April 1538", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rise of Sher Shah: conquest of Bengal", "theatre": "", "place": "Gaur (Gauda), Malda district, West Bengal, India", "lat": 24.87, "lon": 88.13, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sher Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Sultanate of Bengal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sher Shah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sher Shah; Khawas Khan Marwat", "commanders_b": "Mahmud Shah of Bengal", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Gaur fell, Mahmud Shah was mortally wounded and Sher Shah was crowned there on 6 April 1538.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani", "note": "Sher Shah and Khawas Khan Marwat were Pashtuns.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1197, "key": "1539-reishahr-siege", "name": "Reishahr (siege)", "label": "Reishahr (siege)", "year": 1539, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1539-1540 (about eight months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Reishahr rebellion (1539-1540)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Reishahr (Rishahr), near Bushehr, Iran", "lat": 28.92, "lon": 50.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp I" ], "side_b": [ "Reishahr rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Portugal" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp I (Ghazi Khan Dhu'l-Qadar)", "faction_b": "Reishahr rebels (Hasan Sultan, Shah Ali)", "commanders_a": "Ghazi Khan Dhu'l-Qadar; Manuel do Carvalhal (Portuguese squadron)", "commanders_b": "Hasan Sultan, Shah Ali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Dhu'l-Qadar Qizilbash and provincial levies of Fars under Ghazi Khan, with a Portuguese squadron blockading by sea.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars was governed by the Dhu'l-Qadar Qizilbash, whose levies were joined by local Persian troops; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12,000-20,000 men and 9 vessels", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "more than 5,000 civilian deaths", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Reishahr capitulated after a long land siege and a Portuguese naval blockade.", "borderline": "a provincial revolt; counted as civil because the rebels were local Iranian lords", "doubt": "Borderline: a provincial revolt; counted as civil because the rebels were local Iranian lords.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Reishahr rebellion (1539-40)", "note": "Reishahr lost its autonomy.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1198, "key": "n1198", "name": "Chausa", "label": "Chausa", "year": 1539, "month": 6, "day": 26, "date": "26 June 1539", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Humayun against Sher Shah", "theatre": "", "place": "Chausa, Buxar district, Bihar, India", "lat": 25.5, "lon": 83.88, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Sher Shah Sur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sher Shah Sur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun", "commanders_b": "Sher Shah", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sher Shah's surprise dawn attack routed the Mughal camp; Humayun escaped by swimming the Ganges.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Chausa: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa; Abbas Khan Sarwani; Wikipedia, List of battles involving the Mughal Empire", "note": "Sher Shah's army was mainly Afghan.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1199, "key": "n1199", "name": "Kannauj", "label": "Kannauj", "year": 1540, "month": 5, "day": 17, "date": "17 May 1540", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Humayun against Sher Shah", "theatre": "", "place": "Kannauj (battle by the Ganges near Bilgram), Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.05, "lon": 79.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Sher Shah Sur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sher Shah Sur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun; Hindal; Askari", "commanders_b": "Sher Shah; Khawas Khan Marwat", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mughal army was routed and Humayun lost Hindustan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani; Erskine", "note": "Also called the Battle of Bilgram.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1200, "key": "n1200", "name": "Raisen (siege, 1543)", "label": "Raisen", "year": 1543, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1542-1543 (the end in 1543)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sher Shah's conquest of Malwa and Rajputana", "theatre": "", "place": "Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 23.33, "lon": 77.78, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sur Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Raisen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sur Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sher Shah", "commanders_b": "Puran Mal", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison surrendered on terms and was attacked and massacred as it marched out.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani", "note": "Infamous for the breach of the safe conduct.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1201, "key": "n1201", "name": "Sammel (Giri-Sumel)", "label": "Sammel", "year": 1544, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "early 1544 (some give 1543)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sher Shah's conquest of Marwar", "theatre": "", "place": "Sammel (Giri), Jaitaran, Pali district, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 26.2, "lon": 73.94, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sur Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Marwar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sur Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sher Shah; Khawas Khan Marwat", "commanders_b": "Maldeo Rathore; Jaita; Kumpa", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jaita and Kumpa fought with 12,000 men and were destroyed; Sher Shah took Marwar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani; Qanungo, Sher Shah", "note": "Sher Shah is said to have remarked that for a handful of millet he nearly lost the empire of Hindustan.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1202, "key": "1545-kandahar-siege-1545", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1545)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1545)", "year": 1545, "month": 3, "day": 21, "date": "21 March to 3 September 1545", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Humayun's restoration (Mughal civil war)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun; Bidagh Khan Qajar and the infant prince Murad Mirza (Safavid contingent)", "commanders_b": "Askari Mirza (for Kamran Mirza)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 14,000 Safavid troops lent by Tahmasp, Qizilbash cavalry under Bidagh Khan Qajar, the bulk of Humayun's army.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The auxiliary army was Qizilbash cavalry; Humayun's own followers were Chagatai Turks and Persians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 14,000 Persians and Humayun's followers", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Askari surrendered the fort on 3 September 1545.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Humayun; Iranica, Qandahar; Iranica, Tahmasp I", "note": "Humayun against his brothers Askari and Kamran (both sides listed as Mughals); the Persian force made up most of the besieging army. Kandahar was handed to the Persians as agreed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1203, "key": "n1203", "name": "Kalinjar (siege, 1544-1545)", "label": "Kalinjar", "year": 1545, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "late 1544 to 22 May 1545", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sher Shah's wars against the Rajputs", "theatre": "", "place": "Kalinjar, Banda district, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.0, "lon": 80.48, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sur Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Chandel Rajputs of Kalinjar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sur Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sher Shah", "commanders_b": "Kirat Singh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The fort fell on the day Sher Shah died of wounds from a bursting shell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Sher Shah Suri: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri; Abbas Khan Sarwani", "note": "Sher Shah died on 22 May 1545.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1204, "key": "1545-kandahar-surprise-attack-1545", "name": "Kandahar (surprise attack, 1545)", "label": "Kandahar (surprise attack, 1545)", "year": 1545, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "about October 1545", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal-Safavid wars (contest for Kandahar)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Humayun, Bairam Khan", "commanders_b": "the Safavid garrison (Murad Mirza's establishment)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Qizilbash garrison left in Kandahar after the siege (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qizilbash garrison troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Humayun's men surprised the Persian garrison and drove it out of the city.", "borderline": "a coup de main with little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a coup de main with little recorded fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Humayun; Iranica, Qandahar", "note": "Humayun broke his promise to cede Kandahar to Tahmasp and made Bairam Khan governor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1205, "key": "1547-derbent-1547", "name": "Derbent (1547)", "label": "Derbent (1547)", "year": 1547, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1547", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Alqas Mirza", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Derbent, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.06, "lon": 48.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp I" ], "side_b": [ "Alqas Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp I", "faction_b": "Alqas Mirza", "commanders_a": "Tahmasp I, Bahram Mirza, Shahqoli Khalifa", "commanders_b": "Alqas Mirza, Mohammad Beg Afshar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Tahmasp's Qizilbash army against Alqas Mirza's Shirvan troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Qizilbash-led; Alqas also had local Shirvan levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahram Mirza retook Derbent from the rebels and Alqas fled to the Crimea.", "borderline": "a capture in a rebellion; the scale of fighting is not described", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture in a rebellion; the scale of fighting is not described.", "sources": "Iranica, Tahmasp I; Iranica, Alqas Mirza; en.wikipedia Tahmasp I", "note": "In the same month Alqas's field force under Mohammad Beg Afshar was routed by Shahqoli Khalifa. Alqas then went over to the Ottomans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1206, "key": "1548-van-siege-1548", "name": "Van (siege, 1548)", "label": "Van (siege, 1548)", "year": 1548, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1548 (fell 25 August)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Van fortress, Turkey", "lat": 38.5, "lon": 43.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Suleiman I, Rustem Pasha (advised by the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon)", "commanders_b": "the Safavid garrison (Tahmasp I as sovereign)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Safavid garrison of Qizilbash (numbers not given).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Frontier garrisons were Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (the campaign box gives 40,000 for the campaign)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Van fell to the Ottoman bombardment on 25 August 1548.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Van (1548); Safavid campaign (1548-1549)", "note": "One linked title dates the siege to 1547; the narrative gives 1548.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1207, "key": "n1207", "name": "Isfahan (Alqas Mirza's attack, 1548)", "label": "Isfahan", "year": 1548, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "Late November to December 1548 (after he took Hamadan on 5 November)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-1555 (Suleiman's second Persian campaign; Alqas Mirza's invasion of Persian Iraq)", "theatre": "", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.6546, "lon": 51.668, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Alqas Mirza's force" ], "side_b": [ "Safavid Persia" ], "allies_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Alqas Mirza's force v Safavid Persia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Alqas Mirza's force", "faction_b": "Safavid Persia", "commanders_a": "Alqas Mirza (Safavid prince, brother of Tahmasp); Ulama Khan Takkalu (Safavid defector, Ottoman beylerbey)", "commanders_b": "Bahram Mirza (sent in pursuit); Shah Tahmasp I (camped at Uch Kilisa)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Alqas's attack on Isfahan, where Tahmasp had lodged his household, failed and he moved on to Shushtar, Fars and Khuzestan before retreating into Ottoman territory in January 1549 (Iranica, Alqas Mirza; Wikipedia, Alqas Mirza).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://iranicaonline.org/articles/alqas-alqasb-alqas-mirza-safawi; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqas_Mirza; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)", "note": "Alqas fought for the Ottoman sultan, with Ottoman money, 600 Baghdad troops and about 8,000 tribal levies, so he counts as a Safavid prince leading Ottoman-backed troops. The Safavid dynasty is counted Iranian by descent (Kurdish or Persian origin of the sheikhs of Ardabil, Turkic-speaking by Alqas's time). Iranica names no pitched battle in this campaign, only the failed attack.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1208, "key": "n1208", "name": "Ambala (Niazi revolt, c. 1549)", "label": "Ambala", "year": 1549, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1549-1550 (the place is given as Ambala in some accounts and as Sambla near Dinkot in others)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Niazi revolt against Islam Shah Suri", "theatre": "", "place": "Ambala (or Sambla), Punjab, India/Pakistan", "lat": 30.38, "lon": 76.78, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sur Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Niazi Afghan rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sur Empire v Niazi Afghan rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sur Empire", "faction_b": "Niazi Afghan rebels", "commanders_a": "Islam Shah Suri; Shujaat Khan", "commanders_b": "Haibat Khan Niazi (Azam Humayun); Said Khan; Shahbaz Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Islam Shah defeated the Niazi rebels, who fled to the hills and then to Kashmir.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Haibat Khan Niazi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haibat_Khan_Niazi; Abbas Khan Sarwani; Qanungo, Sher Shah", "note": "Afghan against Afghan. The Wikipedia article calls the place Sambla near Dinkot; older histories say Ambala, so the location is not secure.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1209, "key": "n1209", "name": "Banihal Pass (1552)", "label": "Banihal Pass", "year": 1552, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1552 (some accounts 1553)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Niazi revolt against Islam Shah Suri: flight to Kashmir", "theatre": "", "place": "Banihal Pass, Jammu and Kashmir, India", "lat": 33.43, "lon": 75.2, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Niazi Afghan fugitives" ], "side_b": [ "Kashmiri nobles" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Niazi Afghan fugitives", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Haibat Khan Niazi; Said Khan; Shahbaz Khan", "commanders_b": "Kashmiri nobles (Chaks)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kashmiris blocked the pass, captured the Niazi chiefs and killed Haibat Khan, Shahbaz Khan and Said Khan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Haibat Khan Niazi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haibat_Khan_Niazi; Abbas Khan Sarwani", "note": "More an ambush of fugitives than a pitched battle; included because the Niazi Afghans had fought their way to the pass.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1210, "key": "1552-erzurum-1552", "name": "Erzurum (1552)", "label": "Erzurum (1552)", "year": 1552, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1552 (some accounts 1553 or 1554)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "outside Erzurum, Turkey", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 41.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail Mirza (later Ismail II), Shahverdi Sultan Ziyad-oghlu, Badr Khan Ustajlu, Muhammad Khan Turkman", "commanders_b": "Iskender Pasha (governor of Erzurum)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qizilbash contingents (Ziyad-oghlu Qajar, Ustajlu, Turkman) with 1,000 Tehran and 600 Nakhchivan guards.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The commanders named are Qizilbash emirs; the Tehran guards may have been Persian.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (Turks and Kurds of eastern Anatolia)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2,576 killed besides those drowned, several begs captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iskender Pasha's army was routed outside Erzurum, many dying in the fortress ditch.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Erzurum (1552); Iranica, Tahmasp I", "note": "Wikipedia's Tahmasp I dates Ismail Mirza's victory to May 1554.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Prince Ismail Mirza, a Safavid of Kurdish male-line descent, led the Qizilbash raid on Ottoman Erzurum.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1211, "key": "n1211", "name": "Farah", "label": "Farah", "year": 1555, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1555 (some accounts 1554)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Suri succession wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Farah, between Mathura and Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.33, "lon": 77.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sikandar Shah Suri" ], "side_b": [ "Ibrahim Shah Suri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sikandar Shah Suri v Ibrahim Shah Suri", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sikandar Shah Suri", "faction_b": "Ibrahim Shah Suri", "commanders_a": "Sikandar Shah Suri", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Shah Suri", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sikandar defeated Ibrahim near Agra and took Delhi and Agra; Ibrahim fled east.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Adil_Shah_(died_1557); Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat-i Akbari", "note": "Sur against Sur. The name Farah and the date come from the later chronicles and the Wikipedia article only says 'near Agra'.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1212, "key": "n1212", "name": "Machhiwara", "label": "Machhiwara", "year": 1555, "month": 5, "day": 15, "date": "15 May 1555", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Humayun's reconquest of Hindustan", "theatre": "", "place": "Machhiwara, Ludhiana district, Punjab, India", "lat": 30.91, "lon": 76.2, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Sur Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sur Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bairam Khan; Humayun", "commanders_b": "Tatar Khan Kasi; Nasib Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Sur army was defeated and the Mughals gained the Sutlej line and the Punjab.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of battles involving the Mughal Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama; Wikipedia, Mughal-Afghan Wars", "note": "Sikandar Shah Suri was a Sur Afghan by descent; the commanders for the Sur army are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1213, "key": "n1213", "name": "Sirhind", "label": "Sirhind", "year": 1555, "month": 6, "day": 22, "date": "22 June 1555", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Humayun's reconquest of Hindustan", "theatre": "", "place": "Sirhind, Punjab, India", "lat": 30.64, "lon": 76.38, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Sur Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sur Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bairam Khan; Prince Akbar (nominal)", "commanders_b": "Sikandar Shah Suri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Sur army was routed, and Humayun re-entered Delhi in July 1555.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of battles involving the Mughal Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama", "note": "The decisive battle of Humayun's restoration.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1214, "key": "1556-garisi", "name": "Garisi", "label": "Garisi", "year": 1556, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1556", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid campaigns in Georgia", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "Garisi, Tetritsqaro, Georgia", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 44.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shahverdi Sultan Ziyad-oghlu Qajar, beglarbeg of Karabakh (killed)", "commanders_b": "Luarsab I of Kartli (mortally wounded), Simon", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 25,000 Qizilbash placed under Shahverdi Sultan by Tahmasp.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The army is described as Qizilbash under the Ziyad-oghlu Qajar of Karabakh.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 25,000", "strength_b": "about 6,000", "losses_a": "more than 10,000 killed or wounded (Georgian figure)", "losses_b": "about 3,000 killed or wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In a pitched battle the Georgians beat off the Qizilbash, whose commander Shahverdi Sultan fell, though Luarsab I was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Garisi; Luarsab I of Kartli; Tahmasp I", "note": "Kingdom of Kartli.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1215, "key": "n1215", "name": "Tughlaqabad", "label": "Tughlaqabad", "year": 1556, "month": 10, "day": 7, "date": "7 October 1556", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hemu's seizure of Delhi", "theatre": "", "place": "Tughlaqabad, Delhi, India", "lat": 28.51, "lon": 77.26, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Hemu for Adil Shah Suri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hemu for Adil Shah Suri", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tardi Beg Khan", "commanders_b": "Hemu", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a day's fighting Hemu defeated Tardi Beg Khan and took Delhi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Second Battle of Panipat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama; Badauni", "note": "Hemu was a Hindu general, but the army he led for the Sur sultan was mainly Afghan horse; no Afghan leader is named for this battle.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1216, "key": "n1216", "name": "Second Battle of Panipat", "label": "Second Battle of Panipat", "year": 1556, "month": 11, "day": 5, "date": "5 November 1556", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hemu's seizure of Delhi", "theatre": "", "place": "Panipat, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.39, "lon": 76.97, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Hemu for Adil Shah Suri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hemu for Adil Shah Suri", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Quli Khan Shaibani; Bairam Khan (behind the line)", "commanders_b": "Hemu; Shadi Khan Kakar; Ramya", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Hemu was struck in the eye by an arrow, his army broke and fled, and he was captured and killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Second Battle of Panipat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama", "note": "Hemu's army is described as mostly Afghan horse (about 30,000) with Shadi Khan Kakar, a Pashtun, commanding one wing.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1217, "key": "n1217", "name": "Chhapparghatta", "label": "Chhapparghatta", "year": 1557, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1557 (month not secure)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Suri succession wars", "theatre": "", "place": "Chhapparghatta, near Surajgarh, Bihar, India", "lat": 25.2, "lon": 86.2, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Muhammad Shah Sur's Bengal" ], "side_b": [ "Adil Shah Suri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Muhammad Shah Sur's Bengal v Adil Shah Suri", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Muhammad Shah Sur's Bengal", "faction_b": "Adil Shah Suri", "commanders_a": "Khizr Khan Sur (Bahadur Shah of Bengal)", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Adil Shah Suri (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Adil Shah was defeated and killed by Khizr Khan of Bengal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Adil_Shah_(died_1557); Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat-i Akbari", "note": "Sur against Sur. The name and exact place are not given in the Wikipedia article and are taken from the later chronicles.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1218, "key": "1557-kandahar-siege-1557-1558", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1557-1558)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1557-1558)", "year": 1557, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1557-1558 (about six months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid wars (contest for Kandahar)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Sultan Tati-oghlu Dhu'l-Qadar; Soltan Hosayn Mirza", "commanders_b": "Shah Muhammad Qalati", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Qizilbash army under Ali Sultan Dhu'l-Qadar, fighting with bows and muskets (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasan's Qizilbash (Dhu'l-Qadar, Shamlu) formed the army; local levies are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After six months of fighting Shah Muhammad surrendered the fort on terms and left for India.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kandahar (1557-1558); Mughal-Persian wars; Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi", "note": "Akbar, under the regent Bairam Khan, could send no relief. The Safavids held Kandahar until 1595.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1219, "key": "n1219", "name": "Mankot (siege, 1556-1557)", "label": "Mankot", "year": 1557, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January to 25 July 1557 (the siege began in late 1556 in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Akbar's wars against the Surs", "theatre": "", "place": "Mankot, Shivalik foothills, Punjab, India", "lat": 32.4, "lon": 75.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Sikandar Shah Suri" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sikandar Shah Suri", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bairam Khan; Akbar", "commanders_b": "Sikandar Shah Suri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sikandar surrendered after about six months, on terms, once Adil Shah was dead.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of battles involving the Mughal Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire; Wikipedia, Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557); Abul Fazl, Akbarnama", "note": "The last stand of the Sur dynasty in the north.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1220, "key": "n1220", "name": "Sarangpur (1561)", "label": "Sarangpur", "year": 1561, "month": 3, "day": 29, "date": "29 March 1561", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Malwa", "theatre": "", "place": "Sarangpur, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 23.57, "lon": 76.47, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Malwa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Malwa", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Adham Khan; Pir Muhammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Baz Bahadur (Bayazid Khan Sur)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baz Bahadur was defeated and fled, and the Mughals took Malwa.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Abul Fazl, Akbarnama; Wikipedia, Baz Bahadur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_Bahadur", "note": "Baz Bahadur was the son of Shuja'at Khan Sur, Sher Shah's governor of Malwa, so a Sur Afghan by descent.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1221, "key": "1561-tsikhedidi", "name": "Tsikhedidi", "label": "Tsikhedidi", "year": 1561, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1561", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid campaigns in Georgia", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "Tsikhedidi, near Tbilisi, Georgia", "lat": 41.7, "lon": 44.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian garrison commanders of Tbilisi (not named)", "commanders_b": "Simon I of Kartli, Prince George of Kakheti (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Qizilbash garrison and field troops holding Tbilisi (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Safavid forces in Georgia were Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Simon was defeated and his ally George of Kakheti was killed.", "borderline": "the opponent is not named in the Wikipedia article; Simon was campaigning to retake Persian-held Tbilisi", "doubt": "Borderline: the opponent is not named in the Wikipedia article; Simon was campaigning to retake Persian-held Tbilisi.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simon I of Kartli", "note": "Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1222, "key": "n1222", "name": "Chauragarh (siege, 1564)", "label": "Chauragarh", "year": 1564, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1564, soon after Narrai (exact dates not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal conquest of Garha (1564-65)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chauragarh fort, Narsinghpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 22.93, "lon": 79.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Gond kingdom of Garha" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asaf Khan I (Abdul Majid Asaf Khan)", "commanders_b": "Vir Narayan (killed); the garrison and the Rani's household", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Vir Narayan was killed, the women committed jauhar and Asaf Khan took the fort and its treasure.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mughal conquest of Garha (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Garha); Wikipedia, Asaf Khan I; Akbarnama", "note": "Same weak origin evidence as Narrai (the nisba Harawi). Asaf Khan kept most of the loot, including 800 elephants, and rebelled in 1565.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1223, "key": "n1223", "name": "Narrai", "label": "Narrai", "year": 1564, "month": 6, "day": 24, "date": "24 June 1564 (the day Rani Durgavati died)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Garha (1564-65)", "theatre": "", "place": "Narrai, between the Gaur and Narmada rivers, near Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India", "lat": 23.1, "lon": 79.85, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Gond kingdom of Garha" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asaf Khan I (Abdul Majid Asaf Khan, governor of Kara)", "commanders_b": "Rani Durgavati (died by suicide in the battle); Vir Narayan (pushed the Mughals back three times and was wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Rani's army was broken and she killed herself; Asaf Khan went on to Chauragarh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mughal conquest of Garha (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Garha); Wikipedia, Asaf Khan I (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaf_Khan_I); Abu'l-Fazl, Akbarnama (Beveridge trans.)", "note": "The origin of Asaf Khan I is thin: the Wikipedia articles do not state it; he is called Harawi (of Herat) in the Akbarnama, which makes him Persian-speaking Khurasani by origin, but this rests on the nisba. Also called the Battle of Damoh in Wikipedia's infobox.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1224, "key": "1567-digomi", "name": "Digomi", "label": "Digomi", "year": 1567, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1567", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid campaigns in Georgia", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "Digomi plain, Tbilisi, Georgia", "lat": 41.77, "lon": 44.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Simon I of Kartli", "commanders_b": "Daud Khan (David XI), Tahmasp's appointee in Tbilisi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Tbilisi under the converted Georgian prince Daud Khan: Qizilbash troops with his Georgian followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qizilbash garrison with Georgian partisans of Daud Khan; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Daud Khan's sortie was routed on the Digomi plain, though the Georgians could not take the Tbilisi fortress.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Digomi; Simon I of Kartli", "note": "The campaign failed and the fortress stayed in Persian hands; the field fight is scored.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1225, "key": "1569-partskhisi-1569", "name": "Partskhisi (1569)", "label": "Partskhisi (1569)", "year": 1569, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1569", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid campaigns in Georgia", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "near Partskhisi castle, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia", "lat": 41.5, "lon": 44.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Persian commanders supporting Daud Khan (not named)", "commanders_b": "Simon I of Kartli (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Persian (Qizilbash) troops backing Daud Khan's rule in Kartli (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qizilbash troops with Daud Khan's Georgian partisans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Simon captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Simon was defeated and taken prisoner.", "borderline": "the opponent is implied in the source (Simon was captured by Persian forces)", "doubt": "Borderline: the opponent is implied in the source (Simon was captured by Persian forces).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simon I of Kartli", "note": "Earlier in 1569 Simon won at Samadlo against an opponent the source does not name (not listed). Simon was held in Alamut until 1578.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1226, "key": "n1226", "name": "Hajipur and Patna (siege, 1574)", "label": "Hajipur and Patna", "year": 1574, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1574", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal conquest of Bengal and Bihar", "theatre": "", "place": "Hajipur and Patna, Bihar, India", "lat": 25.69, "lon": 85.21, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Karrani Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Karrani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Akbar; Munim Khan; Todar Mal; Man Singh", "commanders_b": "Daud Khan Karrani; Katlu Lohani; Gujar Khan Karrani", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghan garrison nearly won at Hajipur but Akbar took the supply fort, and Daud fled from Patna into Bengal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Daud Khan Karrani: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama; Banglapedia, Karrani Rule", "note": "Hajipur and Patna fell within days of each other; recorded as one siege.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1227, "key": "n1227", "name": "Tukaroi", "label": "Tukaroi", "year": 1575, "month": 3, "day": 3, "date": "3 March 1575", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Bengal and Bihar", "theatre": "", "place": "Tukaroi (Mughalmari), Balasore/Midnapore border, Odisha/West Bengal, India", "lat": 21.9, "lon": 87.2, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Karrani Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Karrani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Munim Khan Khan-i-Khanan; Khan Jahan (Husain Quli Khan)", "commanders_b": "Daud Khan Karrani; Gujar Khan Karrani", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghans withdrew to Cuttack and the Mughals took Tanda; Wikipedia's article on Daud Khan records the battle as a draw.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Tukaroi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi; Wikipedia, Daud Khan Karrani: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama", "note": "Daud withdrew to Cuttack and made peace, ceding Bengal and Bihar to the Mughals; the Mughal commanders are not named in the Wikipedia article and are given from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1228, "key": "n1228", "name": "Rajmahal", "label": "Rajmahal", "year": 1576, "month": 7, "day": 12, "date": "12 July 1576", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Bengal and Bihar", "theatre": "", "place": "Rajmahal, Jharkhand, India", "lat": 25.05, "lon": 87.84, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Karrani Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Karrani Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khan Jahan Quli; Muzaffar Khan Turbati", "commanders_b": "Daud Khan Karrani; Junaid; Qutlu Khan; Ismail Khan Lodi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a long battle Daud was defeated, captured and executed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Rajmahal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rajmahal; Wikipedia, Daud Khan Karrani: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani; Banglapedia, Rajmahal, The battle of", "note": "The end of the Karrani Sultanate of Bengal.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1229, "key": "1578-uzbek-invasion-of-khorasan-1578", "name": "Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578)", "label": "Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578)", "year": 1578, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1578", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Jam district, Khorasan, Iran", "lat": 35.24, "lon": 60.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mortaza Qoli Khan Pornak Turkman (beglarbeg of Mashhad), Ommat Beg Ustajlu", "commanders_b": "Jalal Khan Uzbek, governor of Merv (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 3,000 men of the Mashhad governor, Turkman and Ustajlu Qizilbash.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasan's governor led his Qizilbash tribesmen with some local levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "more than 3,000", "strength_b": "6,000-7,000 (Naiman tribe)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Jalal Khan killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After an evening fight that ended level, Jalal Khan was killed and the Uzbeks withdrew to their own territory, leaving the Safavids in possession.", "borderline": "the article names the fight inconsistently (it mentions Ashgabat and Jam); listed under the article's title", "doubt": "Borderline: the article names the fight inconsistently (it mentions Ashgabat and Jam); listed under the article's title.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578)", "note": "Jalal Khan had plundered the Mashhad and Jam districts after Tahmasp's subsidy stopped.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1230, "key": "1578-cldr", "name": "Çıldır", "label": "Çıldır", "year": 1578, "month": 8, "day": 9, "date": "9 August 1578", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Samtskhe and Kartli)", "place": "Çıldır, near Kars, Turkey", "lat": 41.13, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Georgia" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lala Mustafa Pasha (main army), Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha, Dervis Pasha", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Khan Tokhmaq Ustajlu (Erivan), Imam Quli Khan Qajar (Ganja), Qara Khan (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tokhmaq Khan's army of north-western Iran, 15,000-30,000 Qizilbash (Ustajlu of Erivan, Qajar of Ganja), with about 7,000 Georgians.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The governors and tribes named are Qizilbash Turkmen; the Georgian allies were a large separate contingent.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (Iskandar Beg Munshi claimed 100,000 for the Ottoman army)", "strength_b": "15,000-30,000 Safavids and about 7,000 Georgians", "losses_a": "200-400 (Ottoman figure)", "losses_b": "5,000-7,000 killed and about 3,000 captured and beheaded", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Safavid-Georgian army was routed and thousands of prisoners were executed on the field the next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Çıldır; Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign; Mohammad Khan Tokhmaq Ustajlu", "note": "Opened Tbilisi to the Ottomans (taken by 24 August 1578).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1231, "key": "1578-koyun-gecidi", "name": "Koyun Geçidi", "label": "Koyun Geçidi", "year": 1578, "month": 9, "day": 9, "date": "9 September 1578", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Shirvan)", "place": "Koyun Geçidi ford on the Kanik (Alazani) river, Azerbaijan", "lat": 41.3, "lon": 46.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lala Mustafa Pasha (overall); Osman Pasha, Mehmed Pasha, Mustafa Pasha", "commanders_b": "Amir Khan Turkman, Murad Khan (killed), Sharaf Khan Bitlisi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qizilbash cavalry of Karabakh and Shirvan (no details in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Safavid border armies of 1578 were Qizilbash tribal cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottomans crossed the Alazani (Qanikh) in force and drove the Safavid army into the river with heavy loss, holding the field (9 September 1578).", "borderline": "named only in an infobox; date, site and result not checked against a detailed online source for this file", "doubt": "Borderline: named only in an infobox; date, site and result not checked against a detailed online source for this file.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Lala Mustafa Pasha (infobox: Battle of Koyun Geçidi); Ottoman chronicles (Mustafa Ali, Nusretname)", "note": "The site and the details given here are uncertain; the Turkish Wikipedia page could not be fetched.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1232, "key": "1578-mollahasanli", "name": "Mollahasanli", "label": "Mollahasanli", "year": 1578, "month": 11, "day": 28, "date": "28 November 1578 (24 or 30 November in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Shirvan)", "place": "Mollahasanli on the Agsu river, near Pirgasanli, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.57, "lon": 48.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Crimean Khanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ottomans", "Dagestanis" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hamza Mirza (nominal), Mirza Salman Jaberi, Mohammad Khan Turkman, Mohammad Khan Ustajlu, Sharaf al-Din Takkalu, Imam Quli Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Kalga Adil Giray (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Crimean Khanate", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000 Qizilbash cavalry under the tribal emirs, led in fact by the vizier Mirza Salman.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The emirs named lead Turkman, Ustajlu, Takkalu and Qajar Qizilbash; the vizier Mirza Salman was Persian.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "about 15,000 (12,000 Tatars and 4,000-5,000 Lezgins)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 2,000 captured, including some 30 nobles and the Ottoman sanjak-bey Piyale Beg", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The surprise attack routed the Tatars, who had scattered to guard their booty, and Adil Giray was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Mollahasanli; Gazi II Giray; Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "note": "Adil Giray was executed at Qazvin. The war article's body places the battle in a 1579 context.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1233, "key": "1578-shamakhi-siege-1578", "name": "Shamakhi (siege, 1578)", "label": "Shamakhi (siege, 1578)", "year": 1578, "month": 11, "day": 9, "date": "9-12 November 1578", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Shirvan)", "place": "Shamakhi, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.63, "lon": 48.64, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Crimean Khanate" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha (defender); Adil Giray, Gazi Giray, Saadet Giray (Crimean relief)", "commanders_b": "Aras Khan, beglarbeg of Shirvan (killed after the defeat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000 Qizilbash of Shirvan and Karabakh under Aras Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Provincial Qizilbash forces; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000-20,000 Ottomans and 20,000-30,000 Crimean Tatars", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 10,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Crimean relief army caught the Safavid besiegers between two forces and routed them; the siege failed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Shamakhi (1578); Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "note": "The Safavids besieged the Ottoman-held city; the defender won.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1234, "key": "1581-shamakhi-1581", "name": "Shamakhi (1581)", "label": "Shamakhi (1581)", "year": 1581, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1581", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Shirvan)", "place": "between Shabran and Shamakhi, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 48.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Crimean Khanate" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Piri Muhammad Beg, Imam Quli Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Gazi Giray (captured), Dal Mehmed Celebi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qizilbash of Karabakh and Shirvan under Imam Quli Khan Qajar and Piri Muhammad Beg (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Provincial Qizilbash forces.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Gazi Giray captured (held at Alamut)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman-Crimean force was decisively defeated and Gazi Giray was taken prisoner.", "borderline": "described in two articles but not given a battle name", "doubt": "Borderline: described in two articles but not given a battle name.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590); Gazi II Giray", "note": "Osman Pasha then withdrew to Derbent, leaving a garrison in Baku.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1235, "key": "1582-herat-siege-1582-1583", "name": "Herat (siege, 1582-1583)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1582-1583)", "year": 1582, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1582-1583 (about a year)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safavid civil war (1576-1590)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Khodabanda" ], "side_b": [ "Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Khodabanda (Mirza Salman)", "faction_b": "Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu (for Abbas Mirza)", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Khodabanda, Mirza Salman Jaberi", "commanders_b": "Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu, with the boy Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Khodabanda's army of about 80,000, Turkman, Takkalu and other Qizilbash of the west, against the Shamlu and Ustajlu of Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A war between Qizilbash factions; the Herat side had the support of the Persian-speaking city.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 80,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After about a year of skirmishing and talks the siege ended in a truce that left Herat in Ali-Qoli Khan's hands.", "borderline": "mostly minor skirmishing; Wikipedia's Abbas article also mentions a failed siege of Torbat-e Heydarieh held by Morshed-Qoli Khan in the same campaign (not listed separately)", "doubt": "Borderline: mostly minor skirmishing; Wikipedia's Abbas article also mentions a failed siege of Torbat-e Heydarieh held by Morshed-Qoli Khan in the same campaign (not listed separately).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu; Abbas the Great; Savory", "note": "Wikipedia's Abbas article dates the siege to 1582, other accounts to 1583.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1236, "key": "1583-torches", "name": "Torches", "label": "Torches", "year": 1583, "month": 5, "day": 9, "date": "9-11 May 1583 (vanguard clash 25 April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Shirvan and Dagestan)", "place": "Bastepe, near Derbent, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.0, "lon": 48.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Crimean Khanate", "Dagestanis" ], "allies_b": [ "Georgia" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha, Cafer Pasha, Haydar Pasha", "commanders_b": "Imam Quli Khan Qajar (centre), Rostam Khan, Borhan al-Din", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imam Quli Khan Qajar's army of 50,000 or more, the Qizilbash of Karabakh, Shirvan and Azerbaijan, with Georgian irregulars.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A provincial Qizilbash army under the Qajar beglarbeg of Ganja-Karabakh; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "disputed", "strength_b": "50,000 or more", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "7,500-10,500 killed and more than 3,000 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After an indecisive first day the Ottoman general attack on the third day broke the Safavid army, which left the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Torches; Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "note": "Meşaleler Savaşı, so called because fighting went on by torchlight. Ottoman allies: the Crimean Khanate, the Shamkhalate of Tarki and the Nogais. Some accounts place the battle near the Samur river.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1237, "key": "1585-tabriz-siege-1585-1586", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1585-1586)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1585-1586)", "year": 1585, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1585 to 1586", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cafer Pasha (governor of the new Ottoman fortress)", "commanders_b": "Hamza Mirza, Mohammad Khodabanda", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Hamza Mirza's Qizilbash army (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The army of the 1580s was Qizilbash, divided by tribal feuds.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman fortress at Tabriz held and the Safavid siege was given up; the city stayed Ottoman until 1603.", "borderline": "only a red link on Wikipedia; the course of the siege is not described in the sources used", "doubt": "Borderline: only a red link on Wikipedia; the course of the siege is not described in the sources used.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tabriz (disambiguation: Siege of Tabriz (1585-1586), a red link); Capture of Tabriz (1585); Hamza Mirza; Savory", "note": "Hamza Mirza was murdered in his camp in Karabakh on 6 December 1586, after which the Safavid effort collapsed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1238, "key": "1585-alvar", "name": "Alvar", "label": "Alvar", "year": 1585, "month": 9, "day": 21, "date": "21 September 1585", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Alvar (Elver), about 18 km north-west of Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.18, "lon": 46.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha, Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, Mehmed Pasha", "commanders_b": "Hamza Mirza; Qilinj Beg of the Pazuki (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 5,000 foot and 5,000 horse under Hamza Mirza hidden in the gardens: Qizilbash cavalry, musketeers and the Kurdish Pazuki tribe.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "A Pazuki Kurdish chief fell and the infantry may have included local musketeers, but the army was Qizilbash-led; the share is uncertain.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "10,000-15,000", "strength_b": "about 10,000", "losses_a": "500-1,000 casualties on one side (unassigned in the source)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hamza Mirza's ambush was beaten off and he fell back to the main army; the Ottomans went on to Tabriz, which surrendered on 25 September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Alvar; Capture of Tabriz (1585)", "note": "Capture of Tabriz (1585), 23-25 September, followed without a separate battle and is not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1239, "key": "n1239", "name": "Malandari Pass (Karakar Pass)", "label": "Malandari Pass", "year": 1586, "month": 2, "day": 16, "date": "16 February 1586", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Akbar's Yusufzai campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "between the Karakar and Malandari passes, Buner/Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.55, "lon": 72.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Yusufzai Pashtuns" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yusufzai Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Raja Birbal (killed); Zain Khan Koka; Hakim Abul Fath", "commanders_b": "Kalu Khan Yusufzai; Mirwais (son of Mullah Meru)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mughal column was ambushed in the defile, Birbal and about 8,000 men were killed and the army was routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Malandari Pass: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malandari_Pass; Badauni, Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama; Wikipedia, Pir Roshan", "note": "Akbar's worst defeat; Todar Mal's punitive expedition followed on 19 February. Khafi Khan's figure of 40,000 dead is much higher than Badauni's 8,000.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1240, "key": "1587-herat-siege-1587-1589", "name": "Herat (siege, 1587-1589)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1587-1589)", "year": 1587, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1587 to February 1589", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Uzbeks" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdullah Khan II", "commanders_b": "Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu (executed after the surrender)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ali-Qoli Khan's Shamlu Qizilbash with the townsmen of Herat; no relief came because Morshed-Qoli Khan delayed it.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Qizilbash garrison defending a Persian-speaking city; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the city was sacked and many inhabitants killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat surrendered to the Uzbeks in February 1589 after more than a year's siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu; Abbas the Great; Savory", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1241, "key": "1589-mashhad-siege-1589", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1589)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1589)", "year": 1589, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1589", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Uzbeks" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abd al-Mumin, son of Abdullah Khan II", "commanders_b": "the Safavid governor of Mashhad (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Qizilbash garrison and townsmen of Mashhad (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrison and Persian-speaking townsmen; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many inhabitants massacred", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mashhad fell to the Uzbeks, who sacked the city and the shrine of Imam Reza.", "borderline": "no Wikipedia article; Wikipedia's Persian-Uzbek wars and Abdullah Khan II date Abd al-Mumin's sack of Mashhad to 1583", "doubt": "Borderline: no Wikipedia article; Wikipedia's Persian-Uzbek wars and Abdullah Khan II date Abd al-Mumin's sack of Mashhad to 1583.", "sources": "Savory, Iran under the Safavids; Iskandar Beg Munshi; en.wikipedia Persian-Uzbek wars", "note": "Abbas recovered Mashhad easily in April 1598.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1242, "key": "n1242", "name": "Raipur (Jagat Singh's defeat, 1590)", "label": "Raipur", "year": 1590, "month": 5, "day": 21, "date": "21 May 1590", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Orissa", "theatre": "", "place": "Raipur, near Bishnupur, West Bengal, India", "lat": 22.95, "lon": 87.1, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans of Orissa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans of Orissa", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jagat Singh (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Bahadur Kuruh (for Qutlu Khan Lohani)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughal division was routed, three officers killed and Jagat Singh escaped wounded to Bishnupur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mughal conquest of Odisha: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Odisha; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama", "note": "The place and the usual name (some histories call it Jahanabad) are not secure.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1243, "key": "n1243", "name": "Subarnarekha (1592)", "label": "Subarnarekha", "year": 1592, "month": 4, "day": 10, "date": "10 April 1592", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Orissa", "theatre": "", "place": "bank of the Subarnarekha river, near Jaleswar, Odisha, India", "lat": 21.8, "lon": 87.22, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans of Orissa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans of Orissa", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Man Singh; Jagat Singh; Durjan Singh", "commanders_b": "Khwaja Wais (killed); Sultan Sur (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After early Afghan charges, Mughal reinforcements, artillery and archery won the day; about 300 Afghans fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mughal conquest of Odisha: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Odisha; Abul Fazl, Akbarnama", "note": "The overall Afghan commander is not named in the source; the Afghan chiefs of Orissa were the Lohani and Karrani followers of Nasir Khan.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1244, "key": "1598-herat-1598", "name": "Herat (1598)", "label": "Herat (1598)", "year": 1598, "month": 8, "day": 9, "date": "9 August 1598", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Rabat-i Pariyan, near Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Allahverdi Khan, Farhad Khan Qaramanlu", "commanders_b": "Din Mohammad Khan (wounded, killed in the flight)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's field force of 10,000-15,000: qurchis and Qizilbash cavalry with the new ghulam cavalry under Allahverdi Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Georgian", "Armenian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "In 1598 the shah's striking force was still mainly Qizilbash and the young Caucasian ghulam corps; Persian musketeers were few.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "10,000-15,000", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "about 5,000 killed", "losses_b": "about 15,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After Abbas's feigned retreat the Uzbeks were routed and their khan fled wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Herat (1598); Abbas the Great; Savory", "note": "Also called the battle of Rabat-i Pariyan; it recovered Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1245, "key": "1602-bahrain-1602", "name": "Bahrain (1602)", "label": "Bahrain (1602)", "year": 1602, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1602", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid wars", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Bahrain island (Portuguese fort), Bahrain", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 50.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bahrain", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Portugal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Allahverdi Khan (governor of Fars); Mu'in al-Din Fali", "commanders_b": "the Portuguese and Hormuzi garrison; Francisco de Sotomayor (counter-attack)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A detachment of musketeers sent by Allahverdi Khan from Fars, with the Bahraini partisans of the rebel governor.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars musketeers were largely Persian peasants; the local allies were Arabs; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Persian musketeers drove the Portuguese from their fort and held the island against the Portuguese-Hormuzi counter-attack.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Safavid conquest of Bahrain; Portuguese-Safavid wars", "note": "The governor Rukn al-Din Mas'ud had rebelled against Hormuz; Wikipedia's Abbas the Great credits Imam Quli Khan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1246, "key": "1602-balkh-1602", "name": "Balkh (1602)", "label": "Balkh (1602)", "year": 1602, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1602", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Uzbek wars", "theatre": "Khorasan and Tokharistan", "place": "near Balkh, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 66.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Uzbeks" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Baqi Muhammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Abbas I", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "40,000 troops including 10,000 musketeers and about 300 cannon.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A quarter of the army were musketeers, largely recruited from Persian peasants; the rest Qizilbash and ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "40,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most of the artillery", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Outmanoeuvred and short of water and food, Abbas withdrew from Balkh, losing most of his cannon.", "borderline": "a failed campaign and retreat rather than a set battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a failed campaign and retreat rather than a set battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian-Uzbek wars; Abbas the Great", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1247, "key": "1603-tabriz-siege-1603", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1603)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1603)", "year": 1603, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September to 21 October 1603", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1612)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Allahverdi Khan, Amir-Guna Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Ali Pasha (governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's reformed army: qurchis and Qizilbash, ghulam cavalry, tufangchi musketeers and the new artillery, used for the first time.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "After the reforms of the 1590s about a third of the royal army were ghulams and musketeers, the musketeers largely Persian peasants (Savory, Matthee).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "120,000 (Wikipedia infobox, inflated)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman garrison of Tabriz surrendered on 21 October 1603.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Safavid capture of Tabriz (1603); Amir-Guna Khan Qajar; Ottoman-Safavid war (1603-1612)", "note": "Abbas first retook and razed the Ottoman base at Nahavand.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1248, "key": "1603-erivan-siege-1603-1604", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1603-1604)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1603-1604)", "year": 1603, "month": 11, "day": 15, "date": "15 November 1603 to 8 June 1604", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1612)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan) fortress, Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Amir-Guna Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Sherif Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's royal army with artillery; Amir-Guna Khan's Qajar contingent led the final assault.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal army of Qizilbash, ghulams and musketeers; the assault troops named are Qajar Turkmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fortress fell on 8 June 1604, Amir-Guna Khan's Qajars entering by the White Tower.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Amir-Guna Khan Qajar; Ottoman-Safavid war (1603-1612); Abbas the Great; Siege of Erivan (disambiguation: Siege of Erivan (1604), a red link)", "note": "Abbas then withdrew before the Ottoman counter-offensive with scorched-earth tactics, deporting the Armenians of the region.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1249, "key": "1605-kandahar-siege-1605-1606", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1605-1606)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1605-1606)", "year": 1605, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1605 to January 1606", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid wars (contest for Kandahar)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shah Beg Khan (governor); relief army sent by Jahangir", "commanders_b": "Husayn Khan Shamlu (governor of Herat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The provincial army of Khorasan under the Shamlu governor of Herat (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Provincial forces of Herat were Shamlu Qizilbash with local levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After two months of assaults a Mughal relief army forced the besiegers to withdraw; Kandahar did not fall.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kandahar (1605-1606); Mughal-Persian wars; Iranica, Qandahar", "note": "Abbas disowned the attack, made by the Khorasan governors without royal orders. Iranica dates it to 1606.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1250, "key": "1605-sufiyan", "name": "Sufiyan (1605)", "label": "Sufiyan (1605)", "year": 1605, "month": 11, "day": 6, "date": "6 November 1605", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1612)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Sufiyan, north-west of Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.27, "lon": 45.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Allahverdi Khan, Qarachaqay Beg, Amir-Guna Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, Kose Sefer Pasha (captured), Tekkeli Mehmed Pasha, Karakas Pasha, Kacar Mehmed Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 60,000: Qizilbash cavalry, Allahverdi Khan's ghulams, a musketeer regiment under Qarachaqay Beg, and Amir-Guna Khan's Qajars on the right wing.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian", "other Caucasian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Abbas's army of c. 1605 combined Qizilbash tribesmen with Caucasian ghulams and tufangchi musketeers drawn largely from Persian peasants; no breakdown for the battle.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "about 100,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 20,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abbas's flank feint and the Qizilbash charge routed the Ottoman army, which fled leaving the field and many commanders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sufiyan; Qarachaqay Khan; Amir-Guna Khan Qajar; Iskandar Beg Munshi", "note": "Wikipedia's Battle of Urmia (1604) and the war article's 'Battle of Lake Urmia, 9 September 1605' describe the same defeat of Cigalazade and Kose Sefer Pasha (same commanders, about 100,000 Ottomans, about 20,000 killed) and are not listed separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1251, "key": "1606-ganja-siege-1606", "name": "Ganja (siege, 1606)", "label": "Ganja (siege, 1606)", "year": 1606, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1606 (about six months, beginning three months after Sufiyan)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1612)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Karabakh)", "place": "Ganja, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.68, "lon": 46.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I", "commanders_b": "Mehmed Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's royal army with siege artillery (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Normal composition of Abbas's royal army after 1600: Qizilbash, Caucasian ghulams and Persian musketeers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "up to 2,500 killed (given as civilians in one article, as Ottoman dead in another)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ganja fell to the Safavids after a siege of about six months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Ganja (1606); Abbas I's Shirvan campaign", "note": "Abbas then retook Tiflis the same year.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1252, "key": "n1252", "name": "Hama (Janbulad v Yusuf Sayfa, 1606)", "label": "Hama", "year": 1606, "month": 7, "day": 24, "date": "24 July 1606 (as given on Wikipedia; year inferred from its chronology)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Celali rebellions (Janbulad revolt)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Hama, Syria", "lat": 35.1318, "lon": 36.7578, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Ali Janbulad's rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Ottoman governors of Tripoli, Damascus and Hama" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ali Janbulad's rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Janbulad (Canpulatoglu Ali Pasha)", "commanders_b": "Yusuf Sayfa Pasha, governor of Tripoli", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ali routed the combined provincial armies and Yusuf fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Janbulad; Griswold, The Great Anatolian Rebellion (1983)", "note": "Ali Janbulad belonged to a Kurdish chieftain family of Kilis (the Kurd Dagh); his army was mostly sekban and local levies, so the leader rule is what qualifies it.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1253, "key": "1607-shamakhi-siege-1607", "name": "Shamakhi (siege, 1607)", "label": "Shamakhi (siege, 1607)", "year": 1607, "month": 1, "day": 9, "date": "9 January to 27 June 1607", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1612)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Shirvan)", "place": "Shamakhi, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.63, "lon": 48.64, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Allahverdi Khan, Pir Budaq Khan, Qarachaqay Beg, Zulfiqar Khan", "commanders_b": "Ahmed Pasha, beylerbey of Shirvan (captured), Shamseddin Pasha (executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's royal army with heavy cannon brought from Ganja and reinforcements from Azerbaijan, Kerman and Tabriz.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal army plus provincial contingents including Kerman (Persian-speaking) troops; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "many killed when a bridge over the moat collapsed", "losses_b": "2,000-3,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Safavid assault of late June took the towers and a gate and the garrison was overrun.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Shamakhi; Abbas I's Shirvan campaign", "note": "Baku and Derbent went over to the Safavids after local risings. The Safavids took about 150 large and 500 small guns.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1254, "key": "n1254", "name": "Oruc Plain (Amik Valley, 1607)", "label": "Oruc Plain", "year": 1607, "month": 10, "day": 24, "date": "23-24 October 1607", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Celali rebellions (Janbulad revolt)", "theatre": "", "place": "Oruc Plain, Amik Valley near the Afrin river, Hatay, Turkey", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 36.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ali Janbulad's rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Fakhr al-Din Ma'n's Druze" ], "persian_state": "Ali Janbulad's rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Grand Vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasha; Zulfikar Pasha; Tiryaki Hasan Pasha", "commanders_b": "Ali Janbulad; Jin Ali Bolukbashi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kuyucu Murad's army broke the rebel host, killing the lieutenant Jin Ali and capturing thousands; Ali fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Janbulad; Griswold, The Great Anatolian Rebellion (1983); Kuyucu Murad Pasha (Wikipedia)", "note": "Ali Janbulad is described as a Kurdish tribal chief from Kilis; he led about 25,000 sekban and cavalry. The 'pyramid of 20,000 skulls' is a report, not a count.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1255, "key": "1609-dimdim-siege", "name": "Dimdim (siege)", "label": "Dimdim (siege)", "year": 1609, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1609 to summer 1610", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safavid campaign against the Bradost Kurds", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (Urmia)", "place": "Dimdim castle, west of Lake Urmia, Iran", "lat": 37.62, "lon": 44.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Hatem Beg Ordubadi (grand vizier), Abbas I", "commanders_b": "Amir Khan Lepzerin (Emir Khan Brada), ruler of Bradost (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The army of Azerbaijan under the vizier Hatem Beg (no breakdown in the sources).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Azerbaijan forces were mostly Qizilbash; the Afshar were settled in the region afterwards.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "the garrison was wiped out", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Dimdim fell after nearly a year's siege and its defenders were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Dimdim; Iskandar Beg Munshi, Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi", "note": "Emirate of Bradost. A massacre in Bradost and Mukriyan followed. The siege is the subject of the Kurdish epic Kela Dimdim.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1256, "key": "n1256", "name": "Bokainagar (siege, 1611)", "label": "Bokainagar", "year": 1611, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1611 (to late November)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal conquest of Bengal: Afghan insurrection of Khwaja Usman", "theatre": "", "place": "Bokainagar, Mymensingh region, Bangladesh", "lat": 24.85, "lon": 90.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Bangladesh", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans of Khwaja Usman" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans of Khwaja Usman", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islam Khan I; Shaikh Kamal; Shuja'at Khan", "commanders_b": "Khwaja Usman", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a failed assault in the floods and the defection of Nasir Khan and Dariya Khan, Usman abandoned the fort and it was taken by the end of November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mughal conquest of Sylhet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Sylhet; Mirza Nathan, Baharistan-i Ghaybi", "note": "Usman's Afghans were Lohani and Karrani survivors in eastern Bengal.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1257, "key": "n1257", "name": "Daulambapur", "label": "Daulambapur", "year": 1612, "month": 3, "day": 12, "date": "12 March 1612 (Gommans gives 1611)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal conquest of Bengal: Afghan insurrection of Khwaja Usman", "theatre": "", "place": "Daulambapur (Daulatpur), west of Moulvibazar, Sylhet, Bangladesh", "lat": 24.48, "lon": 91.69, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bangladesh", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans of Khwaja Usman" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Raja of Kachar" ], "persian_state": "Afghans of Khwaja Usman", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shuja'at Khan; Mirza Nathan; Iftikhar Khan; Kishwar Khan; Shaikh Qasim", "commanders_b": "Khwaja Usman; Khwaja Wali; Shir-i-Maydan; Khwaja Mahli; Khwaja Ibrahim; Khwaja Daud", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Usman was shot in the eye by Shaikh Abdul Jalil and the Afghans withdrew; Bayazid of Sylhet then submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mughal conquest of Sylhet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Sylhet; Mirza Nathan, Baharistan-i Ghaybi", "note": "Mirza Nathan gives the Afghans about 5,000 horse, 10,000 foot and 150 elephants; the Afghans had the upper hand until a false alarm disrupted the Mughal vanguard.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1258, "key": "1614-cambarao-siege", "name": "Cambarão (siege)", "label": "Cambarão (siege)", "year": 1614, "month": 9, "day": 29, "date": "29 September to 21 December 1614", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid wars", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Gamrun (Comorão, later Bandar Abbas), Iran", "lat": 27.18, "lon": 56.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Portugal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Imam Quli Khan (governor of Fars)", "commanders_b": "Andre de Quadros", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [], "persian_force": "14,000 men of the Fars army under Imam Quli Khan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Fars army combined ghulams and Qizilbash with Persian musketeers, Lari levies and coastal Arabs; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "14,000", "strength_b": "80 Portuguese and some local auxiliaries", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Portuguese fort surrendered before a relief fleet of nine ships arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Cambarão; Portuguese-Safavid wars", "note": "Wikipedia's Portuguese-Safavid wars dates the capture to 1615. The town was renamed Bandar Abbas.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1259, "key": "1615-tsitsamuri", "name": "Tsitsamuri", "label": "Tsitsamuri", "year": 1615, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1615 (the rising began on 15 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti)", "place": "near Tsitsamuri, Mtskheta, Georgia", "lat": 41.85, "lon": 44.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Teimuraz I of Kakheti, David Jandieri, Nodar Jorjadze", "commanders_b": "Ali-Quli Khan Shamlu", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 15,000 Qizilbash sent by Abbas to put down the rising.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The force is described as Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "5,000-6,000", "strength_b": "about 15,000", "losses_a": "low", "losses_b": "very heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian centre broke and its flanks collapsed; the Georgians held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Tsitsamuri; Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns", "note": "Kingdom of Kakheti. Abbas answered with the devastation and deportations of 1616-1617.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1260, "key": "1616-erivan-siege-1616", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1616)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1616)", "year": 1616, "month": 8, "day": 26, "date": "26 August to 5 November 1616", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1616-1618)", "theatre": "Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan) fortress, Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amir-Guna Khan Qajar (garrison), Abbas I (field army)", "commanders_b": "Okuz Mehmed Pasha (grand vizier)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Amir-Guna Khan's Qajar garrison, reinforced by 1,000 picked archers, with Abbas's field army cutting the Ottoman supply lines from the mountains.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The garrison was the Qajar Qizilbash of Erivan; the field army's make-up is not given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 100,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,500 killed in the retreat ambush; three senior commanders killed by cannon fire", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottomans lifted the siege on 5 November and were ambushed on the retreat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Erivan (1616-1617); Ottoman-Safavid War (1616-1618); Amir-Guna Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1261, "key": "1618-tabriz-1618", "name": "Tabriz (1618)", "label": "Tabriz (1618)", "year": 1618, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1618 (before the Treaty of Serav, 26 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1616-1618)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "near Sarab, on the Tabriz-Ardabil road, Iran", "lat": 37.94, "lon": 47.54, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Crimean Khanate" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qarachaqay Khan (commander-in-chief), Abbas I", "commanders_b": "Damat Halil Pasha (grand vizier); Crimean khan Canibek Giray", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas's army of about 40,000 under the Armenian ghulam Qarachaqay Khan: ghulams, musketeers and Qizilbash cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Armenian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal army of Qizilbash, Caucasian ghulams and Persian musketeers; no breakdown for the battle.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 40,000", "strength_b": "about 100,000 (whole Ottoman army)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "at least 8,000 Crimeans (Canibek Giray article, dated there to 1617)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman-Crimean force was ambushed and routed, and the Ottomans made peace at Serav soon after.", "borderline": "no article (red link); the site is given as near Ardabil in Wikipedia and near Sarab (Pol-e Shekasteh) in other accounts", "doubt": "Borderline: no article (red link); the site is given as near Ardabil in Wikipedia and near Sarab (Pol-e Shekasteh) in other accounts.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas the Great (Battle of Tabriz, 1618); Siege of Tabriz (disambiguation: Battle of Tabriz (1618), a red link); Canibek Giray", "note": "Tabriz itself had been evacuated and was occupied by the Ottomans without a fight before the battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1262, "key": "n1262", "name": "Sampagha Pass (Tirah, 1619)", "label": "Sampagha Pass", "year": 1619, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1619 (some give 1620)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal wars against the Roshani movement", "theatre": "", "place": "Sampagha Pass, Tirah, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.8, "lon": 70.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Roshani movement and Orakzai Pashtuns" ], "allies_a": [ "Bangash Khans of Hangu" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Roshani movement and Orakzai Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ghairat Khan (killed); Mahabat Khan (directing)", "commanders_b": "Ihdad (Ahdad) Roshani; Malik Tor; Malik Asghar", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ghairat Khan was killed in the Daulatzai positions, the force panicked and about 5,000 horses were captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Sampagha Pass (1619): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sampagha_Pass_(1619); Wikipedia, Pir Roshan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Roshan", "note": "The Bangash of Hangu (also Pashtun) were Mahabat Khan's allies but the source does not say they fought in the battle itself.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1263, "key": "1621-qeshm-siege-1621-1622", "name": "Qeshm (siege, 1621-1622)", "label": "Qeshm (siege, 1621-1622)", "year": 1621, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1621 to February 1622 (English ships joined in January 1622)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Portuguese fort on Qeshm Island, Iran", "lat": 26.95, "lon": 56.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Portugal" ], "allies_a": [ "England" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Imam Quli Khan, Abdullah Khan (field commander); Edward Monnox, William Baffin (killed) of the English East India Company", "commanders_b": "Rui Freire de Andrade (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imam Quli Khan's Fars army, given as 25,000 men with 400 Arab boats under Abdullah Khan, supported by nine English ships.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars and Lar levies with Arab boatmen and a ghulam-Qizilbash command; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "25,000 men and 400 boats; 9 English ships", "strength_b": "about 3,000 (infobox); 1,500 Portuguese and 1,000 Hormuzis at the start", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Portuguese garrison surrendered the fort in February 1622 after English bombardment.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm; Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "note": "England here is the English East India Company. On 7 May 1621 Portuguese ships drove 1,000 Persian horsemen from the beach as the fort was begun.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1264, "key": "1622-muscat-1622-1623", "name": "Muscat (1622-1623)", "label": "Muscat (1622-1623)", "year": 1622, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1622-1623", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf (Oman)", "place": "Muscat, Oman", "lat": 23.61, "lon": 58.59, "loc": "approx", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Portugal" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Oman" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rui Freire de Andrade", "commanders_b": "Imam Quli Khan's commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Fars troops with Arab allies, without English naval support (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars levies with local Arab allies; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 1,000 Portuguese, 20 galliots, and about 15,000 Omanis of the Imam of Nizwa", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian attack on Muscat was quickly repelled.", "borderline": "a brief attack described in one article", "doubt": "Borderline: a brief attack described in one article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "note": "Oman here is the Imam of Nizwa's men allied to the Portuguese.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1265, "key": "1622-hormuz-siege-1622", "name": "Hormuz (siege, 1622)", "label": "Hormuz (siege, 1622)", "year": 1622, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "9 February to 23 April 1622 (English Old Style; 3-4 May in the Gregorian calendar)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Hormuz Island, Iran", "lat": 27.1, "lon": 56.46, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Portugal" ], "allies_a": [ "England" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Imam Quli Khan; Captain Blythe (English East India Company)", "commanders_b": "Simao de Melo", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 3,000 Safavid troops of the Fars army landed from 200 boats, with five English warships and four pinnaces.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Imam Quli Khan's Fars troops; the boats were manned by coastal Arabs and Persians; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 3,000 Persians, 200 boats; 5 English warships and 4 pinnaces", "strength_b": "about 1,000", "losses_a": "few English casualties", "losses_b": "the Portuguese ships at Hormuz destroyed; garrison captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Portuguese garrison mutinied and surrendered the fortress; the English destroyed every Portuguese ship at Hormuz.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz; Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "note": "England here is the English East India Company. The last king of Hormuz, Muhammad Shah IV, was sent to Isfahan; Bandar Abbas replaced Hormuz as the port.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1266, "key": "1622-kandahar-siege-1622", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1622)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1622)", "year": 1622, "month": 5, "day": 20, "date": "20 May to 22 June 1622", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid war (1622-1623)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Ganj Ali Khan, Khosrow Sultan", "commanders_b": "Abdul Aziz Khan (governor), Shamshir Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's royal army assembled at Nishapur, without heavy cannon, relying on mining: Qizilbash, ghulams and musketeers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Normal composition of Abbas's royal army after 1600; no breakdown for the siege.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (infobox: 2,000, doubtful)", "strength_b": "3,000 garrison (text; infobox 6,000)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kandahar surrendered on 22 June 1622 after the Persians mined the walls.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mughal-Safavid war (1622-1623); Mughal-Persian wars; Iranica, Qandahar", "note": "The siege is said to have lasted 45 days, which does not fit the dates given; Mughal-Persian wars wrongly gives 1621. Ganj Ali Khan became governor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1267, "key": "1623-baghdad-siege-1623-1624", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1623-1624)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1623-1624)", "year": 1623, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1623 to 14 January 1624 (the Safavids broke in on the evening of 12 January)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I, Qarachaqay Khan, Giorgi Saakadze", "commanders_b": "Bakr Subashi (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas's royal army: Qarachaqay Khan's ghulams and musketeers, Qizilbash, and Giorgi Saakadze's Georgians.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Armenian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal army of the 1620s; no breakdown for the siege.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (the infobox's 2,000 is not credible)", "strength_b": "unknown (infobox 70,000, not credible)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; a large part of the Sunni population was massacred", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baghdad fell to the Safavids on 12-14 January 1624.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Baghdad (1624); Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639); Blow, Shah Abbas", "note": "Bakr Subashi had rebelled against the Ottomans and then returned to their allegiance; his son Muhammad let the Persians in. Kirkuk and Mosul were taken in the same campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1268, "key": "1623-sohar-siege-1623", "name": "Sohar (siege, 1623)", "label": "Sohar (siege, 1623)", "year": 1623, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1623", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf (Oman)", "place": "Sohar, Oman", "lat": 24.36, "lon": 56.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Portugal" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Oman" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rui Freire de Andrade, Goncalo da Silveira (wounded)", "commanders_b": "the Persian captain of Sohar (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A garrison of 2,000 left after the Safavid occupation of Sohar in 1622.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars troops of Imam Quli Khan's command; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 1,000 Portuguese and about 15,000 Omani allies", "strength_b": "2,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sohar surrendered after the Portuguese stormed a wall and fought into the streets.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "note": "A garrison of 100 Portuguese and 200 Lascarins was left.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1269, "key": "1623-khor-fakkan-1623", "name": "Khor Fakkan (1623)", "label": "Khor Fakkan (1623)", "year": 1623, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1623", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf (Gulf of Oman)", "place": "off Khor Fakkan, United Arab Emirates", "lat": 25.34, "lon": 56.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "side_a": [ "Portugal" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Goncalo da Silveira", "commanders_b": "the Safavid fleet commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Portugal", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Safavid squadron of local vessels (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "Gulf crews were coastal Arabs and Persians; the sources give no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "9 ships", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Safavid fleet withdrew after the fight and the Safavids were driven from the coast, where a Portuguese garrison was left.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "note": "An accident on the Portuguese flagship let the Safavid ships escape.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1270, "key": "1624-basra-1624", "name": "Basra (1624)", "label": "Basra (1624)", "year": 1624, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "early 1624 (February in the Portuguese account)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639); Portuguese-Safavid War (1621-1630)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia (Shatt al-Arab)", "place": "Qubban and the Shatt al-Arab, near Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.51, "lon": 47.81, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [ "Portugal" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Afrasiyab Pasha of Basra; the Portuguese galley squadron of Silveira (Rui Freire de Andrade's command)", "commanders_b": "Imam Quli Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imam Quli Khan's Fars army, 'thousands of men' (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars provincial army; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "five Portuguese galliots with Basran troops", "strength_b": "thousands", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy ('severe defeat')", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Portuguese galleys bombarded the Safavid camp from the river, the attack on Qubban failed and the Safavid army withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Safavid invasions of Basra; Portuguese-Safavid wars; Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "note": "Basra was ruled by the autonomous Afrasiyab pashas, nominally Ottoman. A second Safavid advance of about 30,000 in spring 1625 withdrew without a battle (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1271, "key": "n1271", "name": "Rajmahal (1624)", "label": "Rajmahal", "year": 1624, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1624 (day not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shah Jahan's rebellion against Jahangir (1623-25)", "theatre": "", "place": "Rajmahal on the Ganges, Jharkhand, India", "lat": 25.05, "lon": 87.85, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Prince Shah Jahan" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal Bengal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Bengal", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shah Jahan", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Khan Fath Jang, governor of Bengal (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ibrahim Khan Fath Jang was defeated and killed and Shah Jahan took Bengal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir; Wikipedia, Shah Jahan; Ibrahim Khan Fath Jang (not fetched)", "note": "Ibrahim Khan Fath Jang was the brother of Nur Jahan and a son of Mirza Ghiyas Beg (Itimad-ud-Daula), the Persian from Tehran: Persian by birth. Date recalled from the standard accounts and not re-checked.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1272, "key": "n1272", "name": "Bhatvadi", "label": "Bhatvadi", "year": 1624, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1624 (Wikipedia and Tamaskar); the Jedhe Shakavali and Basatin-us-Salatin point to October 1624", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal-Ahmadnagar war (Malik Ambar against the Mughals and the Bijapuri army)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bhatvadi (Bhatodi), near Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra", "lat": 19.07, "lon": 74.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bijapur Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Ahmadnagar Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [ "Mughal Empire", "Golconda Sultanate" ], "allies_b": [ "Maratha cavalry" ], "persian_state": "Bijapur Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mulla Muhammad Lari (Persian from Lar; Bijapuri general, killed); Ikhlas Khan (captured); Sijahdar Khan (Mughal)", "commanders_b": "Malik Ambar; Shahaji Bhosale", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Malik Ambar flooded the allied route by breaching the Keli dam and routed the allied army, killing Mulla Muhammad Lari and capturing Ikhlas Khan and some 240 Bijapuri commanders and three Mughal generals (Wikipedia, Battle of Bhatvadi, after Sohoni 2016).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bhatvadi; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Muhammad_Lari; P. Sohoni, Flushing out the Enemy: Revisiting the battle of Bhatavadi, Bulletin of the Deccan College (2016); Futuhat-i Adilshahi; Basatin-us-Salatin", "note": "Wikipedia (Mulla Muhammad Lari) calls him a Persian from Lar, and he was painted by Hashim as a Persian noble of the Deccan. The Iranian leadership here is of the Bijapuri contingent only;", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1273, "key": "n1273", "name": "Tons (1624)", "label": "Tons", "year": 1624, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1624 (October is the usual date; not re-checked)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shah Jahan's rebellion against Jahangir (1623-25)", "theatre": "", "place": "the River Tons, near Allahabad-Benares, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.5, "lon": 82.2, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Imperial Mughal army" ], "side_b": [ "Prince Shah Jahan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Imperial Mughal army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prince Parviz (nominal); Mahabat Khan (real commander)", "commanders_b": "Shah Jahan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The imperial army under Parviz and Mahabat Khan defeated Shah Jahan, who fled south to the Deccan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir; Wikipedia, Shah Jahan; Mahabat Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabat_Khan)", "note": "Mahabat Khan (born Zamana Beg, Kabul) is 'of Persian origin' in Wikipedia; his father was Ghayur Beg Kabuli. The date and the site (the Tons near Benares) are given from memory.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1274, "key": "1625-aghaiani", "name": "Aghaiani", "label": "Aghaiani", "year": 1625, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "early spring 1625", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns (Saakadze's revolt)", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "near Aghaiani, Kaspi, Georgia", "lat": 41.91, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qarachaqay Khan", "commanders_b": "unknown Kakhetian nobles", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qarachaqay Khan's large expeditionary army: Qizilbash, ghulams and musketeers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Armenian", "Georgian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal expeditionary army of the 1620s; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "large", "strength_b": "small", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 400 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The small Kakhetian force of nobles and retainers was destroyed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Aghaiani", "note": "Kingdom of Kakheti. The date is approximate; it preceded Martkopi.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1275, "key": "1625-martkopi", "name": "Martkopi", "label": "Martkopi", "year": 1625, "month": 3, "day": 25, "date": "25 March 1625", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns (Saakadze's revolt)", "theatre": "Georgia (Kakheti)", "place": "near Martkopi, Georgia", "lat": 41.73, "lon": 45.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Giorgi Saakadze, Zurab, Duke of Aragvi", "commanders_b": "Qarachaqay Khan (killed), Imam Verdi Beg (killed), Yusuf Khan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Qarachaqay Khan's army of about 30,000, roughly half of it dispersed in Javakheti on Saakadze's advice: Qizilbash, ghulams and musketeers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Armenian", "Georgian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal expeditionary army of the 1620s under an Armenian ghulam; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "about 30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "27,000 (Georgian figure: only about 3,000 survived)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Georgians' dawn attack destroyed the Persian camp and killed its commanders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Martkopi; Qarachaqay Khan", "note": "Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Saakadze had served in the Persian army and turned on it. The Georgians then took Tbilisi.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1276, "key": "1625-marabda", "name": "Marabda", "label": "Marabda", "year": 1625, "month": 7, "day": 1, "date": "30 June or 1 July 1625", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns (Saakadze's revolt)", "theatre": "Georgia (Kartli)", "place": "Marabda, Algeti valley, Georgia", "lat": 41.47, "lon": 44.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Isa Khan Safavi, Amir-Guna Khan Qajar (mortally wounded), Rustam Khan, Shahbandeh Khan", "commanders_b": "Teimuraz I, Giorgi Saakadze", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 60,000: the beglarbegs of Shirvan and Erivan with troops of northern and central Iran, musketeers in four ranks behind breastworks, artillery, and Qizilbash cavalry, reinforced from Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Armenian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The musketeer corps (largely Persian peasants) is named alongside the Qizilbash provincial contingents; no figures for each.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "about 20,000", "losses_a": "about 14,000", "losses_b": "9,000-10,000", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Georgian charge was halted by musketry and artillery, the Qizilbash counter-attacked and the Georgians were routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Marabda; Amir-Guna Khan Qajar; Abbas the Great", "note": "Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Despite the victory Abbas accepted Kartli and Kakheti as vassal states.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1277, "key": "1625-baghdad-siege-1625-1626", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1625-1626)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1625-1626)", "year": 1625, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1625 to 4 July 1626", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas I (relief army); the Safavid garrison", "commanders_b": "Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (grand vizier, wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison and Abbas's relief army of Qizilbash, ghulams and musketeers (no numbers).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Armenian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Royal army of the 1620s; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baghdad held; the Ottomans, their convoys cut and their attack on the relief army repulsed, lifted the siege on 4 July 1626.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Baghdad (1625-1626); Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "note": "The Ottomans breached the outer walls before the relief army arrived; they withdrew to Mosul.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1278, "key": "n1278", "name": "Jhelum (1626)", "label": "Jhelum", "year": 1626, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1626 (day not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mahabat Khan's coup against Jahangir", "theatre": "", "place": "the Jhelum river crossing, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.93, "lon": 73.73, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mahabat Khan" ], "side_b": [ "Imperial court army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mahabat Khan v Imperial court army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mahabat Khan", "faction_b": "Imperial court army", "commanders_a": "Mahabat Khan", "commanders_b": "Asaf Khan (fled); Nur Jahan (led the counter-charge on her elephant)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mahabat Khan kept Jahangir in his hands after Nur Jahan's counter-attack at the crossing failed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mahabat Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabat_Khan); Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir; Findly, Nur Jahan", "note": "A Persian-against-Persian clash: Mahabat Khan (Wikipedia: 'of Persian origin', born Kabul), against Asaf Khan and Nur Jahan (Persian children of Mirza Ghiyas Beg). Mahabat's strength was Rajput troops, so the Iranian element is the leadership.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1279, "key": "n1279", "name": "Lahore (1627)", "label": "Lahore", "year": 1627, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1627 (November-December, soon after Jahangir's death on 28 October; exact day not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal war of succession of 1627-28", "theatre": "", "place": "Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 31.5497, "lon": 74.3436, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Asaf Khan's party" ], "side_b": [ "Shahriyar Mirza" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Asaf Khan's party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asaf Khan (Abu'l-Hasan), directing for Prince Dawar Bakhsh", "commanders_b": "Shahriyar Mirza (Nur Jahan, his mother-in-law, backed him from Lahore)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shahriyar was defeated and captured and later blinded; this secured the throne for Shah Jahan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir; Wikipedia, Asaf Khan IV and Shahryar Mirza; Lahori, Padshahnama", "note": "Asaf Khan was the son of Mirza Ghiyas Beg, a Persian from Tehran, and Nur Jahan's brother. The fight itself was small and the date is recalled from memory, not fetched; Nur Jahan, also Persian, stood behind the other side.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1280, "key": "1628-basra-siege-1628-1629", "name": "Basra (siege, 1628-1629)", "label": "Basra (siege, 1628-1629)", "year": 1628, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1628 to January 1629", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia (Shatt al-Arab)", "place": "Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.51, "lon": 47.81, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Pasha of Basra (Afrasiyab dynasty)", "commanders_b": "Imam Quli Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imam Quli Khan's Fars army (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars provincial army; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Safavids took outlying forts but not the city and abandoned the siege after Abbas's death in January 1629.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Safavid invasions of Basra", "note": "Basra was ruled by the autonomous Afrasiyab pashas, nominally Ottoman; the campaign followed a rising against Ali Pasha led by Ibn Ilayan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1281, "key": "1630-mahidasht", "name": "Mahidasht", "label": "Mahidasht", "year": 1630, "month": 5, "day": 4, "date": "4 May 1630", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "Western Iran (Kermanshah)", "place": "Mahidasht, near Kermanshah, Iran", "lat": 34.27, "lon": 46.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gazi Husrev Pasha (grand vizier)", "commanders_b": "Zainal Khan Begdeli Shamlu", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Zainal Khan's field army of the western frontier: Qizilbash tribal cavalry with ghulams and tufangchi musketeers (no breakdown in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Safavid field armies of Shah Safi's reign combined Turkic Qizilbash cavalry, Caucasian ghulams and Persian musketeers; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Husrev Pasha's army routed the Persians and held the field, then marched on and sacked Hamadan.", "borderline": "no separate Wikipedia article; named in the war article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate Wikipedia article; named in the war article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639); Encyclopaedia Iranica (Safi I)", "note": "Zainal Khan was executed by Shah Safi soon afterwards. Hamadan was sacked by the Ottomans in June 1630 without a recorded battle (excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1282, "key": "1630-baghdad-siege-1630", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1630)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1630)", "year": 1630, "month": 10, "day": 6, "date": "6 October to 14 November 1630", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Safi Khan (commander of the citadel); Shah Safi (relief army)", "commanders_b": "Gazi Husrev Pasha, Suleyman Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Baghdad (no breakdown), with a relief army forming under Shah Safi; a Safavid detachment under Khan Ahmed (probably the Ardalan Kurdish wali) took Mihriban and Pelengan in the Ottoman rear.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No breakdown of the garrison is given; Safavid garrisons of the period mixed Persian tufangchis, Qizilbash and Caucasian ghulams.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; 400-500 men killed inside the Narinkale, eight boats lost", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The general assault of 10 October failed and Husrev Pasha raised the siege on 14 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Baghdad (1630); Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "note": "Some accounts give the start as 5 October. Husrev Pasha cited the failed assault, shortages and the threat to Shahrizor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1283, "key": "n1283", "name": "Sihonda", "label": "Sihonda", "year": 1631, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "1-3 February 1631", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rebellion of Khan Jahan Lodi", "theatre": "", "place": "Sihonda (Sihanda), Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.15, "lon": 80.6, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Khan Jahan Lodi's Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khan Jahan Lodi's Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Madho Singh Hada", "commanders_b": "Khan Jahan Lodi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Khan Jahan Lodi was cornered and killed and his head sent to Shah Jahan at Burhanpur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Khan Jahan Lodi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Jahan_Lodi; Britannica, battle of Shihonda", "note": "Khan Jahan Lodi (Pir Khan) was an Afghan Lodi who had risen under Jahangir. The source gives the date as 1 February in the text and 3 February in the infobox.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1284, "key": "n1284", "name": "Hooghly (siege, 1632)", "label": "Hooghly", "year": 1632, "month": 9, "day": 24, "date": "24 June to 24 September 1632", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Portuguese conflict in Bengal", "theatre": "", "place": "Hugli-Chuchura, West Bengal, India", "lat": 22.9, "lon": 88.39, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Portuguese settlement of Hugli" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasim Khan Juvayni, governor of Bengal", "commanders_b": "Manuel de Azevedo", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mughals mined and breached the wall and took the fort on 24 September, expelling the Portuguese.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Siege of Hooghly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly); Abdul Hamid Lahori, Padshahnama", "note": "Qasim Khan's nisba Juvayni points to Juvayn in Khurasan; the siege article does not state his origin and I did not fetch his own page, so his Persian descent is inferred from the nisba and from his place among the Irani nobles.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1285, "key": "1633-julfar-1633", "name": "Julfar (1633)", "label": "Julfar (1633)", "year": 1633, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1633", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Omani wars against the Portuguese and Persians (Imam Nasir bin Murshid)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf (Oman peninsula)", "place": "Julfar (near Ras al-Khaimah), United Arab Emirates", "lat": 25.86, "lon": 56.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "side_a": [ "Oman" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids", "Portugal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Imam Nasir bin Murshid, Ali bin Ahmad al-Nizawi, Khamis bin Makhzum", "commanders_b": "Nasir al-Din al-Ajami (commander of the Persian fort)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Oman", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The small Safavid garrison of the fort of Julfar (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A coastal garrison of the governor of Fars and Hormuz; make-up unrecorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified); 30-40 Portuguese killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian fort fell to the second Omani assault after two days' fighting, and the Portuguese fort was then taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Julfar", "note": "Ya'rubid Oman. Persians and Portuguese each held a fort at Julfar and are listed together as defenders, though they were not allies.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1286, "key": "n1286", "name": "Daulatabad (siege, 1633)", "label": "Daulatabad", "year": 1633, "month": 3, "day": 1, "date": "1 March to June 1633", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal conquest of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "theatre": "", "place": "Daulatabad fort, Maharashtra, India", "lat": 19.9428, "lon": 75.2128, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ahmadnagar Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Adil Shahi troops of Bijapur" ], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahabat Khan (governor of the Deccan, directed the siege); Khan Zaman (his son, led the siege works); Nasiri Khan (Khan Dauran)", "commanders_b": "Fath Khan (minister, defended the fort); Randaula Khan; Murari Pandit; Shahaji Bhonsle (relief attempts)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The fort fell in June 1633, Fath Khan was arrested and the Nizam Shahi king Husain Shah was sent to Gwalior.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Siege of Daulatabad (1633) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)); Mahabat Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabat_Khan)", "note": "Mahabat Khan was born at Kabul and Wikipedia calls him 'of Persian origin' (father Ghayur Beg Kabuli); the origin is stated but thin. This ended the Nizam Shahi dynasty.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1287, "key": "1635-erivan-siege-1635", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1635)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1635)", "year": 1635, "month": 7, "day": 26, "date": "26 July to 8 August 1635", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sultan Murad IV, Tabaniyassi Mehmed Pasha", "commanders_b": "Tahmasp Quli Khan (Emirguneoglu, governor of Erivan), Murad Agha", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of Erivan under its Qajar governor Tahmasp Quli Khan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Erivan beglerbegi's forces were drawn mainly from Qizilbash Turkmen tribes of the province (Qajars), with local Armenian levies; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy (unquantified)", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After ten days of bombardment the garrison surrendered the fortress on 8 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Erivan (1635); Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "note": "The governor defected, became a Sunni as Yusuf Pasha and later governed Aleppo. Murad then occupied and destroyed Tabriz, which the Safavids had evacuated without a fight (excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1288, "key": "1636-erivan-siege-1636", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1636)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1636)", "year": 1636, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "winter 1635-1636 to spring 1636", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shah Safi", "commanders_b": "the Ottoman garrison commander (unnamed in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Shah Safi's royal army: Qizilbash cavalry, ghulam regiments and tufangchi musketeers with artillery (no breakdown in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The royal army of the 1630s rested on Qizilbash tribal cavalry, Caucasian ghulams and Persian musketeers; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman garrison capitulated and the Safavids reoccupied Erivan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639); Siege of Erivan (disambiguation, 1636 entry); Matthee, Persia in Crisis", "note": "The Wikipedia article on this siege is a stub; the war article says Safi retook Erivan in the spring of 1636 and defeated an Ottoman army (unnamed, not listed separately). Day and month of the surrender are not given.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1289, "key": "1638-kandahar-1638", "name": "Kandahar (1638)", "label": "Kandahar (1638)", "year": 1638, "month": 4, "day": 11, "date": "11 April 1638", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal-Safavid War (1637-1638)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "open country near Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sa'id Khan, Qulij Khan Turani, Ali Mardan Khan (the defected Safavid governor)", "commanders_b": "Siyavush Qullar-aqasi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Siyavush's relief army of 5,000-6,000 cavalry; Siyavush was qullar-aqasi (commander of the ghulam corps), so ghulam horse were probably prominent.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Georgian", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A cavalry force led by the commander of the Caucasian ghulams, with Qizilbash horse; the share of Iranian speakers is a guess.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 3,000 engaged, with 8,000 cavalry and 400 musketeers nearby", "strength_b": "5,000-6,000 cavalry", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; camp captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughals routed the Safavid relief force and took its camp.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fall of Kandahar (1638); Mughal-Safavid War (1637-1638)", "note": "Ali Mardan Khan had handed the fortress to the Mughals without a fight on 11 March 1638; this entry is the field battle a month later.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1290, "key": "1638-bost-siege-1638", "name": "Bost (siege, 1638)", "label": "Bost (siege, 1638)", "year": 1638, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July to 3 September 1638", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid War (1637-1638)", "theatre": "Kandahar (Helmand)", "place": "Bost (Qala-i Bust, near Lashkar Gah), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.51, "lon": 64.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qulij Khan Turani", "commanders_b": "Mihrab Khan (Armenian ghulam)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Bost under Mihrab Khan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A small frontier garrison under a ghulam commander; its make-up is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 12,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 100 killed, 300 wounded in the assault", "losses_b": "many killed (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughals mined and stormed the walls and Mihrab Khan surrendered the citadel on 3 September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Bost (1638)", "note": "The garrison was granted amnesty and sent back to Persia.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1291, "key": "1638-baghdad-siege-1638", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1638)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1638)", "year": 1638, "month": 11, "day": 15, "date": "15 November to 25 December 1638", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sultan Murad IV, Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (killed), Kemankes Kara Mustafa Pasha", "commanders_b": "Bektash Khan Gorji; Khalil Khan, Naqdi Khan, Ali Yar Khan (captured), Saru Khan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A greatly enlarged garrison (said to be 40,000 infantry with 100 guns) under the Georgian ghulam Bektash Khan, sallying 6,000 at a time.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The garrison's units are not named; Safavid infantry of the period were largely Persian tufangchis, with ghulam and Qizilbash officers and troops.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "108,589 (35,000 infantry, 73,589 cavalry), about 200 guns", "strength_b": "40,000 infantry, 100 guns", "losses_a": "heavy, including the grand vizier", "losses_b": "more than 20,000 killed, many in the massacre after the fall", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baghdad fell to the Ottoman assault after a 39-day siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Baghdad (1638); Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)", "note": "The fall of Baghdad led to the Treaty of Zuhab (17 May 1639), which left Iraq to the Ottomans.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1292, "key": "1648-magharo", "name": "Magharo", "label": "Magharo", "year": 1648, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1648", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Teimuraz I against Rostom of Kartli and the Safavids", "theatre": "Georgia (Kakheti)", "place": "Magharo, Kakheti, Georgia", "lat": 41.57, "lon": 45.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rostom (Rustam Khan), Safavid vassal king of Kartli", "commanders_b": "Teimuraz I of Kakheti, Prince David (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An Iranian (Safavid) force of unrecorded size fighting beside Rostom's Kartlian army.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The sources used say only that an Iranian force joined Rostom; Safavid detachments in Georgia were often Qizilbash.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Teimuraz's last son killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Rostom's army with its Iranian force routed Teimuraz, who fled to Imereti.", "borderline": "the size of the Iranian force is not recorded, so 'major ally' is a judgement", "doubt": "Borderline: the size of the Iranian force is not recorded, so 'major ally' is a judgement.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Teimuraz I of Kakheti", "note": "Rostom was a Muslim Georgian of the Safavid court installed by the shah in Kartli. Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1293, "key": "1648-kandahar-siege-1648-1649", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1648-1649)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1648-1649)", "year": 1648, "month": 12, "day": 28, "date": "28 December 1648 to 22 February 1649", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid War (1649-1653)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar (Old Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shah Abbas II, Mihrab Khan", "commanders_b": "Daulat Khan Mayi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas II's army of about 40,000 with siege artillery; the losses name 600 Qizilbash among about 2,000 dead.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Georgian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the Qizilbash are named; the royal army also had ghulam regiments and Persian tufangchis and artillerymen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 40,000", "strength_b": "7,000", "losses_a": "about 2,000, including 600 Qizilbash", "losses_b": "about 400", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Daulat Khan surrendered the fort on 22 February 1649 after part of his garrison mutinied.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kandahar (1648-1649); Mughal-Safavid war (1649-1653)", "note": "Bost was taken earlier, in the summer of 1648, without a recorded battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1294, "key": "1649-kandahar-siege-1649", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1649)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1649)", "year": 1649, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May to 5 September 1649", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid War (1649-1653)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar (Old Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mihrab Khan (governor)", "commanders_b": "Prince Aurangzeb, Sadullah Khan, Jai Singh I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Kandahar with its artillery, and Safavid forces in the field around the city (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrison make-up unrecorded; the Safavid gunners are singled out in the accounts.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 50,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 3,000 men and thousands of draught animals", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughals could not breach the walls and retreated on 5 September 1649.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649-1653); Mughal-Safavid war (1649-1653)", "note": "The Mughals are said to have beaten Safavid forces in the open outside the city during this campaign, but no named field battle is recorded.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1295, "key": "n1295", "name": "Gandikota (siege, 1650)", "label": "Gandikota", "year": 1650, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1649-1650 (a siege of some months; the fort fell in 1650)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Golconda's Carnatic campaigns under Mir Jumla (1646-1656)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gandikota fort, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh", "lat": 14.818, "lon": 78.284, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Golconda Sultanate" ], "side_b": [ "Local Nayak garrison" ], "allies_a": [ "European gunners in Golconda service" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Golconda Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Jumla (Mir Muhammad Sayyid Ardestani; Persian merchant-turned-general and wazir of Golconda)", "commanders_b": "Timma Nayaka (Timma Nayudu), the commander of the fort", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mir Jumla captured Gandikota in 1650 with the help of European gunners (Wikipedia, Mir Jumla II).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla_II; J. Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 1 (on Mir Jumla); R. M. Eaton, A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 (2005)", "note": "Mir Jumla was born in Isfahan (Wikipedia) of an Ardestani sayyid family and came to Golconda as a diamond merchant's clerk; he commanded the Golconda army in the Carnatic until he went over to the Mughals in 1656. His Golconda army also included Afghan, Rajput and other mercenaries.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1296, "key": "1651-sunzha-1651", "name": "Sunzha (1651)", "label": "Sunzha (1651)", "year": 1651, "month": 10, "day": 25, "date": "25 October to 7 November 1651", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)", "theatre": "North Caucasus (Terek and Sunzha)", "place": "near the Russian fort on the Sunzha, Chechnya, Russia", "lat": 43.53, "lon": 45.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed (Terek Cossacks and the fort's garrison)", "commanders_b": "the khan of Shamakhi (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 12,800 men sent by decree of Abbas II: 12,000 Dagestani levies and 800 Persian regulars from Shirvan.", "languages": [ "other Caucasian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The force was overwhelmingly Dagestani (Avar, Lak, Dargin and Kumyk speakers), with only 800 Safavid regulars.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 12,800", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Russians won the series of fights and the Dagestani levies withdrew after plundering the countryside.", "borderline": "a series of unnamed fights grouped here as one entry", "doubt": "Borderline: a series of unnamed fights grouped here as one entry.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox gives the war as a Persian victory, but its text says the Russians won the battles of 1651.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1297, "key": "1652-kandahar-siege-1652", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1652)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1652)", "year": 1652, "month": 5, "day": 2, "date": "2 May to 9 July 1652", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid War (1649-1653)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar (Old Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Safavid governor of Kandahar (unnamed in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Prince Aurangzeb, Sadullah Khan, Jai Singh I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison with its artillery, whose gunners outshot the Mughal batteries (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrison make-up unrecorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (a larger, better-equipped army than in 1649)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughals failed to breach the walls and withdrew to Kabul on 9 July 1652.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649-1653)", "note": "Uzbek raids on the Mughal supply lines (10,000 men sent by Abdul Aziz of Bukhara) contributed to the failure.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1298, "key": "1653-sunzha-fort-siege-1653", "name": "Sunzha fort (siege, 1653)", "label": "Sunzha fort (siege, 1653)", "year": 1653, "month": 3, "day": 7, "date": "7 to 25 March 1653", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)", "theatre": "North Caucasus (Terek and Sunzha)", "place": "Russian fort (ostrog) on the Sunzha, Chechnya, Russia", "lat": 43.53, "lon": 45.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khosrow Khan (governor of Shirvan), the shamkhal of Tarki, the utsmi of Kara Qaytaq", "commanders_b": "the fort's voevoda (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000 Persians, Kumyks, Nogais and Dagestani mountaineers under Khosrow Khan, with troops from the governors of Ardabil, Erivan, Qarabagh, Astara and Derbent.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "other Caucasian", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Most of the force came from the Turkic-speaking provinces of Azerbaijan and Shirvan and from Dagestan; Persian and Talysh speakers (Ardabil, Astara) were a smaller part.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The surviving garrison slipped away to Terki on 25 March and the Persians destroyed the fort.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)", "note": "The Persians withdrew to Tarki on 1 April. The war was then settled by embassies (1653-1654).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1299, "key": "1653-kandahar-siege-1653", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1653)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1653)", "year": 1653, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April to 29 September 1653", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Safavid War (1649-1653)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar (Old Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Safavid governor of Kandahar (unnamed in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Prince Dara Shikoh, Jai Singh I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison with its artillery (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrison make-up unrecorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 70,000, with two of the heaviest Mughal guns", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a five-month siege the Mughals could neither breach nor starve the fortress and lifted the siege on 29 September 1653.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649-1653); Mughal-Safavid war (1649-1653)", "note": "The last Mughal attempt on Kandahar, which stayed Safavid until the Afghan rising of 1709.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1300, "key": "n1300", "name": "Bitlis (siege, 1655)", "label": "Bitlis", "year": 1655, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1655 (Evliya Celebi was with the besiegers)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman suppression of the emirate of Bitlis", "theatre": "", "place": "Bitlis, Turkey", "lat": 38.4006, "lon": 42.1095, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Emirate of Bitlis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Bitlis", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Melek Ahmed Pasha, governor of Van", "commanders_b": "Abdal Khan, emir of Bitlis", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The emirate lost its autonomy and was folded into the Van eyalet after Abdal Khan's clash with Melek Ahmed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Dankoff, Evliya Celebi in Bitlis (1990); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis (gives only the outcome)", "note": "The scale and the exact course of the fighting are not clear from the sources I checked; Evliya's account is the main one.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1301, "key": "n1301", "name": "Khajwa", "label": "Khajwa", "year": 1659, "month": 1, "day": 5, "date": "5 January 1659", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal war of succession (1657-59)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khajwa (Khajuha), Fatehpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.03, "lon": 80.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Shah Shuja" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aurangzeb; Mir Jumla (led the advance to the centre under Shuja's artillery fire); Shaista Khan and Kilich Khan (reserve); Islam Khan (cavalry); Asad Khan; Haji Shafi Isfahani", "commanders_b": "Shah Shuja; his sons Buland Akhtar, Sultan Bang and Zain-ul-Abidin; Mirza Ismail Beg", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Aurangzeb's army surrounded Shuja's, which largely surrendered; Shuja fled to Arakan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Khajwa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa); Wikipedia, Mir Jumla II; Shaista Khan; Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 2", "note": "Aurangzeb was in overall command, but Mir Jumla (born Isfahan) led the decisive advance and Shaista Khan (Persian origin, grandson of Mirza Ghiyas Beg) held the reserve. Persian generals were thus among the principal commanders; the troops were mostly Hindustani and Deccani.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1302, "key": "1659-bakhtrioni", "name": "Bakhtrioni", "label": "Bakhtrioni", "year": 1659, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1659", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bakhtrioni uprising (Kakhetian revolt against Safavid rule)", "theatre": "Georgia (Kakheti)", "place": "Bakhtrioni fortress and Alaverdi monastery, near Akhmeta, Georgia", "lat": 42.05, "lon": 45.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bidzina Cholokashvili, Zaal Duke of Aragvi, Shalva and Elizbar of Ksani", "commanders_b": "the Turkmen commanders of the Kakhetian forts (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrisons and armed settlers of the Qizilbash Turkmen tribes planted in Kakheti by Abbas II.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Turkmen tribesmen settled in Kakheti; no Persian units are mentioned.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "up to 80,000 Turkmen killed or expelled (an inflated figure for the whole settler population)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Georgian rebels stormed the Turkmen-held forts of Bakhtrioni and Alaverdi and drove the settlers out of Kakheti.", "borderline": "assaults on forts within a revolt, not a field battle", "doubt": "Borderline: assaults on forts within a revolt, not a field battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Bakhtrioni uprising", "note": "Rebels were Kakhetians with Tush, Pshav and Khevsur highlanders. Abbas II later crushed the revolt and had its leaders executed, but gave up the settlement policy.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1303, "key": "1660-ulluchay-1660", "name": "Ulluchay (1660)", "label": "Ulluchay (1660)", "year": 1660, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1660", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian invasion of Dagestan (1659-1660)", "theatre": "Dagestan", "place": "Ulluchay river, Kaytag, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.3, "lon": 47.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hajji Manuchehr Khan (governor of Shirvan)", "commanders_b": "Surkhay III, shamkhal of Tarki; Kazanalp of Endirey", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Shirvan army of Hajji Manuchehr Khan, 15,000-30,000 strong, with artillery and musketeers (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A provincial army of Shirvan, which was mostly Turkic-speaking; guess only.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000-30,000", "strength_b": "about 30,000", "losses_a": "heavy (unquantified)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Safavid army, stronger in artillery and firearms, won and the Dagestani coalition withdrew after heavy fighting.", "borderline": "known from one recent Wikipedia article; the battle is not dated more closely", "doubt": "Borderline: known from one recent Wikipedia article; the battle is not dated more closely.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian Invasion of Dagestan (1659-1660)", "note": "Wikipedia calls the war as a whole a Dagestani strategic success, the Persians withdrawing under raids.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1304, "key": "n1304", "name": "Chakan (siege, 1660)", "label": "Chakan", "year": 1660, "month": 8, "day": 14, "date": "about two months from mid-June; the fort fell on 14 August 1660 to a mine (not re-checked)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shaista Khan's Deccan campaign against Shivaji", "theatre": "", "place": "Chakan fort, Pune district, Maharashtra, India", "lat": 18.7603, "lon": 73.863, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha forces of Shivaji" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shaista Khan (Mughal governor of the Deccan, directing)", "commanders_b": "Firangoji Narsala, castellan of Chakan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the siege the Mughals mined the wall and took the fort; Shaista Khan then held Pune and north Konkan (Wikipedia, Shaista Khan).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shaista Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan); Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times; Sabhasad Bakhar", "note": "Shaista Khan is 'of Persian origin' (Wikipedia): son of Asaf Khan IV, grandson of Mirza Ghiyas Beg of Tehran. The precise siege dates vary between the Marathi and Persian sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1305, "key": "n1305", "name": "Simalugarh (siege)", "label": "Simalugarh", "year": 1662, "month": 2, "day": 25, "date": "siege from about 20 February; night assault on 25 February 1662", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (1661-63)", "theatre": "", "place": "Simalugarh/Samdhara twin forts, east of the Bharali, Assam, India", "lat": 26.58, "lon": 92.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ahom kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Jumla (expedition commander); Dilir Khan (led the escalade)", "commanders_b": "Ghora Konwar Phukan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dilir Khan's men scaled the walls on the night of 25 February and the thinly held garrison scattered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla%27s_invasion_of_Assam); S. K. Bhuyan / E. Gait, History of Assam", "note": "Mir Jumla (born Isfahan) commanded; Dilir Khan Daudzai (a Pashtun) led the storming party. The twin forts were the first major Ahom line after Guwahati; Samdhara was abandoned without a fight soon after.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1306, "key": "n1306", "name": "Kukurakata", "label": "Kukurakata", "year": 1662, "month": 3, "day": 3, "date": "3 March 1662", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (1661-63)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kukurakata on the Brahmaputra, near Kaliabor, Assam, India", "lat": 26.5, "lon": 92.9, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ahom kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Jumla (expedition commander; the flotilla's own admiral is not certain)", "commanders_b": "Ahom river-fleet commanders (not named in the source consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughal flotilla destroyed the Ahom fleet (Wikipedia: a major Ahom defeat).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla%27s_invasion_of_Assam); Gait, History of Assam", "note": "A river battle (typed 'sea' for a naval action). Mir Jumla as expedition commander is the Iranian leader; the exact Mughal admiral and the place are not settled in the source.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1307, "key": "n1307", "name": "Raid on Pune (1663)", "label": "Raid on Pune", "year": 1663, "month": 4, "day": 5, "date": "night of 5 April 1663 (the night 5/6 April in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shaista Khan's Deccan campaign against Shivaji", "theatre": "", "place": "Lal Mahal, Pune, Maharashtra, India", "lat": 18.5204, "lon": 73.8567, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha forces of Shivaji" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shaista Khan (wounded: he lost fingers jumping from a window; his son was killed)", "commanders_b": "Shivaji", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shivaji's raiders broke into the Lal Mahal, wounded Shaista Khan and killed his son, and withdrew unhurt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shaista Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan); Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times; Khafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab", "note": "A night raid, not a pitched battle, but with real fighting among the guards and household. Shaista Khan was soon transferred to Bengal.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1308, "key": "n1308", "name": "Sandwip (1665)", "label": "Sandwip", "year": 1665, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1665", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shaista Khan's Arakan campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "Sandwip island, Chittagong Division, Bangladesh", "lat": 22.48, "lon": 91.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Bangladesh", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Arakan" ], "allies_a": [ "Dutch ships" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ibn Husain (admiral); Shaista Khan (governor of Bengal, directing)", "commanders_b": "Dilawar, a runaway Mughal naval captain who held the island for Arakan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughal expedition captured the island (Wikipedia, Shaista Khan).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shaista Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan); Jadunath Sarkar, History of Bengal, vol. 2", "note": "Only the governor, Shaista Khan, is the documented Iranian figure; the fleet commander's origin is not stated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1309, "key": "n1309", "name": "Chittagong (1666)", "label": "Chittagong", "year": 1666, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "December 1665 to January 1666 (the fort was taken about 26-27 January 1666)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shaista Khan's Arakan campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "Chittagong, Bangladesh", "lat": 22.3569, "lon": 91.7832, "loc": "known", "country": "Bangladesh", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Arakan and its Magh garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Portuguese freebooters" ], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Buzurg Ummed Khan (overall command, Shaista Khan's son); Ibn Husain (fleet); Shaista Khan (governor, directing)", "commanders_b": "the Arakanese governor and commanders (not named in the source consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mughals won a naval action, took the territory west of the Kaladan and renamed Chittagong Islamabad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shaista Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan); Sarkar, History of Bengal, vol. 2; Shihabuddin Talish, Fathiyya-i-Ibriyya", "note": "A combined naval and land action, typed land. Buzurg Ummed Khan counts as Persian by descent through his father Shaista Khan (Persian origin per Wikipedia).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1310, "key": "n1310", "name": "Harun River ferry (Attock, 1667)", "label": "Harun River ferry", "year": 1667, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "early April 1667", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Yusufzai revolt against Aurangzeb", "theatre": "", "place": "Indus crossing near Attock (Harun river ferry), Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 33.88, "lon": 72.24, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Yusufzai Pashtuns" ], "allies_a": [ "Gakhars", "Rajputs" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yusufzai Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kamil Khan; Maha Singh Bhadauria", "commanders_b": "Bhagu Khan Yusufzai", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artillery broke the Yusufzai formation and the cavalry completed their defeat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Military Wiki, Sixth Afghan-Mughal War (1667-1678): https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sixth_Afghan-Mughal_War_(1667%E2%80%931678); Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 3", "note": "The first battle of the Pashtun rising of 1667-1678.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1311, "key": "1668-rasht-1668", "name": "Rasht (1668)", "label": "Rasht (1668)", "year": 1668, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1668", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Stenka Razin's Persian expedition (1668-1669)", "theatre": "Caspian coast (Gilan)", "place": "Rasht, Iran", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 49.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Cossacks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the governor of Gilan (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Stepan (Stenka) Razin", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Cossacks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Local Gilani forces of the governor of Rasht (no details).", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Levies of Gilan, whose people spoke Gilaki; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 400 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Persian surprise attack killed about 400 Cossacks and Razin's men took to their boats.", "borderline": "a surprise attack on raiders, briefly described", "doubt": "Borderline: a surprise attack on raiders, briefly described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Stenka Razin", "note": "Razin's Don Cossacks were freebooters, not a force of the Tsar. They then sacked Farahabad by ruse (a sack, excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1312, "key": "1669-pig-island", "name": "Pig Island", "label": "Pig Island", "year": 1669, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1669", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Stenka Razin's Persian expedition (1668-1669)", "theatre": "Caspian Sea", "place": "off Pig Island (Svinoy, Suina), Caspian Sea", "lat": 40.2, "lon": 49.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Cossacks" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Stepan (Stenka) Razin", "commanders_b": "Mamed Khan (Maenad Khan in Russian accounts)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Cossacks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Caspian flotilla raised by the provincial governors, said to be about 50 vessels with some 3,700 men (Russian accounts).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Crews and soldiers from the Caspian provinces (Gilan, Mazandaran, Shirvan); inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (a few thousand Cossacks in light boats)", "strength_b": "about 50 vessels, 3,700 men (Russian accounts)", "losses_a": "about 200 (Russian accounts)", "losses_b": "most of the flotilla; the commander's son captured (Russian accounts)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Razin's Cossacks destroyed the Persian flotilla sent against them; only a few vessels escaped.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Stenka Razin; Avrich, Russian Rebels", "note": "The figures come from Russian accounts and are not checked against Persian sources. The island is variously placed off the Kura delta or near Baku.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1313, "key": "n1313", "name": "Ali Masjid (1672)", "label": "Ali Masjid", "year": 1672, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring 1672 (30 April per Wikipedia)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678): Afridi and Mohmand rising", "theatre": "", "place": "Ali Masjid, Khyber Pass, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.07, "lon": 71.12, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afridi, Mohmand and Shinwari Pashtuns" ], "allies_a": [ "Khattak contingent" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi, Mohmand and Shinwari Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Amin Khan", "commanders_b": "Aimal Khan Mohmand; Darya Khan Afridi", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mughal army was ambushed in the gorge and largely destroyed; Muhammad Amin Khan escaped with a few followers.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Ali Masjid (1672): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ali_Masjid_(1672); Wikipedia, Aimal Khan Mohmand: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand; Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 3", "note": "The casualty and force figures on Wikipedia (240,000 Mughals, 40,000 killed) are inflated and are not used.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1314, "key": "n1314", "name": "Kohat (1674)", "label": "Kohat", "year": 1674, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1674", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kohat fort, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.59, "lon": 71.44, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Afridi Pashtuns" ], "side_b": [ "Bangash garrison of Kohat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi Pashtuns v Bangash garrison of Kohat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afridi Pashtuns", "faction_b": "Bangash garrison of Kohat", "commanders_a": "Darya Khan Afridi; Tatar Khan Afridi (killed)", "commanders_b": "Sher Muhammad Bangash Kohati", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afridi assault on the fort was repulsed with the loss of over 100 men and Tatar Khan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Kohat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kohat; Wikipedia, Darya Khan Afridi", "note": "Pashtun against Pashtun; Darya Khan attacked before Khushal Khan could join him.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1315, "key": "n1315", "name": "Langarkot (c. 1674)", "label": "Langarkot", "year": 1674, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1674-1675", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678)", "theatre": "", "place": "Langarkot fort, near Panjpir (Swabi), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.25, "lon": 72.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Khattak and Yusufzai Pashtuns" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal garrison and Gujars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khattak and Yusufzai Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khushal Khan Khattak", "commanders_b": "Mir Hazara (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "traditional" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khushal Khan's men surrounded and took the fort and the garrison commander was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Traditional: known only from a doubtful tradition.", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Langarkot: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Langarkot", "note": "Known only from a thin Pashtun tradition; the Wikipedia article's casualty figures are inconsistent.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1316, "key": "n1316", "name": "Nowshera (1674)", "label": "Nowshera", "year": 1674, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1673-1674", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678)", "theatre": "", "place": "Nowshera fort, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.01, "lon": 71.98, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughal garrison of Nowshera" ], "side_b": [ "Khattak, Afridi and Mohmand Pashtuns" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khattak, Afridi and Mohmand Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pir Paie (killed)", "commanders_b": "Khushal Khan Khattak; Darya Khan Afridi; Aimal Khan Mohmand", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fort was plundered, the commander killed and the garrison suffered heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Nowshera (1674): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera_(1674); Wikipedia, Mughal-Afghan Wars", "note": "Khushal Khan Khattak, long a Mughal servant, joined the revolt here. Sources are thin and the date is not secure.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1317, "key": "n1317", "name": "Gandab (Karapa Pass, 1674)", "label": "Gandab", "year": 1674, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1674 (after 21 February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gandab valley and Karapa Pass, Mohmand country, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 71.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Mohmand and allied Pashtuns" ], "allies_a": [ "Rathor contingent sent by Jaswant Singh" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohmand and allied Pashtuns", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shuja'at Khan (killed); Jaswant Singh Rathor (relief)", "commanders_b": "Aimal Khan Mohmand", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shuja'at Khan was killed and his army was cut up in the pass; the Rathors saved the remnant.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Aimal Khan Mohmand: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand; Military Wiki, Sixth Afghan-Mughal War: https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sixth_Afghan-Mughal_War_(1667%E2%80%931678); pashtunhistory.com, Karapa disaster", "note": "Shuja'at Khan was sent in November 1673 and the disaster was in February 1674, not 1673; Gandab and Karapa are two names for one campaign.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1318, "key": "n1318", "name": "Jagdalak (1675)", "label": "Jagdalak", "year": 1675, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1675", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jagdalak, between Kabul and Jalalabad, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 69.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan tribal forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan tribal forces", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fidai Khan; Aghar Khan", "commanders_b": "not named in the sources seen", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghans defeated Fidai Khan on his way to Peshawar until Aghar Khan relieved him.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Military Wiki, Sixth Afghan-Mughal War: https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sixth_Afghan-Mughal_War_(1667%E2%80%931678); Wikipedia, Aimal Khan Mohmand", "note": "The sources seen do not say which tribes fought; they are recorded only as Afghan tribal forces on the Kabul-Peshawar road.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1319, "key": "n1319", "name": "Khapush (1675)", "label": "Khapush", "year": 1675, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1675 (some place it in 1674)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Pashtun revolt against Aurangzeb (1667-1678)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khapush (Khapakh), Bajaur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.7, "lon": 71.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mughals" ], "side_b": [ "Pashtun lashkar of Aimal Khan and Darya Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun lashkar of Aimal Khan and Darya Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mukarram Khan (wounded); Shamsher Khan (killed)", "commanders_b": "Aimal Khan Mohmand; Darya Khan Afridi", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mughal column was ambushed, Shamsher Khan was killed and Mukarram Khan retreated wounded to Bajaur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Aimal Khan Mohmand: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand; Khushal Khan Khattak's verse (as cited by pashtunhistory.com)", "note": "The date and the exact identity of the battle (Khapush or Karapa) differ between sources.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1320, "key": "n1320", "name": "Golconda (siege, 1687)", "label": "Golconda", "year": 1687, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. January-21/22 September 1687 (about eight months; the fort fell when Abul Hasan surrendered)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal conquest of Golconda (Aurangzeb's Deccan wars)", "theatre": "", "place": "Golconda Fort, Hyderabad, Telangana", "lat": 17.3833, "lon": 78.4011, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Golconda Sultanate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Golconda Sultanate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Aurangzeb; Prince Muhammad Azam; Ghazi ud-Din Khan Firuz Jang", "commanders_b": "Abdur Razzaq Lari (Persian from Lar; commander of the Golconda army and fort); Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (Tana Shah)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Golconda fell to the Mughals when Abul Hasan surrendered in September 1687 after the fort's gate was opened by traitors, while Abdur Razzaq Lari fought on to the end (J. Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 5).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 5; R. M. Eaton, A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 (2005); Maasir-i Alamgiri (Saqi Mustaid Khan)", "note": "Abdur Razzaq Lari defended the Fateh Darwaza and was left for dead; Aurangzeb is said to have had him treated and offered him service, which he refused. His Persian origin (Lar in Fars) comes from his nisba and from Mughal accounts; I could not fetch a dedicated page. The Qutb Shahi dynasty itself was Qara Qoyunlu Turkmen (not Iranian).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1321, "key": "n1321", "name": "Raigarh (siege, 1689)", "label": "Raigarh", "year": 1689, "month": 11, "day": 3, "date": "siege from spring 1689; the fort fell about 3 November 1689 (dates not re-checked)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Maratha War (after Sambhaji's execution)", "theatre": "", "place": "Raigad fort, Maharashtra, India", "lat": 18.2342, "lon": 73.4403, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung", "commanders_b": "Suryaji Pisal (betrayed the fort); Yesubai (Sambhaji's widow, captured); Rajaram escaped before the end", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Zulfiqar Khan captured the fort and took Sambhaji's family, including the boy Shahu (Wikipedia, Zulfiqar Khan).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Khan_Nusrat_Jung); Wikipedia list of battles involving the Mughal Empire; Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, vol. 5", "note": "Same origin question as for Jinji: an Iranian lineage by Wikipedia, but possibly Qaramanlu Turkmen. Dates from memory.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1322, "key": "1697-khurma-1697", "name": "Khurma (1697)", "label": "Khurma (1697)", "year": 1697, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1697", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid occupation of Basra (1697-1701)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq (Shatt al-Arab)", "place": "near Khurma, Basra region, Iraq", "lat": 30.6, "lon": 47.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shaykh Mani ibn Mughamis (Muntafiq), with Musha'sha' defectors", "commanders_b": "a Safavid general (unnamed; captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A large Safavid force from Basra (no breakdown; the Basra garrison was largely Lur and Kohgiluyeh troops).", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Safavid troops in Basra came from Lorestan and Kohgiluyeh; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; general captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shaykh Mani defeated a large Safavid force and captured its general.", "borderline": "described in one sentence; site uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: described in one sentence; site uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Safavid occupation of Basra", "note": "The Safavids evacuated Basra by sea on 9 March 1701 under blockade and mutiny, before an Ottoman army arrived (no battle).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1323, "key": "1697-basra-1697", "name": "Basra (1697)", "label": "Basra (1697)", "year": 1697, "month": 3, "day": 26, "date": "early 1697 (Basra occupied for the Shah on 26 March 1697)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safavid occupation of Basra (1697-1701)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq (Shatt al-Arab)", "place": "near Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.51, "lon": 47.81, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Farajollah Khan (Safavid vali of Arabestan)", "commanders_b": "Shaykh Mani ibn Mughamis (Muntafiq)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Arab followers of the Musha'sha' vali of Arabestan (Khuzestan), a Safavid governor.", "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The fighters were Arabs of Khuzestan under the Safavid vali; Lur troops under Ali Mardan Khan came only afterwards.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Farajollah Khan's Musha'sha' fighters defeated Shaykh Mani and drove him out of Basra, which was then held for the Shah.", "borderline": "the victor was a Safavid vassal vali with his own Arab tribesmen; the fight is not separately named", "doubt": "Borderline: the victor was a Safavid vassal vali with his own Arab tribesmen; the fight is not separately named.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Safavid occupation of Basra", "note": "The Muntafiq had held Basra since 1695. Ali Mardan Khan, chief of the Fayli Lurs, then came as governor with an army from Lorestan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1324, "key": "n1324", "name": "Jinji (siege, 1690-98)", "label": "Jinji", "year": 1698, "month": 1, "day": 8, "date": "October 1690 to 8 January 1698", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal-Maratha War (siege of Gingee)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jinji (Gingee) fort, Tamil Nadu, India", "lat": 12.2528, "lon": 79.4167, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung (main commander throughout); Kam Bakhsh; Asad Khan; Daud Khan Panni; Dalpat Rao Bundela", "commanders_b": "Rajaram I; Dhanaji Jadhav; Santaji Ghorpade", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The fortress capitulated on 8 January 1698 (renamed Nusratgarh), though Rajaram had escaped.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Siege of Jinji (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji); Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Khan_Nusrat_Jung); Irvine, Later Mughals", "note": "The origin is disputed: Wikipedia calls Zulfiqar Khan's patrilineal line Iranian (great-grandfather beglar begi of Safavid Shirvan, executed c. 1600 by Shah Abbas; grandfather Khanlar moved to India), but the Safavid Zulfiqar family is usually placed in the Qaramanlu tribe, a Turkmen Qizilbash tribe, which BRIEF3 does not count as Iranian.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1325, "key": "1709-kandahar-1709", "name": "Kandahar (1709)", "label": "Kandahar (1709)", "year": 1709, "month": 4, "day": 21, "date": "21 April 1709", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): Hotak revolt", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Mirwais Hotak", "commanders_b": "Gurgin Khan (Giorgi XI of Kartli, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Gurgin Khan's escort and the Georgian garrison of Kandahar; most of the Georgian troops were away on campaign.", "languages": [ "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Safavid force at Kandahar was mainly Georgian soldiers of Gurgin Khan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the entire garrison", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mirwais's Ghilzai killed Gurgin Khan in his camp outside the city and destroyed the Georgian garrison left in Kandahar.", "borderline": "a surprise attack and massacre more than a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a surprise attack and massacre more than a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hotak revolt; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans of Kandahar; the start of the Hotaki state.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1326, "key": "1711-kandahar-siege-1711", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1711)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1711)", "year": 1711, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer to 26 October 1711", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Mirwais Hotak", "commanders_b": "Kay Khosrow (Kaikhosro of Kartli, killed), Prince Alexander of Kartli (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 30,000 Georgian and Persian troops with contingents from Khorasan, Herat and Kerman.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Georgian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Khorasan, Herat and Kerman contingents were largely Persian-speaking, beside Kay Khosrow's Georgians; no figures.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "almost the whole army; only about 700 escaped", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The besiegers, harassed by the Baloch, retreated on 26 October 1711 and the Afghans destroyed the retreating army.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Kaikhosro of Kartli; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Kay Khosrow had campaigned against Kandahar since November 1709; his death is dated 27 September or 26 October 1711.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1327, "key": "1711-shamakhi-siege-1711", "name": "Shamakhi (siege, 1711)", "label": "Shamakhi (siege, 1711)", "year": 1711, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1711", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Lezgin campaign into Shirvan (1707-1722)", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Shamakhi, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.63, "lon": 48.64, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Safavid governor of Shirvan (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Haji Davud, Ali Sultan of Elisu, Ahmed Khan of Kaytag, Surkhay Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Shamakhi (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Shirvan's garrisons were drawn from the mainly Turkic-speaking province; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Haji Davud's siege of Shamakhi failed, although he had beaten Safavid garrisons in the field.", "borderline": "no separate article; briefly described", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; briefly described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Lezgin campaign into Shirvan", "note": "Lezgin and other Sunni highlanders of Dagestan and northern Shirvan. A second attempt in 1712 is described contradictorily and is not listed; a first raid stormed Shamakhi in 1707.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1328, "key": "1717-bahrain-1717", "name": "Bahrain (1717)", "label": "Bahrain (1717)", "year": 1717, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1717 (third Omani attempt; the first two had failed)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Omani-Safavid conflict in the Persian Gulf", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Bahrain (fort near Manama), Bahrain", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 50.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bahrain", "side_a": [ "Oman" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Ya'rubid commander (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "the Safavid governor of Bahrain (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Oman", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison and the islanders; a later Persian relief army with many Bedouins was destroyed.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were mostly the Arab (Baharna) islanders with a small Safavid garrison; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (heavy killing and plunder, per al-Bahrani)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Omanis blockaded the island and took the fortress by force.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain", "note": "Ya'rubid Oman (Sultan ibn Saif II); Wikipedia names Al Bin Ali mercenaries. Bahrain returned to Persian rule by treaty after a payment; the year is sometimes given as 1717-1718.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1329, "key": "1719-kafir-qala-1719", "name": "Kafir Qala (1719)", "label": "Kafir Qala (1719)", "year": 1719, "month": 5, "day": 19, "date": "19 May 1719", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): Abdali revolt of Herat", "theatre": "Khorasan (Herat)", "place": "Kafir Qala (Islam Qala), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.66, "lon": 61.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Zaman Khan, Asadullah Khan (Abdali of Herat)", "commanders_b": "Safi Quli Khan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Safi Quli Khan's army of Khorasan, 30,000-35,000 strong, with an artillery train under European officers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A Khorasan provincial army: Persian musketeers, Qizilbash and Kurdish tribal horse; inferred, no breakdown in the sources used.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "30,000-35,000", "losses_a": "about 3,000", "losses_b": "about 10,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Abdali routed the Persian army, killed its commander and took its baggage train.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kafir Qala (1719); Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Abdali (Sadozai) Afghans of Herat. The battle secured Herat's independence from the Safavids.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1330, "key": "n1330", "name": "Dilaram", "label": "Dilaram", "year": 1720, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1720", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hotak-Abdali war (1720)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dilaram (Delaram), Nimruz, Afghanistan", "lat": 32.19, "lon": 63.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Hotak dynasty" ], "side_b": [ "Abdali Afghans of Herat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hotak dynasty v Abdali Afghans of Herat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hotak dynasty", "faction_b": "Abdali Afghans of Herat", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Hotak", "commanders_b": "Asadullah Khan (Abdali, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Asadullah Khan was shot in the back and about 3,000 of his Abdali men were killed; Mahmud Hotak's Ghilzais held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dilaram; Axworthy, M., Sword of Persia (2006); Lockhart, L., The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty (1958)", "note": "A Pashtun against Pashtun battle between the two great tribal confederations of the day, the Ghilzai Hotaks and the Abdalis (later Durranis); it left Mahmud free to invade Kerman in 1721. The Wikipedia infobox calls Asadullah's side the Sadozai Sultanate of Herat, but the article text says Abdali.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both armies were Pashtun: Mahmud Hotak's Ghilzais of Kandahar and Asadullah's Abdalis (Wikipedia 'Battle of Dilaram').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1331, "key": "1721-kerman-siege-1721", "name": "Kerman (siege, 1721)", "label": "Kerman (siege, 1721)", "year": 1721, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1721 (town taken; citadel held out by October 1721)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): Mahmud Hotak's invasion of Persia", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman, Iran", "lat": 30.28, "lon": 57.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "the Safavid commander of the citadel (unnamed in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Mahmud Hotak", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Kerman citadel (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local garrison of Kerman, a Persian-speaking province; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,500", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ghilzai took the town but failed to storm the citadel, losing about 1,500 men, and moved on.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mahmud Hotak; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans of Kandahar. Mahmud had occupied Kerman town before, in 1719-1720. A further attempt on the reinforced city late in 1721 or early in 1722 also failed (included here).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1332, "key": "1721-kura-river-1721", "name": "Kura River (1721)", "label": "Kura River (1721)", "year": 1721, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1721 (after the fall of Shamakhi)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Lezgin campaign into Shirvan (1707-1722)", "theatre": "Shirvan and Qarabagh", "place": "on the Kura river, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.3, "lon": 47.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Dagestanis" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Haji Davud", "commanders_b": "the beglerbegis of Ganja and Erivan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The provincial armies of Ganja and Erivan, about 30,000 men (60,000 in the infobox).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Armenian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Ganja and Erivan levies were mainly Turkic-speaking Qizilbash tribesmen; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Haji Davud's night attack on the Safavid camp routed the relief army, much of which fled.", "borderline": "no separate article; site not identified", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; site not identified.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Lezgin campaign into Shirvan", "note": "Haji Davud then took Barda and besieged Ganja, withdrawing as Vakhtang VI of Kartli marched to its relief (no battle, not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1333, "key": "1721-shamakhi-siege-1721", "name": "Shamakhi (siege, 1721)", "label": "Shamakhi (siege, 1721)", "year": 1721, "month": 8, "day": 10, "date": "10 to 18 August 1721", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Lezgin campaign into Shirvan (1707-1722)", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Shamakhi, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.63, "lon": 48.64, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Dagestanis" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Haji Davud, Surkhay Khan of Ghazikumukh", "commanders_b": "Huseyn Khan (governor of Shirvan, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The governor's garrison and the Shia townsmen of Shamakhi (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Shirvan's Shia population and garrisons were mainly Turkic-speaking, with some Persian (Tat) speakers; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "4,000-5,000 Shia inhabitants killed, with the governor; also Russian merchants", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shamakhi fell when its Sunni inhabitants opened a gate to the besiegers, and the city was sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sack of Shamakhi; Lezgin campaign into Shirvan", "note": "Lezgins and other Dagestani highlanders. The killing of Russian merchants was Peter the Great's pretext for the war of 1722-1723.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1334, "key": "1722-yazd-1722", "name": "Yazd (1722)", "label": "Yazd (1722)", "year": 1722, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1722 (between the Kerman siege and Gulnabad)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): Mahmud Hotak's invasion of Persia", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Yazd, Iran", "lat": 31.9, "lon": 54.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "the Safavid governor of Yazd (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Mahmud Hotak", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The garrison and townsmen of Yazd (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A local garrison of a Persian-speaking city; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison of Yazd beat off Mahmud's attack and he marched on towards Isfahan.", "borderline": "a brief repulse, no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: a brief repulse, no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mahmud Hotak; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans. Yazd beat off a second Hotaki attempt later in the 1720s (date not given; not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1335, "key": "1722-gulnabad", "name": "Gulnabad", "label": "Gulnabad", "year": 1722, "month": 3, "day": 8, "date": "8 March 1722", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): Mahmud Hotak's invasion of Persia", "theatre": "Isfahan", "place": "Gulnabad, east of Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.63, "lon": 52.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Hotak, Ashraf Hotak, Amanullah Khan, Nasrullah", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Qoli Khan (grand vizier), Ali Mardan Khan (vali of Lorestan), Rustam Khan (killed), Philippe Colombe (killed), Sayyid Abdollah (vali of Arabistan)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "42,000-50,000 men with 24 guns: the royal guard and ghulams (Rustam Khan), Fayli Lur horse under Ali Mardan Khan, the Arab horse of the vali of Arabistan, Persian musketeers and the artillery under the French gunner Colombe.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The wings were led by the vali of Lorestan (Lur cavalry) and the vali of Arabistan (Arab cavalry); the centre held Persian infantry and the royal ghulams (Lockhart).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "10,000-11,000 (up to 18,000 in some accounts), with 100 zamburaks", "strength_b": "42,000-50,000, with 24 guns", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "5,000-15,000 killed", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Afghans routed the Persian army, which fled back to Isfahan leaving its guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Gulnabad; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans of Kandahar; Mahmud was not yet ruler of Iran, so the battle is not civil.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1336, "key": "1722-isfahan-siege-1722", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1722)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1722)", "year": 1722, "month": 3, "day": 8, "date": "8 March to 23 October 1722", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): siege of Isfahan", "theatre": "Isfahan", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Hotak, Amanullah Khan", "commanders_b": "Shah Sultan Husayn, Ahmad Agha (commander of the defence), Tahmasp Mirza (escaped to raise relief)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The remnants of the Gulnabad army, the royal guard and ghulams, and the armed townsmen of Isfahan; relief attempts failed and Vakhtang VI of Kartli refused to come.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Georgian", "Turkic", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were mostly the people and militia of Isfahan with the remains of the royal army; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000 at the start", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 80,000 or more inhabitants died, mostly of famine", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Famine forced Shah Sultan Husayn to capitulate on 23 October 1722 and Mahmud entered Isfahan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Isfahan; Mahmud Hotak; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans. The shah abdicated in Mahmud's favour; Mahmud entered the city on 25 October. Tahmasp escaped with about 600 men to Qazvin.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1337, "key": "1722-julfa-1722", "name": "Julfa (1722)", "label": "Julfa (1722)", "year": 1722, "month": 3, "day": 16, "date": "night of 16-17 March 1722", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan rebellions (1709-1726): siege of Isfahan", "theatre": "Isfahan", "place": "New Julfa, Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.64, "lon": 51.66, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Safavids", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Hotak", "commanders_b": "unnamed Armenian leaders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Several hundred armed Armenian townsmen of Julfa, loyal to the Shah, who had been largely disarmed by the Persian authorities.", "languages": [ "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were the Armenian townsmen of New Julfa.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "about 7,000", "strength_b": "several hundred", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy; 50 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After hours of resistance the Armenian quarter fell to the Afghans and was plundered.", "borderline": "the defenders were loyal townsmen rather than Safavid troops", "doubt": "Borderline: the defenders were loyal townsmen rather than Safavid troops.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Julfa", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans. Julfa paid an indemnity of 70,000 tomans; Farahabad was then abandoned without a fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1338, "key": "1723-qazvin-1723", "name": "Qazvin (1723)", "label": "Qazvin (1723)", "year": 1723, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1723", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hotaki rule in Iran: risings against the Afghans", "theatre": "Northern Iran", "place": "Qazvin, Iran", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qazvin townsmen" ], "side_b": [ "Hotaki" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qazvin townsmen (Safavid loyalists)", "faction_b": "Hotaki (Mahmud's garrison)", "commanders_a": "unnamed leaders of the townsmen", "commanders_b": "Amanullah Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: the armed population of Qazvin; side B: the Ghilzai garrison Mahmud had sent after Tahmasp.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Persian- and Turkic-speaking townsmen against Pashto-speaking Ghilzai; both sides were mostly Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The townsmen rose, killed many of the Afghan garrison and drove the rest out of the city.", "borderline": "an urban rising against a garrison", "doubt": "Borderline: an urban rising against a garrison.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mahmud Hotak; Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Civil because the Hotaki were ruling Iran from Isfahan after October 1722. Tahmasp II had fled before the Afghans arrived.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1339, "key": "1723-rasht-1723", "name": "Rasht (1723)", "label": "Rasht (1723)", "year": 1723, "month": 3, "day": 28, "date": "night of 28 March 1723", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)", "theatre": "Caspian coast (Gilan)", "place": "Rasht, Iran", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 49.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Colonel Shipov", "commanders_b": "the Safavid governor of Gilan (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 15,000 men, mostly untrained and poorly armed peasant levies raised by the governor of Gilan.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The levies were Gilani peasants (Gilaki speakers).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "two battalions", "strength_b": "about 15,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,000 or more killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A Russian sortie broke the Persian force besieging the Russian barracks and the Russians held Rasht.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Peter the Great's capture of Rasht; Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)", "note": "The Russians had entered Rasht in late 1722 as nominal helpers; the date may be Julian (Old Style).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1340, "key": "1723-baku-siege-1723", "name": "Baku (siege, 1723)", "label": "Baku (siege, 1723)", "year": 1723, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1723 (the city capitulated on 26 July Julian, 6 August Gregorian)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)", "theatre": "Caspian coast (Absheron)", "place": "Baku, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.37, "lon": 49.84, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major General Mikhail Matyushkin", "commanders_b": "the Safavid governor of Baku (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison and townsmen of Baku (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Baku's population was Tat (Persian-speaking) and Turkic; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a naval bombardment and landing the garrison capitulated and the Russians took Baku.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1722-1723); Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "Wikipedia's war article dates the capture to 26 June 1723 (7 July N.S.); Russian accounts give the capitulation as 26 July 1723 (Old Style). Derbent (August 1722) surrendered without a fight and is excluded.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1341, "key": "1723-shiraz-siege-1723-1724", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1723-1724)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1723-1724)", "year": 1723, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July 1723 to 14 April 1724", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Hotaki rule in Iran: conquest of Fars", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hotaki" ], "side_b": [ "Safavid loyalists" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hotaki", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hotaki (Mahmud)", "faction_b": "Safavid loyalists (garrison of Shiraz)", "commanders_a": "Nasrullah Khan (killed), Zabardast Khan", "commanders_b": "the governor of Shiraz (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: Ghilzai Afghans with Sunni Dargazini settlers from Isfahan; side B: the Safavid garrison and people of Shiraz.", "languages": [ "Pashto", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Pashto-speaking Afghans against Persian-speaking Shirazis.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "up to 100,000 inhabitants said to have died, mostly of famine (an exaggerated figure)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shiraz was starved into surrender after a nine-month siege and sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Shiraz", "note": "Civil because the Hotaki were ruling Iran from Isfahan. The capitulation is also put in mid-1724.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1342, "key": "1724-erivan-siege-1724", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1724)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1724)", "year": 1724, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring to summer 1724 (the city fell on 7 June and the citadel by 28 September at the latest)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman invasion of Persia (1723-1727)", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmed Pasha (the Ottoman serasker, as given in Wikipedia)", "commanders_b": "the khan of Erivan (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Erivan with the Armenian and Muslim townsmen (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Armenian", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were mostly Armenian and Turkic-speaking inhabitants and Qizilbash garrison troops; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 20,000 (Armenian accounts)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Erivan capitulated after a siege of more than three months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Hotaki War (1726-1727); Armenian liberation struggle (1722-1730); Abraham of Erevan, History of the Wars", "note": "Defended in the name of Tahmasp II's remnant Safavid state. Dates differ: Wikipedia gives 28 September 1724, Abraham of Erevan 7 June (city) and 20 August (citadel).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1343, "key": "1724-hamadan-siege-1724", "name": "Hamadan (siege, 1724)", "label": "Hamadan (siege, 1724)", "year": 1724, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1724 (the city fell after a siege of about two months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman invasion of Persia (1723-1727)", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Pasha of Baghdad", "commanders_b": "unnamed Safavid loyalist commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison and armed townsmen of Hamadan, loyal to Tahmasp II (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Townsmen of Hamadan, Persian- and Turkic-speaking; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hamadan was stormed by the Ottomans after a hard siege and many of its defenders were killed.", "borderline": "no Wikipedia article; dates not verified", "doubt": "Borderline: no Wikipedia article; dates not verified.", "sources": "Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty; Longrigg, Four Centuries of Modern Iraq", "note": "Kermanshah had fallen to the Ottomans in 1723 without a recorded battle (excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1344, "key": "1724-tabriz-siege-1724", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1724)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1724)", "year": 1724, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August to 30 September 1724", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman invasion of Persia (1723-1727)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed (the townsmen and Safavid loyalists of Tabriz)", "commanders_b": "unnamed in the sources used", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The armed townsmen of Tabriz with local Safavid loyalist troops (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Tabriz was largely Turkic-speaking by the 18th century; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottomans failed to take the city and retreated to Tasuj at the end of September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Hotaki War (1726-1727)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1345, "key": "1725-tabriz-siege-1725", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1725)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1725)", "year": 1725, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "summer 1725 (captured in August)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman invasion of Persia (1723-1727)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Koprulu Abdullah Pasha", "commanders_b": "unnamed (the townsmen and Safavid loyalists of Tabriz)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The armed townsmen of Tabriz with local Safavid loyalist troops (no details).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Tabriz was largely Turkic-speaking; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The reinforced Ottoman army took Tabriz after hard fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Hotaki War (1726-1727); Lockhart, The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", "note": "The commander is named from Lockhart; Wikipedia gives none.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1346, "key": "1726-mashhad-siege-1726", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1726)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1726)", "year": 1726, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1726 (the city fell in November)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rise of Nader: Tahmasp II's recovery of Khorasan", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.61, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp II and Nader" ], "side_b": [ "Malik Mahmud Sistani" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp II and Nader (Safavids)", "faction_b": "Malik Mahmud Sistani (ruler of Khorasan)", "commanders_a": "Tahmasp II, Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Malik Mahmud Sistani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: Nader's Afshar and Kurdish tribesmen of northern Khorasan with Tahmasp's Qajar and other Qizilbash followers; side B: Malik Mahmud's Sistani and Khorasani troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's early following was Afshar (Turkic) and Kurdish; Malik Mahmud's men were Persian-speaking Sistanis and Khorasanis.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mashhad fell to the besiegers when a commander of the garrison opened a gate.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian-Afghan Wars; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Malik Mahmud, who claimed descent from the Saffarids, had ruled Khorasan from Mashhad since 1722; counted as civil (an Iran-seated local ruler).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1347, "key": "1726-anjudan", "name": "Anjudan", "label": "Anjudan", "year": 1726, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1726", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Hotaki War (1726-1727)", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "Anjudan, near Arak, Iran", "lat": 34.23, "lon": 49.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hotaki" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hotaki", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ashraf Hotak", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Pasha of Baghdad", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Ashraf's Ghilzai Afghan army of 12,000 (Axworthy) to 17,000 (Lockhart), with camel-mounted zamburak swivel guns but no artillery.", "languages": [ "Pashto", "Baloch", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Hotaki field army was a Ghilzai (Pashto-speaking) tribal force.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "12,000-17,000", "strength_b": "70,000-80,000 (up to 300,000 in some estimates)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 12,000 killed (18,000 dead and 20,000 deserted in the infobox)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ottoman assaults failed, the Kurdish contingent defected and Ahmad Pasha withdrew, abandoning his guns and baggage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Hotaki War (1726-1727); Lockhart; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Wikipedia places the battle near Khorramabad; Turkish sources call it Ancidan (Anjudan), between Hamadan and Isfahan. About 20,000 Kurds under Bebek Suleiman Oglu changed sides; a 6,000-strong Ottoman scouting force had been destroyed before the battle.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Hotaki: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1348, "key": "1727-sangan", "name": "Sangan", "label": "Sangan", "year": 1727, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1727 (Sangan fell about 22 September to 1 October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rise of Nader: Abdali wars", "theatre": "Khorasan (Khaf)", "place": "Sangan and Niazabad, near Khaf, Iran", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 60.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Abdali commanders of Herat (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 800 men at the start of the expedition: Nader's Afshar and Kurdish tribesmen and Khorasani musketeers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's early force came from the Afshar and Kurdish tribes of northern Khorasan; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 800 at the start", "strength_b": "7,000-8,000 (Abdali relief army)", "losses_a": "negligible", "losses_b": "about 500 killed (side unclear in the infobox)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader took Sangan and held his ground in a four-day battle at Niazabad until the Abdali relief army withdrew to Herat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sangan", "note": "Abdali (Herat) and Sangani Afghans. Wikipedia's article is titled Battle of Sangan; Nader did not pursue.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1349, "key": "1729-rabat-e-pariyan-1729", "name": "Rabat-e Pariyan (1729)", "label": "Rabat-e Pariyan (1729)", "year": 1729, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "May or June 1729", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Nader: Herat campaign of 1729", "theatre": "Khorasan (Herat)", "place": "Rabat-e Pariyan, west of Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 61.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Allahyar Khan Abdali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Nader's Khorasani army of the Herat campaign (as at Kafer Qal'eh).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Same army as at Kafer Qal'eh; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Allahyar Khan lost the battle and fell back on Herat.", "borderline": "mentioned only in passing; site and date approximate", "doubt": "Borderline: mentioned only in passing; site and date approximate.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kafer Qal'eh; Battle of Herat (1729)", "note": "Abdali Afghans. Axworthy also mentions a fight at Kusuya in this campaign (not listed separately).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1350, "key": "1729-kafer-qal-eh-1729", "name": "Kafer Qal'eh (1729)", "label": "Kafer Qal'eh (1729)", "year": 1729, "month": 5, "day": 4, "date": "4 May 1729", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Nader: Herat campaign of 1729", "theatre": "Khorasan (Herat)", "place": "Kafer Qal'eh (Islam Qala), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.66, "lon": 61.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Allahyar Khan Abdali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 15,000 Safavid loyalists: Persian musketeers in line with field artillery on the flanks and cavalry in reserve (Afshar and Kurdish tribesmen of Khorasan).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The musketeers were Persian-speaking Khorasanis; the cavalry Afshar and Kurdish tribesmen; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000", "strength_b": "30,000", "losses_a": "moderate", "losses_b": "moderate", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Abdali charge broke on Nader's musketeers and guns and Allahyar Khan retreated eastward at dawn next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kafer Qal'eh", "note": "Abdali Afghans of Herat. Wikipedia's infobox spans 4 May to 1 July, covering the whole campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1351, "key": "1729-herat-1729", "name": "Herat (1729)", "label": "Herat (1729)", "year": 1729, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1729", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rise of Nader: Herat campaign of 1729", "theatre": "Khorasan (Herat)", "place": "outside Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Allahyar Khan Abdali, Zulfiqar Khan Abdali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Nader's cavalry and artillery with musketeers (15,000 firearms are mentioned).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasani tribal cavalry (Afshar, Kurds) and Persian musketeers; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (3,000 in the infobox, side unclear)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Abdali dawn attack on Nader's camp was shot down by his guns and muskets, the survivors fled into the citadel and Allahyar Khan submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Herat (1729)", "note": "Abdali Afghans of Herat. Many Abdali then joined Nader's army.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1352, "key": "1729-damghan-1729", "name": "Damghan (1729)", "label": "Damghan (1729)", "year": 1729, "month": 9, "day": 29, "date": "29 September 1729", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Restoration of Tahmasp II (1729-1730)", "theatre": "Northern Iran (Semnan)", "place": "Mihmandust, near Damghan, Iran", "lat": 36.25, "lon": 54.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp II and Nader" ], "side_b": [ "Ashraf" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp II and Nader (Safavids)", "faction_b": "Ashraf (Hotaki)", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli, Lotf Ali Khan, Tahmasp Khan Jalayer, Fath Ali Khan Kayani", "commanders_b": "Ashraf Hotak, Mohammad Seidal Khan, Nasrullah Khan, Zabardast Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: Nader's army in four divisions, jazayerchi musketeers, artillery and zamburaks, with an Afshar cavalry reserve; side B: Ashraf's Ghilzai cavalry with camel zamburaks.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's side combined Afshar and other Turkic tribesmen with Persian musketeers and Kurds of Khorasan; Ashraf's army was Pashto-speaking Ghilzai.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "16,000-25,000", "strength_b": "25,000-50,000 (40,000 at Semnan)", "losses_a": "3,000-4,000", "losses_b": "10,000-12,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nader's musketeers and guns broke the Afghan cavalry charges and Ashraf retreated towards Semnan, leaving thousands dead.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Damghan (1729); Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Also called the battle of Mihmandust. Civil because Ashraf was ruling Iran from Isfahan; the fighting continued until 5 October.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1353, "key": "1729-khwar-pass", "name": "Khwar Pass", "label": "Khwar Pass", "year": 1729, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1729", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Restoration of Tahmasp II (1729-1730)", "theatre": "Northern Iran (Varamin)", "place": "Khwar Pass, east of Varamin, Iran", "lat": 35.33, "lon": 52.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp II and Nader" ], "side_b": [ "Ashraf" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp II and Nader (Safavids)", "faction_b": "Ashraf (Hotaki)", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Ashraf Hotak", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: Nader's musketeers with artillery in a two-pronged attack; side B: Ashraf's Ghilzai cavalry, sharpshooters and hidden guns.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Damghan; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "heavy; all guns and baggage", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader discovered and encircled Ashraf's ambush, which broke and fled towards Isfahan leaving its guns and baggage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khwar Pass", "note": "Civil because Ashraf still ruled from Isfahan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1354, "key": "1729-murche-khort", "name": "Murche-Khort", "label": "Murche-Khort", "year": 1729, "month": 11, "day": 13, "date": "13 November 1729 (12 November in Wikipedia's infobox)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Restoration of Tahmasp II (1729-1730)", "theatre": "Isfahan", "place": "Murche-Khort, about 55 km north of Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 51.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp II and Nader" ], "side_b": [ "Ashraf" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp II and Nader (Safavids)", "faction_b": "Ashraf (Hotaki)", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli, Haj Beg Afshar", "commanders_b": "Ashraf Hotak", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: 20,000-30,000, jazayerchi musketeers in line with cavalry wings (Haj Beg Afshar) and a reserve; side B: Afghan infantry and cavalry with Ottoman-supplied guns and gunners.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Damghan; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000-30,000", "strength_b": "unknown (the infobox figure is garbled)", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "about 4,000 killed, wounded or missing", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nader's army routed Ashraf's entrenched army and Ashraf fled, abandoning Isfahan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Murche-Khort; Liberation of Isfahan", "note": "Nader entered Isfahan on 16 November without fighting (the 'liberation of Isfahan', excluded). The Ottoman gunners were captured and sent home.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1355, "key": "n1355", "name": "Jandrihar (Kachhi, death of Mir Abdullah Khan of Kalat)", "label": "Jandrihar", "year": 1730, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1730 (Wikipedia's 'Khanate of Kalat' dates it 1734)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kalat-Kalhora wars over Kachhi", "theatre": "", "place": "Jandrihar, Kachhi plain, Balochistan, Pakistan (exact site uncertain)", "lat": 28.9, "lon": 67.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Khanate of Kalat" ], "side_b": [ "Kalhora Mians of Sindh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hussain Hotak of Kandahar" ], "persian_state": "Khanate of Kalat", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Abdullah Khan of Kalat", "commanders_b": "Mian Nur Muhammad Kalhora", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mir Abdullah Khan was killed in the battle and his army broken; Nader Shah later gave Kachhi to his son Mehrab Khan as blood-money.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat (fetched); Imperial Gazetteer of India, 'Kalat' (from memory); Longworth Dames and Axworthy on Kalat (from memory)", "note": "The Khan was a Brahui of the Ahmadzai house; his army was Brahui with Baloch tribal levies, so the Baloch qualify as a contingent whose share is a guess. If Hussain Hotak (a Ghilzai Pashtun) really took part, the other side qualifies too, but only one version of the story names him.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1356, "key": "1730-malayer", "name": "Malayer", "label": "Malayer", "year": 1730, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1730 (after Nahavand; before mid-July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Western Iran campaign of 1730", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "valley of Malayer, Iran", "lat": 34.3, "lon": 48.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Osman Pasha, Suleiman Pasha, Timur Pasha (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 25,000 in three divisions under Nader: Persian musketeers, Qizilbash and Kurdish cavalry, artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Nahavand; inferred from the recruitment of Nader's army in 1730.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 25,000", "strength_b": "about 30,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; much of the artillery and baggage", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader's right wing crossed the stream under cover of smoke, the Ottoman left collapsed and the Ottomans fled, losing guns and baggage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Iran campaign of 1730; Battle of Nahavand (1730)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1357, "key": "1730-nahavand-1730", "name": "Nahavand (1730)", "label": "Nahavand (1730)", "year": 1730, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1730 (1 July 1730 in Wikipedia's article, which does not fit the campaign's chronology)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Western Iran campaign of 1730", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "Nahavand, Iran", "lat": 34.19, "lon": 48.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Osman Agha (garrison commander, captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 6,000 of Nader's troops (no breakdown); his army of 1730 combined Afshar and other Qizilbash cavalry, Kurds, Lur and Bakhtiari levies, Persian musketeers and Abdali Afghan horse.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Axworthy describes Nader's army as built on the Turkic and Kurdish tribes of Khorasan, Persian musketeers and, from 1729-1730, Abdali Afghans and Lurs; the Iranian-speaking share may have been near half.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6,000", "strength_b": "about 2,000 (garrison); 15,000 in the campaign article", "losses_a": "none recorded", "losses_b": "about 1,500 killed and 500 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a night march Nader beat the Ottoman garrison in a short fight and retook Nahavand.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Nahavand (1730); Western Iran campaign of 1730", "note": "Some accounts say only that the Ottomans fled (Axworthy). Hamadan was then reoccupied without a fight (excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1358, "key": "1730-zarghan", "name": "Zarghan", "label": "Zarghan", "year": 1730, "month": 1, "day": 15, "date": "15 January 1730", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Restoration of Tahmasp II (1729-1730)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Zarghan, near Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.77, "lon": 52.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Tahmasp II and Nader" ], "side_b": [ "Ashraf" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Tahmasp II and Nader (Safavids)", "faction_b": "Ashraf (Hotaki)", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Ashraf Hotak", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: 20,000-30,000 of Nader's army; side B: 10,000-20,000 Hotaki Afghans with local Arab tribesmen of Fars.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Damghan; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "20,000-30,000", "strength_b": "10,000-20,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nader destroyed Ashraf's last army and Ashraf fled from Persia.", "borderline": "Ashraf had lost Isfahan but still held Shiraz; counted as civil", "doubt": "Borderline: Ashraf had lost Isfahan but still held Shiraz; counted as civil.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Zarghan", "note": "Ashraf's fate is disputed; he was probably killed in Baluchistan on his way to Kandahar.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1359, "key": "1730-mashhad-siege-1730", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1730)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1730)", "year": 1730, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July to mid-August 1730", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Herat campaign of 1730-1732", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.61, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Ebrahim Khan Afshar (Nader's brother); Nader Qoli (relief)", "commanders_b": "Zulfaqar Khan Abdali", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ebrahim Khan's Khorasan garrison, with loyal Afghans (Allahyar Khan's followers).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasani troops of the Afshar governor with some loyal Abdali; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 8,000, with little artillery", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Abdali could not breach the walls and were in full retreat when Nader's army arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Mashhad (1730); Herat campaign of 1730-1732", "note": "Abdali Afghans of Herat. Before the siege, Ebrahim Khan attacked the Abdali outside the city against Nader's orders and was beaten back inside the walls (July 1730; not listed separately).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1360, "key": "1730-tabriz-1730", "name": "Tabriz (1730)", "label": "Tabriz (1730)", "year": 1730, "month": 8, "day": 12, "date": "12 August 1730", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Western Iran campaign of 1730", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "near Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "unnamed in the sources used", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nader's field army of 1730 (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As at Nahavand; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader took Tabriz and crushed the Ottoman army sent too late to relieve it.", "borderline": "the relief battle is not named or located in the sources used", "doubt": "Borderline: the relief battle is not named or located in the sources used.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Iran campaign of 1730", "note": "Nader left Hamadan on 17 July 1730. Kermanshah was retaken earlier 'after some more fighting' (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1361, "key": "1731-erivan-siege-1731", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1731)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1731)", "year": 1731, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1731", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Tahmasp II's campaign of 1731", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (relief army)", "commanders_b": "Shah Tahmasp II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Tahmasp II's army of about 18,000, mostly raw recruits (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A royal army raised in Iraq-i Ajam and Azerbaijan; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 18,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hekimoglu Ali Pasha cut Tahmasp's supply line to Tabriz and Tahmasp raised the siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tahmasp II's campaign of 1731", "note": "Before the siege Tahmasp beat an Ottoman force near Erivan (unnamed, not listed). Hekimoglu Ali Pasha then took Tabriz.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1362, "key": "1731-herat-1731", "name": "Herat (1731)", "label": "Herat (1731)", "year": 1731, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1731 (after April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Herat campaign of 1730-1732", "theatre": "Khorasan (Herat)", "place": "outside Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Zulfaqar Khan Abdali, Mohammad Seidal Khan (Ghilzai)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Nader's army: musketeer units and cavalry, with artillery (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's Khorasani army; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (Seidal Khan had at least a few thousand Ghilzai)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The joint Afghan attack failed against Nader's flanking force and cavalry charge; Seidal Khan left and Herat asked for terms.", "borderline": "unnamed field battle outside the besieged city", "doubt": "Borderline: unnamed field battle outside the besieged city.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Herat campaign of 1730-1732", "note": "Abdali of Herat with Ghilzai from Kandahar. Earlier fights in April 1731 at Nuqra and the Harirud bridge are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1363, "key": "1731-herat-siege-1731-1732", "name": "Herat (siege, 1731-1732)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1731-1732)", "year": 1731, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1731 to February 1732", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Herat campaign of 1730-1732", "theatre": "Khorasan (Herat)", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids v Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safavids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Zulfaqar Khan Abdali, Allahyar Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Nader's army of Khorasan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's Khorasani army; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 4,000 Farah fighters joined the renewed revolt", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the revolt of the Farah fighters the siege was renewed and Herat surrendered on terms; the Persians occupied it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Herat campaign of 1730-1732", "note": "Zulfaqar Khan and his brother Ahmad (the future Ahmad Shah Durrani) escaped to Kandahar. Ebrahim Khan also took Farah in this campaign (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1364, "key": "1731-korijan", "name": "Korijan", "label": "Korijan", "year": 1731, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1731 (late summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Tahmasp II's campaign of 1731", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "Korijan, near Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.8, "lon": 48.51, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Pasha of Baghdad", "commanders_b": "Shah Tahmasp II", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tahmasp II's army, mostly raw recruits, in three divisions: undisciplined musketeers in the centre and cavalry on the wings, which beat the Ottoman horse before the centre broke.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Recruits of western Iran with Qizilbash cavalry; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 18,000 (campaign figure)", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The janissaries broke the Persian centre and routed the cavalry, and the Ottomans went on to take Hamadan.", "borderline": "the battle's name and site come from Axworthy; Wikipedia leaves it unnamed", "doubt": "Borderline: the battle's name and site come from Axworthy; Wikipedia leaves it unnamed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tahmasp II's campaign of 1731; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "The defeat led to the Treaty of Ahmad Pasha (January 1732), which Nader repudiated.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1365, "key": "1731-lar-siege-1731", "name": "Lar (siege, 1731)", "label": "Lar (siege, 1731)", "year": 1731, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1731", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani (1730-1734)", "theatre": "Southern Iran (Larestan)", "place": "Lar, Iran", "lat": 27.68, "lon": 54.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Safavid commander of Lar citadel (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Sheikh Ahmad Madani", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Safavid garrison of Lar citadel and relieving troops of Fars (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrison and levies of Larestan and Fars, Persian-speaking; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "at least 5,000 (1731 figure in the infobox)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Madani took the town but failed to take the citadel and was driven off and defeated.", "borderline": "no separate article; briefly described", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; briefly described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani", "note": "Arab chiefs of the Persian Gulf coast (Madani, Sheikh Jabbara, Sheikh Rashid of Basaidu) with Hotaki remnants. Mohammad Ali Khan had beaten the rebels several times in autumn 1730 (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1366, "key": "1733-baghdad-siege-1733", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1733)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1733)", "year": 1733, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February to July 1733", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Nader's Mesopotamian campaign", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Pasha (governor of Baghdad); Topal Osman Pasha (relief)", "commanders_b": "Nader Qoli, Mohammad Khan Baluch (commanding the blockade during Samarra)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nader's army of about 100,000 (80,000 in other figures), including fowj regiments of Kurds, Turkmens and Abdali Afghans; 12,000 under Mohammad Khan Baluch kept up the blockade.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Kurdish, Turkmen and Abdali units; the Iranian-speaking share (Kurds, Afghans, Persians, Lurs) was probably around half.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 80,000-100,000", "losses_a": "unknown; over 100,000 inhabitants died of famine and disease", "losses_b": "extremely heavy (mostly at Samarra)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The siege was lifted after Nader's defeat by the relief army at Samarra, and Topal Osman entered Baghdad on 24 July.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Baghdad (1733); Battle of Samarra (1733)", "note": "On 15 February Nader crossed the Tigris with about 4,000 men and beat Ahmad Pasha's attack (not listed separately). After Kirkuk, Nader blockaded Baghdad again in late 1733 and made peace with Ahmad Pasha in December.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1367, "key": "1733-samarra-1733", "name": "Samarra (1733)", "label": "Samarra (1733)", "year": 1733, "month": 7, "day": 19, "date": "19 July 1733", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Nader's Mesopotamian campaign", "theatre": "Mesopotamia", "place": "near Samarra, Iraq", "lat": 34.2, "lon": 43.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Safavids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Topal Osman Pasha", "commanders_b": "Nader Qoli", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "70,000-80,000 men with field guns and zamburaks: about 50,000 in the frontal attack, a reserve of 12,000 Abdali cavalry, and an Arab tribal contingent that changed sides.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The 12,000 Abdali (Pashto) and the Kurdish and Persian units were a large part beside the Turkic tribal cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 80,000 (janissaries and sipahis), 60-80 guns", "strength_b": "70,000-80,000", "losses_a": "about 20,000", "losses_b": "about 30,000 killed and wounded, 3,000-3,500 captured, all guns", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Topal Osman's army routed the Persians, who lost all their artillery and withdrew from Iraq.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Samarra (1733); Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Nader's only defeat in a pitched battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1368, "key": "1733-kirkuk-1733", "name": "Kirkuk (1733)", "label": "Kirkuk (1733)", "year": 1733, "month": 10, "day": 24, "date": "24-26 October 1733", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Nader's Mesopotamian campaign", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Shahrizor)", "place": "Leylan (Agh Darband), near Kirkuk, Iraq", "lat": 35.35, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli, Haji Beg Khan", "commanders_b": "Topal Osman Pasha (killed), Memish Pasha (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Slightly fewer than the Ottomans: an infantry line of jazayerchi musketeers and two cavalry wings of 15,000 each under Haji Beg Khan and Nader.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's rebuilt army of 1733; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "slightly fewer than 100,000", "strength_b": "about 100,000", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "about 20,000 killed or wounded, 20,000 captured, all artillery", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persians ambushed the Ottoman advance guard and routed the main army; Topal Osman was killed and his guns taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kirkuk (1733); Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign", "note": "Also called the battle of Agh Darband or Leylan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1369, "key": "1734-koysu-1734", "name": "Koysu (1734)", "label": "Koysu (1734)", "year": 1734, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late summer or autumn 1734 (after Deve Batan)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Caucasus campaign of 1734-1735", "theatre": "Dagestan", "place": "Koysu river, on the way to Gazi-Kumukh, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.2, "lon": 47.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Surkhay Khan I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nader's field army with artillery (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader's artillery stormed Surkhay's positions over three days and Surkhay withdrew to Andalal.", "borderline": "described only in the Gazikumukh Khanate article; not named as a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: described only in the Gazikumukh Khanate article; not named as a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Gazikumukh Khanate", "note": "Nader then occupied Gazi-Kumukh.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1370, "key": "1734-shiraz-1734", "name": "Shiraz (1734)", "label": "Shiraz (1734)", "year": 1734, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1734", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rebellion of Mohammad Khan Baluch (1733-1734)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "plain near Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.54, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nader Qoli" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Khan Baluch" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nader Qoli (for Tahmasp's successor Abbas III)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Khan Baluch (rebel governor of Kohgiluyeh)", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli, Tahmasp Khan Jalayer", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Khan Baluch", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: Nader's army with Tahmasp Khan Jalayer's 12,000 and the governor of Kohgiluyeh; side B: Mohammad Khan's rebel army (composition unrecorded; he had commanded 12,000 of Nader's men at Baghdad and was allied with Sheikh Ahmad Madani's Arabs).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Baloch", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were drawn largely from southern and western Iran; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mohammad Khan's army was destroyed on the plain near Shiraz and he fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Civil: a revolt of one of Nader's own generals and a provincial governor, not a Baloch tribal rising. Mohammad Khan was caught on the Gulf coast and blinded.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1371, "key": "1734-maragh-1734", "name": "Maragh (1734)", "label": "Maragh (1734)", "year": 1734, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1734", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani (1730-1734)", "theatre": "Southern Iran (Garmsirat)", "place": "Maragh, Hormozgan, Iran", "lat": 27.0, "lon": 55.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader's commanders in Fars (unnamed in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Sheikh Ahmad Madani (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nader's troops in the south, supported by the English and Dutch East India Companies (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Madani's stronghold of Maragh fell and he was captured.", "borderline": "briefly described; the site is not identified", "doubt": "Borderline: briefly described; the site is not identified.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani", "note": "Arab chiefs of the Gulf coast. The last rebels, who fled to Kish, were beaten in mid-June 1734 (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1372, "key": "1734-deve-batan", "name": "Deve Batan", "label": "Deve Batan", "year": 1734, "month": 8, "day": 17, "date": "17 August 1734", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Caucasus campaign of 1734-1735", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Deve Batan, near Qabala, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.98, "lon": 47.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli, Tahmasp Khan Jalayer", "commanders_b": "Surkhay Khan I of Gazi-Kumukh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nader's field army with strong artillery (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's army of 1734; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Persian artillery broke the Lezgin highlanders and their Ottoman auxiliaries, who were routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Gazikumukh Khanate; Tahmasp Khan Jalayer", "note": "Lezgins and Laks of Surkhay Khan, the Ottoman-appointed khan of Shirvan. Wikipedia's article on Tahmasp Khan Jalayer dates Deve Batan to 15 September 1735. Shamakhi was reoccupied in August 1734 without a recorded battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1373, "key": "1734-ganja-siege-1734-1735", "name": "Ganja (siege, 1734-1735)", "label": "Ganja (siege, 1734-1735)", "year": 1734, "month": 11, "day": 3, "date": "3 November 1734 to 9 July 1735", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Caucasus campaign of 1734-1735", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Qarabagh)", "place": "Ganja, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.68, "lon": 46.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Ganj Ali Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nader's army with field guns and miners; Russia sent an engineer and a few siege guns.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's army of 1734-1735; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "14,000 (garrison)", "losses_a": "30-40 in the mine fighting", "losses_b": "about 700 killed by mines", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison surrendered on 9 July 1735, after the relief army's defeat at Yeghevard.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Ganja (1734-1735)", "note": "The Russian help was negligible; the Treaty of Ganja (March 1735) returned the Caspian provinces to Persia.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1374, "key": "1735-erivan-siege-1735", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1735)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1735)", "year": 1735, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1735 (blockade from early 1735; surrendered in October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Caucasus campaign of 1734-1735", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "the Ottoman garrison commander (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Part of Nader's army left to invest Erivan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Erivan was handed over to Nader in return for lifting his blockade of Kars (13 October 1735).", "borderline": "a blockade ended by agreement; little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a blockade ended by agreement; little recorded fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Yeghevard; Siege of Ganja (1734-1735)", "note": "Tiflis surrendered after Yeghevard and the blockade of Kars was lifted in the same exchange (neither listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1375, "key": "1735-gazi-kumukh-1735", "name": "Gazi-Kumukh (1735)", "label": "Gazi-Kumukh (1735)", "year": 1735, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1735", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader's campaigns against the Lezgins", "theatre": "Dagestan", "place": "near Gazi-Kumukh (Kumukh), Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.21, "lon": 47.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Surkhay Khan I", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 30,000 of Nader's troops (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000", "strength_b": "about 10,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (the field 'red with blood', Muhammad Kazim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Surkhay was defeated and retreated again to Andalal.", "borderline": "described only in the Gazikumukh Khanate article", "doubt": "Borderline: described only in the Gazikumukh Khanate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Gazikumukh Khanate", "note": "Lak and Lezgin highlanders. Possibly the same action that another article calls Deve Batan (15 September 1735).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1376, "key": "1735-yeghevard", "name": "Yeghevard", "label": "Yeghevard", "year": 1735, "month": 6, "day": 19, "date": "19 June 1735", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735): Caucasus campaign of 1734-1735", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "Yeghevard (Murad Tepe, Baghavard), Armenia", "lat": 40.32, "lon": 44.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Safavids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Safavids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Qoli", "commanders_b": "Koprulu Abdullah Pasha (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "An advance guard of 15,000-18,000 with 500 zamburaks and 2,000-3,000 jazayerchi musketeers, a hidden flanking force and 1,000 picked horsemen; a main body of about 40,000 arrived after the rout.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No breakdown in the sources used; Nader's army of 1735 mixed Turkic tribal cavalry with Persian musketeers, Kurds, Lurs and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000-18,000 engaged (about 55,000 in all)", "strength_b": "about 80,000 (50,000 sipahis, 30,000 janissaries), 40 guns", "losses_a": "negligible", "losses_b": "20,000-50,000 killed and wounded; 32 guns", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nader's advance guard routed the Ottoman army, killed its commander and took 32 guns; only about 8,000 Ottomans reached Kars.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Yeghevard; Caucasus campaign of 1734-1735; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Also called Baghavard, Murad Tepe, Arpachai or Echmiadzin. Wikipedia lists the Armenian Davit Bek among Nader's commanders, which is doubtful (he had died in 1728).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Safavids: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1377, "key": "1737-az-zahirah-1737", "name": "Az Zahirah (1737)", "label": "Az Zahirah (1737)", "year": 1737, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1737 (the Persians landed in March 1737)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian intervention in the Omani civil war (1737)", "theatre": "Oman", "place": "Az Zahirah (Dhahirah region), Oman", "lat": 23.3, "lon": 56.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Oman" ], "allies_a": [ "Oman" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Latif Khan (Persian commander), Imam Saif bin Sultan II", "commanders_b": "Bal'arab bin Himyar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Oman", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian expeditionary force landed from the new Gulf fleet (no breakdown), with Saif bin Sultan's Omani followers as allies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Troops raised in Fars and the Gulf ports; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians and Saif's men defeated Bal'arab's forces and went on to plunder the interior.", "borderline": "an unnamed engagement in the Dhahirah; the Persian commander is named from Lockhart", "doubt": "Borderline: an unnamed engagement in the Dhahirah; the Persian commander is named from Lockhart.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Saif bin Sultan II; Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi", "note": "Ya'rubid civil war: Saif bin Sultan II had called in the Persians against Bal'arab bin Himyar. The Persians withdrew in 1738.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1378, "key": "1737-qarshi-1737", "name": "Qarshi (1737)", "label": "Qarshi (1737)", "year": 1737, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1737", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign (Reza Qoli Mirza's Balkh expedition)", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "near Qarshi, Uzbekistan", "lat": 38.86, "lon": 65.79, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Reza Qoli Mirza, Tahmasp Khan Jalayer", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fayz Khan of Bukhara", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Reza Qoli Mirza's army of Khorasan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasani tribal cavalry and musketeers; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After crossing the Oxus the Persians defeated the Bukharan army near Qarshi.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tahmasp Khan Jalayer; Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign", "note": "Bukhara Khanate (Ashtarkhanid). Reza Qoli had taken Andkhui and Balkh earlier in 1737; Nader then ordered him to stop.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1379, "key": "1737-kandahar-siege-1737-1738", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1737-1738)", "label": "Kandahar (siege, 1737-1738)", "year": 1737, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1737 to 24 March 1738 (citadel surrendered 25 March)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nader Shah's Kandahar campaign (prelude to the invasion of India)", "theatre": "Kandahar", "place": "Kandahar (Old Kandahar), Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afsharids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah, Reza Qoli Mirza, Mulla Adineh Mostafi Bakhtiari, Tahmasp Khan Jalayer, Kalb Ali Khan Osivand, Saber Sultan Raki", "commanders_b": "Hussain Hotak (captured), Mohammad Seidal Khan (captured), Younis Kakar (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 80,000 men; the storming party of 3,000 and the musketeers (jazayerchi) covering it were Bakhtiaris, beside the Turkic and Kurdish tribal cavalry, Persian musketeers and Abdali Afghans.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources single out the Bakhtiari contingent; Abdali Afghans also served; the Iranian-speaking share may have been a majority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 80,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "all defenders killed or captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kandahar was stormed on 24 March 1738 and Hussain Hotak surrendered the citadel next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kandahar; Nader Shah's invasion of India", "note": "Ghilzai (Hotak) Afghans of Kandahar, outside Iran and so not civil. Nader founded Naderabad beside the ruined city.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1380, "key": "1738-jar-1738", "name": "Jar (1738)", "label": "Jar (1738)", "year": 1738, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1738 (1739 in another article)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader's campaigns against the Lezgins", "theatre": "Northern Azerbaijan (Jar-Belokan)", "place": "Jar (Car), Zaqatala district, Azerbaijan", "lat": 41.62, "lon": 46.64, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Dagestanis" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Lezgin and Avar leaders of Jar (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Ebrahim Khan Afshar (Nader's brother, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Ebrahim Khan's army of Azerbaijan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of Nader's provincial armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; commander killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After an earlier success, Ebrahim Khan and his retinue were ambushed in a valley and killed, and his army was crushed.", "borderline": "the site is given as Jar in histories of Nader, not in the Wikipedia articles used", "doubt": "Borderline: the site is given as Jar in histories of Nader, not in the Wikipedia articles used.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign; Gazikumukh Khanate", "note": "Lezgins and Avars of the Jar-Belokan communities. Nader avenged his brother on his return from India; the Dagestan campaign of 1741 followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1381, "key": "1738-kabul-siege-1738", "name": "Kabul (siege, 1738)", "label": "Kabul (siege, 1738)", "year": 1738, "month": 6, "day": 11, "date": "11 to 19 June 1738", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nader Shah's invasion of India", "theatre": "Kabul", "place": "Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.53, "lon": 69.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah", "commanders_b": "Sharza Khan (commander of the citadel)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nader's army of the Indian campaign with its siege guns (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "After Kandahar Nader enrolled many Abdali and Ghilzai Afghans; the Iranian-speaking share may have been a majority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A sortie was repulsed, a tower collapsed under bombardment and the citadel capitulated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nader Shah's invasion of India", "note": "Some accounts date the fall of the citadel to 29-30 June 1738.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1382, "key": "1738-khyber-pass-1738", "name": "Khyber Pass (1738)", "label": "Khyber Pass (1738)", "year": 1738, "month": 11, "day": 26, "date": "26 November 1738 (15 November Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader Shah's invasion of India", "theatre": "Khyber Pass", "place": "Khyber Pass, Pakistan", "lat": 34.08, "lon": 71.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah, Morteza Mirza Afshar", "commanders_b": "Nasir Khan (Mughal subahdar of Kabul and Peshawar, captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 10,000 picked cavalry engaged under Nader, with 12,000 under Morteza Mirza not engaged and a 6,000-man camp guard.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Picked cavalry of Nader's army; no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "22,000 (10,000 engaged)", "strength_b": "about 20,000 (50,000 in the infobox)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; the rest captured or surrendered", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nader's flanking march surprised and routed Nasir Khan's army, which surrendered its camp.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khyber Pass (1738); Nader Shah's invasion of India", "note": "Nasir Khan's army was largely hastily raised Afghan tribal levies of Khyber and Peshawar. The same article says Nader entered Peshawar on 18 November, which conflicts with the battle date.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1383, "key": "1739-karnal", "name": "Karnal", "label": "Karnal", "year": 1739, "month": 2, "day": 24, "date": "24 February 1739 (13 February Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader Shah's invasion of India", "theatre": "Northern India", "place": "near Karnal, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.69, "lon": 76.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Mughals" ], "allies_a": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah, Nasrollah Mirza, Tahmasp Khan Jalayer, Fath Ali Khan Afshar, Lotf Ali Khan Afshar, Haji Khan (Kurdish horse), Ahmad Khan Abdali", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Shah, Qamar-ud-Din Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, Saadat Khan (captured), Khan Dauran (mortally wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Mughals", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 55,000 mounted troops (in a camp of 160,000), including some 20,000 uniformed jazayerchi musketeers, camel zamburaks, elite Kurdish horse under Haji Khan, Afshar and other Qizilbash cavalry, Abdali Afghans under Ahmad Khan and a Kakhetian contingent.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Kurdish, Afghan and Qizilbash units; Axworthy stresses the Afghan and Persian musketeer element. The Iranian-speaking share may have been a majority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 55,000 combatants", "strength_b": "about 75,000 on the field (up to 300,000 with camp followers), 2,000 elephants", "losses_a": "about 1,100 (400 killed, 700 wounded); up to 2,500 killed in other figures", "losses_b": "about 10,000-20,000 killed (estimates 8,000-30,000)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "In under three hours Nader's army destroyed the Mughal forces that attacked it, and Muhammad Shah surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Karnal; Nader Shah's invasion of India; Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Heraclius (Erekle) II of Kakheti served with a Georgian contingent. The massacre in Delhi on 22 March 1739 followed a riot and is excluded.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1384, "key": "1740-bukhara-1740", "name": "Bukhara (1740)", "label": "Bukhara (1740)", "year": 1740, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1740 (late summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign", "theatre": "Transoxiana", "place": "near Bukhara, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.77, "lon": 64.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah, Reza Qoli Mirza, Lotf Ali Khan", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fayz Khan, Muhammad Hakim", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nader's guard of 3,000 and the main army with artillery (no breakdown); 8,000 under Reza Qoli Mirza were sent to Charjuy.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "minimal", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader's guard and artillery broke Abu'l-Fayz Khan's army, which fell back on Bukhara, and the khan sued for peace.", "borderline": "a series of fights (Qatartut, near Bukhara) grouped as one entry; dates not given", "doubt": "Borderline: a series of fights (Qatartut, near Bukhara) grouped as one entry; dates not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Samarkand (1740); Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign", "note": "Bukhara Khanate (Ashtarkhanid). Lotf Ali Khan also beat a 20,000-strong force of Samarkand, Bukhara and Kokand; Samarkand was then taken almost unopposed (not listed). About 30,000 Uzbeks were enrolled in Nader's army.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1385, "key": "1740-khanqah-siege-1740", "name": "Khanqah (siege, 1740)", "label": "Khanqah (siege, 1740)", "year": 1740, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1740", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "Khanqah (Khonqa), Khorezm, Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.47, "lon": 60.78, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah", "commanders_b": "Ilbars Khan II (captured and executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nader's army with mortars, howitzers and jazayerchi (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Besieged in Khanqah, Ilbars Khan surrendered and was executed with more than twenty of his amirs.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign; Battle of Pitnak", "note": "Khiva itself then submitted without a fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1386, "key": "1740-pitnak", "name": "Pitnak", "label": "Pitnak", "year": 1740, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "early November 1740 (Nader reached the area in the last days of October)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign", "theatre": "Khwarazm", "place": "near Pitnak (Fetang castle), Khorezm, Uzbekistan", "lat": 41.45, "lon": 61.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkmens" ], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah", "commanders_b": "Ilbars Khan II of Khiva", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000 men: Afshar, Marv and Atak cavalry, with Nader himself fighting the Yomut.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The named units (Afshar, Marv and Atak horse) were mostly Turkic-speaking tribesmen of Khorasan; the share is uncertain and may have been larger.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "about 30,000 Uzbek and Turkmen horsemen (including 6,000 Yomut)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nader's cavalry routed the Khivan army, killing or capturing many in the pursuit.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Pitnak; Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign", "note": "Khanate of Khiva with Yomut and Aral Turkmens. Hazarasp was taken afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1387, "key": "1741-andalal", "name": "Andalal", "label": "Andalal", "year": 1741, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "late August to 28 September 1741 (Aimaki gorge ambush on 12 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign (1741-1743)", "theatre": "Dagestan", "place": "Andalal and the Aimaki gorge, Gunib district, Dagestan, Russia", "lat": 42.3, "lon": 46.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "Dagestanis" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Murtazali Khan (son of Surkhay), Ahmed Khan Mekhtuly, Qadi Pir Muhammad", "commanders_b": "Nader Shah, Lotf Ali Khan, Haydar Bek", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": true, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "traditional", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nader's army of 100,000-150,000 at its height in Dagestan: levies from all Iran, Uzbek and Tatar auxiliaries, mounted and foot tofangchi musketeers, Georgian and other vassal contingents; the units destroyed were Haydar Bek's 4,000 and Lotf Ali Khan's 6,000.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Wikipedia names levies from all Iran with Uzbek, Tatar and Georgian contingents; no proportions.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (presumably fewer)", "strength_b": "100,000-150,000 in the whole campaign", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "30,000 men, 33,000 animals and 79 guns (infobox); about 9,000 of the two ambushed contingents", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The highlanders held the gorges and Nader's army withdrew to Derbent under constant attack, two of its contingents destroyed.", "borderline": "a withdrawal under harassment rather than a single battle", "doubt": "Traditional: The great set-piece battle of Dagestani tradition is not described in contemporary sources, which show a harried withdrawal with an ambush in the Aimaki gorge; the losses (30,000 men, 79 guns) rest on weak sourcing. Borderline: a withdrawal under harassment rather than a single battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Withdrawal through Andalal (1741); Gazikumukh Khanate; Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign", "note": "Avars and Laks of Andalal and Gazi-Kumukh. Fights at Sogratl, Megeb, Chokh and Oboch are part of this entry. Surkhay Khan had surrendered to Nader in August 1741.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1388, "key": "1742-sohar-siege-1742-1743", "name": "Sohar (siege, 1742-1743)", "label": "Sohar (siege, 1742-1743)", "year": 1742, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1742 to 1743 (about nine months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian intervention in Oman (1742-1744)", "theatre": "Oman", "place": "Sohar, Oman", "lat": 24.36, "lon": 56.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Oman" ], "allies_a": [ "Oman" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Taqi Khan, Kalb Ali Khan; Imam Saif bin Sultan II (ally)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi (governor of Sohar); Imam Sultan bin Murshid (mortally wounded under the walls)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Oman", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Persian expedition landed at Julfar in October 1742 (no breakdown), with Saif bin Sultan II's followers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Troops from Fars and the Gulf coast; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After about nine months Ahmad bin Said came to terms, keeping Sohar as governor under Persian tribute without the town being taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi; Saif bin Sultan II", "note": "Ya'rubid Oman. Sources differ: one says the Persians took neither Sohar nor Muscat, another that Ahmad negotiated a surrender. The Persians took the Muscat forts by a ruse in 1743 (no battle, excluded); the killing of the last Persians at Barka (1747) was a massacre at a banquet (excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1389, "key": "1743-basra-siege-1743", "name": "Basra (siege, 1743)", "label": "Basra (siege, 1743)", "year": 1743, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1743", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq (Shatt al-Arab)", "place": "Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.51, "lon": 47.81, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unnamed Persian commanders", "commanders_b": "the Ottoman mutesellim of Basra (unnamed)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A detached Persian force from Khuzestan and Fars (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege was still in progress after Mosul and ended with the peace negotiated with Ahmad Pasha of Baghdad, the city untaken.", "borderline": "mentioned only in passing; extent of fighting unknown", "doubt": "Borderline: mentioned only in passing; extent of fighting unknown.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Mosul (1743); Longrigg, Four Centuries of Modern Iraq", "note": "Result by this set's rule for a siege ended by agreement while the place was invested; details not verified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1390, "key": "1743-kirkuk-siege-1743", "name": "Kirkuk (siege, 1743)", "label": "Kirkuk (siege, 1743)", "year": 1743, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1743", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia (Shahrizor)", "place": "Kirkuk, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah", "commanders_b": "the Ottoman garrison commander (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nader's main army of 1743 with a large siege train (no breakdown); the war article says the army was largely raised from Central Asian tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "By 1743 Uzbeks and Turkmens had joined the Turkic tribal cavalry, beside Afghans, Kurds, Lurs and Persian musketeers; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (300,000 in the war article, an inflated figure)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kirkuk fell to Nader after a short bombardment.", "borderline": "listed only in the war article; details of the fighting not given", "doubt": "Borderline: listed only in the war article; details of the fighting not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746); Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Erbil was also taken (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1391, "key": "1743-mosul-siege-1743", "name": "Mosul (siege, 1743)", "label": "Mosul (siege, 1743)", "year": 1743, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13 September to 20 October 1743", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mosul, Iraq", "lat": 36.34, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hajji Hussein Pasha al-Jalili", "commanders_b": "Nader Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "More than 40,000 men with 390 guns and 230 mortars (no breakdown of units).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's army of 1743; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (40,000+ in the infobox, unclear)", "strength_b": "40,000+, 390 guns, 230 mortars", "losses_a": "heavy, including civilians", "losses_b": "up to 5,000 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A great assault with 1,700 ladders failed and Nader lifted the siege before a negotiated peace.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Mosul (1743); Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox calls the result inconclusive (siege suspended, negotiated withdrawal); judged here as a defender's win because the siege was raised after the failed assault.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1392, "key": "n1392", "name": "Kairarau (Rohilla invasion of Kumaon)", "label": "Kairarau", "year": 1744, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1743-1744 (month not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rohilla expansion under Ali Muhammad Khan", "theatre": "", "place": "Kairarau, Kumaon hills, Uttarakhand, India", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 79.6, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Kumaon and Garhwal" ], "side_b": [ "Rohilla chiefs of Rohilkhand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohilla chiefs of Rohilkhand", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Kalyan Chand (Raja of Kumaon); Pradip Shah (Raja of Garhwal)", "commanders_b": "Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla; Rohilla generals including Hafiz Rahmat Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Rohilla invaders were beaten by the combined Kumaon and Garhwal armies and had to sue for peace after sacking Almora.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilla; Husain, Iqbal, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincy in 18th Century India (1994)", "note": "Ali Muhammad Khan was a Hindu-born adoptee of the Pashtun Daud Khan Barech and his army was mainly Pashtun (Rohilla) mercenaries; the site and exact year are weakly sourced (one Wikipedia summary).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Rohilla army was drawn from Pashtun (Afghan) settlers of Rohilkhand under Ali Muhammad Khan (Wikipedia 'Rohilla'; Iqbal Husain).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1393, "key": "1744-shah-bagh-1744", "name": "Shah Bagh (1744)", "label": "Shah Bagh (1744)", "year": 1744, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1744", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rebellion of Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi (1744)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shah Bagh, outside Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.54, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nader Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nader Shah (loyal army)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi (rebel governor of Fars)", "commanders_a": "Allahverdi Khan Kirkhli", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: about 30,000 royal troops under Allahverdi Khan; side B: 10,000-12,000 of Taqi Khan's Fars army.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fars troops on the rebel side were largely Persian-speaking; the loyal army was mixed; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000", "strength_b": "10,000-12,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (unquantified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After several hours' fighting Taqi Khan's force, with heavy losses, retreated into the fortress of Shiraz.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Afsharid conquests in the Persian Gulf and Oman; Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi's Rebellion", "note": "Before this, Taqi Khan had ambushed Muhammad Husain Khan Qirkhli's 7,000 men in the streets of Shiraz after two or three indecisive fights (not listed).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1394, "key": "1744-shiraz-siege-1744", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1744)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1744)", "year": 1744, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1744 to June 1744 (two to three months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Rebellion of Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi (1744)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nader Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nader Shah (loyal army)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi (rebel governor of Fars)", "commanders_a": "Allahverdi Khan Kirkhli, with reinforcements sent by Nader", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Side A: Allahverdi Khan's royal army with reinforcements; side B: Taqi Khan's Fars troops and the townsmen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (20,000 casualties in the infobox, side unclear)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A defending commander opened a gate, Shiraz fell and was sacked, and Taqi Khan fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Afsharid conquests in the Persian Gulf and Oman; Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi's Rebellion", "note": "Taqi Khan was later caught and mutilated. The revolt had begun at Bandar Abbas, where the fleet commander Rustam Khan was killed by his own officers late in 1743 (a mutiny, excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1395, "key": "1744-kars-siege-1744", "name": "Kars (siege, 1744)", "label": "Kars (siege, 1744)", "year": 1744, "month": 7, "day": 29, "date": "29 July to 9 October 1744", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Kars, Turkey", "lat": 40.61, "lon": 43.1, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nisanci Ahmed Pasha (garrison), Veli Pasha (sortie)", "commanders_b": "Nader Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nader's army with 16 heavy guns (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's army of 1744; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 80 killed", "losses_b": "about 1,700 killed; nine field guns abandoned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After 73 days and a successful Ottoman sortie on 18-19 September, Nader raised the siege on 9 October.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kars (1744)", "note": "Nader withdrew to deal with a revolt in Dagestan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1396, "key": "1745-aghsu-1745", "name": "Aghsu (1745)", "label": "Aghsu (1745)", "year": 1745, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1745", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nader's campaigns against the Lezgins", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Aghsu, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.57, "lon": 48.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Dagestanis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nasrollah Mirza", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Khan of Gazi-Kumukh (son of Surkhay)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Dagestanis", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nasrollah Mirza's army of Shirvan and Azerbaijan (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A provincial army of the Turkic-speaking Caucasus provinces; inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Muhammad Khan retreated to Gazi-Kumukh and the Persians recovered Derbent and the Kura country.", "borderline": "described in one line; the scale of fighting is unknown", "doubt": "Borderline: described in one line; the scale of fighting is unknown.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Gazikumukh Khanate", "note": "Lak and Lezgin forces of Gazi-Kumukh, backing a pretender's revolt in Shirvan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1397, "key": "n1397", "name": "Bangarh (siege, 1745)", "label": "Bangarh", "year": 1745, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1745 (about a month's siege; month not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mughal expedition against Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla (1745)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bangarh fort, Rohilkhand, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 28.3, "lon": 79.2, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Rohilla chiefs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohilla chiefs", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Shah; Qamar-ud-Din Khan; Safdar Jang", "commanders_b": "Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ali Muhammad Khan, blockaded in Bangarh, surrendered, was taken to Delhi, then pardoned and made governor of Sirhind.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilla; Husain, Iqbal, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincy in 18th Century India (1994)", "note": "The emperor took the field himself against the rising Rohilla state; the site (Bangarh) and the length of the siege are from memory and a single summary, so the entry is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ali Muhammad Khan's Rohilla army was Pashtun (Afghan) in composition and tradition (Iqbal Husain; Wikipedia 'Rohilla').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1398, "key": "1745-kars-1745", "name": "Kars (1745)", "label": "Kars (1745)", "year": 1745, "month": 8, "day": 9, "date": "9-19 August 1745", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "theatre": "South Caucasus (Armenia)", "place": "near Yeghevard (Murad Tepe), Armenia", "lat": 40.32, "lon": 44.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nader Shah", "commanders_b": "Yegen Mehmed Pasha (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 60,000, including 40,000 elite cavalry of the Khorasan army (savaran-e sepah-e Khorasan), jazayerchi musketeers, artillery and fowj infantry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Pashto", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Khorasan cavalry was largely Turkic and Kurdish tribesmen with Afghans; proportions unknown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "100,000-160,000 (Persian sources)", "losses_a": "about 8,000", "losses_b": "about 35,000 (12,000 killed, 18,000 wounded, 5,000 captured); estimates 28,000-50,000", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After ten days of fighting Nader's jazayerchi and cavalry broke the Ottoman army, which disintegrated and lost its commander.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kars (1745); Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746); Axworthy, The Sword of Persia", "note": "Named after Kars, the Ottoman base; Wikipedia's account places both camps near Yeghevard, where the battle of 1735 was also fought, so the site is uncertain. The Treaty of Kerden (4 September 1746) followed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1399, "key": "1745-mosul-1745", "name": "Mosul (1745)", "label": "Mosul (1745)", "year": 1745, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1745", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)", "theatre": "Upper Mesopotamia", "place": "Mosul province, Iraq", "lat": 36.34, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nasrollah Mirza", "commanders_b": "Abdullah Pasha (Jebhechi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Nasrollah Mirza's detached army (no breakdown).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasrollah Mirza inflicted a crushing defeat on Abdullah Pasha's army and its Kurdish auxiliaries.", "borderline": "described in passing; site not named", "doubt": "Borderline: described in passing; site not named.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kars (1745)", "note": "Abdullah Pasha had been joined by local Ottoman troops and Kurdish tribal auxiliaries. Nasrollah's letter reporting the victory reached Nader on the last day of the battle of Kars.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1400, "key": "n1400", "name": "Lahore (Shalimar Gardens, 1748)", "label": "Lahore", "year": 1748, "month": 1, "day": 11, "date": "11 January 1748 (Wikipedia, Ahmad Shah Durrani; older accounts give 12 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's first invasion of India (1747-1748)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shalimar Gardens, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 31.586, "lon": 74.383, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Jahan Khan Popalzai", "commanders_b": "Shah Nawaz Khan (governor of Lahore)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shah Nawaz Khan was beaten at the Shalimar Gardens; his own Afghan regiments went over to Ahmad Shah and he fled to Delhi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Opening battle of Ahmad Shah's first invasion; the governor's Afghan regiments (a Pashtun contingent on B) defected during the fight.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah Abdali, a Pashtun (Popalzai Durrani) ruler, led an army of Durrani and Ghilzai Afghans (Ganda Singh; Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1401, "key": "n1401", "name": "Manupur", "label": "Manupur", "year": 1748, "month": 3, "day": 11, "date": "11 March 1748 (Wikipedia/Sarkar; some accounts place the fighting between late February and early March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's first invasion of India (1747-1748)", "theatre": "", "place": "Manupur, near Sirhind, Punjab, India", "lat": 30.66, "lon": 76.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Jahan Khan Popalzai; Shah Wali Khan", "commanders_b": "Wazir Qamar-ud-Din Khan (killed); Safdar Jang; Mu'in al-Mulk (Mir Mannu); Prince Ahmad Shah Bahadur", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A powder explosion in the Afghan camp killed about 1,000 men and Ahmad Shah, outnumbered about five to one, withdrew toward the Indus while the Mughals held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34); Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959)", "note": "Mughal wazir Qamar-ud-Din was killed by a cannonball during the battle; Mir Mannu's pursuit of the retreating Afghans won him Lahore. Ahmad Shah's army was about 12,000 against 60,000-70,000 (Wikipedia).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah Abdali (Pashtun) led an almost wholly Afghan army (Sarkar; Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1402, "key": "1748-soltaniyeh-1748", "name": "Soltaniyeh (1748)", "label": "Soltaniyeh (1748)", "year": 1748, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1748", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afsharid succession war (1747-1750)", "theatre": "Northwestern Iran", "place": "between Zanjan and Soltaniyeh, Iran", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 48.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ebrahim, with Amir Aslan Khan Afshar, governor of Azerbaijan" ], "side_b": [ "Adel Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ebrahim (Ibrahim Shah), with Amir Aslan Khan Afshar, governor of Azerbaijan", "faction_b": "Adel Shah (Ali Qoli Khan)", "commanders_a": "Ebrahim Mirza, Amir Aslan Khan Afshar", "commanders_b": "Adel Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Both armies were remnants of Nader Shah's host: Afshar and other Turkic Qizilbash tribesmen with Kurdish horse and Afghan and Uzbek contingents; Ebrahim drew on the Afshar troops of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Nader's successor armies were led by Turkic (Afshar, Qajar) tribal khans with Kurdish, Afghan and Uzbek contingents; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (mass desertion)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Adel Shah's army melted away by desertion and he fled the field to Tehran, where he was seized and blinded.", "borderline": "no article and no conventional name; the encounter is described only as Adel Shah's defeat by Ebrahim", "doubt": "Borderline: no article and no conventional name; the encounter is described only as Adel Shah's defeat by Ebrahim.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Adel Shah; Ebrahim Afshar; Perry in Cambridge History of Iran vol. 7", "note": "The site is not named in the Wikipedia articles; Zanjan-Soltaniyeh is the usual placing of Adel's defeat in the older literature and is given as approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1403, "key": "1749-herat-siege-1749-50", "name": "Herat (siege, 1749-50)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1749-50)", "year": 1749, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1749 to late 1750 (a long siege)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Afsharids", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "the Afsharid governor of Herat (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison left by Nader Shah's successors in Herat; its composition is not recorded (Afsharid garrisons were Qizilbash Turkic and Kurdish troops with local levies).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of Afsharid garrisons; the sources used say nothing on this garrison.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat fell to Ahmad Shah after a long siege.", "borderline": "the Persian character of the Herat garrison after Nader's death is not well documented", "doubt": "Borderline: the Persian character of the Herat garrison after Nader's death is not well documented.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "note": "Dates vary in the article (the campaign is dated 1749-1751, 1750-1751 and 1749-1750 in different places).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1404, "key": "1749-semnan-1749", "name": "Semnan (1749)", "label": "Semnan (1749)", "year": 1749, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June or July 1749", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afsharid succession war (1747-1750)", "theatre": "Northern Iran", "place": "near Semnan, Iran", "lat": 35.57, "lon": 53.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Shahrokh Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Ebrahim Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shahrokh Shah (Mashhad)", "faction_b": "Ebrahim Shah (crowned at Tabriz, December 1748)", "commanders_a": "Musa Khan Afshar Taromi", "commanders_b": "Ebrahim Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shahrokh's army of Khorasan (Turkic, Kurdish and Arab tribal leaders of Mashhad) against Ebrahim's army, which included Afghan and Uzbek troops who deserted or fled.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Pashto", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Shahrokh was raised by Turkic, Kurdish and Arab chiefs at Mashhad; Ebrahim's Afghan and Uzbek troops are named in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ebrahim withdrew from the field when his army fell into turmoil and part of it deserted to Shahrokh; he was later captured at Qal'a-ye Qalapur.", "borderline": "no article; known only as the fighting near Semnan", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; known only as the fighting near Semnan.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ebrahim Afshar; Adel Shah", "note": "Ebrahim was blinded by Musa Khan and died on the way to Mashhad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1405, "key": "n1405", "name": "Daunri (Badaun, 1749)", "label": "Daunri", "year": 1749, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1749 (day not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rohilla-Bangash war (1749)", "theatre": "", "place": "Daunri (Dauri), near Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 28.04, "lon": 79.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Rohilla chiefs" ], "side_b": [ "Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohilla chiefs v Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Rohilla chiefs", "faction_b": "Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad", "commanders_a": "Dunde (Dundi) Khan; Hafiz Rahmat Khan; Sa'dullah Khan", "commanders_b": "Qaim Khan Bangash (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Qaim Khan Bangash was killed in the battle and his army broke, after which Farrukhabad was annexed to Awadh and plundered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Bangash; Husain, Iqbal, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincy in 18th Century India (1994); Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "A Pashtun against Pashtun battle: the Rohillas against the Bangash Nawab of Farrukhabad, a conflict Safdar Jang of Awadh exploited to seize Farrukhabad. Wikipedia's Ahmad Khan Bangash article calls it the Battle of Badaun and does not use 'Daunri'.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both armies were Pashtun: Rohilla Barech and Yusufzai chiefs against Qaim Khan Bangash, a Pashtun (Iqbal Husain; Wikipedia 'Ahmad Khan Bangash').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1406, "key": "1750-turbat-i-shaikh-jam", "name": "Turbat-i-Shaikh Jam", "label": "Turbat-i-Shaikh Jam", "year": 1750, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1750 (before July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Turbat-i-Shaikh Jam (Torbat-e Jam), Iran", "lat": 35.24, "lon": 60.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [ "Kalat" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Afsharids", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani, Sardar Jahan Khan Popalzai, Mir Nasir Khan I of Kalat", "commanders_b": "Mir Alam Khan Khozeime (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The army of Mir Alam Khan, the Arab (Khozeime) chief of Qaenat who then dominated Mashhad in Shahrokh's name; its composition is not recorded (Khozeime Arabs, Khorasani Kurds and Turks).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Khorasan tribes that supported the Afsharid regents; the sources used do not describe this army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 8,000 in the vanguard (5,000 under Jahan Khan, 3,000 Baloch horse under Nasir Khan)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mir Alam Khan was killed and his army collapsed, leaving the field to the Durrani vanguard.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Turbat-i-Shaikh Jam", "note": "The Khanate of Kalat (Baloch) fought as Ahmad Shah's vassal; recorded as 'Kalat' (a new short name). The fortress of Nun surrendered after Mir Alam's death.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1407, "key": "1750-golpayegan-1750", "name": "Golpayegan (1750)", "label": "Golpayegan (1750)", "year": 1750, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April or May 1750", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Struggle for Isfahan (1750-1751)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Golpayegan, Iran", "lat": 33.45, "lon": 50.29, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand and Zakariya Khan" ], "side_b": [ "Ali Mardan Khan's Bakhtiari" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand and Zakariya Khan", "faction_b": "Ali Mardan Khan's Bakhtiari", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand, Zakariya Khan", "commanders_b": "Bakhtiari chiefs (Ali Mardan Khan)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Karim Khan's Zand and Lak tribesmen and Zakariya Khan's men against Bakhtiari tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Lak, Lur and Bakhtiari tribal forces.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Karim Khan and Zakariya Khan defeated the Bakhtiaris and took the town, though Ali Mardan recovered it soon after.", "borderline": "no article; mentioned in the campaign article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; mentioned in the campaign article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "note": "The crisis at Golpayegan had drawn Karim Khan back from a campaign against the vali of Ardalan; Karim and Ali Mardan then joined forces against Isfahan.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1408, "key": "1750-murcheh-khort-1750", "name": "Murcheh Khort (1750)", "label": "Murcheh Khort (1750)", "year": 1750, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring 1750", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Struggle for Isfahan (1750-1751)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Murcheh Khort, north of Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 33.09, "lon": 51.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Abu'l-Fath Khan Bakhtiari, Afsharid governor of Isfahan" ], "side_b": [ "Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Abu'l-Fath Khan Bakhtiari, Afsharid governor of Isfahan", "faction_b": "Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari (Chahar Lang)", "commanders_a": "Abu'l-Fath Khan", "commanders_b": "Ali Mardan Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The army of Isfahan (largely Haft Lang Bakhtiari) against Ali Mardan's Chahar Lang Bakhtiari tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Bakhtiari tribal forces with townsmen of Isfahan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 20,000 (Ali Mardan's following)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ali Mardan Khan was defeated and driven off in his first attempt on Isfahan.", "borderline": "mentioned as a battle only in the background of the Isfahan articles", "doubt": "Borderline: mentioned as a battle only in the background of the Isfahan articles.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fall of Isfahan (1750); Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "note": "Ali Mardan then allied with Karim Khan Zand and Zakariya Khan and took Isfahan in May 1750.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1409, "key": "1750-isfahan-siege-1750", "name": "Isfahan (siege, 1750)", "label": "Isfahan (siege, 1750)", "year": 1750, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "late May to 31 May 1750", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Struggle for Isfahan (1750-1751)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Coalition of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, Karim Khan Zand and Zakariya Khan" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharid garrison of Isfahan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Coalition of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, Karim Khan Zand and Zakariya Khan", "faction_b": "Afsharid garrison of Isfahan (Abu'l-Fath Khan)", "commanders_a": "Ali Mardan Khan, Karim Khan Zand, Zakariya Khan, Shahbaz (Qaraguzlu)", "commanders_b": "Abu'l-Fath Khan, Salim Khan Qirqlu", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Ali Mardan's Chahar Lang Bakhtiari (about 20,000), Karim Khan's Zand and other Lak and Lur tribesmen (about 12,000) and 2,000 Qaraguzlu, against the Haft Lang Bakhtiari and Afshar troops of the Isfahan garrison.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The attackers were Bakhtiari and Zand (Lak) tribesmen with a Turkic Qaraguzlu contingent; the defenders were mostly Haft Lang Bakhtiari with Afshars.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 34,000 (20,000 Bakhtiari, 12,000 Zand, 2,000 Qaraguzlu)", "strength_b": "15,000 at Qahriz and 50,000 in Isfahan (as given)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a defeat of the Afsharid field force at Qahriz and several days of bombardment, the coalition broke in through the main gate and the Khwaju bridge and Abu'l-Fath Khan surrendered on 31 May.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fall of Isfahan (1750); Perry, Karim Khan Zand", "note": "The coalition set up the Safavid prince Ismail III as puppet shah; Karim Khan later ousted Ali Mardan.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1410, "key": "1750-mashhad-siege-1750", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1750)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1750)", "year": 1750, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July to 10 November 1750", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Afsharids", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Shahrokh Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 8,000 Afsharid troops of the 'Persian garrison' of Mashhad, with the armed townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Shahrokh's regime rested on the Turkic (Afshar, Jalayir), Kurdish and Arab chiefs of Khorasan and on the Persian-speaking city; the garrison is not broken down in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 8,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the relief army was destroyed at Chaman Zaghan the city and Shahrokh surrendered and accepted Durrani suzerainty.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Mashhad (1750); Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "note": "Sources conflict: Noelle has Ahmad Shah lift the siege on 10 November; Lee and Gupta have Shahrokh submit to end it. Either way Shahrokh became a Durrani vassal and kept his throne.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1411, "key": "n1411", "name": "Khudaganj", "label": "Khudaganj", "year": 1750, "month": 8, "day": 12, "date": "night of 12 August 1750", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Awadh-Bangash war (1750-1752)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khudaganj, near Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.39, "lon": 79.58, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad" ], "side_b": [ "Awadh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Khan Bangash", "commanders_b": "Nawal Rai (deputy of Safdar Jang)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad Khan Bangash surprised Nawal Rai's army in a night attack and won, which led to his recapture of Farrukhabad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Bangash; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "The prelude to Ram Chatauni (13 September 1750), in which Ahmad Khan defeated Safdar Jang himself; the exact place of Khudaganj is not fixed in the source I used.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Khan Bangash was a Pashtun (Bangash) and his army was Pashtun (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Khan Bangash').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1412, "key": "n1412", "name": "Ram Chatauni (1750)", "label": "Ram Chatauni", "year": 1750, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13 September 1750", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Safdar Jang's war with the Bangash Nawab of Farrukhabad (1750-51)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ram Chatauni, near Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.4, "lon": 79.5, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Awadh" ], "side_b": [ "Bangash of Farrukhabad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Awadh v Bangash of Farrukhabad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Awadh", "faction_b": "Bangash of Farrukhabad", "commanders_a": "Safdar Jang, Nawab of Awadh and Mughal wazir", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Khan Bangash", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad Khan defeated Safdar Jang in a pitched battle (Wikipedia, Ahmad Khan Bangash).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Ahmad Khan Bangash (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Bangash); Wikipedia, Safdar Jang; Irvine, Later Mughals", "note": "Safdar Jang is conventionally a Persian (the Nishapuri Sayyid house of Awadh). The family also claims descent from Qara Yusuf of the Qara Qoyunlu (Wikipedia, Safdar Jang), which would make it Turkmen, so the Persian label is contested. I recall an earlier Ram Chatauni fight in 1748 between the Rohillas and Qaim Khan Bangash; it is a different battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1413, "key": "1750-chaman-zaghan", "name": "Chaman Zaghan", "label": "Chaman Zaghan", "year": 1750, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1750", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Chaman Zaghan, near Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Afsharids", "commanders_a": "Shah Wali Khan", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Hussain Khan (Kurdish chief, killed), with two nephews of Nader Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A relief army raised by Mohammad Hussain Khan from the Kurdish and Turkic tribes of Khorasan and other Khorasani elements, with two nephews of Nader Shah.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Kurdish and Turkic tribal contingents of Khorasan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 12,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The relief army was destroyed and its survivors fled to the mountains.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Chaman Zaghan; Siege of Mashhad (1750)", "note": "The defeat led to the surrender of Mashhad.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1414, "key": "1750-nishapur-siege-1750-51", "name": "Nishapur (siege, 1750-51)", "label": "Nishapur (siege, 1750-51)", "year": 1750, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "winter 1750-51", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qara Bayat (Nishapur)" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qara Bayat (Nishapur) v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qara Bayat (Nishapur)", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Jafar Khan Bayat (killed), then his nephew Abbas Qoli Khan", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A garrison of 'only a few thousand men' of the Qara Bayat amirs of Nishapur with the townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Bayat were a Turkic tribe ruling a Persian-speaking city; the share of townsmen in the defence is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a few thousand", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (Jafar Khan killed)", "losses_b": "about 12,000 dead and thousands wounded (as given)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison threw back the assault through the breaches and Ahmad Shah retreated to Herat.", "borderline": "the Qara Bayat amirdom of Nishapur was a local Iran-seated power nominally under the Afsharids", "doubt": "Borderline: the Qara Bayat amirdom of Nishapur was a local Iran-seated power nominally under the Afsharids.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749-1751)", "note": "The Afghan loss figure is high and comes from a single account.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qara Bayat (Nishapur): an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1415, "key": "n1415", "name": "Allahabad (siege, 1750-51)", "label": "Allahabad", "year": 1751, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1750 to early 1751 (the siege was raised when Safdar Jang's allies arrived)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safdar Jang's war with the Bangash Nawab of Farrukhabad (1750-51)", "theatre": "", "place": "Allahabad (Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 25.4358, "lon": 81.8463, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Bangash of Farrukhabad" ], "side_b": [ "Awadh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Marathas", "Jats", "Rohillas" ], "persian_state": "Bangash of Farrukhabad v Awadh", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bangash of Farrukhabad", "faction_b": "Awadh", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Khan Bangash", "commanders_b": "Safdar Jang (and the garrison)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad Khan was close to taking the city when Safdar Jang's Maratha, Jat and Rohilla allies came up; the Bangash were defeated and fell back.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Ahmad Khan Bangash (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Bangash); Irvine, Later Mughals; Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 1", "note": "Dates and the exact fighting are loose in the sources I could use; counted as a siege that was raised. Same Persian/Qara Qoyunlu caveat for Safdar Jang as above.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1416, "key": "1751-chaharmahal-1751", "name": "Chaharmahal (1751)", "label": "Chaharmahal (1751)", "year": 1751, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1751", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Struggle for Isfahan (1750-1751)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Chaharmahal, west of Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.33, "lon": 50.86, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Ali Mardan Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Karim Khan's Zand, Lak and Lur tribesmen against Ali Mardan's Bakhtiari.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Karim Khan's soldiers were mainly Laks, Lurs and Kurds (Perry); Ali Mardan's were Bakhtiari.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Karim Khan completely defeated Ali Mardan, whose captured leaders were blinded or executed and whose foot-soldiers were taken into the Zand army.", "borderline": "no article; described as a decisive defeat in the campaign article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; described as a decisive defeat in the campaign article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Zand campaigns in Western Iran; Karim Khan Zand", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1417, "key": "1751-kirkhbulakh", "name": "Kirkhbulakh", "label": "Kirkhbulakh", "year": 1751, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July 1751", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Azad Khan Afghan", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Kirkhbulakh, near Yerevan, Armenia", "lat": 40.07, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Azad Khan (Azerbaijan)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Azad Khan (Azerbaijan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Heraclius II (Erekle II)", "commanders_b": "Azad Khan Afghan; Mohammad Khan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Azad Khan's army of Azerbaijan: a core of Afghan (Ghilzai) cavalry with the Kurdish and Turkic chiefs of Azerbaijan allied to him.", "languages": [ "Pashto", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Azad Khan's core was Ghilzai Afghan cavalry (Pashto, an Iranian language) with Turkic and Kurdish allies; the force at Kirkhbulakh is not broken down.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a small army", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many killed and captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Georgians routed Azad Khan's army and pursued it for about 30 km, and the siege of Erivan was lifted.", "borderline": "Azad Khan was an Iran-seated warlord (Azerbaijan, Urmia and Tabriz) rather than a dynasty", "doubt": "Borderline: Azad Khan was an Iran-seated warlord (Azerbaijan, Urmia and Tabriz) rather than a dynasty.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kirkhbulakh; Azad Khan Afghan", "note": "Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti under Erekle II. The Khan of Erivan then paid tribute to the Georgian kings.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Azad Khan (Azerbaijan): an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1418, "key": "1752-kermanshah-siege-1752-53", "name": "Kermanshah (siege, 1752-53)", "label": "Kermanshah (siege, 1752-53)", "year": 1752, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1752 to May or June 1753", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "Kermanshah, Iran", "lat": 34.31, "lon": 47.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Garrison of Kermanshah for Ali Mardan Khan and the pretender Soltan Hoseyn II" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Garrison of Kermanshah for Ali Mardan Khan and the pretender Soltan Hoseyn II", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand, Mohammad Khan Zand, Sadeq Khan Zand, Shaykh Ali Khan Zand, Najaf Qoli Khan", "commanders_b": "Abd ol-Ali Khan Mishmast, Mirza Mohammad Taqi Golestaneh; relief under Ali Mardan Khan and Esma'il Khan Feyli", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Zand regulars with mortars and Kalhor and Zangana Kurdish tribesmen under Najaf Qoli Khan, against a garrison of Afsharid-era troops supported by Haft Lang Bakhtiari and Feyli Lurs.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Kalhor and Zangana Kurds fought for Karim Khan; the garrison's allies were Bakhtiari and Feyli Lurs.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "18,000-19,000 with 8 mortars (1752); over 42,000 (1753)", "strength_b": "over 6,000 with 4 mortars", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the whole garrison surrendered; the relief force was destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison surrendered in 1753 when Ali Mardan's promised relief failed to break through.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kermanshah; Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "note": "A Zand attempt under Mohammad Khan to intercept Ali Mardan's relief force in spring 1752 was repelled with heavy losses.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1419, "key": "n1419", "name": "Lahore (1752)", "label": "Lahore", "year": 1752, "month": 3, "day": 6, "date": "6 March 1752", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's third invasion of India (1751-1752)", "theatre": "", "place": "Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 31.558, "lon": 74.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal governorate of Lahore" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Jahan Khan Popalzai", "commanders_b": "Mu'in al-Mulk (Mir Mannu)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mir Mannu was defeated outside Lahore, surrendered and was kept as Ahmad Shah's governor; Lahore was plundered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Ahmad Shah, after a siege-like blockade of Lahore from late 1751, defeated Mir Mannu's army and secured the Punjab by treaty; Kashmir was then annexed without a battle.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah Abdali, a Pashtun, led the Durrani and Ghilzai army (Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1420, "key": "1752-nahavand-1752", "name": "Nahavand (1752)", "label": "Nahavand (1752)", "year": 1752, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "spring or early summer 1752", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "near Nahavand, Iran", "lat": 34.19, "lon": 48.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, with Al-Kathir Arabs and Lurs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, with Al-Kathir Arabs and Lurs", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Ali Mardan Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Karim Khan's Zand, Lak, Lur and Kurdish tribesmen against Ali Mardan's Bakhtiari with Khuzestani Arab (Al-Kathir) and Lur support.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both armies were mainly Lur, Bakhtiari and Kurdish tribesmen; Ali Mardan had Arab allies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Karim Khan defeated Ali Mardan, who fled west into Ottoman territory towards Baghdad.", "borderline": "no article; described as a battle in the campaign article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; described as a battle in the campaign article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1421, "key": "1752-astarabad-siege-1752", "name": "Astarabad (siege, 1752)", "label": "Astarabad (siege, 1752)", "year": 1752, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "summer to winter 1752", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand-Qajar wars", "theatre": "Gorgan and Mazandaran", "place": "Astarabad (Gorgan), Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Karim Khan Zand, with Ismail III" ], "allies_a": [ "Turkmens" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Karim Khan Zand, with Ismail III", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, Mohammad Mirza", "commanders_b": "Karim Khan Zand, Musa Khan Afshar, Zakariya Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Mohammad Hasan's Qajar tribesmen and Yomut Turkmen (about 35,000, 'mainly Turkmen') against Karim Khan's Zand, Lur and Kurdish army with siege artillery (about 45,000).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Qajar and Yomut Turkmen (Turkic); the Zand besiegers were mainly Lak, Lur and Kurdish tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 35,000", "strength_b": "about 45,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "12,000 killed and 15,000 (or 16,000) captured (as given)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Zands failed to take Astarabad and retreated with heavy losses; the puppet Ismail III fell into Qajar hands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Astarabad; Zand campaigns in Western Iran; Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "note": "The Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar article dates the Zand failure at Astarabad to 1751.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Karim Khan Zand's army of Lak, Lur and Kurdish tribesmen besieged Astarabad.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1422, "key": "1753-pari-1753", "name": "Pari (1753)", "label": "Pari (1753)", "year": 1753, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1753", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand campaigns against Azad Khan", "theatre": "Western Iran", "place": "near the fortress of Pari, by Malayer, Iran", "lat": 34.3, "lon": 48.82, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Azad Khan Afghan" ], "side_b": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Azad Khan (Azerbaijan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Azad Khan Afghan", "faction_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Azad Khan Afghan", "commanders_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Azad Khan's Afghan cavalry with Kurdish and Turkic allies of Azerbaijan, against Karim Khan's Zand and Lur tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Pashto", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Azad's Ghilzai core spoke Pashto and the Zand army was mainly Lak, Lur and Kurdish; Turkic allies were a minority on each side as far as known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Azad Khan turned on the pursuing Zand army, inflicted a heavy defeat and took Karim Khan's fortress of Pari.", "borderline": "no article and no conventional name; named here after the fortress taken", "doubt": "Borderline: no article and no conventional name; named here after the fortress taken.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Azad Khan Afghan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1423, "key": "1753-qomsheh-1753", "name": "Qomsheh (1753)", "label": "Qomsheh (1753)", "year": 1753, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1753 (some accounts 1754)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand campaigns against Azad Khan", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Qomsheh (Shahreza), Iran", "lat": 32.01, "lon": 51.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Azad Khan Afghan, with Fath-Ali Khan Afshar" ], "side_b": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Azad Khan (Azerbaijan)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Azad Khan Afghan, with Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "faction_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar (for Azad Khan)", "commanders_b": "Karim Khan Zand, Eskandar Khan Zand (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Azad Khan's Afghans and Fath-Ali Khan's Afshar Turks against the Zand tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fath-Ali Khan's Afshars were Turkic; Azad's Afghans and the Zands spoke Iranian languages.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Eskandar Khan killed)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Zands withdrew after Karim Khan's half-brother Eskandar Khan was killed, and Azad's forces went on to take Shiraz.", "borderline": "no article; described in the biographies", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; described in the biographies.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fath-Ali Khan Afshar; Azad Khan Afghan", "note": "The Fath-Ali Khan Afshar article dates the attack to 1753, the Azad Khan article to 1754.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1424, "key": "n1424", "name": "Delhi (siege, 1753)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1753, "month": 11, "day": 7, "date": "26 March to 7 November 1753 (major assault on the walls failed on 5 June)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Safdar Jang's rebellion (the Plunder of Old Delhi, 1753)", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi, India", "lat": 28.6139, "lon": 77.209, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Safdar Jang" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal court" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rohillas", "Marathas" ], "persian_state": "Safdar Jang v Mughal court", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Safdar Jang", "faction_b": "Mughal court", "commanders_a": "Safdar Jang; Rajendra Gossain (killed); Suraj Mal", "commanders_b": "Intizam-ud-Daulah (wazir); Imad-ul-Mulk (mir bakhshi); Najib Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Safdar Jang's assault failed, his men defected, and on 7 November he was pushed back to Ballabgarh and made peace.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Plunder of Old Delhi (Safdarjung's rebellion) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunder_of_Old_Delhi); Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 1; Irvine, Later Mughals", "note": "A months-long investment with skirmishes rather than one battle. Najib Khan is a Rohilla (Pashtun). Safdar Jang's Persian/Qara Qoyunlu question applies as above.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1425, "key": "1754-tabas-1754", "name": "Tabas (1754)", "label": "Tabas (1754)", "year": 1754, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "summer 1754", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Tabas, Iran", "lat": 33.6, "lon": 56.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Tabas (local rulers)" ], "allies_a": [ "Kalat" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sardar Jahan Khan, Nasir Khan of Kalat", "commanders_b": "Ali Murad Khan, governor of Tabas (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The levies of the governor of Tabas; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The sources used do not describe the Tabas force.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Ali Murad Khan killed)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian army was routed and its commander killed; Tabas and Tun were then taken.", "borderline": "no article; a local governor nominally under the Afsharids", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; a local governor nominally under the Afsharids.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "note": "Kalat (Baloch) fought as Ahmad Shah's vassal, recorded as 'Kalat' (a new short name).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Durrani Afghan army of Sardar Jahan Khan took Tabas from its governor.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1426, "key": "1754-mashhad-siege-1754", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1754)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1754)", "year": 1754, "month": 7, "day": 23, "date": "23 July to 1 December 1754", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Afsharids", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Shahrokh Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shahrokh's garrison and the townsmen of Mashhad; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Turkic, Kurdish and Persian-speaking supporters of Shahrokh's regime.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shahrokh surrendered the city on 1 December after a four-month siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "note": "Ahmad Shah's name was read in the Friday sermon on 4 December; Shahrokh was reinstated as a protected ruler on 9 May 1755.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1427, "key": "1754-kamarej", "name": "Kamarej", "label": "Kamarej", "year": 1754, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "late November 1754", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand campaigns against Azad Khan", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Kamarej pass, near Kazerun, Iran", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 51.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Azad Khan Afghan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Azad Khan Afghan (Fath-Ali Khan Afshar in the field)", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand, Mirza Ali Beg Khurmuji, Ra'is Ahmad Shah Tangestani", "commanders_b": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Karim Khan's Zand troops, Kazerun townsmen and Dashtestan levies, reinforced by about 4,000 Tangestani and Khesht musketeers; against Azad Khan's main army of Afghans and Afshars under Fath-Ali Khan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Zand side was Zand tribesmen with Persian-speaking townsmen and musketeers of southern Fars; the losers included Turkic Afshars and Afghans.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "6,000-8,000, with about 4,000 musketeers", "strength_b": "about 12,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fath-Ali Khan's army was ambushed in the pass, lost heavily and fled, and Azad's forces left Kazerun and then Fars.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kamarej; Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "note": "The turning point of Karim Khan's war with Azad Khan; Karim then retook Shiraz.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1428, "key": "1755-sabzevar-1755", "name": "Sabzevar (1755)", "label": "Sabzevar (1755)", "year": 1755, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1755", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Sabzevar, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 57.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars of Astarabad" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars of Astarabad v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars of Astarabad", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "an Abdali regiment (Shah Pasand Khan's force, as probably meant)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mohammad Hasan Khan's Qajar tribesmen and Yomut Turkmen allies with Mazandarani levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mohammad Hasan's field army was mainly Qajar and Turkmen horse; Mazandarani musketeers were a smaller part.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mohammad Hasan Khan is said to have defeated the Abdali regiment.", "borderline": "poorly documented; the Durrani campaign article reports only an unconfirmed defeat of Shah Pasand Khan by the Qajars", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented; the Durrani campaign article reports only an unconfirmed defeat of Shah Pasand Khan by the Qajars.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar; Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "note": "The Durrani article also says Ahmad Shah defeated the Qajars after Nishapur, without place or date.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars of Astarabad: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1429, "key": "1755-nishapur-siege-1755", "name": "Nishapur (siege, 1755)", "label": "Nishapur (siege, 1755)", "year": 1755, "month": 6, "day": 17, "date": "17 June 1755 (about one week)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Nishapur, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 58.8, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Qara Bayat (Nishapur)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Qara Bayat (Nishapur)", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Qara Bayat (Nishapur)", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Abbas Qoli Khan Bayat and the elders of Nishapur", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen of Nishapur under the Bayat amirs.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defence was by the citizens of a Persian-speaking city who rose after the Bayat khan had first submitted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; the city was sacked", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bombarded with a great Armenian-cast cannon, the elders opened the gates after about a week and the city was plundered and largely razed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-1755)", "note": "The city had revolted on a rumour that Shah Pasand Khan had been beaten by the Qajars.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qara Bayat (Nishapur): an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1430, "key": "1756-gulnabad-1756", "name": "Gulnabad (1756)", "label": "Gulnabad (1756)", "year": 1756, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1756", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar wars", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Gulnabad (Jilanabad), east of Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.6, "lon": 52.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars of Astarabad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Qajar and Turkmen cavalry with Mazandarani musketeers, against Zand, Lur and Kurdish tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual composition of the two armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mohammad Hasan defeated Karim Khan's forces and went on to occupy Isfahan.", "borderline": "no article; listed among Mohammad Hasan's battles", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; listed among Mohammad Hasan's battles.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1431, "key": "1756-kazzaz", "name": "Kazzaz", "label": "Kazzaz", "year": 1756, "month": 3, "day": 27, "date": "27 March 1756", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar wars", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Sanjan, near Kazzaz, northwest of Isfahan (near Arak), Iran", "lat": 34.05, "lon": 49.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars of Astarabad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Shaykh Ali Khan Zand, Mohammad Khan Zand (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mohammad Hasan's veteran Qajar army with musketeers levied in Astarabad, against a weakened Zand force whose Arab musketeers had mutinied.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Qajar army was Turkic tribal horse with Astarabad musketeers; the Zand force was Lak, Lur and Kurdish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "much larger", "strength_b": "heavily outnumbered", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Mohammad Khan Zand and four officers captured)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The outnumbered Zand force was broken; Mohammad Khan Zand was captured and Shaykh Ali Khan escaped with fifteen men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kazzaz", "note": "Karim Khan abandoned Isfahan for Shiraz.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1432, "key": "n1432", "name": "Delhi (occupation and sack, 1757)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1757, "month": 1, "day": 28, "date": "late January 1757 (Ahmad Shah entered Delhi about 28 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's fourth invasion of India (1756-1757)", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi, India", "lat": 28.656, "lon": 77.241, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Jahan Khan Popalzai; Najib ad-Dawla (Rohilla)", "commanders_b": "Alamgir II; Imad al-Mulk", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mughal court submitted, Delhi was occupied and sacked for weeks, and Alamgir II was left on the throne as a vassal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34); Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959)", "note": "Little organised fighting: included because the capture and sack of Delhi is a named event of the invasion. Najib ad-Dawla, a Yusufzai Rohilla, had invited Ahmad Shah and was made his agent in Delhi.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) led the Afghan army, with Najib ad-Dawla's Rohilla Pashtuns.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1433, "key": "n1433", "name": "Narela", "label": "Narela", "year": 1757, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "early January 1757 (before 17 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's fourth invasion of India (1756-1757)", "theatre": "", "place": "Narela, north of Delhi, India", "lat": 28.85, "lon": 77.09, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Marathas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Antaji Mankeshwar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghan vanguard drove back about 3,400 Marathas of Antaji Mankeshwar, who withdrew and left Delhi open.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "A skirmish-sized action on the road into Delhi, known mainly from Sarkar and the Maratha letters; the date and numbers rest on a single summary of Wikipedia's account.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah's army was Afghan (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1434, "key": "n1434", "name": "Chaumuhan", "label": "Chaumuhan", "year": 1757, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "about 28 February 1757 (the day before the sack of Mathura)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's fourth invasion of India (1756-1757)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chaumuhan (Chaumuha), near Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.65, "lon": 77.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani (directing the army)", "commanders_b": "Jawahar Singh; Suraj Mal (ruler of Bharatpur)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Jats resisted at Chaumuhan with heavy losses on both sides (10,000-12,000 combined), after which the Afghans went on to sack Mathura.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "The outcome is not stated outright in the sources I could check; A is inferred from the Afghan advance to Mathura next day.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Afghan column was drawn from Ahmad Shah's Durrani army (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1435, "key": "n1435", "name": "Agra (siege, 1757)", "label": "Agra", "year": 1757, "month": 3, "day": 21, "date": "21-24 March 1757", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's fourth invasion of India (1756-1757)", "theatre": "", "place": "Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.18, "lon": 78.02, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Agra Fort garrison and townspeople" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani (directing the army)", "commanders_b": "Mirza Saifullah", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghans plundered the town but could not take Agra Fort, and cholera in their camp forced the withdrawal to Afghanistan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Limit of the 1757 advance; over 2,000 townspeople were killed.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The besiegers were Ahmad Shah's Afghan army (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1436, "key": "n1436", "name": "Ballabhgarh", "label": "Ballabhgarh", "year": 1757, "month": 3, "day": 4, "date": "about 4 March 1757", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's fourth invasion of India (1756-1757)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ballabhgarh, Haryana, India", "lat": 28.34, "lon": 77.32, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani (directing the army)", "commanders_b": "Jawahar Singh; Balram Singh (Jat chief of Ballabhgarh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghans seized Ballabhgarh on about 4 March and Jawahar Singh withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Ahmad Shah's Afghans cleared the Jat forts south of Delhi on the way to Mathura and Agra.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The attackers were Ahmad Shah's Durrani army (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1437, "key": "n1437", "name": "Gokul", "label": "Gokul", "year": 1757, "month": 3, "day": 16, "date": "16 March 1757", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ahmad Shah Durrani's fourth invasion of India (1756-1757)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gokul, near Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.444, "lon": 77.717, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Naga sadhus of Gokul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani (directing the army)", "commanders_b": "Naga sadhu leaders (not named in the sources checked)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "About 2,000 died on both sides and the Afghans withdrew without sacking Gokul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "A rare check to the Afghan advance, remembered chiefly in Hindu tradition; the fighting itself is also noted by Sarkar.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The attackers were Ahmad Shah's Afghan troops (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1438, "key": "1757-urmia-1757", "name": "Urmia (1757)", "label": "Urmia (1757)", "year": 1757, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1757", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Wars of Azad Khan Afghan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Urmia, Iran", "lat": 37.55, "lon": 45.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Azad Khan Afghan, with Fath-Ali Khan Afshar of Urmia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Azad Khan Afghan, with Fath-Ali Khan Afshar of Urmia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Azad Khan Afghan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mohammad Hasan's Qajar army against Azad Khan's Afghans and the Afshars of Urmia.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Pashto", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were led by Turkic tribal forces, with Azad's Afghan core the main Iranian-speaking element.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Azad Khan fled to Ottoman territory and Urmia and Tabriz passed to the Qajars.", "borderline": "the infobox of the Mohammad Hasan article lists a 'Battle of Urmiya', but its text and the Fath-Ali Khan Afshar article say Urmia surrendered without a fight", "doubt": "Borderline: the infobox of the Mohammad Hasan article lists a 'Battle of Urmiya', but its text and the Fath-Ali Khan Afshar article say Urmia surrendered without a fight.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar; Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Azad Khan Afghan's Pashtun army, with the Afshars of Urmia, fought Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar's army.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1439, "key": "n1439", "name": "Delhi (Maratha siege of Najib ad-Dawla, 1757)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1757, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August-September 1757 (Marathas entered about 11 August; Najib left Delhi in September)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Maratha-Rohilla conflict in Delhi, 1757", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi, India", "lat": 28.656, "lon": 77.241, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Najib ad-Dawla and the Rohilla garrison of Delhi" ], "allies_a": [ "Imad al-Mulk" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Najib ad-Dawla and the Rohilla garrison of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Raghunathrao; Malharrao Holkar", "commanders_b": "Najib ad-Dawla", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Marathas, with Imad al-Mulk, invested Najib in Delhi and forced him to give up the capital's government and retire to his jagir.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Najib ad-Dawla (Yusufzai Rohilla), left as Ahmad Shah's agent in Delhi, was dislodged by Raghunathrao's Marathas; the fighting was brief and the date within 1757 is not fixed.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Najib ad-Dawla, a Pashtun (Yusufzai) Rohilla chief, led the defence (Sarkar).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1440, "key": "n1440", "name": "Amritsar (Gohalwar, 1757)", "label": "Amritsar", "year": 1757, "month": 11, "day": 13, "date": "11-13 November 1757 (Diwali; Baba Deep Singh killed 13 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Durrani occupation of the Punjab", "theatre": "", "place": "Gohalwar and Amritsar, Punjab, India", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 74.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sikh Misls" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jahan Khan Popalzai; Prince Timur Shah", "commanders_b": "Baba Deep Singh (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Baba Deep Singh's Sikhs were beaten near Gohalwar on the way to Amritsar and he was killed; the Afghans desecrated the Harmandir Sahib.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959)", "note": "Prince Timur Shah, Ahmad Shah's son and viceroy at Lahore, and the general Jahan Khan commanded; Sikh accounts hold that Baba Deep Singh fought on after being wounded.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Jahan Khan Popalzai and Timur Shah, Pashtun Durranis, commanded an Afghan army (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1441, "key": "n1441", "name": "Kalat (siege, 1758)", "label": "Kalat", "year": 1758, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1758 (a siege of 40 days)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani-Kalat war (1758)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kalat, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.03, "lon": 66.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Khanate of Kalat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire v Khanate of Kalat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Durrani Empire", "faction_b": "Khanate of Kalat", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Nasir Khan I of Kalat", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege of about forty days failed and a treaty confirmed Nasir Khan as governor under Durrani suzerainty.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Axworthy / Noelle-Karimi on Kalat (not consulted in full)", "note": "Ended with a treaty rather than a storm, and Nasir Khan later served Ahmad Shah with a Baloch-Brahui contingent.", "peoples": [ "Baloch", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) led the besiegers while the defenders included Baloch levies (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1442, "key": "n1442", "name": "Mastung (1758)", "label": "Mastung", "year": 1758, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1758", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani-Kalat war (1758)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mastung, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.8, "lon": 66.84, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Khanate of Kalat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire v Khanate of Kalat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Durrani Empire", "faction_b": "Khanate of Kalat", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Shah Wali Khan", "commanders_b": "Nasir Khan I of Kalat", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nasir Khan's forces were defeated at Mastung, after which he withdrew to Kalat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani; Axworthy / Noelle-Karimi on Kalat (not consulted in full)", "note": "Follows Shah Wali Khan's defeat at Pringuez; Nasir Khan's army was mostly Brahui with Baloch tribal levies, so the Baloch share is a guess.", "peoples": [ "Baloch", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) led the Durrani army, while Kalat's army included Baloch levies (Wikipedia 'Ahmad Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1443, "key": "n1443", "name": "Sirhind (siege, 1758)", "label": "Sirhind", "year": 1758, "month": 3, "day": 8, "date": "8-21 March 1758", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sirhind, Punjab, India", "lat": 30.643, "lon": 76.382, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Sikh Dal Khalsa", "Adina Beg Khan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Raghunathrao; Malharrao Holkar", "commanders_b": "Abdus Samad Khan (governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After about two weeks the garrison of some 15,000 Afghans surrendered and the town was sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Dal Khalsa Sikhs under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Ala Singh and Adina Beg Khan fought alongside the Marathas.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison was an Afghan force of about 15,000 (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Maratha War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1444, "key": "n1444", "name": "Attock (1758)", "label": "Attock", "year": 1758, "month": 4, "day": 28, "date": "28 April 1758", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Attock fort on the Indus, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 33.893, "lon": 72.243, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Raghunathrao (overall); Mahadji Shinde; Tukoji (Holkar/Shinde; Wikipedia's infobox says Scindia)", "commanders_b": "Karim Shah; Wazirullah Khan (named in Wikipedia's infobox; their roles are not explained)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Marathas took Attock and raised their flag over the fort, the farthest point of their advance up the Indus.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Attock_(1758); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "The Durrani garrisons of the Punjab were pushed out in 1758 by Raghunathrao's army with Sikh help; the garrison was Afghan, but I did not find a source naming its commanders' tribes.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defenders were Ahmad Shah Durrani's Afghan garrison (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Maratha War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1445, "key": "n1445", "name": "Peshawar (1758)", "label": "Peshawar", "year": 1758, "month": 5, "day": 8, "date": "8 May 1758", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.015, "lon": 71.525, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Sikh Dal Khalsa contingents" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tukoji Holkar; Sabaji Shinde", "commanders_b": "Durrani garrison commander (not identified in the sources checked)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Marathas defeated the Durrani force and took Peshawar, the farthest Maratha conquest.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Attock_(1758); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Sabaji Shinde held Peshawar until Ahmad Shah's general Jahan Khan retook the fort in 1759. The Maratha commanders' names are from memory of Sarkar, not checked here.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison was Ahmad Shah's Afghan force (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Maratha War').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1446, "key": "1758-shiraz-siege-1758", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1758)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1758)", "year": 1758, "month": 5, "day": 11, "date": "11 May to 4 July 1758", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand-Qajar wars", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, with Fath-Ali Khan Afshar and Nasir Khan Lari" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, with Fath-Ali Khan Afshar and Nasir Khan Lari", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand, Shaykh Ali Khan Zand, Nadr Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, Ebrahim Khan Boghayeri, Fath-Ali Khan Afshar, Abu'l-Qasem Khan (captured), Nasir Khan Lari", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 10,000 Zand defenders behind fortified ramparts, against at least 27,000 Qajar troops of many peoples (many of them defectors from Azad Khan's army: Afghans, Uzbeks, Azeri Turks) with the Afshar contingent of Urmia.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Zand garrison was Lak, Lur and Kurdish with Shirazi townsmen; the Qajar army was mostly Turkic with Afghan and Uzbek defectors.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "at least 27,000", "losses_a": "negligible", "losses_b": "very heavy (as given)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Qajars failed to take Shiraz and withdrew after Uzbek and Afghan defectors raided their camp on the night of 3 July.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Shiraz (1758); Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1447, "key": "1759-astarabad-1759", "name": "Astarabad (1759)", "label": "Astarabad (1759)", "year": 1759, "month": 2, "day": 14, "date": "14 February 1759", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar wars", "theatre": "Gorgan and Mazandaran", "place": "outside Astarabad (Gorgan), Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "commanders_a": "Shaykh Ali Khan Zand, Hoseyn Khan Develu", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (killed), Agha Mohammad Khan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A larger Zand army under Shaykh Ali Khan with Develu Qajar and Kurdish defectors, against a smaller Qajar army of 'fickle Kurdish and Turkic tribesmen'.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Qajar army is described as Kurdish and Turkic tribesmen; the Zand army was mainly Lak, Lur and Kurdish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "larger", "strength_b": "smaller", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Mohammad Hasan killed, Agha Mohammad captured)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Qajar army broke and Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed in flight; Astarabad passed to the Zands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Astarabad (1759); Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar", "note": "Also called the battle of Ashraf. The Mohammad Hasan article dates his death to 13 February.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1448, "key": "n1448", "name": "Barari Ghat", "label": "Barari Ghat", "year": 1760, "month": 1, "day": 10, "date": "9-10 January 1760 (sources vary by a day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Barari (Burari) Ghat on the Yamuna, north of Delhi, India", "lat": 28.73, "lon": 77.23, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire", "Rohillas" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire & Rohillas", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dattaji Shinde (killed); Jankoji Shinde", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Najib ad-Dawla; Qutb Shah (Rohilla religious leader)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Dattaji Shinde was killed on the Yamuna bank and his army fell back, ending Maratha control of the Doab north of Delhi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Dattaji was ambushed (some accounts say struck down when he rode forward to meet Qutb Shah); Ahmad Shah's Afghans and Najib's Rohillas were present.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) and Najib ad-Dawla's Rohilla Pashtuns fought the Marathas (Sarkar).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1449, "key": "n1449", "name": "Sikandarabad (1760)", "label": "Sikandarabad", "year": 1760, "month": 3, "day": 4, "date": "4 March 1760", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Sikandarabad, Bulandshahr district, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 28.45, "lon": 77.69, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire", "Rohillas" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "allies_a": [ "Awadh" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire & Rohillas", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Jahan Khan Popalzai; Najib ad-Dawla", "commanders_b": "Malharrao Holkar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ahmad Shah's vanguard caught and destroyed the Maratha advance guard and Holkar retreated toward Agra.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sikandarabad; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Najib ad-Dawla advised the Afghans to prepare for a fresh Maratha army from the Deccan, which Holkar's defeat preceded.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) and Jahan Khan led the Durrani army, with Najib's Rohillas (Wikipedia 'Battle of Sikandrabad').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1450, "key": "1760-tabriz-siege-1760", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1760)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1760)", "year": 1760, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring 1760", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand campaigns in Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar" ], "side_b": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afshars of Urmia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar (Urmia)", "faction_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "commanders_b": "Karim Khan Zand", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Fath-Ali Khan's Afshar and Shahsevan Turkic tribesmen and the townsmen of Tabriz, against Karim Khan's Zand, Lur and Kurdish army.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of the two armies: Turkic Afshars and Shahsevan against Lak, Lur and Kurdish Zands.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Karim Khan could not take Tabriz, which Fath-Ali Khan defended, and withdrew to Tehran.", "borderline": "no article; Karim Khan briefly occupied Maragheh before the failure at Tabriz", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; Karim Khan briefly occupied Maragheh before the failure at Tabriz.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1451, "key": "n1451", "name": "Delhi (Maratha capture, 1760)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1760, "month": 7, "day": 22, "date": "22-23 July 1760 (the fort besieged until a negotiated surrender in early August)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi and the Red Fort, India", "lat": 28.656, "lon": 77.241, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy", "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sadashivrao Bhau; Malharrao Holkar; Jankoji Shinde; Balwantrao Mehendale", "commanders_b": "Yakub Ali Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Marathas took the city; the Afghan garrison held the fort for a few days, then left safely with its property under a negotiated settlement and Naro Shankar became subahdar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi_(1760); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War", "note": "About 100 Maratha soldiers who entered the fort were killed by the Afghan guards before the siege and bombardment began.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The fort was held by Yakub Ali Khan's Afghan troops of Ahmad Shah's army (Wikipedia 'Capture of Delhi (1760)').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1452, "key": "n1452", "name": "Kunjpura", "label": "Kunjpura", "year": 1760, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "17 October 1760", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kunjpura, Karnal district, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.72, "lon": 77.0, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sadashivrao Bhau; Ibrahim Khan Gardi; Mahadji Shinde; Jankoji Shinde; Malharrao Holkar", "commanders_b": "Najabat Khan (died of wounds); Abdus Samad Khan (governor of Sirhind, killed); Mian Qutb Shah (wounded, later executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Marathas encircled the fort overnight, bombarded it, and stormed in when the garrison forced a gate; the Afghan commanders were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunjpura; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "About 10,000 Afghans inside and 5,000 outside under Abdus Samad Khan and Qutb Shah; the Marathas took a very large booty. Ahmad Shah crossed the Yamuna in revenge, which led to Panipat.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The garrison is described as Afghans and Rohillas (Wikipedia 'Battle of Kunjpura').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1453, "key": "n1453", "name": "Samalkha", "label": "Samalkha", "year": 1760, "month": 10, "day": 26, "date": "26 October 1760 (afternoon)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "Samalkha, Panipat district, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.23, "lon": 77.02, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Govind Pant Bundela", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghans lost about 1,000 men and the Marathas over 2,000 and retreated slowly for days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samalkha_(1760); Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "A cavalry action in the manoeuvres before Panipat; Ahmad Shah took part in person.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah Durrani (Pashtun) commanded the Afghan army (Wikipedia 'Battle of Samalkha (1760)').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1454, "key": "n1454", "name": "Meerut (1760)", "label": "Meerut", "year": 1760, "month": 12, "day": 17, "date": "17 December 1760", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Maratha War (1757-1761)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 28.98, "lon": 77.71, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Atai Khan", "commanders_b": "Govind Pant Bundela (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Atai Khan's 14,000 Afghans destroyed Govind Pant's foragers and killed him, cutting the Maratha supplies from the Doab.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meerut_(1760); Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "The destruction of Govind Pant's force (Wikipedia gives about 12,000 horse on the Maratha side) left Bhau short of supplies and led to Panipat. The summary I checked calls the attackers only 'Afghans'; Atai Khan was a nephew of the Durrani wazir Shah Wali Khan (Sarkar, from memory).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The attackers were a 14,000-strong Afghan contingent of Ahmad Shah's army under Atai Khan (Wikipedia 'Battle of Meerut (1760)').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1455, "key": "1761-shusha-siege-1761", "name": "Shusha (siege, 1761)", "label": "Shusha (siege, 1761)", "year": 1761, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring or summer 1761", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Wars of Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "theatre": "Karabakh", "place": "Shusha, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.76, "lon": 46.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Afshars of Urmia" ], "side_b": [ "Caucasian khanates" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afshars of Urmia", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "commanders_b": "Panah Ali Khan of Karabakh", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Caucasian khanates", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Fath-Ali Khan's Afshar and allied Turkic and Kurdish tribal forces of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Fath-Ali Khan's confederation was mainly Turkic (Afshar, Shahsevan) with Donboli Kurds.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended by agreement while Shusha was still invested: Panah Ali Khan gave his son Ibrahim Khalil Khan as a hostage and Fath-Ali Khan withdrew.", "borderline": "no article; the Karabakh khanate was outside present-day Iran", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the Karabakh khanate was outside present-day Iran.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fath-Ali Khan Afshar", "note": "Karabakh Khanate (Panah Ali Khan Javanshir).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afshars of Urmia: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1456, "key": "n1456", "name": "Third Battle of Panipat", "label": "Third Battle of Panipat", "year": 1761, "month": 1, "day": 14, "date": "14 January 1761", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Maratha-Durrani war (the Panipat campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panipat, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.3909, "lon": 76.9635, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Maratha Empire" ], "allies_a": [ "Rohillas", "Awadh" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Shuja-ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh); Najib ad-Dawlah; Hafiz Rahmat Khan", "commanders_b": "Sadashivrao Bhau; Vishwasrao; Ibrahim Khan Gardi; Malharrao Holkar; Jankoji Scindia", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Durrani coalition destroyed the Maratha army; Vishwasrao and Bhau were killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shuja-ud-Daula (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula); Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 2; Kashi Raj Pandit, Account of the Battle of Panipat", "note": "Counted for the Awadh army under Shuja-ud-Daula, a Persian by descent (Nishapuri Sayyid house; also a claimed Qara Qoyunlu descent, see Ram Chatauni). the Persian share is a named allied army, not a fifth proved.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1457, "key": "n1457", "name": "Gujranwala (1761)", "label": "Gujranwala", "year": 1761, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September-October 1761", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Sikh rising after Panipat", "theatre": "", "place": "Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.16, "lon": 74.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Dal Khalsa" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Charat Singh Sukerchakia; Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (named in Sikh tradition)", "commanders_b": "Khwaja Ubaid Khan (Afghan governor of Lahore)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Durrani governor of Lahore was defeated by the Sikhs near Gujranwala and fell back to Lahore, which the Sikhs then held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959)", "note": "The first big Sikh victory after Panipat; Wikipedia's Afghan-Sikh Wars article names a Gujranwala fight in September 1761 and another in 1762 against Jahan Khan, and I have kept only the first. The commanders are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Durrani army of the Lahore governor was Afghan (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1458, "key": "n1458", "name": "Kup (Vadda Ghallughara)", "label": "Kup (Vadda Ghallughara)", "year": 1762, "month": 2, "day": 5, "date": "5 February 1762", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Ahmad Shah's sixth invasion", "theatre": "", "place": "Kup (Kup-Rahira), near Malerkotla, Punjab, India", "lat": 30.6, "lon": 75.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Dal Khalsa" ], "allies_a": [ "Malerkotla", "Sirhind" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Shah Wali Khan; Jahan Khan Popalzai", "commanders_b": "Jassa Singh Ahluwalia; Charat Singh; Ala Singh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ahmad Shah's cavalry caught the Sikh families and warriors on the march and killed between 10,000 and 30,000 of them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani", "note": "The Great Holocaust of Sikh memory: a surprise attack, not a pitched battle; the Sikhs regrouped within months. The Pashtun nawabs of Malerkotla and the faujdar of Sirhind joined the Afghans.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) led the Afghan army, with the Pashtun Nawab of Malerkotla (Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1459, "key": "1762-qara-chaman", "name": "Qara Chaman", "label": "Qara Chaman", "year": 1762, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June or July 1762", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand campaigns in Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Qara Chaman (Qareh Chaman), about 80 km southeast of Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 37.65, "lon": 47.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar of Urmia, with Donboli Kurds and Karabakh troops" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Caucasian khanates" ], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar of Urmia, with Donboli Kurds and Karabakh troops", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand, Shaykh Ali Khan Zand, Lotf Ali Khan (artillery), Ebrahim Boghayeri, Rafi' Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar, Najaf Qoli Khan (captured), Amir Guna Khan Afshar, Shahbaz Khan Donboli (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Karim Khan's army with artillery in front and musketeers on the flanks, 300 gholams, Kurdish (Amarlu) and Shamlu and Shahsevan tribesmen and Georgian gunners; against Fath-Ali Khan's 35,000 Afshars and Shahsevan with Donboli Kurds and 1,600 Karabakh troops.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Zand army combined its Lak, Lur and Kurdish core with Turkic Shamlu and Shahsevan and Georgian gunners; the losers were mostly Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "35,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "baggage train lost; many officers and men captured and executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fath-Ali Khan's baggage was overrun by a final charge of Zand gholams and he fled the field to Urmia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Qara Chaman; Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "note": "Also called Siah Chaman. Karabakh Khanate troops guarded Fath-Ali's baggage.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1460, "key": "1762-urmia-siege-1762-63", "name": "Urmia (siege, 1762-63)", "label": "Urmia (siege, 1762-63)", "year": 1762, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "summer 1762 to February 1763", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand campaigns in Azerbaijan", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Urmia, Iran", "lat": 37.55, "lon": 45.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Karim Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar of Urmia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar of Urmia", "commanders_a": "Karim Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Fath-Ali Khan Afshar (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Karim Khan's Zand, Lur and Kurdish army against the Afshar garrison of Urmia, harried by Kurdish raids during a harsh winter.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the usual make-up of the two sides.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Urmia fell to the Zands in February 1763 after a seven-month siege, and Fath-Ali Khan was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fath-Ali Khan Afshar; Zand campaigns in Western Iran", "note": "Fath-Ali Khan was executed near Isfahan in July 1764.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1461, "key": "n1461", "name": "Amritsar (Diwali, 1762)", "label": "Amritsar", "year": 1762, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "17 October 1762 (Diwali); some accounts date the attack on the Sikh gathering earlier in the autumn", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Ahmad Shah's sixth invasion", "theatre": "", "place": "Amritsar, Punjab, India", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 74.88, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Dal Khalsa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Jassa Singh Ahluwalia; Charat Singh", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ahmad Shah's attack on the Sikh gathering at Amritsar was fought off in a night action and he left the Punjab soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891)", "note": "Follows the Harmandir Sahib's destruction in April 1762; accounts of the result differ (Sikh sources claim a victory, Afghan sources a withdrawal after a successful attack), so the result is recorded as a draw.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) led the Afghan army (Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1462, "key": "n1462", "name": "Kasur (1763)", "label": "Kasur", "year": 1763, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1763 (January-February)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Sikh conquests in the Bari Doab", "theatre": "", "place": "Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 31.115, "lon": 74.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Dal Khalsa" ], "side_b": [ "Pashtun Khweshgi nawabs of Kasur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun Khweshgi nawabs of Kasur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dal Khalsa chiefs (Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Hari Singh Bhangi are named in Sikh tradition)", "commanders_b": "Usman Khan (Khweshgi, ruler of Kasur)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Dal Khalsa stormed and plundered Kasur and its Pashtun ruler fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891)", "note": "Tradition says the raid was provoked by the Kasur Pashtuns' seizure of a Brahmin's wife; the Khweshgi Pashtuns of Kasur were Ahmad Shah's supporters in the Bari Doab. The commanders' names are from tradition, not checked.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Kasur was ruled by the Pashtun Khweshgi family and defended by their followers (Latif; Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1463, "key": "n1463", "name": "Hindon (Suraj Mal's death, 1763)", "label": "Hindon", "year": 1763, "month": 12, "day": 25, "date": "25 December 1763", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Jat-Rohilla conflict at Delhi (1763-1764)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hindon river near Shahdara, Delhi, India", "lat": 28.67, "lon": 77.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "side_b": [ "Najib ad-Dawla and the Mughal imperial army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Najib ad-Dawla and the Mughal imperial army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Suraj Mal (killed)", "commanders_b": "Najib ad-Dawla; Musa Khan Baloch; Sayyid Muhammad Khan Baloch", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Suraj Mal was ambushed and killed on the Hindon and the Jat army withdrew to Bharatpur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Suraj Mal rode out with a small escort to reconnoitre and ran into a Rohilla and Baloch force; it was less a battle than a skirmish with great consequences. The Baloch commanders' names are from memory of Sarkar.", "peoples": [ "Baloch", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Najib ad-Dawla, a Yusufzai Pashtun Rohilla, led the imperial forces with Baloch commanders (Sarkar).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1464, "key": "n1464", "name": "Sirhind (1764)", "label": "Sirhind", "year": 1764, "month": 1, "day": 14, "date": "14 January 1764", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Sikh conquest of Sirhind", "theatre": "", "place": "Sirhind, Punjab, India", "lat": 30.643, "lon": 76.382, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Dal Khalsa" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jassa Singh Ahluwalia; Ala Singh; Charat Singh", "commanders_b": "Zain Khan Sirhindi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Zain Khan Sirhindi was killed and his army routed, and the Sikhs sacked Sirhind.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars", "note": "The Sikhs' revenge for the Vadda Ghallughara; Sirhind was sacked and its territory divided among the Dal Khalsa chiefs. Whether Zain Khan was himself Pashtun or an Afghan appointee is not settled in the sources I used.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Sirhind was held for Ahmad Shah by an Afghan force under Zain Khan (Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1465, "key": "n1465", "name": "Buxar", "label": "Buxar", "year": 1764, "month": 10, "day": 22, "date": "22 October 1764 (23 October in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bengal War (1756-65)", "theatre": "", "place": "Buxar, Bihar, India", "lat": 25.5645, "lon": 83.9786, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Awadh", "Mughal Empire", "Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Awadh & Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major Hector Munro", "commanders_b": "Shuja-ud-Daula; Shah Alam II; Mir Qasim; Mirza Najaf Khan (in Shah Alam's service)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Company's army routed the allied army; Shuja withdrew to Awadh and Shah Alam came to terms (Treaty of Allahabad, 1765).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shuja-ud-Daula (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula); Mir Qasim; Mirza Najaf Khan; Dalrymple, The Anarchy; Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 2", "note": "Iranian element: Shuja-ud-Daula (Persian by descent; Qara Qoyunlu claim noted at Ram Chatauni) and Mirza Najaf Khan (Safavid lineage, born in Iran). Mir Qasim's 'Najafi' Sayyid house is not securely Persian, so he is not counted.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1466, "key": "n1466", "name": "Delhi (siege, 1764-1765)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1764, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1764 to 16 February 1765", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Jat attack on Delhi (1764-1765)", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi, India", "lat": 28.656, "lon": 77.241, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "side_b": [ "Najib ad-Dawla and the Rohilla garrison of Delhi" ], "allies_a": [ "Maratha Holkar forces", "Sikh Dal Khalsa", "Naga sannyasis" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Najib ad-Dawla and the Rohilla garrison of Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Jawahar Singh; Malharrao Holkar", "commanders_b": "Najib ad-Dawla", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jawahar Singh withdrew from Delhi on 16 February 1765 after spending about two crore rupees without taking the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1764); Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34)", "note": "Jawahar Singh came to avenge his father Suraj Mal with about 65,000 Jat, Maratha and Sikh troops (Wikipedia), and Najib ad-Dawla saved Delhi by generalship, famine-bound trench defence and bribing Holkar; Najib asked Ahmad Shah for help but none came in time.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Najib ad-Dawla, a Yusufzai Pashtun Rohilla, led the Rohilla defence (Wikipedia 'Battle of Delhi (1764)').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1467, "key": "n1467", "name": "Amritsar (1764)", "label": "Amritsar", "year": 1764, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1764 (Ahmad Shah's seventh invasion; March 1765 withdrawal)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan-Sikh Wars: Ahmad Shah's seventh invasion", "theatre": "", "place": "Amritsar, Punjab, India", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 74.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Dal Khalsa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Durrani; Jahan Khan Popalzai", "commanders_b": "Jassa Singh Ahluwalia; Charat Singh; Ala Singh", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad Shah's Afghans and the Dal Khalsa fought around Amritsar without a decision and the Afghans left the Punjab in March 1765, partly through mutiny in their own ranks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan (1959); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars", "note": "Ahmad Shah's last invasion; the Sikhs avoided a pitched battle and harassed the Afghans. I have a thin source for the actual engagement and its date, hence the low confidence.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ahmad Shah (Pashtun) led the Afghan army (Ganda Singh).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1468, "key": "n1468", "name": "Kora", "label": "Kora", "year": 1765, "month": 5, "day": 3, "date": "3 May 1765 (from memory; not re-checked)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bengal War (1756-65), Awadh phase", "theatre": "", "place": "Kora (Jahanabad), Fatehpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 26.12, "lon": 80.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Awadh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Marathas" ], "persian_state": "Awadh", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brigadier-General John Carnac", "commanders_b": "Shuja-ud-Daula; Malhar Rao Holkar", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Carnac defeated Shuja's and Holkar's army, after which Shuja negotiated the Treaty of Allahabad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shuja-ud-Daula (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula); Dalrymple, The Anarchy", "note": "The Kora fighting is only lightly covered in what I fetched; the main weakness is the date and place, and the Persian-by-descent label on Shuja (Qara Qoyunlu claim).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1469, "key": "1765-kharg-1765", "name": "Kharg (1765)", "label": "Kharg (1765)", "year": 1765, "month": 12, "day": 12, "date": "12 December 1765 (dates garbled in the source)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Dutch War", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "off Kharg Island, Iran", "lat": 29.25, "lon": 50.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Bandar Rig (Mir Mahna)" ], "side_b": [ "Netherlands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bandar Rig (Mir Mahna)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Mahna (Mir Muhanna) of Bandar Rig", "commanders_b": "the Dutch East India Company officers at Kharg (Baron Kniphausen's successors)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Netherlands", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mir Mahna's dhows and fighters of Bandar Rig (Arab and Persian sailors of the Gulf coast).", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mir Mahna's followers were the Arab (Za'abi) and Persian coastal people of Bandar Rig; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "2 galliots and a cargo ship; over 40 Europeans and 18 local sailors", "losses_a": "low", "losses_b": "3 ships and their crews captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mir Mahna's men captured a Dutch cargo ship and both Dutch galliots sent to escort it, with their crews.", "borderline": "Mir Mahna was a local lord of Bandar Rig, often at war with Karim Khan; the article presents him as acting for the Zands", "doubt": "Borderline: Mir Mahna was a local lord of Bandar Rig, often at war with Karim Khan; the article presents him as acting for the Zands.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian-Dutch War", "note": "Dutch East India Company (VOC); 'Netherlands' is a new opponent name. The article's dates are garbled (1 or 22 December 1765; other accounts put the fall of Kharg on 1 January 1766).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Bandar Rig (Mir Mahna): an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1470, "key": "1765-kharg-siege-1765-66", "name": "Kharg (siege, 1765-66)", "label": "Kharg (siege, 1765-66)", "year": 1765, "month": 12, "day": 22, "date": "22 December 1765 to the turn of 1766", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian-Dutch War", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Fort Mosselstein, Kharg Island, Iran", "lat": 29.25, "lon": 50.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Bandar Rig (Mir Mahna)" ], "side_b": [ "Netherlands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bandar Rig (Mir Mahna)", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Mahna of Bandar Rig", "commanders_b": "the Dutch commander of Fort Mosselstein (not named in the source)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Netherlands", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mir Mahna's men of Bandar Rig, landed near the Armenian quarter out of range of the Dutch guns.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the naval action: the coastal Arab and Persian followers of Mir Mahna.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown ('probably 70' in the infobox, unclear)", "strength_b": "80 European soldiers and 120 local sailors", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "low; the garrison was expelled", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mir Mahna's men besieged Fort Mosselstein and took it, expelling the Dutch from Kharg.", "borderline": "as for Kharg (1765): Mir Mahna's relation to the Zand state is disputed", "doubt": "Borderline: as for Kharg (1765): Mir Mahna's relation to the Zand state is disputed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian-Dutch War", "note": "Dutch East India Company (VOC). The end of the Dutch presence in the Persian Gulf.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Bandar Rig (Mir Mahna): an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1471, "key": "1769-mashhad-siege-1769-70", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1769-70)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1769-70)", "year": 1769, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1769 to 9 June 1770", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Durrani campaign in Khorasan (1769-1770)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afsharids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Shahrokh Shah, Nasrollah Mirza", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Shahrokh's garrison, with sorties; Nasrollah Mirza raised a relief army from the Kurds at Chenaran.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Kurds of northern Khorasan supported Nasrollah; the garrison is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ahmad Shah did not storm the city (out of respect for the shrine of Imam Reza) and the siege ended in negotiations, Shahrokh submitting again while Mashhad was still invested.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani campaign in Khorasan (1769-1770)", "note": "After submitting, Shahrokh furnished troops to the Afghan army.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1472, "key": "1770-gonabad-first-1770", "name": "Gonabad (first, 1770)", "label": "Gonabad (first, 1770)", "year": 1770, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1770 (during the siege of Mashhad)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani campaign in Khorasan (1769-1770)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Gonabad, Iran", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 58.68, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afsharids" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afsharids", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Nader Mirza and Ali Mardan Khan of Tabas (reinforcements)", "commanders_b": "Rasul Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Afsharid reinforcements under Nader Mirza with the troops of Ali Mardan Khan, chief of Tabas.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Khorasani and Tabasi following of the commanders; not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghan contingent was repelled.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani campaign in Khorasan (1769-1770)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1473, "key": "1770-gonabad-second-1770", "name": "Gonabad (second, 1770)", "label": "Gonabad (second, 1770)", "year": 1770, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1770 (during the siege of Mashhad)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani campaign in Khorasan (1769-1770)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Gonabad, with the pursuit to Soltanabad, Iran", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 58.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Afsharids" ], "allies_a": [ "Kalat" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Afsharids", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Afsharids", "commanders_a": "Jahan Khan, Nasir Khan Ahmadzai of Kalat", "commanders_b": "Ali Mardan Khan of Tabas (killed), Nader Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Nader Mirza's Afsharid troops and the forces of Tabas.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the first battle of Gonabad.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Ali Mardan Khan killed)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians were defeated, Ali Mardan Khan was killed and Nader Mirza was pursued as far as Soltanabad.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Durrani campaign in Khorasan (1769-1770)", "note": "Khanate of Kalat (Baloch) as Ahmad Shah's vassal.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Afsharids: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1474, "key": "n1474", "name": "Pathargarh (siege, 1772)", "label": "Pathargarh", "year": 1772, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1772 (the Maratha invasion began at the turn of 1771-72; the fort's fall is not dated precisely here)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Maratha invasion of Rohilkhand (1772)", "theatre": "", "place": "Pathargarh fort, Najibabad, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 78.34, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Maratha Confederacy" ], "side_b": [ "Rohilla chiefs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohilla chiefs", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahadji Shinde; Tukoji Holkar; Visaji Krishna Biniwale", "commanders_b": "Zabita Khan (son of Najib ad-Dawla); Sa'adat Khan (killed); Sayyid Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Marathas stormed Pathargarh and Najibabad, Saadat Khan was killed and Zabita Khan fled to Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilla; Husain, Iqbal, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincy in 18th Century India (1994)", "note": "The Marathas, after retaking Delhi in 1771, plundered Najib's old jagir in revenge for Panipat; the Rohillas withdrew to the Terai, and Hafiz Rahmat Khan's promise of money to Shuja-ud-Daula for protection (the treaty of June 1772) was the root of the Rohilla War of 1774. The date of the fort's fall is from memory and not fixed.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Najib ad-Dawla's jagir was defended by his son Zabita Khan with Pashtun Yusufzai Rohillas (Wikipedia 'Rohilla').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1475, "key": "n1475", "name": "Agra (siege, 1773-74)", "label": "Agra", "year": 1774, "month": 2, "day": 18, "date": "late 1773 to 18 February 1774, when Najaf Khan retook the city (start date not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Najaf Khan's campaign against the Jats of Bharatpur", "theatre": "", "place": "Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.1767, "lon": 78.0081, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mirza Najaf Khan", "commanders_b": "Jat garrison commanders under Nawal Singh (not named in the source consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Najaf Khan retook Agra on 18 February 1774, ending thirteen years of Jat rule (Wikipedia, Capture of Agra).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Capture of Agra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Agra); Wikipedia, Mirza Najaf Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Najaf_Khan); K. R. Qanungo, History of the Jats", "note": "Najaf Khan is described by Wikipedia as of 'Safavid lineage', born in Iran about 1723 and arriving at Delhi about 1740. The fighting at Agra is thinly described in what I could read.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1476, "key": "n1476", "name": "Miranpur Katra", "label": "Miranpur Katra", "year": 1774, "month": 4, "day": 23, "date": "23 April 1774", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Rohilla War (1773-74)", "theatre": "", "place": "Miranpur Katra, Shahjahanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 27.72, "lon": 79.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Awadh" ], "side_b": [ "Rohilla confederation" ], "allies_a": [ "East India Company brigade" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Awadh v Rohilla confederation", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Awadh", "faction_b": "Rohilla confederation", "commanders_a": "Shuja-ud-Daula; Colonel Alexander Champion", "commanders_b": "Hafiz Rahmat Khan (killed); Dundi Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Hafiz Rahmat Khan was killed and the Rohilla army broke; Awadh and the Company then overran Rohilkhand.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Shuja-ud-Daula (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula); Dalrymple, The Anarchy; Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 3", "note": "Both armies are partly Iranian peoples: Awadh under a Persian-descended Nawab, and the Rohillas (Pashtuns). The Company brigade did much of the fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1477, "key": "1774-chamchamal", "name": "Chamchamal", "label": "Chamchamal", "year": 1774, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "October or early November 1774", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Shahrizor and Baban", "place": "Chamchamal (Qara Chowalan), Iraq", "lat": 35.53, "lon": 44.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Zands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Pasha Baban, reinforced by Omar Pasha of Baghdad", "commanders_b": "Ali-Morad Khan Zand (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 10,000 troops sent by Karim Khan with some 2,000 Kurds loyal to the fugitive Baban pasha Mehmed Pasha.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Karim Khan's armies were mainly Lak, Lur and Kurdish tribesmen, and the 2,000 recruits were Baban Kurds.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 3,000", "strength_b": "about 12,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "4,000-5,000 dead; 10-12 officers captured besides the commander", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian army lost cohesion when Ali-Morad Khan was unhorsed and captured, and its retreat became a rout.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Chamchamal; Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "note": "Baban emirate forces under Ottoman suzerainty. Ali-Morad was taken to Baghdad and later released.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1478, "key": "1775-hella", "name": "Hella", "label": "Hella", "year": 1775, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1775", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "near Hillah, Iraq", "lat": 32.48, "lon": 44.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shaykh Ahmad and Shaykh Soltan of the Khaza'il", "commanders_b": "unknown (a Mamluk relief force from Baghdad)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Khaza'il Arab tribe acting as Zand allies; no Zand unit is described.", "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "none", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The fighting is credited to the Khaza'il Arabs.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The relief force sent from Baghdad towards Basra was intercepted and driven back.", "borderline": "the article lists 'Zand Iran' as a belligerent but describes only the Khaza'il fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: the article lists 'Zand Iran' as a belligerent but describes only the Khaza'il fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Hella; Siege of Basra (1775-1776)", "note": "Khaza'il tribe of the middle Euphrates.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1479, "key": "1775-khanaqin-1775", "name": "Khanaqin (1775)", "label": "Khanaqin (1775)", "year": 1775, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1775", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Iraq frontier", "place": "Khanaqin, Iraq", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 45.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Zands" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nazar Ali Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Abdollah Pasha (Pashalik of Baghdad)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Zand detachment; composition not recorded (Zand field forces were Lak, Lur and Kurdish horse).", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of Zand field forces on the western frontier.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "3,000 or more", "losses_a": "negligible", "losses_b": "about 2,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nazar Ali Khan defeated Abdollah Pasha's force, inflicting heavy losses and taking much livestock.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khanaqin (1775)", "note": "The article places Khanaqin in Iran; it lies in Iraq today.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1480, "key": "1775-ashar-creek", "name": "Ashar Creek", "label": "Ashar Creek", "year": 1775, "month": 3, "day": 31, "date": "31 March to 15 April 1775", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Shatt al-Arab", "place": "al-Ashar creek, Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.51, "lon": 47.84, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Zands" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans", "England" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shaykh Naser of Bushehr (fleet), under Sadeq Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Soleyman Aqa (mutasallim of Basra), Henry Moore (East India Company)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Bushehr fleet of Shaykh Naser (14 gallivats and about 50 small craft, later 16 ships including the captured Tyger), with Banu Ka'b boats, supporting Sadeq Khan's army.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The ships were manned by the Arab and Persian seamen of Bushehr and the Banu Ka'b; proportions are not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "14 gallivats and about 50 smaller ships (31 March); 16 ships (8 April)", "strength_b": "2 gallivats, the ships Eagle and Success, 200 janissaries and Ottoman vessels", "losses_a": "a couple of ships burned", "losses_b": "unknown; the chain boom destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Naser's ships broke the British chain boom and the British broke off and withdrew to Bushehr and Bombay, leaving the Zand blockade of Basra in place.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ashar Creek; Siege of Basra (1775-1776)", "note": "East India Company (recorded as 'England'). Arab allies: Banu Ka'b and the Arabs of Bushehr.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1481, "key": "1775-basra-siege-1775-76", "name": "Basra (siege, 1775-76)", "label": "Basra (siege, 1775-76)", "year": 1775, "month": 4, "day": 6, "date": "6 April 1775 to 20 April 1776", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.51, "lon": 47.81, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Zands" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "allies_b": [ "Oman", "England" ], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sadeq Khan Zand, Ali Mohammad Khan Zand, Shaykh Naser of Bushehr", "commanders_b": "Soleyman Aqa, Abd ol-Rahman, Shaykh Mohanna of the Muntafiq; Ahmad bin Said of Oman; Henry Moore", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Sadeq Khan's army of 30,000-60,000, broken down in one account as about 24,000 Lurs and Kurds, 3,000 Bakhtiari, 4,000 other Lurs, 12,000 from 'Ajam' (Iraq-e Ajam) and 6,000 Farsis; with the Bushehr fleet and Banu Ka'b and Khaza'il Arab allies.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The source breakdown is almost entirely Lur, Kurdish, Bakhtiari and Persian-speaking troops, with Arab allies outside it.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "30,000-60,000 (sources conflict)", "strength_b": "about 15,000 levies and tribesmen, 1,500 janissaries, 300 Muntafiq, about 58 guns", "losses_a": "unknown (about 100 killed in the night raid of 9 April; Basran claims of 2,000 in one assault)", "losses_b": "unknown; the city devastated by war and plague", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Basra surrendered to Sadeq Khan on 20 April 1776 after a year-long siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Basra (1775-1776); Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779); Perry, Karim Khan Zand", "note": "An Omani fleet broke into Basra on 14 October 1775 and fought indecisive sorties before withdrawing in early 1776. The Zands held Basra until Karim Khan's death in 1779.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1482, "key": "n1482", "name": "Sunukhar", "label": "Sunukhar", "year": 1775, "month": 5, "day": 18, "date": "18 May 1775 (17 Rabi I 1189 AH, from Qanungo)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Najaf Khan's campaign against the Jats of Bharatpur", "theatre": "", "place": "Sunukhar (Sankar), near Kama and Barsana, on the Rajasthan-Uttar Pradesh border, India", "lat": 27.65, "lon": 77.33, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Jaipur contingent" ], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mirza Najaf Khan; Najaf Quli Khan; Somru (Walter Reinhardt)", "commanders_b": "Nawal Singh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Jat and Rajput army was beaten and fled to Deeg (Qanungo).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "K. R. Qanungo, History of the Jats (jatland.com, 'Decline of the House of Bharatpur'); Wikipedia, Najaf Quli Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf_Quli_Khan)", "note": "Wikipedia's Najaf Quli Khan article calls the same campaign season the Battle of Barsana (1775) and credits Najaf Quli with the command; Qanungo gives the command to Najaf Khan. Najaf Khan's Iranian descent is as for the Agra entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1483, "key": "n1483", "name": "Deeg (siege, 1775-76)", "label": "Deeg", "year": 1776, "month": 4, "day": 29, "date": "May 1775 to 29 April 1776", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Najaf Khan's campaign against the Jats of Bharatpur", "theatre": "", "place": "Deeg, Bharatpur district, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 27.47, "lon": 77.33, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Jat kingdom of Bharatpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Naga Gosain sadhus" ], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mirza Najaf Khan; Najaf Quli Khan; Muhammad Beg Khan Hamadani; Somru; Himmat Bahadur", "commanders_b": "Nawal Singh and Ranjit Singh (the latter slipped out at night to Kumher)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Famine forced the town to yield and Najaf Khan entered it on 29 April 1776; the last defenders were killed in the citadel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "K. R. Qanungo, History of the Jats (jatland.com, 'Decline of the House of Bharatpur'); Wikipedia, Mirza Najaf Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Najaf_Khan)", "note": "Najaf Khan led a charge in person against the Naga and Jat army outside the town. Muhammad Beg Hamadani (Persian origin, his kinsman) was one of his captains; Najaf Quli Khan was a Rajput convert, so not counted.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1484, "key": "1777-shahrezur-1777", "name": "Shahrezur (1777)", "label": "Shahrezur (1777)", "year": 1777, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1777", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Shahrizor", "place": "plain of Shahrizor, Iraq", "lat": 35.45, "lon": 45.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Zands" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali-Morad Khan Zand, Zulfaqar Khan Zand, Kalb Ali Khan", "commanders_b": "Hasan Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Three Zand armies under Ali-Morad Khan, Zulfaqar Khan and Kalb Ali Khan; composition not described.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of Zand field armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "over 12,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Zands routed the Ottoman army and pursued it back towards Baghdad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Shahrezur", "note": "The article places the plain in Iran; its coordinates lie in Iraq.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1485, "key": "1777-baneh-1777", "name": "Baneh (1777)", "label": "Baneh (1777)", "year": 1777, "month": 4, "day": 22, "date": "22 April 1777", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Kurdistan", "place": "Baneh, Iran", "lat": 35.99, "lon": 45.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Zands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mehmed Pasha, governor of Baban", "commanders_b": "Saleh Khan, Zand governor of Baneh", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The provincial army of Baneh and Ardalan (Kurdish levies).", "languages": [ "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A provincial army raised in the Kurdish districts of Baneh and Ardalan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a three-hour battle the Ottoman force defeated the Iranian provincial army and occupied Baneh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Baneh (1777); Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "note": "Baban forces under Ottoman suzerainty.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1486, "key": "1777-sanandaj", "name": "Sanandaj", "label": "Sanandaj", "year": 1777, "month": 5, "day": 5, "date": "5 May 1777", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Kurdistan", "place": "between Sanandaj and Marivan, Iran", "lat": 35.4, "lon": 46.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Zands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Babanli Mehmed Pasha", "commanders_b": "Khosrow Khan, governor (vali) of Ardalan (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Ardalan army, mainly cavalry with swords, muskets and spears.", "languages": [ "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The vali of Ardalan's army was raised from the Kurds of Ardalan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "superior in numbers", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "2,000-3,000", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Khosrow Khan was wounded and fled and the Iranian army was routed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sanandaj; Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "note": "Also called the battle of Marivan and Sanandaj.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1487, "key": "n1487", "name": "Panipat (1777)", "label": "Panipat", "year": 1777, "month": 9, "day": 14, "date": "14 September 1777", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Najaf Khan's campaign against Zabita Khan", "theatre": "", "place": "Panipat, Haryana, India", "lat": 29.3909, "lon": 76.9635, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Mughal Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Zabita Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Sikh misls" ], "persian_state": "Mughal Empire v Zabita Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mughal Empire", "faction_b": "Zabita Khan", "commanders_a": "Mirza Najaf Khan (with 5,000 troops and artillery)", "commanders_b": "Zabita Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Sikh allies fled to Sirhind and Zabita Khan made peace (Wikipedia, Najaf Quli Khan).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Najaf Quli Khan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf_Quli_Khan); Wikipedia, Mirza Najaf Khan; Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 3", "note": "Whether real fighting took place beyond a demonstration is not clear from the one source I could read; Najaf Khan is the Persian leader and Zabita Khan a Rohilla (Pashtun).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1488, "key": "1778-shatt-al-arab-1778", "name": "Shatt al-Arab (1778)", "label": "Shatt al-Arab (1778)", "year": 1778, "month": 5, "day": 28, "date": "28 May to 3 June and 11 September 1778", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1779)", "theatre": "Lower Iraq", "place": "west bank of the Shatt al-Arab near Fudhailah, Iraq", "lat": 30.65, "lon": 47.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Zands" ], "allies_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shaykh Thamer Thwaini al-Saadun (al-Muntafiq)", "commanders_b": "Ali Mohammad Khan Zand", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [], "persian_force": "6,000-7,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry from the Zand garrison of Basra, with 18 gunboats and boats taken from Persian-shore ports.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of Sadeq Khan's army that had taken Basra.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12,000-15,000", "strength_b": "6,000-7,000 cavalry, 6,000 infantry, 18 gunboats", "losses_a": "unknown, probably light", "losses_b": "heavy; hundreds drowned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Muntafiq beat the Iranian force that had crossed the river and the survivors were evacuated by ship.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Shatt al-Arab (1778)", "note": "Al-Muntafiq tribe, Ottoman-backed. The infobox calls Ali Mohammad Khan killed; the text says he escaped.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1489, "key": "1780-shiraz-siege-1780-81", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1780-81)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1780-81)", "year": 1780, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1780 to February 1781", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand succession war (1779-1789)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Ali-Morad Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Sadeq Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Ali-Morad Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Sadeq Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Ali-Morad Khan Zand", "commanders_b": "Sadeq Khan Zand", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Rival Zand armies of Lak, Lur and Kurdish tribesmen with Persian townsmen of Shiraz.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both factions drew on the same Zand tribal following.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ali-Morad's men stormed the Bagh-e Shah gate and took Shiraz in February 1781.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Zand campaigns in Western Iran; Perry in Cambridge History of Iran vol. 7", "note": "Sadeq Khan and most of his sons were put to death after the fall of the city.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1490, "key": "n1490", "name": "Multan (siege, 1780)", "label": "Multan", "year": 1780, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January to 18 February 1780", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Timur Shah's conquest of Multan (1779-1780)", "theatre": "", "place": "Multan, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 30.198, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Bhangi Sikh garrison of Multan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur Shah Durrani; Muzaffar Khan Sadozai (installed as governor afterwards)", "commanders_b": "Bhangi Misl garrison (chief not itemised in the sources checked)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Multan fort fell on about 18 February 1780 after the defeat of the Sikh relief force, ending Bhangi rule there; Timur Shah installed Muzaffar Khan Sadozai as governor.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani; Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891)", "note": "Timur Shah's reconquest of the lower Punjab from the Bhangi Misl; the Afghan-Sikh Wars article dates the siege 8-18 February, Wikipedia's Timur Shah article gives January.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Timur Shah, a Pashtun, led the Durrani army (Wikipedia 'Timur Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1491, "key": "n1491", "name": "Shujabad", "label": "Shujabad", "year": 1780, "month": 2, "day": 8, "date": "8 February 1780", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timur Shah's conquest of Multan (1779-1780)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shujabad, near Multan, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 29.88, "lon": 71.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Bhangi Sikhs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Timur Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Bhangi Misl chiefs (not itemised in the sources checked)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Timur Shah's army beat the Sikh relief force at Shujabad and Multan fell ten days later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani; Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani (1959; for the context)", "note": "The Yusufzai Pashtun contingent is singled out in the Afghan-Sikh Wars article for the 1780 Multan campaign; the Sikh commanders are not named in the source I used.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Timur Shah Durrani, a Pashtun, led the army, with Yusufzai troops (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1492, "key": "n1492", "name": "Halani", "label": "Halani", "year": 1782, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1782 (some accounts 1783; AH 1196-97)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Talpur overthrow of the Kalhora dynasty of Sindh", "theatre": "", "place": "Halani, near Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan", "lat": 26.85, "lon": 68.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Talpur Baloch of Sindh" ], "side_b": [ "Kalhora Mians of Sindh" ], "allies_a": [ "Leghari, Nizamani, Marri, Khatian, Khokhar and Khaskheli tribes" ], "allies_b": [ "Khosa, Jatoi, Numria, Juneja, Lekhi and Khuhawar tribes" ], "persian_state": "Talpur Baloch of Sindh v Kalhora Mians of Sindh", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Talpur Baloch of Sindh", "faction_b": "Kalhora Mians of Sindh", "commanders_a": "Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur; Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur; Allahyar Khan Talpur; Thara Khan Talpur", "commanders_b": "Mian Abdul Nabi Khan Kalhora; Muhammad Hasan Khuhawar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abdul Nabi's army was beaten and Talpur rule replaced Kalhora rule in Sindh (Wikipedia 'Battle of Halani').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halani (fetched); H. T. Lambrick, Sind: A General Introduction (1964); Sindh Gazetteer", "note": "The Talpurs were Baloch (Talpur tribe of the Baloch), and most of the tribes on both sides (Leghari, Marri, Nizamani; Khosa, Jatoi) were Baloch tribes. The Kalhoras themselves were Sindhi.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1493, "key": "1782-bahrain-1782", "name": "Bahrain (1782)", "label": "Bahrain (1782)", "year": 1782, "month": 9, "day": 9, "date": "9 September 1782", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Manama, Bahrain", "lat": 26.22, "lon": 50.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Bahrain", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Zands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Al Khalifa and Bani Utbah of Zubarah", "commanders_b": "the Persian garrison of Bahrain (for Nasr Al-Madhkur of Bushehr)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison of Nasr Al-Madhkur, the Persian-appointed ruler of Bushehr and Bahrain; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The Bushehr regime's troops were Arab and Persian Gulf-coast men; this garrison is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "casualties", "losses_b": "casualties; Manama destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The raiders plundered and burned Manama and returned to Zubarah after three days with a captured Persian gallivat.", "borderline": "a raid; Nasr Al-Madhkur governed Bushehr and Bahrain for the Zand state", "doubt": "Borderline: a raid; Nasr Al-Madhkur governed Bushehr and Bahrain for the Zand state.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain", "note": "Bani Utbah (Al Khalifa).", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1494, "key": "1783-tehran-siege-1783", "name": "Tehran (siege, 1783)", "label": "Tehran (siege, 1783)", "year": 1783, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring 1783", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Tehran, Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Zand garrison of Tehran" ], "side_b": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Zand garrison of Tehran (Ali-Morad Khan)", "faction_b": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "commanders_a": "the Zand governor of Tehran (not named)", "commanders_b": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Agha Mohammad's Qajar tribesmen and Turkmen and Mazandarani levies against a Zand garrison.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the early Qajar army was Qajar and Turkmen horse with Mazandarani foot; the Zand garrison was Lur and Persian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (plague)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Agha Mohammad lifted the siege when plague spread from the town into his camp.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "Tehran became Agha Mohammad's capital in 1786.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1495, "key": "1783-zubarah-1783", "name": "Zubarah (1783)", "label": "Zubarah (1783)", "year": 1783, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1783 (the final battle is dated December 1783 in the article)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Zubarah and Freiha, Qatar", "lat": 25.98, "lon": 51.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Qatar", "side_a": [ "Arab tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Zands" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad bin Muhammad Al Khalifa and the Qatari tribes (Al-Maadeed of Freiha)", "commanders_b": "Nasr Al-Madhkur; his nephew Sheikh Muhammad bin Khalifa (killed); Madan Al-Jidhafsi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Arab tribes", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 2,000 troops sent from the Persian mainland at the order of Ali-Morad Khan Zand, with Nasr Al-Madhkur's fleet and Bahraini levies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Troops from the Persian mainland (Bushehr and Dashtestan) with Nasr's Arab followers; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a month's siege of Zubarah the Persian army was routed in the field by the Utub and Qatari tribes and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain", "note": "Bani Utbah (Al Khalifa) and Qatari tribes. Ahmad bin Muhammad Al Khalifa then took Bahrain (1783) and expelled the Persians.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Zands: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1496, "key": "1784-astarabad-siege-1784", "name": "Astarabad (siege, 1784)", "label": "Astarabad (siege, 1784)", "year": 1784, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "summer to autumn 1784", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Gorgan and Mazandaran", "place": "Astarabad (Gorgan), Iran", "lat": 36.84, "lon": 54.44, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Ali-Morad Khan Zand's army" ], "allies_a": [ "Turkmens" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Ali-Morad Khan Zand's army", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Zahir Khan (killed in flight)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Agha Mohammad's Qajar garrison with Yomut Turkmen allies, against 8,000 Zand troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Qajar side was Turkic (Qajar and Yomut), the Zand besiegers Lur and Kurdish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "8,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The besiegers were worn down by Agha Mohammad's raids and stored provisions and Zahir Khan fled, to be killed by Yomut Turkmen.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1497, "key": "1784-ashraf-1784", "name": "Ashraf (1784)", "label": "Ashraf (1784)", "year": 1784, "month": 11, "day": 14, "date": "14 November 1784", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Gorgan and Mazandaran", "place": "Ashraf (Behshahr), Iran", "lat": 36.69, "lon": 53.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Ali-Morad Khan Zand's army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Ali-Morad Khan Zand's army", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Sheikh Veis Khan Zand", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Qajar and Turkmen horse with Mazandarani foot, against the Zand army that had invaded Mazandaran (reportedly 60,000 at the start of the campaign).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the two armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (60,000 reported for the whole Zand invasion)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Zand force was defeated and Sheikh Veis Khan fled to Tehran.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1498, "key": "1785-kashan-1785", "name": "Kashan (1785)", "label": "Kashan (1785)", "year": 1785, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "spring 1785 (before 2 May)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "near Kashan, Iran", "lat": 33.98, "lon": 51.44, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Ja'far Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Ja'far Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Ja'far Khan Zand's commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Qajar tribal cavalry and Mazandarani musketeers against a Zand army of Lurs and Kurds.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the two armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "larger", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Agha Mohammad defeated the larger Zand army and Ja'far Khan fled to Shiraz; Agha Mohammad entered Isfahan on 2 May 1785.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1499, "key": "n1499", "name": "Baramulla (Azad Khan's revolt, 1786)", "label": "Baramulla", "year": 1786, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1786 (fighting up to 11 December)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Timur Shah's reconquest of Kashmir (1786)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baramulla and Muzaffarabad region, Kashmir", "lat": 34.2, "lon": 74.34, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Kashmir rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kashmir rebels v Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kashmir rebels", "faction_b": "Durrani Empire", "commanders_a": "Azad Khan (Afghan governor of Kashmir); Pahlawan Khan", "commanders_b": "Mir Muhammad Ali Khan; Madad Khan; Payandah Khan (Durrani commanders)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Azad Khan won the first two clashes but then lost his supporters and was handed over by Raja Rustam Khan; he shot himself and Kashmir returned to Durrani rule.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani; Hasan, M., Kashmir under the Sultans / Pandit, 'Afghan rule in Kashmir' (not consulted)", "note": "Both sides were Afghan armies; Azad Khan, the rebel governor, won the early fighting at the Kishanganga and near Baramulla, so the field result is recorded as B (the royal side) only on the strength of the final outcome. Evidence thin: one Wikipedia summary.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Azad Khan and the Durrani commanders both led Afghan forces (Wikipedia 'Timur Shah Durrani').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1500, "key": "n1500", "name": "Lalsot", "label": "Lalsot", "year": 1787, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July 1787", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Maratha-Rajput war of 1787 (Mahadji Scindia against Jaipur and Jodhpur)", "theatre": "", "place": "Lalsot (Tunga), Dausa district, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 26.5617, "lon": 76.3189, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Gwalior" ], "side_b": [ "Jaipur", "Jodhpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Mughal contingent of Muhammad Beg Hamadani" ], "persian_state": "Jaipur & Jodhpur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahadji Scindia; Benoit de Boigne; Khande Rao Hari; Ambaji Ingle", "commanders_b": "Pratap Singh of Jaipur; Bhim Singh (Jodhpur); Muhammad Beg Hamadani (killed by a cannon shot)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The battle was indecisive; both sides lost heavily and the Marathas withdrew on 1 August leaving the situation unchanged (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Lalsot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lalsot); Wikipedia, Ismail Beg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Beg); Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 3", "note": "Muhammad Beg Hamadani belonged to the Persian-origin family of Najaf Khan's kinsmen (Wikipedia on Ismail Beg: family fled Persia after Nader Shah; the nisba is Hamadani). The battle article does not call him Persian itself.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1501, "key": "n1501", "name": "Chaksana", "label": "Chaksana", "year": 1788, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "1788 (June is likely; day not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mughal civil war of 1788 (Ismail Beg and Ghulam Qadir against Scindia)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chaksana, Uttar Pradesh, India (site not firmly identified)", "lat": 27.0, "lon": 78.2, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Gwalior" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal army of Ismail Beg Hamadani" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Rohilla troops of Ghulam Qadir" ], "persian_state": "Mughal army of Ismail Beg Hamadani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maratha generals of Mahadji Scindia (Rane Khan and others)", "commanders_b": "Ismail Beg Hamadani (Wikipedia: 'general of the Mughal army')", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a long, fierce fight the Marathas retreated (Wikipedia, Battle of Chaksana).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Chaksana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaksana); Wikipedia, Ismail Beg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Beg); Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 3", "note": "Ismail Beg Hamadani was a Mughal commander 'of Persian origin', son of Mirza Munim Beg and kinsman of Najaf Khan (Wikipedia). The battle article gives little detail and no month.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1502, "key": "n1502", "name": "Delhi (Ghulam Qadir's seizure, 1788)", "label": "Delhi", "year": 1788, "month": 7, "day": 30, "date": "July-August 1788 (Rohillas in the Red Fort from about 30 July; Shah Alam II blinded 10 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ghulam Qadir's occupation of Delhi (1788)", "theatre": "", "place": "Delhi and the Red Fort, India", "lat": 28.656, "lon": 77.241, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Rohillas" ], "side_b": [ "Mughal Empire and the Delhi court" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohillas", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ghulam Qadir Khan; Ismail Beg Hamadani (Persian, ally)", "commanders_b": "Shah Alam II", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ghulam Qadir's Rohilla troops seized the Red Fort and the person of Shah Alam II, plundered the palace and blinded him on 10 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilla; Sarkar, J., Fall of the Mughal Empire, vols. 1-2 (1932-34); Compton, H., A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan (1892)", "note": "Little fighting: the Maratha garrison had been drawn off by Mahadji's absence and the court was seized; Ghulam Qadir held Delhi until October, when Mahadji Shinde's army drove him out. Ismail Beg, a Persian-born Mughal noble, was his ally in the early stages.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ghulam Qadir Khan, a Rohilla of Najib's Pashtun (Yusufzai) house, led the Rohilla troops (Wikipedia 'Rohilla'; Compton).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1503, "key": "1789-shiraz-1789", "name": "Shiraz (1789)", "label": "Shiraz (1789)", "year": 1789, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June 1789", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "outside Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Lotf Ali Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Lotf Ali Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Lotf Ali Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Qajar army (Qajar and other Turkic tribal cavalry with Mazandarani and Iraqi musketeers) against Lotf Ali's Zand cavalry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the two armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lotf Ali Khan was beaten in the field (camels were used to frighten the Zand horses) and withdrew into Shiraz.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar; Lotf Ali Khan", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1504, "key": "1789-shiraz-siege-1789", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1789)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1789)", "year": 1789, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June to 7 September 1789", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.53, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Lotf Ali Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Lotf Ali Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "commanders_a": "Lotf Ali Khan", "commanders_b": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Lotf Ali's Zand troops and the townsmen of Shiraz against the Qajar army.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the two sides.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended without the city being taken and Agha Mohammad returned to Tehran.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1505, "key": "n1505", "name": "Patan (1790)", "label": "Patan", "year": 1790, "month": 6, "day": 20, "date": "20 June 1790 (from memory; Wikipedia's Ismail Beg article gives no date)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Maratha-Rajput war of 1790 (Mahadji Scindia against Jaipur and Jodhpur)", "theatre": "", "place": "Patan (Tanwarwati), near Jaipur, Rajasthan, India", "lat": 27.78, "lon": 75.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Gwalior" ], "side_b": [ "Jaipur and Jodhpur Rajputs", "Mughal troops of Ismail Beg Hamadani" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jaipur and Jodhpur Rajputs & Mughal troops of Ismail Beg Hamadani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Benoit de Boigne; Mahadji Scindia's generals", "commanders_b": "Ismail Beg Hamadani (defected from the Marathas to the Rajputs); Rajput captains of Jaipur and Jodhpur", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "De Boigne's disciplined brigades beat the Rajput and Mughal army; Ismail Beg fled to Jaipur and then Jodhpur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Ismail Beg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Beg); Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 3; Compton, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan", "note": "Persian origin of Ismail Beg Hamadani as above. The date and site are from memory; the Wikipedia Patan article was not found.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S4" }, { "id": 1506, "key": "1791-shiraz-1791", "name": "Shiraz (1791)", "label": "Shiraz (1791)", "year": 1791, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "late 1791 or early 1792", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "west of Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 52.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Lotf Ali Khan Zand" ], "side_b": [ "Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi, with Qajar reinforcements" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zands", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Lotf Ali Khan Zand", "faction_b": "Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi, with Qajar reinforcements", "commanders_a": "Lotf Ali Khan", "commanders_b": "Hajji Ebrahim's forces; Mostafa Qoli Khan Qajar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Lotf Ali's small army of Zand loyalists and local levies of Bandar Rig and the Gulf coast, against the forces of Shiraz and 7,000 Qajar horse.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Lotf Ali's following was Zand and southern Persian; the Qajar horse were Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "smaller", "strength_b": "including 7,000 Qajar horsemen", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lotf Ali defeated the combined army of Hajji Ebrahim and the 7,000 horsemen sent by Agha Mohammad.", "borderline": "no article; the Lotf Ali Khan article speaks of two Zand victories at Shiraz over Qajar armies under Mostafa Qoli Khan and another commander", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the Lotf Ali Khan article speaks of two Zand victories at Shiraz over Qajar armies under Mostafa Qoli Khan and another commander.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar; Lotf Ali Khan", "note": "Hajji Ebrahim had shut Shiraz against Lotf Ali in 1791.", "peoples": [ "Lurs" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1507, "key": "1792-persepolis-1792", "name": "Persepolis (1792)", "label": "Persepolis (1792)", "year": 1792, "month": 6, "day": 5, "date": "night of 5 June 1792", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Qajar camp near Persepolis (Marvdasht), Iran", "lat": 29.93, "lon": 52.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Lotf Ali Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Lotf Ali Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Lotf Ali Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Agha Mohammad's army of 30,000-40,000 (Qajar and Turkic tribal cavalry, musketeers), against Lotf Ali's much smaller force of Zand loyalists.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the two armies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "30,000-40,000", "strength_b": "much smaller (a small force)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lotf Ali's night raid broke into the Qajar camp, but Agha Mohammad held his ground and the Zands withdrew at dawn when the Qajars rallied.", "borderline": "no article and no settled name", "doubt": "Borderline: no article and no settled name.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Lotf Ali Khan; Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "Lotf Ali fled to Tabas; Agha Mohammad entered Shiraz on 21 July 1792.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1508, "key": "1794-kerman-siege-1794", "name": "Kerman (siege, 1794)", "label": "Kerman (siege, 1794)", "year": 1794, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "spring to 24 October 1794 (about four months of siege)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Zand-Qajar war (1779-1794)", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Kerman, Iran", "lat": 30.28, "lon": 57.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Lotf Ali Khan Zand" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Afghans" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "faction_b": "Lotf Ali Khan Zand", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Lotf Ali Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Agha Mohammad's 'large army' against Lotf Ali's Zand followers and the citizens of Kerman, reinforced by about 1,000 horsemen from Bam and Narmashir and the Afghan chiefs of Bam.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Baloch", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Qajar army was led by Turkic tribal cavalry; the defenders were Kermanis with Afghan and Baloch horse from Bam and Narmashir.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a large army", "strength_b": "unknown, with about 1,000 horse from Bam and Narmashir", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; tens of thousands of inhabitants killed, blinded or enslaved", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Disaffected troops opened the citadel gates, and after a three-hour fight Lotf Ali fled by night to Bam; the city fell on 24 October.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Kerman; Lotf Ali Khan; Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "Lotf Ali had retaken Kerman on 30 March 1794; Agha Mohammad marched on 14 May. The Agha Mohammad article implies 1793, against the usual 1794. The Afghan chiefs of Bam fought for Lotf Ali.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1509, "key": "n1509", "name": "Bitaura", "label": "Bitaura", "year": 1794, "month": 10, "day": 26, "date": "26 October 1794", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rohilla War of 1794 (Rampur succession)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bitaura (Bhitaura), Rohilkhand, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 28.5, "lon": 79.1, "loc": "region", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Rohilla party of Ghulam Muhammad Khan" ], "side_b": [ "British East India Company and Awadh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohilla party of Ghulam Muhammad Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ghulam Muhammad Khan (son of Faizullah Khan)", "commanders_b": "Sir Robert Abercromby; Awadh commanders", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Company and Awadh army under Abercromby defeated Ghulam Muhammad Khan's Rohilla force and he was driven out of Rampur.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilla; Husain, Iqbal, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincy in 18th Century India (1994); Mill, J., The History of British India (1817)", "note": "Fought after the death of Faizullah Khan of Rampur: his younger son Ghulam Muhammad Khan killed his brother, the Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan, and seized Rampur; Muhammad Ali's son Ahmad Ali Khan was then installed with Company and Awadh backing. The site is placed only to the Rohilkhand region.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ghulam Muhammad Khan, son of Faizullah Khan and so of Ali Muhammad Khan's Rohilla house, led a Rohilla army of Pashtun settlers (Iqbal Husain).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1510, "key": "1795-shusha-siege-1795", "name": "Shusha (siege, 1795)", "label": "Shusha (siege, 1795)", "year": 1795, "month": 7, "day": 8, "date": "8 July to 9 August 1795", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Agha Mohammad Khan's Caucasian campaign (1795)", "theatre": "Karabakh", "place": "Shusha, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.76, "lon": 46.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Caucasian khanates" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Caucasian khanates", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The main body of Agha Mohammad's expedition of about 60,000 cavalry and infantry: Qajar and other Turkic tribal horse, Mazandarani and Iraqi musketeers (tofangchi) and royal ghulams.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Qajar armies of the 1790s were led by Turkic tribal cavalry with musketeers from Mazandaran and Iraq-e Ajam (Persian-speaking); proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "part of an expedition of about 60,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Meeting stiff resistance, Agha Mohammad accepted the khan's formal submission and hostages instead of taking the town, so the siege ended by agreement with Shusha still unconquered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "Karabakh Khanate (Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir). Agha Mohammad entered Shusha without a fight in 1797, shortly before his murder.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1511, "key": "1795-krtsanisi", "name": "Krtsanisi", "label": "Krtsanisi", "year": 1795, "month": 9, "day": 9, "date": "9-11 September 1795", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Agha Mohammad Khan's Caucasian campaign (1795)", "theatre": "Kartli", "place": "Krtsanisi, near Tbilisi, Georgia", "lat": 41.66, "lon": 44.83, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agha Mohammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Heraclius II (Erekle II); Solomon II of Imereti's auxiliaries", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Georgia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 35,000 (some say 40,000) of Agha Mohammad's army: Qajar and Turkic tribal cavalry with musketeers and royal ghulams, and contingents of the submitted Caucasian khans (Ganja, Erivan).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "No breakdown is given; inferred from the recruitment of the early Qajar army (Turkic tribal horse, Persian and Mazandarani foot).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "35,000-40,000", "strength_b": "about 5,000, including about 2,000 Imeretians", "losses_a": "13,000 (as given)", "losses_b": "4,000", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Georgian army was broken and Agha Mohammad took and sacked Tbilisi.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Krtsanisi; Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "note": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti with Imereti. About 15,000 captives were taken from Tbilisi.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1512, "key": "1797-qazvin-1797", "name": "Qazvin (1797)", "label": "Qazvin (1797)", "year": 1797, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1797", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qajar succession war (1797-1803)", "theatre": "Northern Iran", "place": "near Qazvin, Iran", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Fath-Ali Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Fath-Ali Shah (Baba Khan)", "faction_b": "Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi", "commanders_a": "Fath-Ali Shah", "commanders_b": "Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Fath-Ali Shah's Qajar army against about 15,000 tribesmen of Azerbaijan led by Sadeq Khan of the Shaqaqi (a Kurdish-origin tribe of Azerbaijan).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Sadeq Khan's following was Shaqaqi and other Azerbaijani tribesmen (Kurdish and Turkic); the royal army was led by Qajar Turkic cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 15,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fath-Ali Shah defeated Sadeq Khan's army as it marched on Qazvin, ending his bid for the throne.", "borderline": "no article; place and date of the decisive encounter are given only generally", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; place and date of the decisive encounter are given only generally.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi (with the image caption 'Fath Ali Shah's defeat of Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi'); Amanat, Iran: A Modern History", "note": "Sadeq Khan had seized Agha Mohammad Khan's crown and treasury after the shah's murder at Shusha (June 1797).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1513, "key": "n1513", "name": "Amritsar (1797)", "label": "Amritsar", "year": 1797, "month": 1, "day": 12, "date": "12 January 1797", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zaman Shah's invasion of the Punjab (1796-1797)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Amritsar, Punjab, India", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 74.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sikh Misls" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zaman Shah Durrani", "commanders_b": "Ranjit Singh; Baghel Singh; Sahib Singh Bhangi; Tara Singh Ghaiba", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Sikhs fought off Zaman Shah's much larger army and the Shah withdrew to Lahore.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1797); Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, vols. 3-5 (1978-91); Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891)", "note": "Wikipedia gives the Durrani army as about 80,000 men against 15,000 to 50,000 Sikhs, both very rough. Zaman Shah soon returned to Kabul because his brother Mahmud raised a revolt in Herat.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Zaman Shah Durrani (Pashtun) led an army described as Durrani Afghans (Wikipedia 'Battle of Amritsar (1797)').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1514, "key": "n1514", "name": "Gujrat (1797)", "label": "Gujrat", "year": 1797, "month": 4, "day": 29, "date": "29 April-2 May 1797", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zaman Shah's invasion of the Punjab (1796-1797)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.57, "lon": 74.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sikh Misls" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Khan Shahanchibashi (killed); Kamil Din; Murid Khan; Asadullah Ali Khan", "commanders_b": "Ram Singh Bedi (killed); Sahib Singh Bhangi; Ranjit Singh; Bhag Singh Ahluwalia; Jaimal Singh Kanhaiya; Jodh Singh Ramgarhia; Tara Singh Ghaiba", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Durrani force of about 12,000 horse fled and the Sikhs took much booty, losing about half as many men as the Afghans.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat_(1797); Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, vols. 3-5 (1978-91); Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891)", "note": "A Sikh coalition victory over the Durrani force left in the Punjab after Zaman Shah's withdrawal; the tribes of the Afghan force are not described in the source I used.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The force was a Durrani Afghan army under Zaman Shah's officers (Wikipedia 'Battle of Gujrat (1797)').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1515, "key": "1798-mashhad-siege-1798", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1798)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1798)", "year": 1798, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1798", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Qajar succession war (1797-1803)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nader Mirza Afshar" ], "side_b": [ "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nader Mirza Afshar (Mashhad)", "faction_b": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "commanders_a": "Nader Mirza, with Kurdish and Qarai khans", "commanders_b": "Fath-Ali Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Nader Mirza's numerically inferior army of Khorasani Kurdish and Qarai (Turkic) khans against the Qajar royal army.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Nader Mirza's allies are named as Kurdish and Qarai khans of Khorasan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "smaller", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fath-Ali Shah's first Khorasan campaign failed, the Qajar forces being 'nearly fully repelled' by Nader Mirza.", "borderline": "no article; described as a failed campaign against Mashhad, not explicitly as a siege", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; described as a failed campaign against Mashhad, not explicitly as a siege.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nader Mirza Afshar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1516, "key": "n1516", "name": "Amritsar (1798)", "label": "Amritsar", "year": 1798, "month": 11, "day": 24, "date": "24 November 1798", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zaman Shah's invasion of the Punjab (1798-1799)", "theatre": "", "place": "Amritsar Lahore road, Punjab, India", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 74.78, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Durrani Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Sikh Misls" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani Empire", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zaman Shah Durrani (named in the text; the infobox says unknown)", "commanders_b": "Ranjit Singh; Sahib Singh Bhangi", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "About 500 Sikh horse, joined by some 2,000 men from Amritsar, drove an Afghan force of about 10,000 back to Lahore.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1798); Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, vols. 3-5 (1978-91)", "note": "Zaman Shah held Lahore in November-December 1798 and withdrew in January 1799 when Persia threatened Khorasan; the figures are rough and the commanders' tribes are not given.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Zaman Shah Durrani, a Pashtun, led a force of Afghan troops (Wikipedia 'Battle of Amritsar (1798)').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1517, "key": "1800-mashhad-siege-1800", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1800)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1800)", "year": 1800, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1800", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Qajar succession war (1797-1803)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Nader Mirza Afshar" ], "side_b": [ "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afsharids", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nader Mirza Afshar (Mashhad)", "faction_b": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "commanders_a": "Nader Mirza", "commanders_b": "Fath-Ali Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "As in 1798: Nader Mirza's Kurdish and Qarai allies against the Qajar army.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Nader Mirza's allies are named as Kurdish and Qarai khans of Khorasan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The second Qajar campaign against Mashhad also failed and was largely repelled by Nader Mirza's forces.", "borderline": "no article; described as a failed campaign", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; described as a failed campaign.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nader Mirza Afshar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1518, "key": "1802-mashhad-siege-1802", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1802)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1802)", "year": 1802, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1802", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Qajar succession war (1797-1803)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar" ], "side_b": [ "Nader Mirza Afshar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "faction_b": "Nader Mirza Afshar", "commanders_a": "Fath-Ali Shah", "commanders_b": "Nader Mirza (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Qajar royal army against Nader Mirza's Khorasani followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the make-up of the two sides.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The third Qajar campaign took Mashhad after the chief mujtahid went over to the Qajars, and Nader Mirza was captured.", "borderline": "no article and no siege details", "doubt": "Borderline: no article and no siege details.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nader Mirza Afshar", "note": "The end of Afsharid rule in Mashhad. Nader Mirza was executed in Tehran (April 1802 or 1803; the article is inconsistent).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1519, "key": "1803-ganja-siege-1804", "name": "Ganja (siege, 1804)", "label": "Ganja (siege, 1804)", "year": 1803, "month": 11, "day": 22, "date": "22 November 1803 to 15 January 1804 (storming); 10 November 1803 to 3 January 1804 Old Style", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Ganja", "place": "Ganja (Elisavetpol), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.68, "lon": 46.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pavel Tsitsianov; Portnyagin and Pavel Karyagin (assault columns)", "commanders_b": "Javad Khan of Ganja (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 1,700 soldiers of the khan of Ganja with 4 guns; the Shah's relief force of 30,000 did not arrive.", "languages": [ "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were the khan's own Turkic-speaking (Azerbaijani) troops and townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6 infantry battalions, 3 dragoon squadrons, 165 Cossacks, 700 Tatar horse, 12 guns", "strength_b": "about 1,700 and 4 guns", "losses_a": "38 killed and wounded", "losses_b": "about 1,700 killed in the fighting or executed; 1,500-3,000 townsmen massacred", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Russians stormed the citadel on 15 January 1804 and Javad Khan was killed.", "borderline": "Ganja was a khanate under Qajar suzerainty and its khan (a Ziyadoghlu Qajar) defended it with his own troops; no royal Qajar troops are recorded inside the town", "doubt": "Borderline: Ganja was a khanate under Qajar suzerainty and its khan (a Ziyadoghlu Qajar) defended it with his own troops; no royal Qajar troops are recorded inside the town.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Ganja (1804); Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "The siege began in 1803 (it is listed by its start date); the article title keeps 1804. The capture opened the Russo-Persian War.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1520, "key": "1804-gyumri-1804", "name": "Gyumri (1804)", "label": "Gyumri (1804)", "year": 1804, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1804", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Gyumri (Gumri), Armenia", "lat": 40.79, "lon": 43.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pavel Tsitsianov's forces", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza's forces", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Advanced troops of Abbas Mirza's army, which was still a traditional army of tribal cavalry (Qajar, Shahsevan, Kurdish) with light artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan was mainly Turkic-speaking with Kurdish tribal horse and some Persian units; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Listed among the Persian defeats of 1804 (Mikaberidze); the Persians fell back towards Erivan.", "borderline": "no article; listed only by name", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; listed only by name.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze's list of defeats); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1521, "key": "1804-echmiadzin-1804", "name": "Echmiadzin (1804)", "label": "Echmiadzin (1804)", "year": 1804, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "June or July 1804 (sources give 20 June / 2 July or 3 / 15 July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Echmiadzin (Vagharshapat), Armenia", "lat": 40.16, "lon": 44.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza", "commanders_b": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000 (or 18,000; 40,000 with local forces in the war article) of Abbas Mirza's army: mobile tribal cavalry and light artillery, not yet modelled on modern lines.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1804: mainly Turkic tribal horse with Kurdish cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 20,000", "strength_b": "about 5,000", "losses_a": "considerable (from Russian artillery)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After three days of fighting the Russians, cut off from their supplies, withdrew without taking Echmiadzin and left the field to Abbas Mirza; their surprise of a different Iranian force there a few days later was a separate action.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Echmiadzin (1804); Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "Also called Üch-Kilisa.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1522, "key": "1804-erivan-siege-1804", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1804)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1804)", "year": 1804, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July to September 1804", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Georgia", "Armenia" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza, Fath-Ali Shah, Mohammad Khan Qajar (governor of Erivan)", "commanders_b": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "6,000-7,000 troops in the citadel and about 18,000 cavalry outside cutting the Russian supply lines: a traditional army of mobile cavalry and light artillery, with the Shah's army arriving on 27 July (OS).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The garrison of the Erivan khanate and the Qajar field army were mainly Turkic-speaking with Kurdish horse; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6,000-7,000 in the citadel; about 18,000 cavalry outside", "strength_b": "3,000-20,000 with Georgian and Armenian auxiliaries (sources conflict)", "losses_a": "unknown (Iranian sources: 1,000-2,000 dead)", "losses_b": "heavy; about half the force (Iranian sources claim 4,000 in the retreat)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Tsitsianov broke off the siege in September and retreated to Tiflis, having lost about half his men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Erivan (1804); Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "Georgian and Armenian auxiliaries served with Tsitsianov. A 200-man Russian supply detachment was destroyed by about 6,000 Iranians during the siege.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1523, "key": "1804-kalagiri-1804", "name": "Kalagiri (1804)", "label": "Kalagiri (1804)", "year": 1804, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "summer 1804", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Kalagiri, near Erivan, Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pavel Tsitsianov's forces", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's tribal cavalry and light artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1804.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Listed among Abbas Mirza's defeats of 1804 (Mikaberidze).", "borderline": "no article; listed only by name and the site is not located precisely", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; listed only by name and the site is not located precisely.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze's list of defeats); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "Possibly the same action as the Russian entry into Kanaker (8/20 July 1804) before the siege of Erivan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1524, "key": "1805-karyagin-s-raid", "name": "Karyagin's Raid", "label": "Karyagin's Raid", "year": 1805, "month": 7, "day": 3, "date": "3-27 July 1805 (24 June-15 July Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Karabakh", "place": "Askeran, Shah-Bulakh and Mukhrat, Karabakh, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.94, "lon": 46.83, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pavel Karyagin (wounded), Pyotr Kotlyarevsky (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza, Pir Qoli Khan, Emir Khan (killed)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan, 3,000 to 30,000 in the successive actions: tribal cavalry with light guns.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1804-05: mainly Turkic tribal horse with Kurdish cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "570 men and 2 guns", "strength_b": "up to 30,000 (as given)", "losses_a": "very heavy", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A running series of actions with mixed results: the Russians beat off the assaults on their camp near Askeran and stormed Shah-Bulakh, but each time gave up their position by night and finally broke away to Elisavetpol, so neither side won the actions as a whole; the delay to Abbas Mirza's advance is a strategic matter.", "borderline": "a series of actions known under one name; the outcome is disputed", "doubt": "Borderline: a series of actions known under one name; the outcome is disputed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Karyagin's Raid; Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "Wikipedia calls it a Russian victory: the stand delayed Abbas Mirza's advance on Tiflis.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1525, "key": "1805-zagam-1805", "name": "Zagam (1805)", "label": "Zagam (1805)", "year": 1805, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "late July 1805 Old Style (early August New Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Ganja", "place": "Zagam river, near Shamkir, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.83, "lon": 46.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pavel Tsitsianov (Pavel Karyagin's detachment)", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army besieging Ganja: tribal cavalry and light artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1804-05.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 600 infantry (the war article)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Russians routed Abbas Mirza's camp, ending his siege of Ganja.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) ('Shamkir, 27 July OS'); Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Zagam River 1805); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "Also called Shamkhor (1805); the war article's attack on Abbas Mirza's camp at Shamkir on 27 July (OS) is taken to be the same action.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1526, "key": "1806-karakapet-1806", "name": "Karakapet (1806)", "label": "Karakapet (1806)", "year": 1806, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "summer (June) 1806", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Karabakh", "place": "Karakapet (Khonashin gorge), Karabakh, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.65, "lon": 46.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan Gudovich's forces (Major General Nebolsin in the field)", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan: tribal cavalry with light guns and the first Nezam infantry.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza was defeated and withdrew across the Aras.", "borderline": "no article; listed only by name", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; listed only by name.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Karakapet 1806); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "Also known as Khonashin; the Russian field commander is given as Nebolsin in Russian accounts, Gudovich being commander-in-chief.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1527, "key": "n1527", "name": "Kasur (siege, 1807)", "label": "Kasur", "year": 1807, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1807", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ranjit Singh's conquest of Kasur", "theatre": "", "place": "Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 31.115, "lon": 74.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Pashtun Khweshgi nawab of Kasur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun Khweshgi nawab of Kasur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ranjit Singh; Fateh Singh Ahluwalia; Nihal Singh Attariwala", "commanders_b": "Qutb ud-Din Khan Khweshgi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ranjit Singh stormed Kasur and Qutb ud-Din Khan surrendered and was given a jagir at Mamdot.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891); Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990)", "note": "The Khweshgi Pashtuns had held Kasur since the 1600s; the siege lasted some days.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Kasur's ruler Qutb ud-Din Khan was a Pashtun of the Khweshgi clan and his troops were Pashtun (Latif).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1528, "key": "1808-erivan-siege-1808", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1808)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1808)", "year": 1808, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October to November 1808 (about six weeks)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza, Hossein Khan Sardar, Hasan Khan Qajar", "commanders_b": "Ivan Gudovich", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison of Erivan under the Qajar sardar Hossein Khan, with Abbas Mirza's field army outside; French officers were said to have helped the defence.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Erivan garrison and Azerbaijan army were mainly Turkic-speaking with Kurdish horse; the town's Armenians also served in later sieges.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 3,000 casualties including almost 1,000 dead (many frozen in the retreat)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Gudovich's assault failed and the Russians withdrew after a six-week siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Erivan (1808); Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1529, "key": "1808-karababa-1808", "name": "Karababa (1808)", "label": "Karababa (1808)", "year": 1808, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1808", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Nakhchivan", "place": "Karababa, south of Lake Sevan (Nakhchivan road), Armenia", "lat": 39.6, "lon": 45.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major General Nebolsin (for Gudovich)", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan (by Morier's count about 22,000 cavalry, 12,000 infantry with artillery and 6,000 Nezam infantry in 1808-09).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Azerbaijan army was raised mainly among the Turkic-speaking population and tribes of Azerbaijan with Kurdish tribal horse.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza was defeated and part of Nakhchivan was occupied.", "borderline": "no article; site located only roughly", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; site located only roughly.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Karababa 1808); Russo-Persian War (1804-1813); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1530, "key": "1809-ganja-1809", "name": "Ganja (1809)", "label": "Ganja (1809)", "year": 1809, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1809", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Ganja", "place": "near Ganja (Elisavetpol), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.68, "lon": 46.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Alexander Tormasov's forces", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza's attempt on Ganja was thwarted and he was driven back.", "borderline": "no article; listed only by name", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; listed only by name.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Ganja 1809); Russo-Persian War (1804-1813); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "In the same year Tormasov repelled Fath-Ali Shah's offensive in the Gyumri-Artik area.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1531, "key": "n1531", "name": "Nimla", "label": "Nimla", "year": 1809, "month": 6, "day": 29, "date": "29 June 1809", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Durrani civil war (1801-1818): Mahmud against Shuja", "theatre": "", "place": "Nimla, on the Kabul-Jalalabad road, Nangarhar, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 70.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mahmud Shah Durrani's coalition" ], "side_b": [ "Shah Shuja Durrani" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mahmud Shah Durrani's coalition v Shah Shuja Durrani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mahmud Shah Durrani's coalition", "faction_b": "Shah Shuja Durrani", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Shah Durrani; Kamran Shah; Fateh Khan Barakzai; Dost Muhammad Khan", "commanders_b": "Shah Shuja Durrani; Akram Khan (killed); Abd al-Ghafur (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Mahmud's coalition, about 4,000 against Shuja's 3,000, won the day and Shuja lost his throne and fled to the Punjab.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nimla_(1809); Noelle-Karimi, C., The Pearl in its Midst: Herat (2014); Dalrymple, W., Return of a King (2012)", "note": "The decisive battle of the Sadozai-Barakzai contest; Mahmud held the throne until 1818 and the Barakzai Fateh Khan was the real victor. The Wikipedia article places it only on the Kabul-Jalalabad road; the coordinates are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both armies were Durrani Pashtun, Shuja against Mahmud with Fateh Khan Barakzai (Wikipedia 'Battle of Nimla (1809)').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1532, "key": "n1532", "name": "Multan (siege, 1810)", "label": "Multan", "year": 1810, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February-March 1810 (the siege was lifted for a tribute)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ranjit Singh's expeditions against Multan", "theatre": "", "place": "Multan, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 30.198, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Nawab of Multan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nawab of Multan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ranjit Singh; Mokham Chand", "commanders_b": "Muzaffar Khan Sadozai", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ranjit Singh invested Multan but left after Muzaffar Khan paid a large tribute and the fort still held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891); Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990)", "note": "One of several failed or half-successful Sikh sieges (1802, 1807, 1810, 1812, 1816) that preceded the conquest of 1818; the details of 1810 are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Muzaffar Khan Sadozai, Durrani Pashtun Nawab of Multan, led the defence (Latif).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1533, "key": "1810-meghri-1810", "name": "Meghri (1810)", "label": "Meghri (1810)", "year": 1810, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1810", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Karabakh and Zangezur", "place": "Meghri (Migri), Armenia", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 46.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyotr Kotlyarevsky", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza's garrison and army", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Migri with Abbas Mirza's army invading Karabakh.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a small detachment", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kotlyarevsky's small detachment took the fortress of Migri and defeated Abbas Mirza's army.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1804-1813); Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Meghri); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "Not to be confused with the Armenian-Ottoman battle of Meghri (1725).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1534, "key": "1810-aras-1810", "name": "Aras (1810)", "label": "Aras (1810)", "year": 1810, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1810", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Aras frontier", "place": "on the Aras river near Meghri, Armenia/Iran border", "lat": 38.9, "lon": 46.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyotr Kotlyarevsky", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kotlyarevsky defeated Abbas Mirza again on the Aras.", "borderline": "no article; site not precisely known", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; site not precisely known.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Aras River 1810); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1535, "key": "1810-akhalkalaki-1810", "name": "Akhalkalaki (1810)", "label": "Akhalkalaki (1810)", "year": 1810, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1810", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Javakheti", "place": "near Akhalkalaki, Georgia", "lat": 41.41, "lon": 43.49, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Philip Paulucci (as usually given)", "commanders_b": "Persian commanders not named in the sources used", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A Persian army of Azerbaijan and Erivan moving to join an Ottoman force; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Russian troops halted the Persian advance and prevented its junction with the Ottomans.", "borderline": "no article; the Russian commander is from general knowledge, not the pages read", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the Russian commander is from general knowledge, not the pages read.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza (Mikaberidze: Akhalkalaki 1810); Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "Fought during the simultaneous Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1536, "key": "1812-sultanabad", "name": "Sultanabad", "label": "Sultanabad", "year": 1812, "month": 2, "day": 13, "date": "13 February 1812", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Karabakh", "place": "Sultanabad (Soltanabad), on the Aras, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.43, "lon": 47.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza", "commanders_b": "Colonel Oleshnikov (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Nezam-e Jadid infantry trained by British and French instructors and fighting in European style, with French-supplied cannon and British sergeants and officers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian", "European" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Nezam-e Jadid of Azerbaijan was recruited mainly from the Turkic-speaking villagers and tribes of Azerbaijan, with Kurdish horse alongside; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "2,300-14,000", "strength_b": "560-900", "losses_a": "140-300 killed, including 2 British sergeants", "losses_b": "343 killed and 500 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Russian battalion was surrounded, routed and forced to surrender after a day's fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sultanabad; Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "The war article calls it 'Sultan-Buda'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1537, "key": "1812-lankaran-1812", "name": "Lankaran (1812)", "label": "Lankaran (1812)", "year": 1812, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1812", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Talysh", "place": "Lankaran, Azerbaijan", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 48.85, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Caucasian khanates", "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza", "commanders_b": "Mir-Mostafa Khan of Talysh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Caucasian khanates", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qajar columns of the Azerbaijan army (Nezam and tribal troops) converging on Lankaran.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the Azerbaijan army; local Talysh partisans of the Qajars may also have joined.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iranian forces converging from several directions stormed Lankaran and routed Mir-Mostafa Khan's forces and the Russians supporting him.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Lankaran; Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "Talysh Khanate (Mir-Mostafa Khan), a Russian protégé. Iran then held Lankaran directly until January 1813.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1538, "key": "1812-aslanduz", "name": "Aslanduz", "label": "Aslanduz", "year": 1812, "month": 10, "day": 31, "date": "31 October to 1 November 1812 (19-20 October Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Aras frontier", "place": "Aslanduz ford, north bank of the Aras, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.43, "lon": 47.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyotr Kotlyarevsky", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza (Fath-Ali Shah's army, with Dowlatshah listed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army (about 30,000 per Kazemzadeh, 5,000 in other counts) with 13 guns, including British-trained Nezam infantry; the British officer Charles Christie was killed.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian", "European" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Azerbaijan army was mainly Turkic-speaking with Kurdish tribal levies; proportions not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 2,000 (2,260 per Kazemzadeh)", "strength_b": "about 30,000 (or 5,000), 13 guns", "losses_a": "28 killed and 99 wounded (127)", "losses_b": "about 5,000 casualties, including about 2,000 killed (1,200 per Kazemzadeh) and over 500 captured; 11 guns", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kotlyarevsky's night attack routed the sleeping Persian camp, which was abandoned with 11 of its 13 guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Aslanduz; Russo-Persian War (1804-1813); Kazemzadeh in Cambridge History of Iran vol. 7", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1539, "key": "1813-lankaran-siege-1813", "name": "Lankaran (siege, 1813)", "label": "Lankaran (siege, 1813)", "year": 1813, "month": 1, "day": 7, "date": "7-13 January 1813 (stormed 1/13 January)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "theatre": "Talysh", "place": "Lankaran, Azerbaijan", "lat": 38.75, "lon": 48.85, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pyotr Kotlyarevsky (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Sadeq Khan Qajar (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A garrison of about 4,000 under Sadeq Khan Qajar and ten other khans.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the Azerbaijan army; the garrison is not broken down.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1,661 soldiers and 59 officers", "strength_b": "4,000", "losses_a": "341 killed and 609 wounded", "losses_b": "3,737 killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kotlyarevsky stormed Lankaran and the garrison was all but wiped out.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Lankaran; Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)", "note": "The war article also places the storming in October 1812, against the usual January 1813.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1540, "key": "n1540", "name": "Attock (Haidaru, 1813)", "label": "Attock", "year": 1813, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13 July 1813", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sikh-Afghan wars: the battle of Attock", "theatre": "", "place": "Haidaru, near Attock on the Indus, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 72.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai Wazirate of Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Barakzai Wazirate of Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mokham Chand; Hari Singh Nalwa", "commanders_b": "Fateh Khan Barakzai; Dost Muhammad Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Sikhs routed the Barakzai army after hours of fighting and held Attock.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990)", "note": "Fateh Khan, the Barakzai wazir, had joined the Sikhs for the Kashmir expedition and then tried to keep Kashmir for himself; the Sikhs seized Attock fort and defeated him on the Chuch plain. Dost Muhammad Khan, later Amir, took part.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Fateh Khan and Dost Muhammad Barakzai led a Pashtun Barakzai army (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1541, "key": "n1541", "name": "Multan (siege, 1818)", "label": "Multan", "year": 1818, "month": 1, "day": 20, "date": "January to 2 June 1818", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ranjit Singh's conquest of Multan", "theatre": "", "place": "Multan, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 30.198, "lon": 71.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Nawab of Multan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nawab of Multan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Misr Diwan Chand; Kharak Singh; Phula Singh; Hari Singh Nalwa", "commanders_b": "Muzaffar Khan Sadozai (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a siege of more than four months the Sikhs stormed the fort, killing Nawab Muzaffar Khan and five of his sons, and annexed Multan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Latif, S. M., History of the Panjab (1891)", "note": "The 'long siege' ended in a storm led by the Akali Phula Singh's Nihangs; the Afghan-Sikh Wars article dates the fall to early June 1818.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Nawab Muzaffar Khan was a Sadozai Pashtun and his garrison was Pashtun (Latif; Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1542, "key": "1818-kafir-qala", "name": "Kafir Qala", "label": "Kafir Qala", "year": 1818, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1818", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qajar-Herat wars", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Kafir Qala (Islam Qala), Afghanistan", "lat": 34.66, "lon": 61.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Hasan Ali Mirza, Mirza Abdul Wahhab Khan (Mutamid al-Daula), Faiz Ali Khan Qovanlu Qajar", "commanders_b": "Fateh Khan Barakzai (wounded), Sher Dil Khan, Kohan Dil Khan", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Astarabadi infantry, Khorasan infantry, Khwajawand and Abd al-Maliki cavalry, and a single gun, under the governor of Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The units named are Khorasani and Astarabadi infantry and the Khwajawand (Kurdish/Lak) and Abd al-Maliki cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "less than half the Afghan numbers", "strength_b": "more than twice the Persian numbers", "losses_a": "10,000 killed (Sykes)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Both armies withdrew without a decisive pursuit; Sykes and Faiz Muhammad call it an Afghan victory, Noelle-Karimi inconclusive, as both fled from each other.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kafir Qala", "note": "Durrani Afghanistan (Mahmud Shah's vizier Fateh Khan). The Fath-Ali Shah article calls it an Iranian defeat and names Mohammad Vali Mirza; the Hazaras of Bakharz and Jam fought for the Afghans and plundered both camps.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1543, "key": "n1543", "name": "Shopian", "label": "Shopian", "year": 1819, "month": 7, "day": 3, "date": "3 July 1819", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sikh conquest of Kashmir (1819)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shopian, Kashmir", "lat": 33.72, "lon": 74.83, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai governor of Kashmir" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Barakzai governor of Kashmir", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Misr Diwan Chand; Kharak Singh", "commanders_b": "Jabbar Khan Barakzai", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jabbar Khan's Afghan army was beaten at Shopian and Kashmir passed to the Sikhs.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990); Hasrat, B. J., Life and Times of Ranjit Singh (1977)", "note": "Jabbar Khan was the brother of Fateh Khan and Dost Muhammad; the Sikhs came over the Pir Panjal in three columns.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Jabbar Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun, led an Afghan army (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1544, "key": "1821-baghdad-siege-1821", "name": "Baghdad (siege, 1821)", "label": "Baghdad (siege, 1821)", "year": 1821, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1821 (to Mohammad Ali Mirza's death, 22 November)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.34, "lon": 44.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Ottomans" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dawud Pasha", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 40,000 infantry and artillery of Mohammad Ali Mirza's western army, with Kurdish and Lur tribal support.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mohammad Ali Mirza's army of Kermanshah drew on the Kurds and Lurs of western Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "3,900 infantry and 8,800 cavalry (or 10,000 infantry)", "strength_b": "about 40,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy, mainly from cholera", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dawud Pasha held Baghdad and cholera forced Mohammad Ali Mirza to lift the siege; he died of it at Ctesiphon.", "borderline": "no article; the article dates the siege 1821-1823 but the prince died in November 1821", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the article dates the siege 1821-1823 but the prince died in November 1821.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1545, "key": "1821-erzurum-1821", "name": "Erzurum (1821)", "label": "Erzurum (1821)", "year": 1821, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1821", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "near Erzurum, Turkey", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 41.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza", "commanders_b": "unknown (Koca Hüsrev Pasha commanded on this front)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 30,000 of Abbas Mirza's army: Nezam-e Jadid regiments of Azerbaijan with tribal cavalry, suffering from cholera.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000", "strength_b": "about 50,000-52,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza defeated the larger Ottoman army near Erzurum.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Erzurum (1821); Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823); Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military History", "note": "The exact date is unverified in the article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1546, "key": "1821-shahrezur-1821", "name": "Shahrezur (1821)", "label": "Shahrezur (1821)", "year": 1821, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1821", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "theatre": "Shahrizor", "place": "Shahrizor, on the Sirwan river, Iraq", "lat": 35.4, "lon": 45.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah", "commanders_b": "Dawud Pasha of Baghdad", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Mohammad Ali Mirza's army of Kermanshah, with Feyli Kurds and Feyli Lurs.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name Feyli Kurds and Lurs; the Kermanshah army was raised in the Kurdish and Lur west.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dawud Pasha's invasion failed and Mohammad Ali Mirza took Shahrizor and drove the Ottomans back to Kirkuk.", "borderline": "no article; known as a campaign rather than a single named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; known as a campaign rather than a single named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "note": "Mohammad Ali Mirza went on to take Sulaymaniyah and Samarra.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1547, "key": "1821-kariz-1821", "name": "Kariz (1821)", "label": "Kariz (1821)", "year": 1821, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June 1821", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qajar-Herat wars", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Kariz, near Taybad, Iran", "lat": 34.82, "lon": 60.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "the Qajar governor's forces (commander not named in the source)", "commanders_b": "Banyad Khan Hazara, with Jamshidi and Firozkohi Aimaq", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 3,000 Iranian troops of the Khorasan government.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Khorasani troops of the period (Persian infantry with Kurdish and Turkic horse).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 3,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Banyad Khan's forces were broken and pursued into their lands.", "borderline": "no article; the place may be Kariz in Khorasan or in Herat province", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the place may be Kariz in Khorasan or in Herat province.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Herati Civil War (1823-1829)", "note": "Banyad Khan, a Hazara chief, had revolted in Iran with Herati support; Aimaq allies (Jamshidi, Firozkohi).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1548, "key": "1821-bayazid-1821", "name": "Bayazid (1821)", "label": "Bayazid (1821)", "year": 1821, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September to November 1821", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Bayazid (Doğubayazıt), Turkey", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 44.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza's forces", "commanders_b": "the Ottoman garrison (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan, with its Nezam-e Jadid regiments and Kurdish horse.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Persian forces stormed the fortress, securing their supply route.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "note": "The Persians crossed the border at Gürbulak on 16 September 1821.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1549, "key": "1822-herat-siege-1822", "name": "Herat (siege, 1822)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1822)", "year": 1822, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "c. 1822-1823", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Qajar-Herat wars", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Kamran Mirza Durrani", "commanders_b": "the forces of Hasan Ali Mirza, governor of Khorasan (backing Firuz al-Din Mirza)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Khorasan army of the Qajar governor; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Khorasani troops of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Herat withstood the Iranian siege, though the province was ravaged.", "borderline": "no article; poorly dated", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; poorly dated.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Herati Civil War (1823-1829)", "note": "Durrani Herat. In a fight of 22 May 1822 during the siege Ibrahim Khan Jamshidi, Khalil Khan Taymani and Qilij Khan Timuri were killed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1550, "key": "1822-toprakkale-1822", "name": "Toprakkale (1822)", "label": "Toprakkale (1822)", "year": 1822, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1822", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)", "theatre": "Eastern Anatolia", "place": "Toprakkale (Toprak Qal'eh), Ağrı province, Turkey", "lat": 39.63, "lon": 43.01, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza; the Sardar of Erivan (Hossein Khan)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Ottomans", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's army of Azerbaijan (35,000 in 1822) with the Erivan forces.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (35,000 for the 1822 army)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza relieved the fortress and defeated the Ottomans, though he could not exploit the victory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823); Abbas Mirza", "note": "The Abbas Mirza article also reports a defeat of an Ottoman counterattack at Khoy in May 1822, perhaps the same campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1551, "key": "n1551", "name": "Nowshera (Theri, 1823)", "label": "Nowshera", "year": 1823, "month": 3, "day": 14, "date": "14 March 1823", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sikh-Afghan wars: Ranjit Singh's invasion of the Peshawar valley", "theatre": "", "place": "Nowshera (Theri), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.016, "lon": 71.975, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Yusufzai Pashtun tribes", "Barakzai sardars of Peshawar and Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yusufzai Pashtun tribes & Barakzai sardars of Peshawar and Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ranjit Singh; Phula Singh (killed); Hari Singh Nalwa", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Azim Khan Barakzai; Yar Muhammad Khan Barakzai", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ranjit Singh's army held the field at Theri, though the Akali Phula Singh was killed, and the Afghan jihad host withdrew; Azim Khan died soon after.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990)", "note": "A Yusufzai ghazi host with Azim Khan's Kabul army on the north bank of the Kabul river; the Sikhs entered Peshawar a few days later.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Yusufzai tribal levies and Barakzai sardars fought the Sikhs (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1552, "key": "1826-badghis-1826", "name": "Badghis (1826)", "label": "Badghis (1826)", "year": 1826, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "after 16 July 1826", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Herati Civil War (1823-1829)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "on the Murghab, Badghis, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.3, "lon": 63.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Afghans" ], "persian_state": "Afghans v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Shah's party, with Aimaq and Uzbek forces", "commanders_b": "the commander sent by Hasan Ali Mirza (governor of Khorasan), with Kamran Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "6,000-10,000 Iranian troops with four guns sent from Khorasan, joined by about 2,000 Herati troops under Kamran Mirza.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khorasani troops (Persian, Kurdish and Turkic) with Kamran's Herati (Persian- and Pashto-speaking) allies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "6,000-10,000 with 4 guns, plus about 2,000 Heratis", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mahmud Shah's side ambushed and routed the Iranian army.", "borderline": "no article; the article calls it the ambush on the Murghab or battle of Badghis", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the article calls it the ambush on the Murghab or battle of Badghis.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Herati Civil War (1823-1829)", "note": "Herat (Mahmud Shah Durrani) against Kamran Mirza, his son, backed by Iran.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1553, "key": "1826-pambak-1826", "name": "Pambak (1826)", "label": "Pambak (1826)", "year": 1826, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28-30 July 1826", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Pambak and Shuregol, northern Armenia", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 44.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hossein Khan Sardar of Erivan, Hasan Khan Sari Aslan", "commanders_b": "Russian frontier posts (commander not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Erivan army of Hossein Khan Sardar: Qajar cavalry and sarbaz with Kurdish tribal horse.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Armenian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Erivan forces of the period (Turkic-speaking Qajar troops, Kurdish horse and Armenian sarbaz).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians overran Pambak and Shuregol and the Russians withdrew towards Tiflis.", "borderline": "no article; a frontier offensive rather than a single named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; a frontier offensive rather than a single named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1554, "key": "1826-shusha-siege-1826", "name": "Shusha (siege, 1826)", "label": "Shusha (siege, 1826)", "year": 1826, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "late July (6 August in the war article) to early September 1826", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Karabakh", "place": "Shusha, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.76, "lon": 46.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Colonel Iosif Reutt", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's main army (about 35,000): Nezam-e Jadid sarbaz regiments, tribal cavalry and artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Azerbaijan army was raised mainly from Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis, with Kurdish cavalry and some Persian regiments.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (a small garrison)", "strength_b": "about 35,000 (the invading army)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Persian artillery failed to breach the walls and the siege was abandoned after the defeats at Shamkhor and Ganja.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "note": "Usually said to have lasted 47-48 days.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1555, "key": "1826-ganja-1826", "name": "Ganja (1826)", "label": "Ganja (1826)", "year": 1826, "month": 9, "day": 25, "date": "25 September 1826 (13 September Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Ganja", "place": "Ganja (Elisavetpol), near the tomb of Nizami, Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.66, "lon": 46.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan Paskevich", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 30,000 of Abbas Mirza's army: Nezam-e Jadid sarbaz regiments, tribal cavalry and artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1826.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 15,000", "strength_b": "about 30,000", "losses_a": "295 (Russian estimate)", "losses_b": "2,000 killed and 1,100 captured (Russian estimate)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian centre collapsed and the army retreated across the Aras.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ganja (1826); Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "note": "Also called Elisabethpol (Elizavetpol).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1556, "key": "1826-shamkhor", "name": "Shamkhor", "label": "Shamkhor", "year": 1826, "month": 9, "day": 15, "date": "15 September 1826 (3 September Old Style; the war article gives 16 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Ganja", "place": "Shamkhor (Shamkir), Azerbaijan", "lat": 40.83, "lon": 46.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Valerian Madatov", "commanders_b": "Amir Khan Devellu-Qajar (killed), Mohammad Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A Persian advance corps including a 5,000-strong cavalry force under Amir Khan, who had asked for Nezam-e Jadid regiments and more guns.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1826.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Madatov's detachment)", "strength_b": "including 5,000 cavalry", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (Amir Khan killed)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Madatov routed the Persian force, Amir Khan was killed and Mohammad Mirza withdrew to Ganja.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "note": "Ganja was evacuated by the Persians and occupied by Madatov the next day.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1557, "key": "1826-javad", "name": "Javad", "label": "Javad", "year": 1826, "month": 10, "day": 26, "date": "26 October 1826 (14 October Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Shirvan", "place": "Javad, at the Kura-Aras confluence (near Suqovushan), Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.92, "lon": 48.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Caucasian khanates" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Colonel Pyotr Mishchenko", "commanders_b": "Mostafa Khan of Shirvan; Sararab Khan (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 1,500 Persian regular infantry with 4 guns, the Shirvan cavalry of the deposed khan Mostafa Khan, and nearby Talysh and Shahsevan forces.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The named forces are Persian regulars, Shirvani horse and Shahsevan (Turkic-speaking) with Talysh partisans; the regulars were probably mostly Azerbaijani Turks.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "infantry and cavalry with 4 guns", "strength_b": "about 1,500 regular infantry, a cavalry horde and 4 guns", "losses_a": "1 officer killed, 3 men wounded or contused", "losses_b": "2 guns captured; losses 'not inconsiderable'", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian force was driven from the right bank of the Kura, losing two guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Javad", "note": "Mostafa Khan, the former khan of Shirvan, fought for Iran.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1558, "key": "n1558", "name": "Akora Khattak", "label": "Akora Khattak", "year": 1826, "month": 12, "day": 21, "date": "21 December 1826 (early morning)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi's jihad against the Sikhs", "theatre": "", "place": "Akora Khattak, near Attock, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.98, "lon": 72.06, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mujahidin of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi" ], "side_b": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mujahidin of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi; Khadi Khan (Hund); Baqar Ali (killed); Allahbakhsh Khan (killed)", "commanders_b": "Budh Singh Sandhanwalia; Atar Singh", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The mujahidin's night attack inflicted heavy losses (500-700 Sikhs) but they looted the camp, Budh Singh rallied and they withdrew to the hills; sources disagree on the winner.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Akora_Khattak; Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990)", "note": "About 1,500 mujahidin, of whom 46 of the 82 dead were Kandaharis (Afghans) and 36 Hindustanis, with Yusufzai and Khattak tribesmen; the Pashtun share is therefore taken as a fifth to half or more.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Of the 82 mujahidin killed, 46 were Kandaharis and the local Yusufzai and Khattak tribes took part (Wikipedia 'Battle of Akora Khattak').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1559, "key": "1827-abbasabad-siege", "name": "Abbasabad (siege)", "label": "Abbasabad (siege)", "year": 1827, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13-19 July 1827", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Nakhchivan", "place": "Abbasabad fortress on the Aras, Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.08, "lon": 45.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan Paskevich", "commanders_b": "the garrison commanders (Mohammad Amin Khan); Ehsan Khan of Nakhchivan, who changed sides", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison, including the Nakhchivan sarbaz battalion under Ehsan Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Nakhchivan sarbaz were local Turkic-speaking recruits; the rest of the garrison is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "14 battalions, 14 squadrons, 6 Cossack regiments, 42 guns", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "41 killed", "losses_b": "about 400 killed and 2,700-3,000 captured, 23 guns", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison surrendered on 19 July after the relief army was beaten at Jevan-Bulak.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Abbasabad", "note": "The Persian loss figures in the article may include the battle of Jevan-Bulak; the garrison commander's name is from general knowledge.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1560, "key": "1827-jevan-bulak", "name": "Jevan-Bulak", "label": "Jevan-Bulak", "year": 1827, "month": 7, "day": 17, "date": "17 July 1827 (5 July Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Nakhchivan", "place": "Jevan-Bulak stream, near Abbasabad, Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.1, "lon": 45.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan Paskevich; Benckendorff, Raevsky, Andronikov, Ilovaisky", "commanders_b": "Abbas Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's relief army, given as about 40,000 (Russian figure): sarbaz regiments, tribal cavalry and artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of 1826-28.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "all the cavalry, 8 infantry battalions and field guns", "strength_b": "about 40,000 (Russian figure)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persians were driven from two positions and fled, pursued to the Jevan-Bulak stream; Abbasabad surrendered next morning.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Abbasabad; Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "Also spelled Djevan-Bulak or Dzhevan-Bulak.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1561, "key": "1827-oshakan", "name": "Oshakan", "label": "Oshakan", "year": 1827, "month": 8, "day": 29, "date": "29 August 1827 (17 August Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "between Oshakan and Ashtarak, Armenia", "lat": 40.27, "lon": 44.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Russia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza, Hossein Khan Sardar", "commanders_b": "Afanasy Krasovsky", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 20,000-30,000 (13,000-15,000 cavalry, 7,000-10,000 infantry, 22-24 guns) under Abbas Mirza, including Samson Khan's battalion of Russian deserters, Ali Naqi Mirza's contingent of Qazvin and Georgian prince Alexander; plus about 5,000 Erivan troops, largely Armenian sarbaz under Melik Saak Agamalian.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian", "Armenian", "European", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The army combined Azerbaijani Turkic regiments and cavalry with Kurdish horse, Qazvin Persians, Armenian sarbaz of Erivan and Russian deserters.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "20,000-30,000 with 22-24 guns (Russian and other sources)", "strength_b": "2,300-3,000 and 12 guns (Persian sources: 6,000-8,000)", "losses_a": "about 1,000 (Persian data)", "losses_b": "24 officers and 1,130 men and all provisions (other estimates 3,000-3,500)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Krasovsky's column broke through to the Echmiadzin monastery with over a thousand men and all its provisions lost, and Abbas Mirza then gave up the siege, the same night by one account and on 31 August by another, so the sources conflict on whether the Persians kept the field and no scholarly verdict settles it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Oshakan; Krugosvet, Russo-Persian Wars", "note": "The infobox calls it a Persian victory; the narrative says the Russians reached their objective. Abbas Mirza had been besieging Echmiadzin.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1562, "key": "1827-erivan-siege-1827", "name": "Erivan (siege, 1827)", "label": "Erivan (siege, 1827)", "year": 1827, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "late September to 13 October 1827 (1 October Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Erivan (Yerevan), Armenia", "lat": 40.18, "lon": 44.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan Paskevich, Roman Bagration", "commanders_b": "Hossein Khan Sardar (escaped), Hasan Khan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A garrison of 6,000-7,000 under the Qajar sardar's family (Hasan Khan, Hamzeh Khan, Mahmud Khan).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Erivan forces of the period; the garrison is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "8,600", "strength_b": "6,000-7,000", "losses_a": "9 killed and 46 wounded", "losses_b": "4,000 prisoners and 49 guns", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a heavy bombardment Erivan fell to the Russians, who took 4,000 prisoners and 49 guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Erivan; Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "note": "The article gives both 1 and 14 October for the fall. Russian troops then occupied Tabriz without a fight (24 October).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1563, "key": "1827-sardarabad-siege", "name": "Sardarabad (siege)", "label": "Sardarabad (siege)", "year": 1827, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1827", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)", "theatre": "Erivan", "place": "Sardarabad fortress, Armavir province, Armenia", "lat": 40.15, "lon": 44.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Armenia", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ivan Paskevich", "commanders_b": "Hasan Khan (brother of the Sardar), as usually given", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Sardarabad; composition not recorded.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Erivan forces of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Paskevich captured the fort of Sardarabad before moving on Erivan.", "borderline": "no article; the garrison commander is from general knowledge", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the garrison commander is from general knowledge.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Erivan; Russo-Persian War (1826-1828); Krugosvet", "note": "Krugosvet gives 7/19 July for Sardarabad's surrender, apparently confusing it with Abbasabad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1564, "key": "n1564", "name": "Amadiya (siege, 1831)", "label": "Amadiya", "year": 1831, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1831 (some sources say 1833; he retook the city after a later revolt of Said Pasha)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Soran conquest of Bahdinan", "theatre": "", "place": "Amadiya (Amedi), Duhok, Iraq", "lat": 37.0928, "lon": 43.4878, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Soran Emirate" ], "side_b": [ "Bahdinan Emirate" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soran Emirate v Bahdinan Emirate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soran Emirate", "faction_b": "Bahdinan Emirate", "commanders_a": "Mir Muhammad of Rawanduz (Mir Kor)", "commanders_b": "Said Pasha of Bahdinan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mir Kor captured the Bahdinan capital and Said Pasha fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Muhammad_of_Rawanduz; Eppel, A People Without a State (2016)", "note": "A war between two Kurdish emirates. The date is uncertain and the sources do not describe the siege itself.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1565, "key": "1832-quchan-siege-1832", "name": "Quchan (siege, 1832)", "label": "Quchan (siege, 1832)", "year": 1832, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1832", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbas Mirza's Khorasan campaign (1831-1833)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Quchan (Khabushan), Iran", "lat": 37.11, "lon": 58.51, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza", "commanders_b": "Reza Qoli Khan Zafaranlu, Kurdish khan of Quchan (as usually given)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's Nezam army of Azerbaijan with artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza took Khabushan (Quchan).", "borderline": "no article and no details in the pages read; the Kurdish khans of Quchan were rebellious Qajar vassals", "doubt": "Borderline: no article and no details in the pages read; the Kurdish khans of Quchan were rebellious Qajar vassals.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza ('took Khabushan, Sarakhs and Torbat-e Heydarieh', no details)", "note": "Zafaranlu Kurds of Khorasan.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1566, "key": "1832-sarakhs-1832", "name": "Sarakhs (1832)", "label": "Sarakhs (1832)", "year": 1832, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1832", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbas Mirza's Khorasan campaign (1831-1833)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Sarakhs, Iran", "lat": 36.54, "lon": 61.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Turkmens" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abbas Mirza (with Mohammad Mirza)", "commanders_b": "the Salor Turkmen of Sarakhs", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Turkmens", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Abbas Mirza's Nezam army of Azerbaijan with artillery.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abbas Mirza took Sarakhs.", "borderline": "no article and no details in the pages read; the storming of Sarakhs is from general knowledge of the campaign", "doubt": "Borderline: no article and no details in the pages read; the storming of Sarakhs is from general knowledge of the campaign.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abbas Mirza", "note": "Old Sarakhs lies on the present Iran-Turkmenistan border.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1567, "key": "1833-herat-siege-1833", "name": "Herat (siege, 1833)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1833)", "year": 1833, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "summer to November 1833", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Abbas Mirza's Khorasan campaign (1831-1833)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Mirza, Khosrow Mirza, Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam", "commanders_b": "Kamran Mirza Durrani", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mohammad Mirza's part of the Azerbaijan army with Khorasani levies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for the Azerbaijan army of the period, with Khorasani levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege was ended by treaty in November 1833 while Herat was still invested, after news of Abbas Mirza's death; Kamran accepted vassal terms.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Herat (1833)", "note": "Kamran agreed to send a son as hostage, to name the Shah on coins and in the Friday prayer and to pay 15,000 tomans.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1568, "key": "n1568", "name": "Lezan (1834)", "label": "Lezan", "year": 1834, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1834 (approximate; mission sources vary by a year)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soran wars against the Assyrians of Hakkari", "theatre": "", "place": "Lezan gorge, Lower Tiyari, Hakkari, Turkey", "lat": 37.35, "lon": 43.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Soran Emirate" ], "side_b": [ "Assyrians of Tiyari" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soran Emirate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Muhammad of Rawanduz (Mir Kor) or his lieutenants", "commanders_b": "Tiyari tribal chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mir Kor's attempt to subdue Lower Tiyari ended in a major defeat near Lezan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_Emirate; Eppel, A People Without a State (2016); missionary accounts (Grant, Badger)", "note": "Known from a few lines; who led the Kurdish army in person is not clear and the coordinates are for the district.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1569, "key": "n1569", "name": "Rohri (1834)", "label": "Rohri", "year": 1834, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1834 (day not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Shah Shuja's expedition to Sindh and Kandahar (1833-1834)", "theatre": "", "place": "Rohri, on the Indus, Sindh, Pakistan", "lat": 27.69, "lon": 68.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Shah Shuja Durrani's Durrani force" ], "side_b": [ "Talpur Mirs of Upper Sindh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shah Shuja Durrani's Durrani force v Talpur Mirs of Upper Sindh", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shah Shuja Durrani's Durrani force", "faction_b": "Talpur Mirs of Upper Sindh", "commanders_a": "Shah Shuja ul-Mulk", "commanders_b": "Mir Rustam Khan Talpur (Khairpur)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shah Shuja's army defeated the Talpur Mirs' levies in Upper Sindh and extracted tribute before marching on Kandahar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833%E2%80%931834_expedition_of_Shuja_Shah_Durrani; Dalrymple, W., Return of a King (2012)", "note": "I could not confirm this engagement in the sources I fetched (Wikipedia's expedition article does not mention it), and the date and the Mirs' commanders are from memory; it may have been only a skirmish.", "peoples": [ "Baloch", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Shah Shuja (Sadozai Pashtun) led the Durrani force and the Talpurs were Baloch (Dalrymple, from memory).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1570, "key": "n1570", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1834)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1834, "month": 5, "day": 10, "date": "10 May to 1 July 1834 (main assault 29 June)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Shah Shuja's expedition to Sindh and Kandahar (1833-1834)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.629, "lon": 65.737, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Shah Shuja Durrani" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai sardars of Kandahar and Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shah Shuja Durrani v Barakzai sardars of Kandahar and Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shah Shuja Durrani", "faction_b": "Barakzai sardars of Kandahar and Kabul", "commanders_a": "Shah Shuja ul-Mulk (wounded); William Campbell (captured)", "commanders_b": "Dost Muhammad Khan; Muhammad Afzal Khan; Kohandil Khan, Purdil Khan, Rahimdil Khan and Mehrdil Khan (the Kandahar sardars)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shah Shuja's ladder assault on 29 June failed with heavy loss; Dost Muhammad's relief army then broke his army and Shuja fled wounded, leaving his baggage.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Expedition_(1833%E2%80%931834); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani; Dalrymple, W., Return of a King (2012)", "note": "Shuja's army is put at 30,000 to 80,000 and Dost Muhammad's at about 20,000, with only about 3,000 in the decisive fighting; up to 16,000 of Shuja's men are said to have been killed. It was the last attempt of the Sadozai to retake the throne before the British brought Shuja back in 1839.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both armies were Pashtun, Durrani Sadozai against Barakzai (Wikipedia 'Shah Shuja Durrani').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1571, "key": "n1571", "name": "Peshawar (1834)", "label": "Peshawar", "year": 1834, "month": 5, "day": 6, "date": "6 May 1834", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sikh conquest of Peshawar", "theatre": "", "place": "Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.015, "lon": 71.525, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai sardars of Peshawar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Barakzai sardars of Peshawar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hari Singh Nalwa; Mahan Singh Hazarawala", "commanders_b": "Sultan Muhammad Khan Barakzai; Pir Muhammad Khan; Sayyid Muhammad Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After brief fighting Hari Singh Nalwa took the city and the Peshawar Barakzais withdrew; Peshawar became part of the Sikh Empire.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars", "note": "Taken while Shah Shuja and Dost Muhammad were fighting over Kandahar; Charles Masson left an eyewitness account.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Barakzai sardars of Peshawar were Pashtun rulers with Pashtun forces (Wikipedia 'Battle of Peshawar (1834)').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1572, "key": "1835-qomsheh-1835", "name": "Qomsheh (1835)", "label": "Qomsheh (1835)", "year": 1835, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1835", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Qajar succession war (1834-1835)", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "near Qomsheh (Shahreza), Iran", "lat": 32.01, "lon": 51.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Hossein Ali Mirza Farmanfarma of Fars and Hasan Ali Mirza Shoja os-Saltaneh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Shah", "faction_b": "Hossein Ali Mirza Farmanfarma of Fars and Hasan Ali Mirza Shoja os-Saltaneh", "commanders_a": "Manuchehr Khan Gorji (Motamed od-Dowleh), Henry Lindsay-Bethune", "commanders_b": "the Fars princes' commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mohammad Shah's Azerbaijan regulars (sarbaz) and artillery led by the British officer Lindsay-Bethune, against the army of Fars (Qashqai, Arab and Persian levies).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the royal regulars were Azerbaijani (Turkic) and the Fars army was tribal (Qashqai Turkic, Khamseh Arab) with Persian levies.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Fars army was routed by Lindsay-Bethune's guns and regulars, and Farmanfarma then submitted at Shiraz.", "borderline": "no article; recorded from the general literature and not verified here", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; recorded from the general literature and not verified here.", "sources": "general knowledge of the succession of Mohammad Shah (Amanat, Iran: A Modern History); not verified in an online page", "note": "The rival claimant Ali Mirza Zell-e Soltan in Tehran gave up without a battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1573, "key": "n1573", "name": "Cizre (1836)", "label": "Cizre", "year": 1836, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1836", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman suppression of the Kurdish emirates", "theatre": "", "place": "Cizre, Sirnak, Turkey", "lat": 37.3242, "lon": 42.1883, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Bohtan Emirate" ], "allies_a": [ "Bedir Khan's faction" ], "allies_b": [ "Soran Emirate" ], "persian_state": "Bohtan Emirate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Reshid Mehmed Pasha", "commanders_b": "Mir Seyfeddin of Bohtan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Reshid Mehmed Pasha took Cizre and Seyfeddin fled to Baghdad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Muhammed_Rebellion; Eppel, A People Without a State (2016)", "note": "Part of the campaign that ended the Soran emirate and gave Bohtan to Bedir Khan. The sources do not say how hard the fighting was.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1574, "key": "1837-bam-siege-1837-38", "name": "Bam (siege, 1837-38)", "label": "Bam (siege, 1837-38)", "year": 1837, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1837 to about 1838 (about 14 months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Aga Khan I", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "citadel of Bam, Iran", "lat": 29.11, "lon": 58.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Aga Khan I, dismissed governor of Kerman" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (Mohammad Shah)", "faction_b": "Aga Khan I (Hasan Ali Shah), dismissed governor of Kerman", "commanders_a": "the government commanders sent from Kerman (not named)", "commanders_b": "Aga Khan I and his brothers", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government troops of Kerman against the Aga Khan's Nizari Ismaili followers and relatives.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were raised in Kerman province (Persian-speaking townsmen and Ismailis, with Baloch and tribal horse); not described in detail.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Aga Khan surrendered the citadel after the governor of Fars interceded, and was taken prisoner.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aga Khan I", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1575, "key": "n1575", "name": "Jamrud", "label": "Jamrud", "year": 1837, "month": 4, "day": 30, "date": "30 April 1837", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sikh-Afghan wars: the battle of Jamrud", "theatre": "", "place": "Jamrud, at the mouth of the Khyber Pass, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.998, "lon": 71.38, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Sikh Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai Amirate of Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Barakzai Amirate of Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hari Singh Nalwa (killed)", "commanders_b": "Wazir Akbar Khan; Muhammad Afzal Khan", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghans failed to take the fort of Jamrud and withdrew, but Hari Singh Nalwa, the Sikh commander, was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars; Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab (1990)", "note": "Dost Muhammad's sons led a Barakzai army with Khyber tribesmen; the Afghan side claimed a victory in killing Nalwa, the Sikhs held the fort, and Norris (cited in Wikipedia) calls it inconclusive.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Wazir Akbar Khan, son of Dost Muhammad (Barakzai Pashtun), led an Afghan army (Wikipedia 'Afghan-Sikh Wars').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1576, "key": "1837-ghurian-siege-1837", "name": "Ghurian (siege, 1837)", "label": "Ghurian (siege, 1837)", "year": 1837, "month": 11, "day": 5, "date": "about 5-15 November 1837", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Herat War (1837-1838)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Ghurian, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 61.49, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Khan, Amir-e Tuman", "commanders_b": "Shir Mohammad Khan, governor of Ghurian", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 8,000 troops with 6-8 guns from Mohammad Shah's army.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Mohammad Shah's army was built on the sarbaz regiments of Azerbaijan with Persian and Kurdish units; this detachment is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 8,000, 6-8 guns", "strength_b": "about 800", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After about a week of bombardment the fort submitted on 13 or 15 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Herat War", "note": "Spelled Ghorian in the article.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1577, "key": "1837-herat-siege-1837-38", "name": "Herat (siege, 1837-38)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1837-38)", "year": 1837, "month": 11, "day": 23, "date": "23 November 1837 to 9 September 1838", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Herat War (1837-1838)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghans", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Kamran Shah, Yar Mohammad Khan; Eldred Pottinger (adviser)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Shah Qajar; Izydor Borowski; Russian envoys Simonich and Witkiewicz", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Over 30,000 men (10,000 more in January 1838): the sarbaz regiments of Azerbaijan and the provinces with Khorasani and Kurdish cavalry and artillery, a battalion of Russian deserters, and European officers such as the Pole Borowski.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "European" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The page gives only totals; Mohammad Shah's army was led by Azerbaijani (Turkic) regiments with Persian and Kurdish units (the deserter battalion is from general knowledge).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 22,000 infantry and cavalry", "strength_b": "over 30,000, later 40,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The assault of 24 June 1838 was thrown back from the breach and the Shah lifted the siege on 9 September under British pressure.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Herat War", "note": "Britain, which occupied Kharg in June 1838 to force the siege's end, is listed as Herat's ally.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1578, "key": "1837-kushk-1837", "name": "Kushk (1837)", "label": "Kushk (1837)", "year": 1837, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "mid-November 1837", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Herat War (1837-1838)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Kushk, Herat province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.95, "lon": 62.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Asef al-Dowleh", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Zaman Khan Jamshidi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "12,000 (or 14,000) troops with 9 (or 4) guns under Asef al-Dowleh, governor of Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Asef al-Dowleh's force was the army of Khorasan (Persian, Kurdish and Turkic units); not broken down.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12,000-14,000, 4-9 guns", "strength_b": "about 6,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "200-300 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jamshidi was defeated and Asef al-Dowleh entered Qala-e Naw three days later.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Herat War", "note": "Aimaq (Jamshidi) chief allied to Herat.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1579, "key": "1837-pada-kaj-1837", "name": "Pada Kaj (1837)", "label": "Pada Kaj (1837)", "year": 1837, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "late 1837", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Herat War (1837-1838)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Pada Kaj, Badghis, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 63.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Asef al-Dowleh's forces", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Zaman Jamshidi, Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara, Shah Pasand Khan Firozkohi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Asef al-Dowleh's army of Khorasan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for Kushk (1837).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "higher than the Aimaq", "losses_b": "about 250", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a four-hour battle the Persians took Pada Kaj.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Herat War", "note": "Aimaq tribes (Jamshidi, Hazara, Firozkohi) allied to Herat.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1580, "key": "n1580", "name": "Ghazni (storming, 1839)", "label": "Ghazni", "year": 1839, "month": 7, "day": 23, "date": "23 July 1839 (the Army of the Indus reached Ghazni on 21 July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghazni, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.554, "lon": 68.422, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai Emirate of Kabul" ], "allies_a": [ "Shah Shuja's Sadozai Durrani contingent" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "East India Company v Barakzai Emirate of Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "East India Company", "faction_b": "Barakzai Emirate of Kabul", "commanders_a": "Sir John Keane; Sir Willoughby Cotton; Shah Shuja ul-Mulk (nominal, with the army)", "commanders_b": "Sardar Ghulam Haidar Khan (son of Dost Mohammad; garrison commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Keane blew in the Kabul Gate with powder bags before dawn and the storming columns took the town and citadel; Ghulam Haidar was captured.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Pashtuns on both sides: the Barakzai garrison (B, most of the defenders) and Shah Shuja's retinue and levies with the invaders (A, a named contingent).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The fortress was held by an Afghan (Barakzai and Ghilzai) garrison under Dost Mohammad's son Ghulam Haidar Khan, while Shah Shuja, a Sadozai Durrani Pashtun, marched with the British (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1581, "key": "n1581", "name": "Kalat (storming, 1839)", "label": "Kalat", "year": 1839, "month": 11, "day": 13, "date": "13 November 1839", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (Army of the Indus, Balochistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kalat, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.03, "lon": 66.59, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Army of the Indus, Bombay column" ], "side_b": [ "Khanate of Kalat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khanate of Kalat", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major-General Sir Thomas Willshire", "commanders_b": "Mehrab Khan, Khan of Kalat (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The fort was stormed within about an hour, Mehrab Khan was killed and the city sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat (fetched: 'The British sacked the city', 13 Nov 1839); Havelock, Narrative of the War in Affghanistan (1840), from memory; Kaye (1851), from memory", "note": "The Khan was a Brahui of the Ahmadzai house; his garrison was Brahui with Baloch tribal levies, and British writers and Wikipedia's Kalat article call his people Baloch, so it counts as a Baloch contingent on that wording. The Baloch share is a guess.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1582, "key": "1840-yazd-1840", "name": "Yazd (1840)", "label": "Yazd (1840)", "year": 1840, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1840 (before March 1841)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Aga Khan I", "theatre": "Yazd", "place": "near Yazd, Iran", "lat": 31.9, "lon": 54.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Aga Khan I" ], "side_b": [ "Bahman Mirza Baha al-Dawla, governor of Yazd" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Aga Khan I", "faction_b": "Bahman Mirza Baha al-Dawla, governor of Yazd", "commanders_a": "Aga Khan I", "commanders_b": "Bahman Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Aga Khan's relatives and Ismaili followers against the provincial troops of Yazd.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were raised in central Iran; not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahman Mirza's forces were defeated by the Aga Khan.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aga Khan I", "note": "persian_state set to Qajars for both sides, since the Aga Khan held no state of his own.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1583, "key": "n1583", "name": "Kahun (siege, 1840)", "label": "Kahun", "year": 1840, "month": 5, "day": 16, "date": "16 May to 25 September 1840 (the garrison capitulated 25 or 28 September)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): Marri revolt", "theatre": "", "place": "Kahun (Kahan), Marri country, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.3, "lon": 69.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Marri Baloch" ], "side_b": [ "East India Company" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marri Baloch", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Sharbat Khan Marri; Sardar Doda Khan Marri", "commanders_b": "Captain Lewis Brown; Lieutenant Walpole Clarke (killed in the convoy ambush)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Brown's garrison, left with about 140 men after the convoy was destroyed on 16 May, capitulated and marched out with the honours of war.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kahun (fetched); Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851)", "note": "About 2,000 Marri besieged the post; Clibborn's relief column was beaten back at Nafusk Pass on 31 August (already in the dataset). The Marri are Baloch tribesmen under their own chiefs.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1584, "key": "n1584", "name": "Nafusk Pass", "label": "Nafusk Pass", "year": 1840, "month": 8, "day": 31, "date": "31 August 1840 (some accounts 1 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): Marri revolt on the Baloch front", "theatre": "", "place": "Nafusk Pass on the road to Kahan, Marri country, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.4, "lon": 69.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Marri Baloch" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marri Baloch", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major Clibborn", "commanders_b": "Dodah Khan Marri (Marri chief)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Clibborn's supply column, bound for the beleaguered post at Kahan, was ambushed in the pass, lost its guns and baggage and fell back to Dadhar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); Wikipedia 'Kahan' and 'Marri (tribe)' (not fetched)", "note": "A minor but well-known British reverse on the Kachhi side of the war; the date and the commander's name are from memory of Kaye and need checking.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The attackers were Marri Baloch tribesmen under their chief; the Baloch are Iranian-speakers (Wikipedia and Kaye on the Kahan expeditions).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1585, "key": "n1585", "name": "Dadur (Dhadar, 1840)", "label": "Dadur", "year": 1840, "month": 11, "day": 2, "date": "2 November 1840", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): Brahui revolt in Kalat", "theatre": "", "place": "Dhadar (Dadur), at the mouth of the Bolan Pass, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.47, "lon": 67.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Khanate of Kalat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khanate of Kalat", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Captain Boscawen, HM 40th Regiment", "commanders_b": "Mir Nasir Khan II of Kalat", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Boscawen defeated Nasir Khan's attempt to drive the British from the road between Shikarpur and Quetta (FIBIS 'Battle of Dadur').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Battle_of_Dadur (fetched); Kaye (1851)", "note": "Weak on the Baloch share: FIBIS calls the enemy 'Brahui tribesmen', and the Khan was a Brahui. British writers of the time lumped the Khan's Brahui and Baloch levies together; the Baloch contingent is inferred.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1586, "key": "n1586", "name": "Parwan Darra", "label": "Parwan Darra", "year": 1840, "month": 11, "day": 2, "date": "2 November 1840", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Parwan Darra, near Charikar, Parwan Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.1, "lon": 69.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Emirate of Kabul" ], "allies_a": [ "Shah Shuja's levies and cavalry" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir Robert Sale (per Kaye); Lt. Col. William Dennie (infantry)", "commanders_b": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The 2nd Bengal Cavalry broke and fled and two British officers were killed, so Dost Mohammad kept the field, though he surrendered at Kabul the next evening.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Dost Mohammad's tactical victory, followed at once by his surrender to Macnaghten at Kabul; he was exiled to India.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Dost Mohammad, the Barakzai ruler of Kabul, led a force of Afghans and Kohistanis in his last field action (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1587, "key": "n1587", "name": "Kotra (Dhadar, 1840)", "label": "Kotra", "year": 1840, "month": 12, "day": 1, "date": "1 December 1840", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): Brahui revolt in Kalat", "theatre": "", "place": "Kotra, Kachhi plain near Dhadar, Balochistan, Pakistan (site approximate)", "lat": 28.57, "lon": 67.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Khanate of Kalat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khanate of Kalat", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Colonel Marshall; Captain Teasdale", "commanders_b": "Mir Nasir Khan II of Kalat", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Marshall and Teasdale attacked the Brahui camp from two sides and broke it; British loss 5 killed and 30 wounded, tribal loss about 500 killed (FIBIS).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Battle_of_Kotra (fetched); Kaye (1851)", "note": "Weak on the Baloch share, as at Dadur: FIBIS names only Brahui tribesmen. Included because the Khanate's levies were Brahui and Baloch together and the Brief counts them as Baloch when the sources do.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1588, "key": "1841-rigan-1841", "name": "Rigan (1841)", "label": "Rigan (1841)", "year": 1841, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1841", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Aga Khan I", "theatre": "Kerman and Baluchistan", "place": "Rigan, Kerman province, Iran", "lat": 28.65, "lon": 59.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Aga Khan I" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government", "faction_b": "Aga Khan I", "commanders_a": "government commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Aga Khan I", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A government army (24,000 had driven him out of Bam) against the Aga Khan's followers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the setting.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "up to 24,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Aga Khan suffered a decisive defeat and fled to Afghanistan.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aga Khan I", "note": "The Aga Khan went on to Kandahar and later Sind and Bombay.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1589, "key": "1841-dashtab-1841", "name": "Dashtab (1841)", "label": "Dashtab (1841)", "year": 1841, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "soon after March 1841", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Aga Khan I", "theatre": "Kerman", "place": "Dashtab, near Kerman, Iran", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 56.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Aga Khan I" ], "side_b": [ "Qajar government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Aga Khan I", "faction_b": "Qajar government", "commanders_a": "Aga Khan I", "commanders_b": "government commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Aga Khan's Ismaili and tribal followers against 4,000 government troops.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Kerman setting.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "4,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Aga Khan defeated a government force of 4,000.", "borderline": "no article", "doubt": "Borderline: no article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aga Khan I", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1590, "key": "n1590", "name": "Khurd Kabul Pass (1841)", "label": "Khurd Kabul Pass", "year": 1841, "month": 10, "day": 9, "date": "9-12 October 1841 (Khurd Kabul, 9 Oct; Tezin and the night attacks, 10-12 Oct)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): Ghilzai rising of October 1841", "theatre": "", "place": "Khurd Kabul Pass, between Kabul and Jalalabad, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.43, "lon": 69.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Eastern Ghilzai tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eastern Ghilzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir Robert Sale", "commanders_b": "Ghilzai chiefs (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sale's brigade forced the pass and fought through to Gandamak, though with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "The Ghilzai rising that preceded the Kabul uprising by three weeks; Sale's brigade then went on to Jalalabad.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Eastern Ghilzai, a Pashtun tribal confederacy, closed the passes after the cut in their subsidies (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1591, "key": "n1591", "name": "Behmaru Heights", "label": "Behmaru Heights", "year": 1841, "month": 11, "day": 23, "date": "23 November 1841", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Behmaru (Bemaru) Heights, north of the Kabul cantonment, Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.545, "lon": 69.225, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan insurgents of Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan insurgents of Kabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig. John Shelton", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Akbar Khan (arrived 22 Nov); Abdullah Khan Achakzai; Mohammad Shah Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Shelton's column on the heights was driven off, losing its gun, and the British never again left the cantonment in strength.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013)", "note": "The decisive failure of the winter; Akbar Khan, Dost Mohammad's son, had reached Kabul the day before.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Afghan force that took the heights was drawn from the Kabul Pashtun chiefs and their followers under Akbar Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun (Kaye; Dalrymple).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1592, "key": "n1592", "name": "Charikar (1841)", "label": "Charikar", "year": 1841, "month": 11, "day": 3, "date": "2-4 November 1841", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Charikar, Parwan Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.02, "lon": 69.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Kohistani insurgents" ], "side_b": [ "Shah Shuja's 4th Regiment, British-officered" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kohistani insurgents", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Masjidi Khan (Kohistani chief)", "commanders_b": "Capt. Codrington (per Kaye); Lt. Haughton", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison was overwhelmed and cut to pieces as it broke out; only a handful, including Haughton and Dr Grant, reached Kabul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013)", "note": "Kohistan (north of Kabul) was Tajik country; names of the garrison officers are from Kaye and need checking.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Kohistani Tajiks rose under their chief and destroyed the Gurkha garrison (Kaye; Dalrymple).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1593, "key": "n1593", "name": "Jalalabad (siege, 1841-1842)", "label": "Jalalabad", "year": 1841, "month": 11, "day": 12, "date": "12 November 1841 to 7 April 1842 (Sale's brigade invested from mid-November; Akbar Khan joined in January)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.43, "lon": 70.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan tribal forces" ], "side_b": [ "East India Company" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan tribal forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Akbar Khan", "commanders_b": "Sir Robert Sale; Capt. George Broadfoot; Maj. Henry Havelock", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison held through the winter and earthquake (19 Feb) and was relieved by Pollock's advance after Sale's successful sortie.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Entered with its 7 April sortie as a separate battle.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The besiegers were Pashtun tribal levies under Dost Mohammad's son Akbar Khan (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1594, "key": "n1594", "name": "Kabul (uprising and siege of the cantonment, 1841)", "label": "Kabul", "year": 1841, "month": 11, "day": 2, "date": "2 November 1841; the cantonment was invested until the capitulation of 23 December and the evacuation of 6 January 1842", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 69.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan insurgents of Kabul and Kohistan" ], "side_b": [ "East India Company" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Shah Shuja's government and his own troops in the Bala Hissar" ], "persian_state": "Afghan insurgents of Kabul and Kohistan v East India Company", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghan insurgents of Kabul and Kohistan", "faction_b": "East India Company", "commanders_a": "Abdullah Khan Achakzai; Mohammad Zaman Khan Barakzai (figurehead); Mohammad Akbar Khan (from 22 Nov)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. William Elphinstone; Brig. John Shelton; Sir William Macnaghten (envoy, murdered 23 Dec); Shah Shuja ul-Mulk", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After repeated failures to break out, the British envoy was killed and the cantonment's garrison agreed to evacuate Kabul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Treated as one entry covering the street fighting from Burnes's murder, the loss of the commissariat fort (9 Nov) and the investment of the cantonment; Behmaru Heights is entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The rising was led by Pashtun chiefs (Achakzai, Barakzai, Ghilzai) with the Kabul and Kohistan Tajiks, while Shah Shuja, a Sadozai Pashtun, ruled in the Bala Hissar under British protection (Kaye; Dalrymple).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1595, "key": "n1595", "name": "Ghazni (siege, 1841-1842)", "label": "Ghazni", "year": 1841, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "late 1841 to about 6 March 1842 (the garrison capitulated; the exact start and end dates vary between accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghazni, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.554, "lon": 68.422, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan insurgents of Ghazni" ], "side_b": [ "East India Company" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan insurgents of Ghazni", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Shams ud-Din Khan (Barakzai, former governor of Ghazni)", "commanders_b": "Col. Thomas Palmer", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison surrendered the citadel on terms, which were then broken, and was destroyed or enslaved.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Dates approximate; Palmer's surrender is usually put in the first week of March 1842.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The investing force was Pashtun tribal and Barakzai levies under Shams ud-Din Khan (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1596, "key": "n1596", "name": "Gandamak (1842)", "label": "Gandamak", "year": 1842, "month": 1, "day": 13, "date": "13 January 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gandamak, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.37, "lon": 70.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghilzai and Khugiani tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "Survivors of the Kabul column" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghilzai and Khugiani tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Local Ghilzai chiefs; Mohammad Akbar Khan nearby", "commanders_b": "Brig. Thomas Anquetil; Col. Thain (44th Foot)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The remaining 20 officers and 45 men of the 44th Foot were killed or captured on the hill.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Dr William Brydon reached Jalalabad on 13 January as the only man to arrive on horseback.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The last stand was against Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen who first parleyed, then closed in (Kaye; Dalrymple).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1597, "key": "n1597", "name": "Jugdulluk (retreat from Kabul, 1842)", "label": "Jugdulluk", "year": 1842, "month": 1, "day": 12, "date": "11-12 January 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jagdalak (Jugdulluk) Pass, Surobi District, Kabul Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.42, "lon": 69.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghilzai tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "British-Indian column retreating from Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghilzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ghilzai chiefs; Mohammad Akbar Khan", "commanders_b": "Brig. Thomas Anquetil", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The remnant of the column was surrounded on the hill at Jugdulluk and broken up in the night; Elphinstone and Johnson became hostages.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013)", "note": "Entered separately from the September 1842 fighting at the same pass.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Ghilzai Pashtuns blocked the pass with barricades and held the hills above it (Kaye; Dalrymple).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1598, "key": "n1598", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1842)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1842, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January to March 1842 (blockade and sorties; Safdar Jang's attack in early March)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Durrani and Ghilzai insurgents of the Kandahar region" ], "side_b": [ "East India Company" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Durrani and Ghilzai insurgents of the Kandahar region", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Prince Safdar Jang (Sadozai); Aktar Khan (Durrani chief of Zamindawar)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. William Nott", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nott repulsed the Afghan assaults and the blockade was lifted; he held Kandahar until he marched to Kabul in August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Wikipedia treats the whole of 1841-42 as a siege; the actions were mostly sorties against loose investment, and the names of the Afghan leaders are from Kaye and need checking.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The investing forces were Pashtun Durrani and Ghilzai levies, with Shah Shuja's son Safdar Jang as figurehead (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1599, "key": "n1599", "name": "Khurd Kabul Pass (retreat from Kabul, 1842)", "label": "Khurd Kabul Pass", "year": 1842, "month": 1, "day": 8, "date": "8 January 1842 (fighting 7-9 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khurd Kabul Pass, east of Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.43, "lon": 69.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghilzai tribesmen and Akbar Khan's followers" ], "side_b": [ "British-Indian column retreating from Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghilzai tribesmen and Akbar Khan's followers", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Akbar Khan; Ghilzai chiefs", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. William Elphinstone; Brig. Shelton (rearguard)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Some 3,000 of the column were killed in the pass.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "First and bloodiest of the ambushes on the retreat.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Pashtun Ghilzai tribesmen fired down on the column in the pass under the general direction of Akbar Khan, a Barakzai (Kaye; Dalrymple).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1600, "key": "n1600", "name": "Tezin (retreat from Kabul, 1842)", "label": "Tezin", "year": 1842, "month": 1, "day": 10, "date": "9-10 January 1842 (the 'Tunghee Tareekee', the Dark Defile, 10 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tezin valley and the Tunghee Tareekee defile, Kabul-Jalalabad road, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghilzai tribesmen and Akbar Khan's followers" ], "side_b": [ "British-Indian column retreating from Kabul" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghilzai tribesmen and Akbar Khan's followers", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Akbar Khan; Ghilzai chiefs", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. William Elphinstone; Capt. Shelton (rearguard)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The column lost most of its remaining fighting men and followers in the defile.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "The exact location of the Tunghee Tareekee relative to Tezin is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ghilzai Pashtuns ambushed the column in the defile (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1601, "key": "n1601", "name": "Jalalabad (7 April 1842)", "label": "Jalalabad", "year": 1842, "month": 4, "day": 7, "date": "7 April 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.43, "lon": 70.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan army of Akbar Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Akbar Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir Robert Sale; Capt. Henry Havelock", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Akbar Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison marched out in three columns, routed Akbar Khan's camp and captured his guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); W. Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2013); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "The sortie that ended the siege a week before Pollock's relief force arrived.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Akbar Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun, led the besieging Afghan army (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1602, "key": "n1602", "name": "Khyber Pass (Pollock, 1842)", "label": "Khyber Pass", "year": 1842, "month": 4, "day": 5, "date": "5 April 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khyber Pass (Ali Masjid), Khyber District, Pakistan", "lat": 34.02, "lon": 71.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Afridi tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. George Pollock", "commanders_b": "Afridi chiefs (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Pollock turned the Afridi stockades by flank marches over the hills and cleared the pass, relieving Jalalabad on 16 April.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Distinct from the Second War's Ali Masjid (1878) and the Afridi capture of the Khyber forts (1897).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The defenders of the pass were Afridi Pashtuns (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1603, "key": "n1603", "name": "Kalat-i-Ghilzai (1842)", "label": "Kalat-i-Ghilzai", "year": 1842, "month": 5, "day": 21, "date": "21 May 1842", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kalat-i-Ghilzai (Qalat), Zabul Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 32.1, "lon": 66.91, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Ghilzai tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "East India Company" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghilzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ghilzai chiefs (names not verified)", "commanders_b": "Capt. Craigie", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison beat off the assault with heavy Afghan loss, and was withdrawn on Nott's orders a few weeks later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "One of the few clear British successes of the dark months of spring 1842.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The assault was made by Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1604, "key": "n1604", "name": "Ghoaine (1842)", "label": "Ghoaine", "year": 1842, "month": 8, "day": 30, "date": "30 August 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghoaine (Goaine), on the road from Kandahar to Ghazni, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.2, "lon": 68.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan army of Ghazni" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Ghazni", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. William Nott", "commanders_b": "Shams ud-Din Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nott's brigades stormed the Afghan position and cleared the road to Ghazni.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "The site is placed only to the region between Mukur and Ghazni.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Shams ud-Din Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun, led some 10,000 Afghans against Nott (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1605, "key": "n1605", "name": "Ghazni (Nott's recapture, 1842)", "label": "Ghazni", "year": 1842, "month": 9, "day": 6, "date": "5-6 September 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghazni, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.554, "lon": 68.422, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans of Ghazni" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghans of Ghazni", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. William Nott", "commanders_b": "Shams ud-Din Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghans were beaten outside the walls, and the British entered the town and demolished the citadel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Nott's column then marched to Kabul by Maidan, fighting a further action there on 14 September.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The city was held by Afghan Pashtun levies under the same Shams ud-Din Khan (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1606, "key": "n1606", "name": "Istalif (1842)", "label": "Istalif", "year": 1842, "month": 9, "day": 29, "date": "29 September 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Istalif, Kabul Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.01, "lon": 69.09, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Kohistani Tajiks and Pashtuns of Istalif" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kohistani Tajiks and Pashtuns of Istalif", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. John McCaskill", "commanders_b": "Mir Masjidi Khan (Kohistani leader)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "McCaskill stormed the town and it was sacked and burnt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Part of the reprisal for the destruction of the Charikar garrison; Mir Masjidi's presence at Istalif is from Kaye.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Istalif was a Tajik town of Kohistan and its defenders were under the Kohistani leader Mir Masjidi (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War' mentions the Tajik rising at Istalif).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1607, "key": "n1607", "name": "Jugdulluk (Pollock, 1842)", "label": "Jugdulluk", "year": 1842, "month": 9, "day": 8, "date": "8 September 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jagdalak (Jugdulluk) Pass, Surobi District, Kabul Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.42, "lon": 69.82, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Ghilzai tribesmen and Afghan troops" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ghilzai tribesmen and Afghan troops", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. George Pollock", "commanders_b": "Ghilzai chiefs; Mohammad Akbar Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pollock's flanking parties took the heights and the army forced the pass where the retreating column had perished.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Date from memory of the despatches; needs checking.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The pass was held by Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1608, "key": "n1608", "name": "Tezin (Pollock, 1842)", "label": "Tezin", "year": 1842, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13 September 1842", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tezin, between Jagdalak and Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan army of Akbar Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Akbar Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. George Pollock", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Akbar Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Pollock's army carried the heights and Akbar Khan fled north; Kabul was reoccupied on 15 September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (1851); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Akbar Khan's force is given as 15,000-16,000 in the sources.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Akbar Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun, made his last stand with some 16,000 Afghans, mostly Ghilzai levies (Kaye; Wikipedia 'First Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1609, "key": "n1609", "name": "Tiyari and Tkhuma (1843)", "label": "Tiyari and Tkhuma", "year": 1843, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "summer 1843 (sources vary on the weeks)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bedir Khan's campaign against the Hakkari Assyrians", "theatre": "", "place": "Tiyari and Tkhuma, Hakkari highlands, Turkey", "lat": 37.45, "lon": 43.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Bohtan Emirate", "Hakkari Emirate" ], "side_b": [ "Assyrians of Tiyari and Tkhuma" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bohtan Emirate & Hakkari Emirate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bedir Khan Beg; Nurullah Bey of Hakkari", "commanders_b": "Shimun XVII Abraham (Mar Shimun) and the maliks", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bedir Khan broke Assyrian resistance and Mar Shimun fled to Mosul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedir_Khan_Beg; Eppel, A People Without a State (2016)", "note": "Nurullah Bey called Bedir Khan in after failing alone. It was a campaign of several assaults and massacres rather than a single battle, so the date and the point are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1610, "key": "n1610", "name": "Hyderabad Residency (Outram's defence, 1843)", "label": "Hyderabad Residency", "year": 1843, "month": 2, "day": 15, "date": "15 February 1843", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Conquest of Sindh (1843)", "theatre": "", "place": "British Residency, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan", "lat": 25.38, "lon": 68.37, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Talpur Amirs of Hyderabad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Talpur Amirs of Hyderabad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major James Outram; Captain Conway (steamer Planet)", "commanders_b": "Mir Nasir Khan Talpur and Baloch tribal chiefs", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Outram's guard of about 100 beat off repeated assaults for some hours, then withdrew with its guns to the river steamers and the Baloch burned the Residency.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Outram, Conquest of Scinde (1846), from memory; W. Napier, History of General Sir Charles Napier's Administration of Scinde (1851), from memory; Dalrymple/Lambrick on the conquest of Sindh, from memory", "note": "The attack by the Mirs' Baloch followers two days before Miani opened the fighting of the 1843 war. Numbers are from British accounts (about 8,000 attackers).", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1611, "key": "n1611", "name": "Miani", "label": "Miani", "year": 1843, "month": 2, "day": 17, "date": "17 February 1843", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Conquest of Sindh (1843)", "theatre": "", "place": "Miani (Meeanee), near Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan", "lat": 25.44, "lon": 68.32, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Talpur Amirs of Sindh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Talpur Amirs of Sindh", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Charles Napier", "commanders_b": "Mir Nasir Khan Talpur; Mir Muhammad Khan Talpur; Mir Shahdad Khan Talpur", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Napier's disciplined sepoys broke the Baloch lines after hours of close fighting, and Hyderabad fell to him a few days later.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "C. J. Napier, The Conquest of Scinde (1845); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Miani (not fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur_dynasty (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "Amir names are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Talpur Amirs were Baloch by descent and their army was largely Baloch tribal levies (Wikipedia 'Talpur dynasty' and 'Battle of Miani'; Napier).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1612, "key": "n1612", "name": "Hyderabad (Dubba, 1843)", "label": "Hyderabad", "year": 1843, "month": 3, "day": 24, "date": "24 March 1843", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Conquest of Sindh (1843)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dubba (Dabo), near Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan", "lat": 25.37, "lon": 68.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Talpur Amirs of Mirpur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Talpur Amirs of Mirpur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Charles Napier", "commanders_b": "Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur of Mirpur; Hosh Muhammad Sidi (Siddi Sindhi general, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Napier's brigade stormed the nullah position and Sher Muhammad fled, ending organised Baloch resistance.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "C. J. Napier, The Conquest of Scinde (1845); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hyderabad_(1843) (not fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur_dynasty (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "Included for the Baloch Talpur dynasty; the Sidi general Hosh Muhammad ('Hoshu') was a Siddi, not Baloch.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Sher Muhammad Talpur, the 'Lion of Mirpur', was a Baloch Talpur chief commanding a Baloch tribal army (Wikipedia 'Conquest of Sindh'; Napier).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1613, "key": "n1613", "name": "Shahdadpur (1843)", "label": "Shahdadpur", "year": 1843, "month": 6, "day": 14, "date": "14 June 1843", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Conquest of Sindh (1843), last phase", "theatre": "", "place": "Shahdadpur, Sindh, Pakistan", "lat": 25.93, "lon": 68.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Talpur Amirs" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Talpur Amirs", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Captain John Jacob (Scinde Horse), under Sir Charles Napier", "commanders_b": "Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sher Muhammad's force was routed and he fled to the desert border, which ended organised Talpur resistance.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "W. Napier, Administration of Scinde (1851), from memory; not confirmed in any source I fetched (Wikipedia 'British conquest of Sindh' does not mention it)", "note": "Weak entry: date, commander and result are from memory and I could not fetch a source for the engagement. Sher Muhammad was the Talpur Mir of Mirpur Khas, a Baloch.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1614, "key": "n1614", "name": "Trukki (Truckee, 1845)", "label": "Trukki", "year": 1845, "month": 1, "day": 16, "date": "16 January to 19 March 1845", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Napier's campaign against the hill Baloch of the Sindh border (Jakrani, Dombki and Bugti)", "theatre": "", "place": "Trukki (Truckee) fortress in the hills north of Jacobabad, on the Sindh-Kachhi border, Pakistan", "lat": 28.7, "lon": 68.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Jakrani, Dombki and Bugti Baloch tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jakrani, Dombki and Bugti Baloch tribes", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major-General Sir Charles Napier; Major Beatson (blockade of the north entrance)", "commanders_b": "Baloch tribal chiefs (Jakrani and Bugti)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The tribes submitted by 19 March 1845 after Napier's columns invested the stronghold.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Truckee_Campaign (fetched); W. Napier, Administration of Scinde (1851), from memory", "note": "A frontier expedition against Baloch tribal strongholds; the amount of actual fighting at Trukki is not clear from the page I reached, so keep it as a minor entry.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1615, "key": "n1615", "name": "Zeitun (Cizre, 1847)", "label": "Zeitun", "year": 1847, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1847, before 4 July (the source gives no day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ottoman war against Bedir Khan", "theatre": "", "place": "Zeitun, near Cizre, Turkey", "lat": 37.33, "lon": 42.19, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Bohtan Emirate" ], "allies_a": [ "Yazidi tribesmen", "Yezdanser" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bohtan Emirate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Omer Pasha (Latas) per Wikipedia; Osman Pasha in other accounts", "commanders_b": "Bedir Khan Beg", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Ottoman army of about 12,000 beat Bedir Khan's Kurds in the field and he withdrew to Evreh castle.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedir_Khan_Beg; Jwaideh, The Kurdish National Movement (2006)", "note": "Yezdanser's defection decided the war. The name of the Ottoman field commander differs between accounts.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1616, "key": "n1616", "name": "Evreh Castle (siege, 1847)", "label": "Evreh Castle", "year": 1847, "month": 7, "day": 4, "date": "ended 4 July 1847 with Bedir Khan's surrender (start uncertain; Wikipedia says months)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Ottoman war against Bedir Khan", "theatre": "", "place": "Evreh (Evruh) castle, Eruh, Siirt, Turkey", "lat": 37.7482, "lon": 42.0297, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Bohtan Emirate" ], "allies_a": [ "Yazidi tribesmen" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bohtan Emirate", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Omer Pasha (Latas) per Wikipedia; Osman Pasha in other accounts", "commanders_b": "Bedir Khan Beg", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Bedir Khan surrendered the castle on 4 July 1847 and was exiled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedir_Khan_Beg; Jwaideh, The Kurdish National Movement (2006)", "note": "The end of the emirate of Bohtan. The length of the siege is uncertain and the coordinates are for Eruh.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1617, "key": "1847-mayamey-1847", "name": "Mayamey (1847)", "label": "Mayamey (1847)", "year": 1847, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August 1847", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mayamey (Meyami), near Bastam, Iran", "lat": 36.41, "lon": 55.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Hasan Khan Salar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkmens" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (Mohammad Shah)", "faction_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Qoli Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan Maku'i, Ebrahim Khalil Khan", "commanders_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Four government regiments with 10 guns and Ebrahim Khalil Khan's 6,000, against Salar's 24,000-25,000 including 12,000 Khorasani cavalry, Turkmen and Kurdish (Shadlu) allies.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Government regiments of Azerbaijan, Maku and Bayat (largely Turkic) faced Salar's Turkmen, Kurdish and Khorasani horse.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "4 regiments and 10 guns, with about 6,000 men", "strength_b": "24,000-25,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Salar's army was routed and fled to Joveyn.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "Salar, a Develu Qajar noble, rebelled in Khorasan from 1846.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1618, "key": "1848-kal-yaquti-1848", "name": "Kal Yaquti (1848)", "label": "Kal Yaquti (1848)", "year": 1848, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1848", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Kal Yaquti, a suburb of Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Hasan Khan Salar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government", "faction_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "commanders_a": "Hamzeh Mirza's commanders", "commanders_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government regiments of the Khorasan garrison against Salar's 8,000 Khorasani, Kurdish and Turkmen followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As for Mayamey (1847).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "8,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Salar's 8,000 men were routed.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1619, "key": "1848-qarabaqa-ah-1848", "name": "Qarabaqa'ah (1848)", "label": "Qarabaqa'ah (1848)", "year": 1848, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "early 1848", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Qarabaqa'ah, about 5 farsangs from Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 59.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Hasan Khan Salar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkmens" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government", "faction_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "commanders_a": "Hamzeh Mirza's commanders", "commanders_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government regiments against Salar's followers and Sarakhs Turkmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As for Mayamey (1847).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Salar was defeated again and the Sarakhs Turkmen defected.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1620, "key": "1848-mashhad-1848", "name": "Mashhad (1848)", "label": "Mashhad (1848)", "year": 1848, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25 August to late 1848", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad (the citadel), Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Hasan Khan Salar and the rising of Mashhad" ], "side_b": [ "Qajar garrison under Hamzeh Mirza, with Yar Mohammad Khan of Herat" ], "allies_a": [ "Turkmens" ], "allies_b": [ "Afghans" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hasan Khan Salar and the rising of Mashhad", "faction_b": "Qajar garrison under Hamzeh Mirza, with Yar Mohammad Khan of Herat", "commanders_a": "Hasan Khan Salar", "commanders_b": "Hamzeh Mirza, Yar Mohammad Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The townsmen and ulema of Mashhad with Salar's 2,000 Turkmen, against the government garrison (Azerbaijan and Turkic regiments) and Yar Mohammad's Herati troops (2,000 or 19,000) with 4 guns.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Salar's urban supporters were Persian-speaking and his auxiliaries Turkmen; the garrison was largely Turkic and the Heratis Persian- and Pashto-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (2,000 Turkmen)", "strength_b": "unknown (Herati contingent 2,000 or 19,000)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 700 officials and soldiers in the rising; about 700 killed and 300 wounded in the later fighting", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After heavy fighting in the city Hamzeh Mirza and his Herati allies withdrew to Herat and Salar held Mashhad.", "borderline": "no separate article; a city rising and siege of the citadel", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; a city rising and siege of the citadel.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "Herat under Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai fought for the Qajar governor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1621, "key": "1848-fort-tabarsi", "name": "Fort Tabarsi", "label": "Fort Tabarsi", "year": 1848, "month": 10, "day": 10, "date": "10 October 1848 to 10 May 1849", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Babi upheavals", "theatre": "Mazandaran", "place": "Shrine of Shaykh Tabarsi, near Babol (Afra), Iran", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 52.79, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Babis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (Naser al-Din Shah)", "faction_b": "Babis", "commanders_a": "Prince Mahdi Qoli Mirza", "commanders_b": "Mulla Husayn Bushru'i (killed), Quddus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Local Mazandarani forces and townsfolk, then imperial regiments (about 10,000 by the Babi account), against 540-600 Babis from 33 places (Isfahan, Boshruyeh, Miyami, Bahnemir), mostly clerics, tradesmen and merchants, with over a hundred local villagers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Babis came mostly from Persian-speaking towns and Mazandaran villages; the government used Mazandarani levies and royal regiments.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 10,000 (Babi claim)", "strength_b": "540-600", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "all killed or massacred", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Starved and reduced by attrition, the Babis surrendered under a promise of safety and were massacred.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Fort Tabarsi; Zanjan upheaval", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1622, "key": "n1622", "name": "Gujrat (1849)", "label": "Gujrat", "year": 1849, "month": 2, "day": 21, "date": "21 February 1849", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gujrat (Kalra villages), Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 32.57, "lon": 74.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Sikh Khalsa army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Afghan horse sent by Dost Mohammad Khan" ], "persian_state": "Sikh Khalsa army", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir Hugh Gough", "commanders_b": "Sher Singh Attariwala; Chattar Singh Attariwala; Akram Khan (son of Dost Mohammad, Afghan contingent)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Gough's artillery bombardment and general advance broke the Sikh army, whose Afghan allies fled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "J. D. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs (1849); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat (not fetched); M. Ewans, Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics (2002)", "note": "The Afghan horse, put at 1,500 to 3,500 in different accounts, was a small part of a Sikh army of 50,000; it was pursued after the battle and Dost Mohammad's forces gave up Attock and Peshawar.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Dost Mohammad sent a force of Afghan cavalry under his son Akram Khan to fight for the Sikhs, and it is named in the accounts of the battle (Wikipedia 'Battle of Gujrat'; Cunningham).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1623, "key": "1849-joveyn-1849", "name": "Joveyn (1849)", "label": "Joveyn (1849)", "year": 1849, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1849", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Joveyn, Khorasan, Iran", "lat": 36.63, "lon": 57.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Hasan Khan Salar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (Naser al-Din Shah)", "faction_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "commanders_a": "Morad Mirza's forces", "commanders_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Morad Mirza's army (7,000 with 4 guns: Azerbaijan, Bayat, Arak and Hamadan regiments with Kurdish and Afshar horse) against Salar's followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The government regiments named are mostly from Turkic-speaking districts, with Kurdish (Zafaranlu) and Persian units.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 7,000 with 4 guns", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 200 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Salar was routed with about 200 of his men killed.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1624, "key": "1849-sabzevar-siege-1849", "name": "Sabzevar (siege, 1849)", "label": "Sabzevar (siege, 1849)", "year": 1849, "month": 3, "day": 9, "date": "to 9 March 1849", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Sabzevar, Iran", "lat": 36.21, "lon": 57.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Hasan Khan Salar's garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government", "faction_b": "Hasan Khan Salar's garrison", "commanders_a": "Morad Mirza's forces", "commanders_b": "Mirza Mohammad Khan (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government regiments against Salar's garrison of Sabzevar.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "As for Joveyn (1849).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sabzevar fell on 9 March 1849 and its commander was captured.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1625, "key": "1849-mashhad-siege-1849-50", "name": "Mashhad (siege, 1849-50)", "label": "Mashhad (siege, 1849-50)", "year": 1849, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1849 to March 1850", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846-1850)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 59.6, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Hasan Khan Salar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Turkmens" ], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (Naser al-Din Shah)", "faction_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "commanders_a": "Sultan Morad Mirza (Hesam os-Saltaneh); Nawab Mu'azzam Sulayman Khan", "commanders_b": "Hasan Khan Salar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "At least 10,000 government troops (Azerbaijan and other regiments, Kurdish and Afshar horse), against Salar's men, Mashhad's armed townsmen and Turkmen auxiliaries.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Largely Turkic government regiments with Kurdish horse, against Persian-speaking townsmen and Turkmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "at least 10,000", "strength_b": "about 10,000 (June 1849)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After Salar's 10,000 were beaten outside the walls in June 1849, Mashhad was besieged and surrendered when supplies ran out in March 1850.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar", "note": "The city surrendered on 13 or 23 March 1850; Salar was executed. Morad Mirza's command is from general knowledge.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1626, "key": "1850-nayriz-1850", "name": "Nayriz (1850)", "label": "Nayriz (1850)", "year": 1850, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May to 17 June 1850", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Babi upheavals", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Nayriz (the fort of Khajeh), Iran", "lat": 29.2, "lon": 54.33, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Babis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (governor of Nayriz and reinforcements from Shiraz)", "faction_b": "Babis", "commanders_a": "the governor of Nayriz (Zayn al-Abidin Khan)", "commanders_b": "Yahya Vahid Darabi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The governor's men and reinforcements from Fars, against Vahid's Babi converts of Nayriz (about 1,500 converts in all).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A conflict within a Persian-speaking town of Fars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (about 1,500 converts)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Vahid and his followers killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Lured out by a truce offer of 17 June, Vahid and his followers were killed and the Babi quarter was plundered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nayriz upheaval; Zanjan upheaval", "note": "The governor's name is from general knowledge.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1627, "key": "1850-zanjan-siege", "name": "Zanjan (siege)", "label": "Zanjan (siege)", "year": 1850, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May 1850 to January 1851", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Babi upheavals", "theatre": "Khamseh", "place": "Zanjan (the fort of Ali Mardan Khan), Iran", "lat": 36.67, "lon": 48.48, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Babis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government (Naser al-Din Shah)", "faction_b": "Babis", "commanders_a": "the governor of Zanjan and regular army commanders (not named in the source)", "commanders_b": "Mulla Muhammad Ali Zanjani (Hujjat), killed", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A large number of regular troops against the Babi community of Zanjan (about 3,000).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Zanjan's Babis were Turkic-speaking townspeople; the regular regiments sent were largely from Azerbaijan and Khamseh.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a large number of regulars", "strength_b": "about 3,000 (the community)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "several thousand killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After Hujjat's death the reduced Babis surrendered in January 1851 and were massacred.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Zanjan upheaval; Nayriz upheaval", "note": "Known as the Zanjan upheaval.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1628, "key": "1853-nayriz-1853", "name": "Nayriz (1853)", "label": "Nayriz (1853)", "year": 1853, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March to November 1853", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Babi upheavals", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Nayriz, Iran", "lat": 29.2, "lon": 54.33, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar government" ], "side_b": [ "Babis" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar government", "faction_b": "Babis", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government troops of Fars against the Babis of Nayriz.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A conflict in a Persian-speaking district of Fars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "massacred; women enslaved", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Babis resisted troop attacks until they were overcome and massacred in November 1853.", "borderline": "a drawn-out local struggle rather than one battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a drawn-out local struggle rather than one battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nayriz upheaval", "note": "Began when Babis killed the town's governor in March 1853.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1629, "key": "n1629", "name": "Bitlis (1855)", "label": "Bitlis", "year": 1855, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1855 (spring or summer; the source gives no date)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Yezdanser's rising (Crimean War)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bitlis, Turkey", "lat": 38.4006, "lon": 42.1095, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Yezdanser's Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yezdanser's Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Yezdanser (Yezdan Sher) of Bohtan", "commanders_b": "Ottoman governor and garrison (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Yezdanser's forces took Bitlis; he later failed at Midyat and surrendered at Mosul through the British consul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezdan%C5%9F%C3%AAr; Jwaideh, The Kurdish National Movement (2006)", "note": "Thin evidence: the capture is stated but no date, numbers or commanders on the Ottoman side.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1630, "key": "1855-sarakhs-1855", "name": "Sarakhs (1855)", "label": "Sarakhs (1855)", "year": 1855, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1855", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Khivan conflict", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "near Sarakhs, Iran", "lat": 36.54, "lon": 61.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Turkmens" ], "side_b": [ "Uzbeks" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Tekke Turkmen chiefs; Faridun Mirza Qajar (Persian troops)", "commanders_b": "Muhammad Amin Khan of Khiva (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Uzbeks", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qajar troops of Khorasan under Faridun Mirza fighting alongside the Tekke Turkmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Persian contingent was Khorasani troops; its size is not recorded.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (the khan killed)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Khivan army was routed and its khan killed, after its Yomut Turkmen had come to terms with the other side.", "borderline": "the size of the Persian contingent is not known, so its role may be only a contingent", "doubt": "Borderline: the size of the Persian contingent is not known, so its role may be only a contingent.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian-Uzbek wars", "note": "Khanate of Khiva (Muhammad Amin Khan). Faridun Mirza then installed a Persian governor at Merv for a time.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1631, "key": "1856-ghurian-siege-1856", "name": "Ghurian (siege, 1856)", "label": "Ghurian (siege, 1856)", "year": 1856, "month": 3, "day": 27, "date": "to 27 March 1856", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Herat War (1856)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Ghurian, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 61.49, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Hesam os-Saltaneh (Sultan Morad Mirza)", "commanders_b": "Majid Khan, ruler of Ghurian", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Hesam os-Saltaneh's army (see Herat 1856).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As for the siege of Herat (1856).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Majid Khan surrendered at the Persian camp on 27 March and Ghurian passed to the Persians.", "borderline": "the extent of fighting before the surrender is not described", "doubt": "Borderline: the extent of fighting before the surrender is not described.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Herat War", "note": "The Timuri chief Ataullah Khan then submitted with about 4,000 tribesmen.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1632, "key": "1856-zendeh-jan-1856", "name": "Zendeh Jan (1856)", "label": "Zendeh Jan (1856)", "year": 1856, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "late March 1856", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Herat War (1856)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Zendeh Jan, Herat province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.34, "lon": 61.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Sam Khan Ilkhani", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Khan Qale-Kahi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Khorasan cavalry, Hazara cavalry, Shahsevan and Torshiz cavalry, Zafaranlu Kurdish cavalry and two guns.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The units named are Kurdish (Zafaranlu), Turkic (Shahsevan) and Persian-speaking (Khorasan, Torshiz, Hazara) cavalry.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,000 cavalry", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghan riders fled east under artillery fire and cavalry pressure.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Herat War", "note": "Herat under Isa Khan Bardurrani.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1633, "key": "1856-herat-siege-1856", "name": "Herat (siege, 1856)", "label": "Herat (siege, 1856)", "year": 1856, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "spring to 11 October 1856 (12 October in another passage; other accounts give 25 October)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Herat War (1856)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Hesam os-Saltaneh (Sultan Morad Mirza); Sam Khan Ilkhani; engineer Alexandre Boehler", "commanders_b": "Isa Khan Bardurrani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "20,000-25,000 with 26-30 guns: sarbaz regiments of Shaqaqi, Khoy, Garrus, Maragheh, Semnan, Damghan, Afshar of Urmia, Tehran, Qazvin, Khamseh, Tabriz, Khodabandelu and Bastam; Khorasan, Hazara, Shahsevan and Torshiz cavalry, ghulams; French engineers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish", "European" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Most named regiments came from Turkic-speaking Azerbaijan, Khamseh and Qazvin, with Persian (Semnan, Damghan, Tehran, Bastam), Kurdish (Garrus, Shaqaqi) and Khorasani units.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "20,000-25,000, 26-30 guns (sources conflict)", "strength_b": "about 6,000 troops and 3,000 armed citizens", "losses_a": "1,500 (infobox; 50-250 in the failed assault of 28 August)", "losses_b": "1,500 (infobox)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a failed assault on 28 August, the Persians took the Abdullah Misri tower, stormed the walls and Isa Khan surrendered the citadel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Herat War", "note": "The capture of Herat provoked the Anglo-Persian War; Persia evacuated Herat under the Treaty of Paris (1857).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1634, "key": "1856-sang-e-sefid-1856", "name": "Sang-e Sefid (1856)", "label": "Sang-e Sefid (1856)", "year": 1856, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "late March or April 1856", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Herat War (1856)", "theatre": "Herat", "place": "Sang-e Sefid, outside Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.33, "lon": 62.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Afghans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Afghans", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Afghans", "commanders_a": "Hesam os-Saltaneh, Hassan Ali Khan Garroosy, Abolfath Khan", "commanders_b": "Herati infantry commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Afghans", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Sarbaz regiments of Hesam os-Saltaneh's army (the Nishapur regiment lost its standard) with cavalry and guns.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "As for the siege of Herat (1856).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Afghan infantry withdrew into the citadel and the Persians closed round the walls of Herat.", "borderline": "no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Herat War", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1635, "key": "1856-bushehr-1856", "name": "Bushehr (1856)", "label": "Bushehr (1856)", "year": 1856, "month": 12, "day": 10, "date": "10 December 1856", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Anglo-Persian War (1856-1857)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Bushehr, Iran", "lat": 28.97, "lon": 50.84, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major General Foster Stalker; Rear-Admiral Henry Leeke (squadron)", "commanders_b": "Colonel Mohammad Ali Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Persian garrison of Bushehr (regular sarbaz and local levies).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the garrison's local recruitment; not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the 1st Division and the Indian Navy squadron", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a naval bombardment the garrison of Bushehr surrendered on 10 December and the British occupied the port.", "borderline": "a bombardment followed by surrender; the British squadron commander is from general knowledge", "doubt": "Borderline: a bombardment followed by surrender; the British squadron commander is from general knowledge.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Persian War", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1636, "key": "1856-reshire", "name": "Reshire", "label": "Reshire", "year": 1856, "month": 12, "day": 9, "date": "7-9 December 1856 (the war article gives 5-10 December)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Persian War (1856-1857)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Reshire (Rishahr) fort, south of Bushehr, Iran", "lat": 28.9, "lon": 50.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major General Foster Stalker; Brigadier Wilson", "commanders_b": "Colonel Mohammad Ali Khan; the Tangestani chiefs", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Two Persian regiments under Mohammad Ali Khan with the Tangestani and Dashtestani tribal musketeers of the Bushehr coast.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Tangestani and Dashtestani defenders spoke Persian (southern dialects); the regiments' origin is not stated.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1st Division: 5,700 (2,300 British and 3,400 Indian troops)", "strength_b": "unknown (two regiments and irregulars)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a short naval bombardment the British stormed the old fort of Reshire.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Persian War", "note": "British and East India Company (Bombay Army) forces, recorded as 'United Kingdom'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1637, "key": "1857-khushab", "name": "Khushab", "label": "Khushab", "year": 1857, "month": 2, "day": 8, "date": "7-8 February 1857 (night action, then the battle on 8 February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Persian War (1856-1857)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Khushab (Khosh Ab), near Borazjan, Bushehr province, Iran", "lat": 29.2, "lon": 51.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir James Outram (injured), Colonel Lugard", "commanders_b": "Shoja ol-Molk (Mehr Ali Khan Nuri); the Khushab article names Khanlar Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 7,000-8,000 regulars: the 1st Qashqai regiment of Fars (its square destroyed and standard taken), the 1st Arab regiment and the Inanlu and Baharlu regiments, with Sohrab Khan's Qashqai cavalry and guns.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The named units were Qashqai, Inanlu and Baharlu (Turkic-speaking) and an Arab regiment of the Khamseh confederacy; Persian-speakers are not named among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 4,000-4,600", "strength_b": "about 7,000-8,000", "losses_a": "1 officer and 18 men killed, 64 wounded (British record)", "losses_b": "about 700 killed (British claim)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The British beat off the night attack and at dawn routed the Persian army, which left the field; Outram then returned to Bushehr.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khushab; Anglo-Persian War", "note": "Iran later claimed a victory. Tangestani irregulars harassed the British withdrawal.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1638, "key": "1857-mohammerah", "name": "Mohammerah", "label": "Mohammerah", "year": 1857, "month": 3, "day": 26, "date": "26-27 March 1857", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Persian War (1856-1857)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Mohammerah (Khorramshahr), Iran", "lat": 30.43, "lon": 48.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir James Outram; Henry Havelock (landing force); Commodore Rennie (squadron)", "commanders_b": "Prince Khanlar Mirza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [], "persian_force": "10,000-13,000 men with 17 guns under Khanlar Mirza: sarbaz regiments in shore batteries and camp.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The regiments are not named; Qajar sarbaz regiments came largely from Azerbaijan and other Turkic districts with Persian and local Arab units.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1,500 British and 2,400 Indian troops with a naval squadron", "strength_b": "10,000-13,000 with 17 guns", "losses_a": "41 killed or wounded", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the squadron silenced the Persian batteries the landing force advanced and the Persian army abandoned its camp and retreated to Ahvaz.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Persian War", "note": "A combined naval and land action. The British took Ahvaz without a battle on 1 April 1857.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1639, "key": "n1639", "name": "Najafgarh", "label": "Najafgarh", "year": 1857, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25 August 1857", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "theatre": "", "place": "Najafgarh, near Delhi, India", "lat": 28.61, "lon": 76.98, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "East India Company" ], "side_b": [ "Rebel Bareilly and Nimach brigades from Delhi" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rebel Bareilly and Nimach brigades from Delhi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. John Nicholson", "commanders_b": "Bakht Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nicholson's column crossed the flooded canal and routed the rebels, who lost their guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "W. Dalrymple, The Last Mughal (2006)", "note": "Bakht Khan's presence in the field at Najafgarh is from memory of Dalrymple and needs checking.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The rebel force that marched out to intercept the siege train was led by Bakht Khan, a Rohilla of Pashtun descent (Dalrymple, The Last Mughal; Wikipedia 'Siege of Delhi').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1640, "key": "n1640", "name": "Bareilly (1858)", "label": "Bareilly", "year": 1858, "month": 5, "day": 5, "date": "5 May 1858", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "theatre": "", "place": "Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India", "lat": 28.35, "lon": 79.42, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "East India Company/British Crown" ], "side_b": [ "Rohilkhand rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Rohilkhand rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sir Colin Campbell", "commanders_b": "Khan Bahadur Khan (Rohilla, descendant of Hafiz Rahmat Khan)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The rebels were beaten outside the city and Bareilly was reoccupied.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "C. Hibbert, The Great Mutiny (1978); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Bahadur_Khan (not fetched)", "note": "Qualifies through the Rohilla (Pashtun) leader and his tribal following; the share of Pashtuns among the sepoys is unknown.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The rebel government was headed by Khan Bahadur Khan, of the Pashtun Rohilla ruling family, and Rohilla ghazi irregulars charged the Highlanders (Wikipedia 'Khan Bahadur Khan'; Hibbert).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1641, "key": "1860-merv-1860", "name": "Merv (1860)", "label": "Merv (1860)", "year": 1860, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1860 (the Qavam al-Dawla article gives 1862)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian-Turkmen wars", "theatre": "Merv", "place": "near Merv, Turkmenistan", "lat": 37.6, "lon": 61.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Turkmens" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Tekke Turkmen chiefs of Merv", "commanders_b": "Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh, Mirza Mohammad Qavam al-Dawla", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Turkmens", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A large Qajar army of sarbaz regiments, Khorasani and Kurdish cavalry and artillery (commonly put at about 20,000; no figure in the pages read).", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the Qajar army of the 1850s-60s (Azerbaijani and Khorasani regiments, Kurdish horse).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; many taken prisoner and enslaved", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Persian expedition was severely defeated by the Tekke and its remnants returned to Iran.", "borderline": "no article; the pages read give no place, date or numbers", "doubt": "Borderline: no article; the pages read give no place, date or numbers.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mirza Mohammad Qavam al-Dawla; Teke (tribe)", "note": "The usual date is 1860 (Curzon and the general literature); the Qavam al-Dawla article dates the expedition to 1862.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1642, "key": "n1642", "name": "Herat (siege, 1862-1863)", "label": "Herat", "year": 1862, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1862 to 27 May 1863 (the start of the investment is not verified; Dost Mohammad died on 9 June 1863)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Dost Mohammad's recovery of Herat (1862-1863)", "theatre": "", "place": "Herat, Herat Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.34, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Kabul and Kandahar" ], "side_b": [ "Sultan Ahmad Khan's principality of Herat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Kabul and Kandahar v Sultan Ahmad Khan's principality of Herat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Emirate of Kabul and Kandahar", "faction_b": "Sultan Ahmad Khan's principality of Herat", "commanders_a": "Dost Mohammad Khan; Sher Ali Khan (son)", "commanders_b": "Sultan Ahmad Khan (Barakzai ruler of Herat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Herat surrendered to Dost Mohammad on 27 May 1863 after a long investment.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "T. Barfield, Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (2010); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan (not fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863-1869)", "note": "Dost Mohammad's last conquest; he died of illness in the camp a fortnight later, which opened the civil war between his sons.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both sides were Barakzai Pashtun rulers with Afghan armies, the defenders also holding the Persian-speaking city (Wikipedia 'Dost Mohammad Khan'; Barfield).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1643, "key": "n1643", "name": "Ambela Pass", "label": "Ambela Pass", "year": 1863, "month": 10, "day": 20, "date": "20 October to 20 December 1863 (the Umbeyla campaign)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Umbeyla (Ambela) campaign (1863)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ambela Pass, between Peshawar valley and Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 72.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Yusufzai, Bunerwal and Swati tribal lashkars", "Hindustani Fanatics" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Yusufzai, Bunerwal and Swati tribal lashkars & Hindustani Fanatics", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Sir Neville Chamberlain (wounded); Brig.-Gen. Sir John Garvock", "commanders_b": "Akhund of Swat (Abdul Ghaffur, spiritual leader); Maulvi Abdullah (Hindustani Fanatics); Bunerwal and Yusufzai maliks", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After two months of costly fighting at Crag Picquet and on the Ambela ridge the tribes withdrew, and a British party burned Malka, the Fanatics' base.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912); A. Swinson, North-West Frontier (1967); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambela_Campaign (not fetched)", "note": "Treated as one entry for the whole campaign; the Akhund's ethnicity is disputed and he is only named as the spiritual leader.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The opposing force was the Pashtun tribes of Buner, Swat and the Yusufzai country, reinforced by the Sayyid Ahmad movement's Hindustani colony from Sittana (Wikipedia 'Ambela Campaign'; Nevill).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1644, "key": "n1644", "name": "Bajgah (1864)", "label": "Bajgah", "year": 1864, "month": 5, "day": 17, "date": "17 May 1864 (some sources give 3 June)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan civil war (1863-1869)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bajgah Pass near Saighan, Bamiyan Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 35.15, "lon": 67.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sher Ali Khan's army" ], "side_b": [ "Afzal Khan's Balkh army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sher Ali Khan's army v Afzal Khan's Balkh army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sher Ali Khan's army", "faction_b": "Afzal Khan's Balkh army", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Ali Khan (son of Sher Ali)", "commanders_b": "Na'ib Ghulam Ahmad Khan; Mohammad Afzal Khan (reinforcements)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ghulam Ahmad Khan fled and Afzal Khan retreated toward Doab; the remnants of the Balkh army were destroyed days later at Rui.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863-1869)", "note": "Sher Ali's first decisive victory over his half-brother's northern forces.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Barakzai Pashtun princes and their Afghan armies fought on both sides of the war of succession (Wikipedia 'Afghan Civil War (1863-1869)', fetched).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1645, "key": "n1645", "name": "Sheikhabad", "label": "Sheikhabad", "year": 1866, "month": 5, "day": 10, "date": "10 May 1866 (the Wikipedia article on Abdur Rahman Khan gives '10 May'; the year is implied by the capture of Kabul in spring 1866)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan civil war (1863-1869)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sheikhabad, Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 68.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Afzal Khan's army" ], "side_b": [ "Sher Ali Khan's army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohammad Afzal Khan's army v Sher Ali Khan's army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Afzal Khan's army", "faction_b": "Sher Ali Khan's army", "commanders_a": "Abdur Rahman Khan; Mohammad Azam Khan", "commanders_b": "Sher Ali Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sher Ali was defeated after a large part of his army deserted, and Afzal Khan took Kabul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863-1869); M. Ewans, Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics (2002)", "note": "Site placed only to the region between Ghazni and Kabul.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Barakzai Pashtun princes led Afghan armies on both sides (Wikipedia 'Abdur Rahman Khan', fetched).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1646, "key": "n1646", "name": "Khujand (siege, 1866)", "label": "Khujand", "year": 1866, "month": 6, "day": 5, "date": "Siege 17-24 May 1866 O.S.; citadel stormed 24 May O.S. = 5 June 1866 N.S.", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russian conquest of Central Asia (Russo-Kokand war, 1865-1868)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khujand (Leninabad), on the Syr Darya, Tajikistan", "lat": 40.2833, "lon": 69.6333, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Russian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Khujand garrison and townsmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khujand garrison and townsmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dmitry Romanovsky", "commanders_b": "Mullah Tuichi Dadkhwah (garrison commander, reported killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Russians stormed the walls and citadel on 24 May O.S. and the defenders surrendered; Romanovsky estimated over 2,500 defenders killed against Russian losses of 5 killed and about 65 wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Siege of Khujand' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khujand (fetched); Terentyev, Istoriya zavoevaniya Srednei Azii (1906); Becker, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia (1968)", "note": "Khujand was a predominantly Tajik (Persian-speaking) city and its defence is described as that of the 'Khujandis' (townsmen with the garrison), so the people is marked uncertain. The English account fetched never calls the defenders Tajik; the Tajik identity is inferred from the city's population and from Tajik historiography (not checked).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1647, "key": "n1647", "name": "Ura-Tyube (siege, 1866)", "label": "Ura-Tyube", "year": 1866, "month": 10, "day": 14, "date": "27 Sept-2 Oct 1866 O.S. (storm on 2 Oct O.S. = 14 Oct 1866 N.S.)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russian conquest of Central Asia (Russo-Bukharan war, 1866)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ura-Tyube (modern Istaravshan), Tajikistan", "lat": 39.9114, "lon": 69.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Russian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Ura-Tyube garrison and townsmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ura-Tyube garrison and townsmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Dmitry Romanovsky, Nikolai Kryzhanovsky", "commanders_b": "Rustam Bek (Ura-Tyube)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Russians took the town by storm on 2 Oct O.S. after a five-day siege; about 2,000 defenders were killed against 17 Russians killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Siege of Ura-Tyube' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ura-Tyube (fetched; gives dates, commanders, casualties but does not mention Tajiks); Terentyev (1906); Becker (1968)", "note": "Ura-Tyube was a historic Tajik town of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian conquest of it is a standard episode of Tajik history, but the account fetched describes the defenders only as 'forces of Ura-Tyube' under Rustam Bek, not as Tajik. Included under the rule that townsmen count when the sources say they fought on the strength of the town's population;", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1648, "key": "n1648", "name": "Samarkand (siege, 1868)", "label": "Samarkand", "year": 1868, "month": 6, "day": 14, "date": "14-20 June 1868 N.S. (2-8 June O.S.)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Russian conquest of Central Asia (Russo-Bukharan war, 1868)", "theatre": "", "place": "Citadel of Samarkand, Uzbekistan", "lat": 39.6675, "lon": 66.9794, "loc": "known", "country": "Uzbekistan", "side_a": [ "Russian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Samarkand townsmen in revolt", "Shahrisabz tribesmen", "Bukharan and Kokandi irregulars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Samarkand townsmen in revolt & Shahrisabz tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Friedrich Stempel (commandant), Lt-Col. Nikolai Nazarov", "commanders_b": "Jura Beg (Jurabek) of Shahrisabz", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "uncertain people" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison of about 650 held the citadel until Kaufmann's army returned on 8 June O.S. and the besiegers withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "Whether this people was Iranian, or the leader of Iranian descent, is uncertain.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Siege of Samarkand (1868)' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1868) (fetched: 15,000-25,000 citizens of Samarkand among 55,000-65,000 besiegers; it never uses the word Tajik); Wikipedia 'Battle of Zerabulak' (fetched); Terentyev (1906); Schuyler, Turkistan (1876)", "note": "The rebels included 15,000-25,000 citizens of Samarkand, a largely Persian-speaking (Tajik) city, alongside Uzbek tribesmen of Shahrisabz, but the source does not give the townsmen's ethnicity, and Persian-speaking ('Iranian') residents are also reported on the Russian side. Qualifies only under the townsmen rule. Irjar (1866), Jizzakh (1866) and Zerabulak (1868) were considered and left out: the Wikipedia accounts fetched call the Bukharan army simply 'Bukharan' and never mention Tajik fighters.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": true, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1649, "key": "n1649", "name": "Black Mountain (1868)", "label": "Black Mountain", "year": 1868, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1868", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Black Mountain expedition (1868)", "theatre": "", "place": "Black Mountain (Tor Ghar), Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.7, "lon": 72.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Hasanzai, Akazai and Allaiwal Yusufzai tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hasanzai, Akazai and Allaiwal Yusufzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Alfred Wilde", "commanders_b": "Tribal maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The British column traversed the tribal hills and burned villages until the tribes submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "Details from memory of Nevill; the first of several Black Mountain expeditions (1852, 1868, 1888, 1891).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The opponents were Yusufzai Pashtun clans of the Black Mountain (Nevill).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1650, "key": "n1650", "name": "Tinah Khan", "label": "Tinah Khan", "year": 1869, "month": 1, "day": 3, "date": "3 January 1869", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan civil war (1863-1869)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tinah Khan, southeastern Afghanistan (probably the Ghazni region)", "lat": 33.2, "lon": 68.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Sher Ali Khan's army" ], "side_b": [ "Abdur Rahman Khan and Mohammad Azam Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Sher Ali Khan's army v Abdur Rahman Khan and Mohammad Azam Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Sher Ali Khan's army", "faction_b": "Abdur Rahman Khan and Mohammad Azam Khan", "commanders_a": "Sher Ali Khan's generals (names not verified)", "commanders_b": "Abdur Rahman Khan; Mohammad Azam Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Abdur Rahman and Azam Khan were defeated and fled to Central Asia, ending the civil war.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863-1869)", "note": "Place not located with confidence; the entry is kept because it ended the war of succession and exiled Abdur Rahman.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Afghan Barakzai armies fought on both sides (Wikipedia 'Abdur Rahman Khan', fetched).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1651, "key": "n1651", "name": "Jowaki expedition (1877-1878)", "label": "Jowaki expedition", "year": 1877, "month": 11, "day": 9, "date": "9 November 1877 to January 1878", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Jowaki Afridi expedition (1877-1878)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jowaki Afridi hills near Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.7, "lon": 71.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Jowaki Afridi tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jowaki Afridi tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. C. P. Keyes; Brig.-Gen. Ross", "commanders_b": "Jowaki maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Two British columns entered the Jowaki hills, destroyed villages and the tribe submitted in January 1878.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "Treated as one entry for the expedition; the column commanders are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Jowaki are a clan of the Afridi, a Pashtun tribe (Nevill; Wikipedia 'Jowaki').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1652, "key": "n1652", "name": "Ali Masjid (1878)", "label": "Ali Masjid", "year": 1878, "month": 11, "day": 21, "date": "21 November 1878", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ali Masjid, Khyber Pass, Khyber District, Pakistan", "lat": 34.02, "lon": 71.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt.-Gen. Sir Samuel Browne; Brig.-Gen. Macpherson; Brig.-Gen. Tytler", "commanders_b": "Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi (per Wikipedia 'Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi')", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Browne's flanking columns threatened the Afghan rear and the garrison abandoned the fort during the night.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Haidar_Khan_Charkhi; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986)", "note": "The garrison, put at about 4,000, was Afghan regulars and tribal levies; Charkhi's presence is from his Wikipedia article.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The fort was held by Afghan regulars and Afridi allies under Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi, a Yusufzai Pashtun (Wikipedia 'Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi', fetched; Robson).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1653, "key": "n1653", "name": "Peiwar Kotal", "label": "Peiwar Kotal", "year": 1878, "month": 12, "day": 2, "date": "2 December 1878", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Peiwar Kotal, Kurram Valley, on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border", "lat": 33.85, "lon": 69.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [ "Turi Pashtun levies" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. Frederick Roberts", "commanders_b": "General Karim Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Roberts turned the Afghan left by a night march up the Spingawi ravine and the Afghans abandoned the pass and their guns.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986); H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910)", "note": "Karim Khan's name is from memory of Roberts's despatch; the British had Turi (Kurram Pashtun) auxiliaries.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Afghan army on the Peiwar Kotal was made up of regulars and Pashtun tribesmen of the Khost border under Karim Khan (Robson; Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1654, "key": "n1654", "name": "Kabul Residency (siege, 1879)", "label": "Kabul Residency", "year": 1879, "month": 9, "day": 3, "date": "3 September 1879", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bala Hissar, Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.51, "lon": 69.19, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mutinous Afghan regiments and the Kabul crowd" ], "side_b": [ "British Residency escort" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mutinous Afghan regiments and the Kabul crowd", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Daud Shah (reported leader of the Herati regiments)", "commanders_b": "Sir Louis Cavagnari (envoy, killed); Lt. Walter Hamilton, V.C. (Guides escort, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a day-long defence the Residency was burned and Cavagnari, his staff and the escort were all killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986); H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910)", "note": "The Herati regiments' ethnic make-up (Durrani Pashtun and Persian-speaking Herati) is not broken down in the sources; the Guides' Pathan companies on the other side are not counted.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The attackers were Afghan regular regiments from Herat with the city's people; the Guides escort included Pathan companies on the British side (Robson; Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1655, "key": "n1655", "name": "Charasiab (1879)", "label": "Charasiab", "year": 1879, "month": 10, "day": 6, "date": "6 October 1879", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Charasiab (Char Asiab), south of Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.38, "lon": 69.18, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan army and tribal levies" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army and tribal levies", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Roberts", "commanders_b": "Nek Muhammad Khan (name from memory); Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak (with the reserves)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Roberts's two columns carried the Sang-i-Nawishta heights and the Afghan army broke and dispersed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986); H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910)", "note": "The way into Kabul; Roberts entered the city on 12 October.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Afghan force was the Kabul regular regiments with Wardak, Logari and Ghilzai tribesmen (Robson; Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1656, "key": "n1656", "name": "Asmai Heights", "label": "Asmai Heights", "year": 1879, "month": 12, "day": 14, "date": "14 December 1879", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Asmai (Koh-i-Asmai) Heights, Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 69.14, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan tribal army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan tribal army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Baker; Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Roberts", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak; Mullah Din Muhammad (Mushk-i-Alam)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghans took the Asmai Heights and drove the British back into Sherpur, which was invested.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986); H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910)", "note": "The Afghans held the heights from 14 to 22 December.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Afghan army on the heights was the tribal host under Mohammad Jan Wardak (Robson; Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1657, "key": "n1657", "name": "Chardeh Valley (1879)", "label": "Chardeh Valley", "year": 1879, "month": 12, "day": 11, "date": "10-11 December 1879", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chardeh Valley, west of Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 69.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan tribal army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan tribal army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Macpherson; Brig.-Gen. Baker; Brig.-Gen. Massy (cavalry)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak; Mullah Din Muhammad (Mushk-i-Alam)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Massy's cavalry was routed and lost four guns, and Roberts ordered the withdrawal of all outlying forces into the Sherpur cantonment.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986); H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910)", "note": "Wikipedia lists neighbouring actions (Karez Mir, Takht-i-Shah, Shajui) which may overlap with this entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The rising was led by Mohammad Jan Wardak and the Ghazni mullah Mushk-i-Alam, with Wardak, Logari, Ghilzai and Kohistani levies (Robson; Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1658, "key": "n1658", "name": "Sherpur (siege, 1879)", "label": "Sherpur", "year": 1879, "month": 12, "day": 23, "date": "15-23 December 1879 (the Afghan assault failed on the morning of 23 December)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sherpur Cantonment, Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.54, "lon": 69.21, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan tribal army" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan tribal army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak; Mullah Din Muhammad (Mushk-i-Alam)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Roberts", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghan assault on the cantonment was repulsed on 23 December and the besiegers dispersed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986); H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910)", "note": "Roberts's decisive defence of Kabul; the Afghan numbers vary between 10,000 and 100,000 in different accounts.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak, a Wardak Pashtun, commanded the besiegers, a force of about 10,000 (Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War', fetched).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1659, "key": "n1659", "name": "Mahabad (1880)", "label": "Mahabad", "year": 1880, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "autumn 1880 (the rebels held the town for some days before the Qajar army came from Tabriz)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sheikh Ubeydullah's revolt", "theatre": "", "place": "Mahabad (Sawj Bulagh), West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 36.7631, "lon": 45.7222, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajar Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Ubeydullah" ], "allies_a": [ "Local Kurdish tribes loyal to the shah" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajar Iran v Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Ubeydullah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajar Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Ubeydullah", "commanders_a": "Qajar commanders from Tabriz (not named in the source consulted)", "commanders_b": "Abdulkadir Ubeydullah (the sheikh's son)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels retreated from Mahabad when the Qajar force arrived, and the whole rising collapsed after eight weeks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Sheikh_Ubeydullah; Jwaideh, The Kurdish National Movement (2006)", "note": "The Urmia siege of the same rising is already in the dataset. Whether a real fight took place at Mahabad is not clear from the source; the result is the town changing hands.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1660, "key": "n1660", "name": "Ahmed Khel", "label": "Ahmed Khel", "year": 1880, "month": 4, "day": 19, "date": "19 April 1880", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ahmed Khel, on the road from Ghazni to Kabul, Afghanistan", "lat": 33.78, "lon": 68.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan tribal host of Ghazni" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan tribal host of Ghazni", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt.-Gen. Sir Donald Stewart", "commanders_b": "Mullah Din Muhammad (Mushk-i-Alam); Ghilzai and Hazara chiefs", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Stewart's division beat off the ghazi charges and held the field; the tribal host dispersed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 3 vols. (1899-1910); B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986)", "note": "The 'Ghazni 1880' of the span list is most probably this battle, fought in the Ghazni country; the battlefield is placed approximately.", "peoples": [ "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The attackers were some 15,000 Ghilzai and other Pashtun tribesmen with a Hazara following of the Ghazni mullah Mushk-i-Alam (Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War'; Hanna).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1661, "key": "n1661", "name": "Kandahar (siege, 1880)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1880, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July to 1 September 1880", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan army of Ayub Khan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Ayub Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Ayub Khan", "commanders_b": "Lt.-Gen. Primrose", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison held until Roberts's relief force arrived on 31 August, and Ayub was routed the next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986)", "note": "The Deh Khwaja sortie and the battle of 1 September are entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ayub Khan's Pashtun army invested the city after Maiwand (Wikipedia 'Mohammad Ayub Khan'; Robson).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1662, "key": "n1662", "name": "Maiwand", "label": "Maiwand", "year": 1880, "month": 7, "day": 27, "date": "27 July 1880", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Maiwand, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan army of Ayub Khan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Levies of the Wali of Kandahar" ], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Ayub Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Ayub Khan; Mullah Mohammad Ghazi (ghazi leader)", "commanders_b": "Brig.-Gen. George Burrows", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Burrows's brigade was routed and lost about half its strength, Afghan gunners and ghazis overrunning the line.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan_(Afghanistan); B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986)", "note": "Ayub's Afghan victory; the Wali's levies on the British side mostly deserted before or during the fight.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ayub Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun prince of Herat, led an army of regulars and tens of thousands of ghazi tribesmen, while the Wali of Kandahar's Afghan levies were on the British side (Wikipedia 'Mohammad Ayub Khan'; Robson).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1663, "key": "n1663", "name": "Deh Khwaja", "label": "Deh Khwaja", "year": 1880, "month": 8, "day": 16, "date": "16 August 1880", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Deh Khwaja (Deh Khoja), near Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 65.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan army of Ayub Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Ayub Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Daniel Brooke (killed)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Ayub Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The sortie was driven back with heavy loss and Brooke was killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986)", "note": "Date and Brooke's death are from memory of the siege narratives.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The village was held by Ayub Khan's besieging Pashtun army (Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War', which lists the action as an Afghan victory).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1664, "key": "n1664", "name": "Kandahar (1 September 1880)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1880, "month": 9, "day": 1, "date": "1 September 1880", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar (Baba Wali and Pir Paimal), Kandahar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.64, "lon": 65.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan army of Ayub Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan army of Ayub Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt.-Gen. Sir Frederick Roberts", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Ayub Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Roberts stormed Ayub's camp and drove the Afghans from the field; Ayub fled to Herat and then to Persia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War; B. Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878-1881 (1986)", "note": "The last battle of the war.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Ayub Khan, a Barakzai Pashtun, commanded the Afghan army (Wikipedia 'Battle of Kandahar (1880)'; Wikipedia 'Second Anglo-Afghan War', fetched).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1665, "key": "1880-urmia-siege-1880", "name": "Urmia (siege, 1880)", "label": "Urmia (siege, 1880)", "year": 1880, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October to November 1880", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah (1880)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Urmia, Iran", "lat": 37.55, "lon": 45.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Persian governor and garrison of Urmia (not named in the source)", "commanders_b": "Sheikh Ubeydullah of Nehri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The garrison and armed townspeople of Urmia, later relieved by Qajar forces from Tabriz.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Urmia's Shia population was Azerbaijani Turkic-speaking; the garrison is not described.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "part of a rising claimed at 80,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Shia townspeople and garrison refused to surrender and the Kurds could not take the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah", "note": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Ubeydullah (from Ottoman Hakkari). His columns took Mahabad and Maragheh and failed before Tabriz; the rising collapsed after about eight weeks.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Sheikh Ubeydullah of Nehri led Kurdish tribesmen against the Qajar-held town of Urmia.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1666, "key": "n1666", "name": "Maiwand (1881)", "label": "Maiwand", "year": 1881, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1881 (Wikipedia 'Mohammad Ayub Khan' dates the reign in Kandahar from 20 July; the battle is said to coincide with the anniversary of 27 July 1880)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayub Khan's bid for the throne (1881)", "theatre": "", "place": "Maiwand, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.58, "lon": 65.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Ayub Khan's army" ], "side_b": [ "Abdur Rahman's governor of Kandahar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohammad Ayub Khan's army v Abdur Rahman's governor of Kandahar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Ayub Khan's army", "faction_b": "Abdur Rahman's governor of Kandahar", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Ayub Khan", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Hasan Khan (governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ayub Khan won and took Kandahar, ruling it briefly in 1881.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan_(Afghanistan); M. Ewans, Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics (2002)", "note": "Details are thin and the Wikipedia article gives no date or numbers; it may be the same action some sources place at Karez-i-Atta.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Both armies were Afghan under Barakzai Pashtun leaders, Ayub against Abdur Rahman's governor (Wikipedia 'Mohammad Ayub Khan', fetched).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1667, "key": "n1667", "name": "Kandahar (Ayub Khan's defeat, 1881)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1881, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22 September 1881 (the end of Ayub's reign in Kandahar, per Wikipedia 'Mohammad Ayub Khan'; the battle is usually called Gundigan after a village near Kandahar)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ayub Khan's bid for the throne (1881)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Kandahar, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ayub Khan's army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan v Mohammad Ayub Khan's army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ayub Khan's army", "commanders_a": "Abdur Rahman Khan (advanced from Kabul with British support); Abdul Quddus Khan (field commander, from memory)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Ayub Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ayub Khan was defeated outside Kandahar and fled to Persia, leaving Abdur Rahman master of the country.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan_(Afghanistan); M. Ewans, Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics (2002)", "note": "The battle name 'Gundigan', the date and Abdul Quddus's role are from memory and need checking.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Afghan Pashtun armies under Abdur Rahman and Ayub Khan, both Barakzai, fought on either side (Wikipedia 'Mohammad Ayub Khan', fetched; Ewans).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1668, "key": "n1668", "name": "Panjdeh (1885)", "label": "Panjdeh", "year": 1885, "month": 3, "day": 30, "date": "30 March 1885 (18 March Old Style)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Panjdeh incident (1885)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjdeh (Kushka), now Serhetabat, Turkmenistan", "lat": 35.28, "lon": 62.35, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkmenistan", "side_a": [ "Russian Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Captain Charles Yate" ], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. Aleksandr Komarov", "commanders_b": "Naib Salar Ghaus ud-Din Khan (Yate's account) / Naib Salar Teimour Shah (Wikipedia infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Komarov's Russians routed the Afghans, took their guns and convoy and occupied Panjdeh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjdeh_incident; C. E. Yate, Northern Afghanistan (1888); T. Barfield, Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (2010)", "note": "The sources do not give the ethnic make-up of the Afghan troops, so the Pashtun share is unknown; the Afghan force is put at 600 to 4,700 in different accounts.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Afghan force was the regular army of the Herat border command, whose officers were Afghan (Pashtun and Herati) and whose men included Sariq Turkmen irregulars (Wikipedia 'Panjdeh incident', fetched; Yate).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1669, "key": "n1669", "name": "Ghaznigak", "label": "Ghaznigak", "year": 1888, "month": 9, "day": 29, "date": "29 September 1888", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ishaq Khan's rebellion (1888)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghaznigak, near Tashkurghan (Khulm), Samangan Province, Afghanistan", "lat": 36.6, "lon": 67.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ishaq Khan's Turkestan army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan v Mohammad Ishaq Khan's Turkestan army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ishaq Khan's Turkestan army", "commanders_a": "Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi; Abdur Rahman Khan (directing from Kabul)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Ishaq Khan (governor of Turkestan)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Ishaq's army was beaten, many of his troops deserting, and he fled across the Oxus to Russian territory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Haidar_Khan_Charkhi; Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed., 'Abdur Rahman Khan'; T. Barfield, Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (2010)", "note": "Date and place from memory (the Wikipedia article on Charkhi, fetched, dates the Turkestan revolt to 1892 and does not name Ghaznigak); the Turkestan army was mixed Pashtun, Uzbek and Tajik.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Abdur Rahman and his cousin Ishaq Khan were both Barakzai Pashtun, and the Amir's field commander Ghulam Haidar Charkhi was a Yusufzai Pashtun (Wikipedia 'Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi', fetched; Britannica 'Abdur Rahman Khan').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1670, "key": "n1670", "name": "Black Mountain (1888)", "label": "Black Mountain", "year": 1888, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October to November 1888 (after the murder of Major Battye and Captain Urmston in June)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Black Mountain expedition (1888)", "theatre": "", "place": "Black Mountain (Tor Ghar), Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.7, "lon": 72.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Hasanzai and Akazai Yusufzai tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hasanzai and Akazai Yusufzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. John McQueen", "commanders_b": "Hasanzai and Akazai maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The expeditionary force marched through the clans' country, burned villages and the tribes submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "Details from memory of Nevill; the 1868 expedition is entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The opponents were the Yusufzai Pashtun clans of the Black Mountain (Nevill; Wikipedia 'Black Mountain Expedition').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1671, "key": "n1671", "name": "Uruzgan (first battle, 1892)", "label": "Uruzgan", "year": 1892, "month": 8, "day": 9, "date": "9 August 1892", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hazara uprisings (1888-1893)", "theatre": "", "place": "Uruzgan, Afghanistan", "lat": 32.63, "lon": 65.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Hazara rebels of Uruzgan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan v Hazara rebels of Uruzgan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Hazara rebels of Uruzgan", "commanders_a": "Brig. Zabardast Khan; Faiz Mohammad Khan (brother)", "commanders_b": "Hazara leaders (names not recorded)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Zabardast Khan's force was destroyed and Faiz Mohammad Khan surrendered after a month-long siege, the Hazaras then massacring the fort's garrison.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Uruzgan; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_Uprisings", "note": "The Hazaras are counted here as Persian-speakers; the only source consulted is Wikipedia, which is thin.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Abdur Rahman's army was a Pashtun-led Afghan force fighting Persian-speaking Hazara rebels (Wikipedia 'First Battle of Uruzgan', fetched; both sides Iranian under the span ruling on Hazaras).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1672, "key": "n1672", "name": "Uruzgan (1893)", "label": "Uruzgan", "year": 1893, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1893 (later in the year; exact date not given in Wikipedia 'Battle of Uruzgan')", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Hazara uprisings (1888-1893)", "theatre": "", "place": "Uruzgan (now Uruzgan and Daikundi Provinces), Afghanistan", "lat": 33.0, "lon": 66.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Hazara rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan v Hazara rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Hazara rebels", "commanders_a": "Abdur Rahman Khan; Ghulam Haidar Khan Charkhi; Abdul Quddus Khan", "commanders_b": "Hussain Khan Hazara; Rasul Khan; Tajei Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The three Hazara leaders were captured and the rising ended, followed by massacre and displacement of the Hazaras.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uruzgan; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_Uprisings", "note": "Wikipedia's figure of 100,000 troops for the Emirate is unsourced; the final action took place in what is now Daikundi.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The Emirate's army under Pashtun commanders crushed Persian-speaking Hazara rebels in the final battle of the war (Wikipedia 'Battle of Uruzgan', fetched).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1673, "key": "n1673", "name": "Sasun (1894)", "label": "Sasun", "year": 1894, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August to September 1894 (the Ottoman assault on the Sasun mountains)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sasun resistance (Hamidian massacres)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sasun (Sason) mountains, Batman, Turkey", "lat": 38.33, "lon": 41.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenians of Sasun" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish tribal irregulars" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ottoman Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zeki Pasha (Fourth Army)", "commanders_b": "Armenian village leaders and Hunchak organisers", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Fourth Army with the Kurdish tribal horse overran the Armenian positions on Mount Andok and the villages were sacked.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Klein, The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone (2011); Kieser; Hovannisian (ed.), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times vol. 2 (1997)", "note": "The sources single out the Kurdish tribes as active partners of the army; how formally the Hamidiye regiments were involved in 1894 is debated, and the numbers on each side are not firm.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1674, "key": "n1674", "name": "Wana (1894)", "label": "Wana", "year": 1894, "month": 11, "day": 3, "date": "3 November 1894 (night attack)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Waziristan expedition (1894-1895)", "theatre": "", "place": "Wana, South Waziristan, Pakistan", "lat": 32.3, "lon": 69.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Mahsud and Wazir tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mahsud and Wazir tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Escort commander of the Waziristan Delimitation Commission (name not verified)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Powindah (from memory); Wazir and Mahsud maliks", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The attack was repulsed with heavy tribal losses, though the camp suffered about 45 killed, and a punitive expedition followed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912); A. Swinson, North-West Frontier (1967)", "note": "Casualties, the commander's name and Mullah Powindah's role are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The night attackers were Waziri and Mahsud Pashtuns (Nevill; Wikipedia 'Waziristan campaign (1894-1895)').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1675, "key": "n1675", "name": "Malakand Pass (1895)", "label": "Malakand Pass", "year": 1895, "month": 4, "day": 3, "date": "3 April 1895", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Chitral expedition (1895)", "theatre": "", "place": "Malakand Pass, Malakand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.56, "lon": 71.94, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pashtun tribes of Swat, Bajaur and Jandol" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribes of Swat, Bajaur and Jandol", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert Low", "commanders_b": "Umra Khan of Jandol (directing the coalition; not named on the field)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Low's brigades stormed the heights and forced the pass in a day, and the force went on to the Panjkora.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "G. S. Robertson, Chitral: The Story of a Minor Siege (1898); H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "Numbers and the tribal composition are from memory of Robertson and Nevill.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The pass was held by some 12,000 Pashtun tribesmen of the Umra Khan coalition (Robertson, Chitral: The Story of a Minor Siege; Wikipedia 'Chitral Expedition').", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1676, "key": "n1676", "name": "Maizar", "label": "Maizar", "year": 1897, "month": 6, "day": 10, "date": "10 June 1897", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tochi Valley expedition (1897)", "theatre": "", "place": "Maizar, Tochi Valley, North Waziristan, Pakistan", "lat": 32.97, "lon": 70.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Madda Khel Wazir tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Madda Khel Wazir tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Madda Khel maliks (names not verified)", "commanders_b": "Mr. Gee (political officer); Lt.-Col. Bunny (escort commander, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The escort was overwhelmed during a halt, losing its commander and several officers, and fell back to Datta Khel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912); A. Swinson, North-West Frontier (1967)", "note": "The opening of the 1897 frontier rising in Waziristan; the details of the officers killed are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The attackers were Madda Khel Wazirs, a Pashtun (Darwesh Khel) clan (Nevill).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1677, "key": "n1677", "name": "Chakdara (siege, 1897)", "label": "Chakdara", "year": 1897, "month": 7, "day": 26, "date": "26 July to 2 August 1897", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Frontier uprising of 1897 (Malakand, Mohmand and Tirah campaigns)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chakdara Fort, Lower Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.65, "lon": 72.02, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribes of Swat and Dir" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribes of Swat and Dir", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mullah Sadullah ('Mad Mullah', Sartor Faqir)", "commanders_b": "Chakdara garrison (45th Sikhs), relieved by Sir Bindon Blood's cavalry on 2 Aug", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison held the fort and the lashkar was cut up by the relieving cavalry on 2 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "W. S. Churchill, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chakdara", "note": "The Guides cavalry charge of 2 August broke the besiegers.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "Chakdara was besieged by the same Swat Pashtun lashkar (Churchill; Wikipedia 'Siege of Chakdara').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1678, "key": "n1678", "name": "Malakand (siege, 1897)", "label": "Malakand", "year": 1897, "month": 7, "day": 26, "date": "26 July to 2 August 1897", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Frontier uprising of 1897 (Malakand, Mohmand and Tirah campaigns)", "theatre": "", "place": "Malakand Pass, Malakand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.56, "lon": 71.94, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribes of Swat and Dir" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribes of Swat and Dir", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mullah Sadullah ('Mad Mullah', Sartor Faqir)", "commanders_b": "Brig.-Gen. William Meiklejohn; Brig.-Gen. Sir Bindon Blood (arrived 1 Aug)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The garrison held the pass through six nights of attack and the lashkar withdrew when the relief columns arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "W. S. Churchill, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand", "note": "Churchill served in the relieving Malakand Field Force and wrote the standard account.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The besiegers were Pashtun Yusufzai and other Swat tribesmen led by Mullah Sadullah, a Pashtun of Swat (Churchill; Wikipedia 'Siege of Malakand').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1679, "key": "n1679", "name": "Khyber forts (Afridi attack, 1897)", "label": "Khyber forts", "year": 1897, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "23-26 August 1897", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Frontier uprising of 1897 (Malakand, Mohmand and Tirah campaigns)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khyber Pass (Landi Kotal, Fort Maude, Ali Masjid), Khyber District, Pakistan", "lat": 34.1, "lon": 71.14, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Afridi lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British posts of the Khyber Rifles" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi lashkar v British posts of the Khyber Rifles", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afridi lashkar", "faction_b": "British posts of the Khyber Rifles", "commanders_a": "Mullah Sayyid Akbar (Aka Khel); Afridi maliks (names not verified)", "commanders_b": "British officers of the Khyber Rifles (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afridis occupied the Khyber forts, which were re-taken without opposition only in December.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign", "note": "A named Pashtun unit (the Afridi Khyber Rifles) on the British side as well as the Afridi lashkar; the day-by-day dates are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The lashkar was Afridi tribesmen and the Khyber Rifles garrisons, who were themselves Afridi levies, mostly gave up their posts (Nevill; Wikipedia 'Tirah campaign').", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1680, "key": "n1680", "name": "Shabqadar (1897)", "label": "Shabqadar", "year": 1897, "month": 8, "day": 9, "date": "7-9 August 1897", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Frontier uprising of 1897 (Malakand, Mohmand and Tirah campaigns)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shabqadar Fort, Charsadda District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.22, "lon": 71.56, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mohmand lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohmand lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hadda Mullah (Najm ud-Din Akhundzada)", "commanders_b": "Brig.-Gen. Woon (relief column, from memory)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A cavalry charge and the relief column drove off the Mohmands, who lost heavily, and the fort held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "W. S. Churchill, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898); H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "The Mohmand Field Force's later punitive operations (Landakai and others) are not entered.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The lashkar was Mohmand Pashtun tribesmen raised by the Hadda Mullah (Churchill; Nevill).", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1681, "key": "n1681", "name": "Mamund Valley (1897)", "label": "Mamund Valley", "year": 1897, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September to October 1897 (Agrah, Shahi Tangi and Bilot, mid to late September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Frontier uprising of 1897 (Malakand, Mohmand and Tirah campaigns)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mamund Valley, Bajaur Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 34.72, "lon": 71.42, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Mamund tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mamund tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Edmond Jeffreys; Maj.-Gen. Sir Bindon Blood", "commanders_b": "Mamund maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jeffreys's brigades burned the valley's villages against stubborn resistance and the Mamunds submitted in October.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "W. S. Churchill, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898); H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "Treated as one entry for the valley campaign; Churchill's account describes the fights at Agrah and Bilot.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Mamunds are a Pashtun (Tarkani) tribe of Bajaur (Churchill, who served in the campaign).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1682, "key": "n1682", "name": "Saragarhi", "label": "Saragarhi", "year": 1897, "month": 9, "day": 12, "date": "12 September 1897", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Frontier uprising of 1897 (Malakand, Mohmand and Tirah campaigns): Samana", "theatre": "", "place": "Saragarhi, Samana Ridge, Kohat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.59, "lon": 70.89, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Orakzai and Afridi lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Orakzai and Afridi lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gul Badshah (Orakzai tribal leader)", "commanders_b": "Havildar Ishar Singh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The tribesmen overran the post after hours of fighting and killed all 21 defenders.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saragarhi", "note": "Lockhart and Gulistan forts were also attacked on the same day; Gulistan is entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "The attackers were Orakzai and Afridi Pashtun tribesmen under Gul Badshah (Wikipedia 'Tirah campaign', fetched; Wikipedia 'Battle of Saragarhi').", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1683, "key": "n1683", "name": "Dargai Heights", "label": "Dargai Heights", "year": 1897, "month": 10, "day": 20, "date": "18 and 20 October 1897 (taken and given up on the 18th, stormed on the 20th)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tirah campaign (1897-1898)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dargai Heights, near Shinawari, Kohat-Orakzai border, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan", "lat": 33.62, "lon": 70.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afridi and Orakzai lashkar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi and Orakzai lashkar", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gen. Sir William Lockhart; Maj.-Gen. Yeatman-Biggs; Brig.-Gen. Kempster", "commanders_b": "Mullah Sayyid Akbar (Aka Khel Afridi); Orakzai and Afridi maliks", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Gordon Highlanders, with the 3rd Sikhs and Derbyshires, stormed the heights on 20 October at a cost of 199 killed and wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign; H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912); A. Swinson, North-West Frontier (1967)", "note": "Piper Findlater's piping under fire made the second assault famous; the Afridi leader's name is from memory and the site is placed to the region.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Dargai Heights were held by about 12,000 Afridi and Orakzai Pashtun tribesmen (Wikipedia 'Tirah campaign', fetched; Nevill).", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1684, "key": "n1684", "name": "Saran Sar", "label": "Saran Sar", "year": 1897, "month": 11, "day": 9, "date": "9 and 11 November 1897 (Westmacott's first attack, Gaselee's second)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tirah campaign (1897-1898)", "theatre": "", "place": "Saran Sar, Tirah, Khyber Agency, Pakistan", "lat": 33.8, "lon": 70.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afridi and Orakzai tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi and Orakzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Richard Westmacott; Brig.-Gen. Alfred Gaselee", "commanders_b": "Afridi and Orakzai maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The position was taken on both occasions, but the first retirement was hard-pressed with 64 British casualties.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign", "note": "Wikipedia's table gives the first attack as 'before 11 Nov'; 9 November is from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The Saran Sar ridge was held by Afridi Pashtun tribesmen (Wikipedia 'Tirah campaign', fetched).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1685, "key": "n1685", "name": "Tseri Kandao", "label": "Tseri Kandao", "year": 1897, "month": 11, "day": 16, "date": "13-16 November 1897 (rearguard action on 16 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tirah campaign (1897-1898)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tseri Kandao Pass and the Waran Valley, Tirah, Khyber Agency, Pakistan", "lat": 33.75, "lon": 70.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afridi and Orakzai tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi and Orakzai tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig.-Gen. Francis Kempster", "commanders_b": "Afridi maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kempster's brigade destroyed the Waran villages but the rearguard was heavily engaged on the way back, with 72 casualties.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign", "note": "A punitive raid on the Waran valley.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The opposition on the Waran expedition was Afridi Pashtun tribesmen (Wikipedia 'Tirah campaign', fetched).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1686, "key": "n1686", "name": "Bara Valley (1897)", "label": "Bara Valley", "year": 1897, "month": 12, "day": 10, "date": "10-14 December 1897", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tirah campaign (1897-1898)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bara Valley, Khyber Agency, Pakistan", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 71.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Afridi tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi tribesmen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gen. Sir William Lockhart; Maj.-Gen. Yeatman-Biggs", "commanders_b": "Afridi maliks (names not verified)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afridis inflicted heavy casualties on the retiring columns in four days of snow and ice, but the columns reached the Peshawar column and the Khyber forts on 14 December.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign; H. D. Nevill, Campaigns on the North-West Frontier (1912)", "note": "Kuki Khel and other Afridi clans; the Afridis later paid fines and gave up rifles, so the campaign ended in a British victory overall.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "The tribesmen who harassed the withdrawal through the Bara Valley were Afridi Pashtuns (Wikipedia 'Tirah campaign', fetched).", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S6" }, { "id": 1687, "key": "n1687", "name": "Bazar Valley campaign (Zakka Khel expedition)", "label": "Bazar Valley campaign", "year": 1908, "month": 2, "day": 13, "date": "13 February - c. 1 March 1908", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Zakka Khel (Bazar Valley) expedition of 1908", "theatre": "", "place": "Bazar Valley, Khyber Agency (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 33.98, "lon": 71.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Zakka Khel Afridi lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Zakka Khel Afridi lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zakka Khel maliks and mullahs (names not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Sir James Willcocks", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Willcocks's columns swept the Bazar Valley, destroyed towers and held the valley until the Zakka Khel submitted and paid a fine.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar_Valley_campaign (title seen in search; not fetched)", "note": "Short expedition against the Zakka Khel section of the Afridis after raids on Peshawar; the Afridi were Pashtun tribesmen and so the lashkar qualifies.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1688, "key": "n1688", "name": "Mohmand expedition of 1908", "label": "Mohmand expedition of 1908", "year": 1908, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April-May 1908 (days not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mohmand expedition of 1908", "theatre": "", "place": "Mohmand hills near Matta and the Karapa pass, Mohmand Agency (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.4, "lon": 71.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mohmand lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohmand lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mullah Najmuddin (the Hadda Mullah); Mohmand chiefs", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Sir James Willcocks", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mohmand Field Force pushed into the Mohmand hills, defeated the lashkar and the tribes submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_Expedition_of_1908 (title seen in search; not fetched)", "note": "Operations against Mohmand tribesmen stirred up by the Hadda Mullah; dates and commander roles are from memory and should be checked.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1689, "key": "1908-bombardment-of-the-majlis", "name": "Bombardment of the Majlis", "label": "Bombardment of the Majlis", "year": 1908, "month": 6, "day": 23, "date": "23 June 1908", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minor Tyranny)", "theatre": "Tehran", "place": "Baharestan (the Majlis building and the Sepahsalar mosque), Tehran, Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.43, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "side_b": [ "Constitutionalists" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mohammad Ali Shah (royalists)", "faction_b": "Constitutionalists", "commanders_a": "Colonel Vladimir Liakhov (Persian Cossack Brigade), for Mohammad Ali Shah", "commanders_b": "volunteers of the Tehran anjomans (no overall commander named; the speaker Esmail Momtaz od-Dowleh absent)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Royalists: about 800 men of the Persian Cossack Brigade under Russian officers, with artillery; constitutionalists: about 100 armed volunteers of the Tehran anjomans.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "European" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Cossack Brigade's ranks were Persian and Turkic-speaking recruits (many from Caucasian muhajir families) under Russian officers; the defenders were Tehran townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 800", "strength_b": "about 100", "losses_a": "not given in the sources used", "losses_b": "not given in the sources used; several constitutionalist leaders executed afterwards", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Cossacks shelled and took the Majlis the same day; its defenders were killed, captured or dispersed.", "borderline": "a bombardment; the defenders' resistance was short", "doubt": "Borderline: a bombardment; the defenders' resistance was short.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1908 bombardment of the Majlis; Persian Constitutional Revolution; Afary, The Iranian Constitutional Revolution", "note": "Began the Minor Tyranny; armed resistance in Tabriz began the same day.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1690, "key": "1908-tabriz-siege-1908-1909", "name": "Tabriz (siege, 1908-1909)", "label": "Tabriz (siege, 1908-1909)", "year": 1908, "month": 6, "day": 23, "date": "23 June 1908 - 29 April 1909 (close blockade from February 1909)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minor Tyranny)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutionalists" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohammad Ali Shah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sattar Khan, Baqer Khan, Hoseyn Khan Baghban", "commanders_b": "Prince Abdol-Majid Mirza Eyn od-Dowleh, Rahim Khan Chalabianlu, Samad Khan Shoja od-Dowleh, Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni (Sepahdar)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Defenders: the Tabriz mujahedin of the Amirkhiz and Khiaban quarters under Sattar Khan and Baqer Khan (2,000-10,000), with 100-800 Caucasian volunteers (Armenian, Georgian and Muslim social democrats); besiegers: the Shah's troops with the Qaradagh (Qarachadaghi) and Shahsevan tribal horse of Rahim Khan and the Maragheh and Kurdish levies of Samad Khan.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Armenian", "Kurdish", "Georgian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both armies were drawn mainly from Azerbaijani Turkic speakers (the Tabriz townsmen; the Qaradagh and Shahsevan tribes), with Caucasian volunteers on one side and some Kurdish levies on the other.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "2,000-10,000 mujahedin and 100-800 Caucasian volunteers", "strength_b": "about 6,000 (Arthur Moore) to 30,000 (Kasravi)", "losses_a": "heavy (not counted); many deaths from famine in the city", "losses_b": "not given in the sources used", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The royalists never took the city; they lifted the siege when Russian troops entered on 29 April 1909, so the place did not fall to the besiegers.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tabriz (1908-1909); Persian Constitutional Revolution; Kasravi, Tarikh-e mashruteh; Afary", "note": "The royalist general assault of 5 March 1909 (N.S.) failed. Russian troops (about 4,000 under General Znarski) entered with British agreement to lift the siege, then disarmed the city (12 May 1909); Wikipedia's infobox gives 'revolutionary victory'.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Shah's besiegers of Tabriz included the Kurdish levies of Samad Khan Shoja od-Dowleh.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1691, "key": "1909-recapture-of-isfahan", "name": "Recapture of Isfahan", "label": "Recapture of Isfahan", "year": 1909, "month": 1, "day": 2, "date": "2-5 January 1909", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minor Tyranny)", "theatre": "Isfahan", "place": "Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutionalists" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutionalists (Bakhtiari)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ali Shah (royalists)", "commanders_a": "Najaf-Qoli Khan Samsam os-Saltaneh and Zargham os-Saltaneh (Bakhtiari)", "commanders_b": "the royal governor Eqbal od-Dowleh", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Bakhtiari tribal horsemen of Samsam os-Saltaneh and Zargham os-Saltaneh with Isfahani townsmen, against the governor's garrison.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The attackers were Bakhtiari Lur tribesmen and Persian-speaking townsmen of Isfahan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After clashes with the governor's troops the Bakhtiari horsemen and townsmen took Isfahan, and Samsam os-Saltaneh held it from 5 January.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Recapture of Isfahan; Triumph of Tehran", "note": "Wikipedia's article names Ali-Qoli Khan (Sardar Asad) as leader; he returned from Europe only in spring 1909 and then led the march on Tehran. The governor's name is from the standard accounts, not the Wikipedia article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1692, "key": "1909-rasht-1909", "name": "Rasht (1909)", "label": "Rasht (1909)", "year": 1909, "month": 2, "day": 8, "date": "8 February 1909", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minor Tyranny)", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Rasht, Iran", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 49.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutionalists" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutionalists (Gilan)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ali Shah (royalists)", "commanders_a": "the Sattar Committee: Yeprem Khan, Sardar Mohyi (Moez os-Soltan)", "commanders_b": "Agha Bala Khan Sardar Afkham, governor of Gilan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Gilan mujahedin of the Sattar Committee with a few dozen Caucasian volunteers (Armenians and Georgians from Baku and Tiflis) under Yeprem Khan, against the governor's guards and police.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Armenian", "Georgian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The fighters were mostly Gilaki townsmen; Yeprem Khan's Caucasian reinforcement was some 35 Georgians and 20 Armenians.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (15 men stormed the palace)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Sardar Afkham killed; others not counted", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The mujahedin stormed the governor's palace, killed Sardar Afkham and took control of Rasht the same day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Rasht; Yeprem Khan; Triumph of Tehran", "note": "Opened the Gilani advance that took Qazvin in May and Tehran in July 1909.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1693, "key": "1909-qazvin-1909", "name": "Qazvin (1909)", "label": "Qazvin (1909)", "year": 1909, "month": 5, "day": 5, "date": "5 May 1909 (the Wikipedia article gives only '5 May 1288')", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minor Tyranny)", "theatre": "Qazvin", "place": "Qazvin, Iran", "lat": 36.27, "lon": 50.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutionalists" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutionalists (Gilan)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ali Shah (royalists)", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni (Sepahdar), Yeprem Khan", "commanders_b": "the royal governor's garrison (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Several hundred Gilan mujahedin with Yeprem Khan's Armenian and Caucasian fedayeen, against the governor's troops.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian", "Armenian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The column was mainly Gilaki mujahedin with some Armenian and Caucasian volunteers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "several hundred", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Gilani mujahedin took Qazvin from the royal garrison.", "borderline": "a capture; the scale of the fighting is not described in the sources used", "doubt": "Borderline: a capture; the scale of the fighting is not described in the sources used.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Triumph of Tehran", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1694, "key": "1909-triumph-of-tehran", "name": "Triumph of Tehran", "label": "Triumph of Tehran", "year": 1909, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13-16 July 1909 (preceded by the fight at Badamak)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minor Tyranny)", "theatre": "Tehran", "place": "Tehran, Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutionalists" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutionalists (Bakhtiari and Gilani forces)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ali Shah (royalists)", "commanders_a": "Ali-Qoli Khan Sardar Asad (Bakhtiari), Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni (Sepahdar), Yeprem Khan", "commanders_b": "Colonel Vladimir Liakhov (Persian Cossack Brigade), Amir Mofakham Bakhtiari, for Mohammad Ali Shah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Constitutionalists: Bakhtiari tribal horse of Sardar Asad and the Gilan mujahedin of the Sepahdar with Yeprem Khan's Armenian and Caucasian fedayeen and Mazandarani peasants; royalists: the Persian Cossack Brigade and royal troops, about 3,000 men with 16 guns at Saltanatabad, with Amir Mofakham's Bakhtiari.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Armenian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The attackers were Bakhtiari, Gilaki and Mazandarani fighters with a few hundred Armenian and Caucasian fedayeen; the defenders were Cossacks and Bakhtiari levies.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (Gilani column several hundred in May)", "strength_b": "about 3,000 men and 16 guns at Saltanatabad", "losses_a": "not given in the sources used", "losses_b": "not given in the sources used", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The constitutionalists entered Tehran and held it through three days of street fighting until Liakhov submitted and the Shah took refuge in the Russian legation.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Triumph of Tehran; Persian Constitutional Revolution; Yeprem Khan", "note": "Wikipedia gives two sets of dates (entry 13 July, refuge 17 July; and 22-25 July); 13-16 July 1909 is the usual dating. The Shah was deposed in favour of Ahmad Shah. A Russian force had reached Qazvin on 11 July but did not fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1695, "key": "1910-atabak-park-incident", "name": "Atabak Park incident", "label": "Atabak Park incident", "year": 1910, "month": 8, "day": 7, "date": "7 August 1910", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Persian Constitutional Revolution (disarming of the mujahedin)", "theatre": "Tehran", "place": "Atabak Park, Tehran, Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutional government" ], "side_b": [ "Sattar Khan's mujahedin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutional government (Yeprem Khan's police and Bakhtiari)", "faction_b": "Sattar Khan's mujahedin", "commanders_a": "Yeprem Khan (Tehran police chief), with Bakhtiari chiefs", "commanders_b": "Sattar Khan (wounded), Baqer Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Yeprem Khan's police with Armenian fedayeen and Bakhtiari horsemen, against the Tabrizi mujahedin of Sattar Khan and Baqer Khan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Armenian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Bakhtiari and Persian police with Armenian fedayeen on one side; the defenders were Azerbaijani Turkic mujahedin from Tabriz.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Sattar Khan wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The government forces stormed the park and disarmed Sattar Khan's men; Sattar Khan was wounded.", "borderline": "a brief armed clash in a city park, named in the histories of the revolution", "doubt": "Borderline: a brief armed clash in a city park, named in the histories of the revolution.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian Constitutional Revolution; Yeprem Khan; Afary", "note": "Wikipedia gives only '1910'; 7 August 1910 is the usual date.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1696, "key": "1911-varamin", "name": "Varamin", "label": "Varamin", "year": 1911, "month": 9, "day": 5, "date": "5 September 1911", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mohammad Ali Shah's attempt to regain the throne (1911)", "theatre": "Tehran region", "place": "near Imamzadeh Jafar, Varamin, Iran", "lat": 35.32, "lon": 51.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutional government" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Ali Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutional government (Majles)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Ali Shah (royalists)", "commanders_a": "Yeprem Khan", "commanders_b": "Arshad od-Dowleh (wounded, captured and shot the next day)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government: about 1,200 men, Yeprem Khan's Armenian volunteers, Bakhtiari cavalry and gendarmes with a Maxim gun and three guns; royalists: about 2,000 (1,600 horse, 400 foot), mostly Turkmen tribesmen with Shahsevan levies.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic", "Armenian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The government force was Bakhtiari and Armenian with Persian gendarmes; the royalist army was mainly Turkmen and Shahsevan Turkic tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 1,200", "strength_b": "about 2,000 (400 foot, 1,600 horse)", "losses_a": "not given", "losses_b": "not given; Arshad od-Dowleh captured and executed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Arshad od-Dowleh's army broke and fled after its vanguard was routed by machine-gun and artillery fire and a Bakhtiari charge, and he was captured on the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Varamin; Yeprem Khan", "note": "Also called the battle of Imamzadeh Jafar. Mohammad Ali Shah had landed at Gomesh Tappeh (Astarabad) in July 1911; he left Iran again soon after this defeat.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1697, "key": "1911-rasht-1911", "name": "Rasht (1911)", "label": "Rasht (1911)", "year": 1911, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "late December 1911", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russian intervention of 1911-1912 (the ultimatum crisis)", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Rasht and Bandar Anzali, Iran", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 49.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Russian garrison commanders (not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Gilan fedayeen (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Constitutionalist fedayeen and townsmen of Rasht and Anzali.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were Gilaki townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (contemporary press reported mass killings)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Russian troops crushed the fedayeen and held Rasht and Anzali.", "borderline": "poorly documented; the fighting is mentioned in accounts of the ultimatum crisis but not described in detail in the sources used", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented; the fighting is mentioned in accounts of the ultimatum crisis but not described in detail in the sources used.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russian occupation of Tabriz (aims and press reports on Rasht and Anzali); Afary, The Iranian Constitutional Revolution", "note": "Included as one of the fights of the Russian occupation; details need checking.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1698, "key": "1911-tabriz-1911", "name": "Tabriz (1911)", "label": "Tabriz (1911)", "year": 1911, "month": 12, "day": 21, "date": "21-31 December 1911", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russian intervention of 1911-1912 (the ultimatum crisis)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "General Voropanov", "commanders_b": "the Tabriz fedayeen and Democrats (leaders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Constitutionalist fedayeen and mujahedin of Tabriz, irregular townsmen without government troops.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The defenders were townsmen of Tabriz, whose language is Azerbaijani Turkic.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "a brigade of the Russian army", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "severe in the first attack of 21 December (not counted)", "losses_b": "not counted; about 1,200 executed in the Russian reprisals of January 1912", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After about three days of street fighting the fedayeen's defence broke and the Russians shelled and occupied the city on 31 December.", "borderline": "the Tabriz fedayeen fought on their own after the Tehran government had accepted the Russian ultimatum", "doubt": "Borderline: the Tabriz fedayeen fought on their own after the Tehran government had accepted the Russian ultimatum.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Russian occupation of Tabriz; Persian Constitutional Revolution; Browne, The Reign of Terror at Tabriz", "note": "Seqat ol-Eslam Tabrizi was among those hanged by the Russians afterwards. Fighting also broke out at Rasht and Anzali (separate entry).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1699, "key": "1912-mashhad-1912", "name": "Mashhad (1912)", "label": "Mashhad (1912)", "year": 1912, "month": 3, "day": 30, "date": "30 March 1912 (29 March in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russian intervention of 1911-1912", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Imam Reza shrine, Mashhad, Iran", "lat": 36.29, "lon": 59.62, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Russian garrison of Mashhad (commander not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Yusuf Khan of Herat and the armed royalist agitators in the shrine", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An armed band of royalist (pro-Mohammad Ali Shah) agitators and townsmen who had taken refuge in the shrine.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Townsmen of Mashhad and Khorasan, Persian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (dozens killed, including pilgrims)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Russians shelled and entered the shrine and the armed band in it was killed or dispersed.", "borderline": "a bombardment of a shrine held by an armed band; little real fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a bombardment of a shrine held by an armed band; little real fighting.", "sources": "Browne, The Persian Revolution and later accounts of the Russian bombardment of the shrine (not checked against a web source)", "note": "Not a state force: the defenders were anti-constitutional agitators, not the Tehran government. Included as one of the fights of the Russian occupation.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1700, "key": "1912-shurcheh", "name": "Shurcheh", "label": "Shurcheh", "year": 1912, "month": 5, "day": 19, "date": "19 May 1912 (18 May in the Wikipedia infobox)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Salar od-Dowleh (1911-1913)", "theatre": "Western Iran (Hamadan)", "place": "Shurcheh, near Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.9, "lon": 48.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Constitutional government" ], "side_b": [ "Salar od-Dowleh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Constitutional government", "faction_b": "Salar od-Dowleh (royalist pretender)", "commanders_a": "Yeprem Khan (killed), with Bakhtiari chiefs", "commanders_b": "commanders of Salar od-Dowleh's tribal army (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government: Yeprem Khan's Armenian volunteers, Bakhtiari horse and gendarmes; Salar od-Dowleh: Kurdish and Lur tribesmen of the Kermanshah and Hamadan region.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Armenian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Salar od-Dowleh raised Kurdish (Kalhor and others) and Lur tribesmen; the government column was Bakhtiari and Armenian.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "Yeprem Khan killed; others unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Salar od-Dowleh's force was driven off, but Yeprem Khan was killed in the fighting.", "borderline": "known chiefly as the battle in which Yeprem Khan fell; outcome from secondary summaries", "doubt": "Borderline: known chiefly as the battle in which Yeprem Khan fell; outcome from secondary summaries.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Yeprem Khan; Revolt of Salar od-Dowleh", "note": "Wikipedia places Shurcheh in Kermanshah province; the usual accounts put it near Hamadan. The outcome needs checking (Wikipedia says only that Yeprem was killed by the royalists).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1701, "key": "n1701", "name": "Van (siege, 1915)", "label": "Van (siege, 1915)", "year": 1915, "month": 4, "day": 20, "date": "20 April to about 16 May 1915", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "First World War: Caucasus campaign", "theatre": "", "place": "Van, Turkey", "lat": 38.5012, "lon": 43.4089, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Armenian defenders of Van" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish tribal irregulars" ], "allies_b": [ "Russian vanguard" ], "persian_state": "Ottoman Empire", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Cevdet Bey, governor of Van", "commanders_b": "Armenak Yekarian; Aram Manukian", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The siege was lifted when the Ottoman force withdrew before the Russian advance and the Armenians held the city until it arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kevorkian, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (2011); Hovannisian (ed.), Armenian Van/Vaspurakan (2000); Klein (2011) for the tribal irregulars", "note": "Kurdish irregulars joined the Ottoman troops, but I have no figure for them: whether they are a named contingent or under a fifth is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1702, "key": "1915-bushehr-ambush-1915", "name": "Bushehr (ambush, 1915)", "label": "Bushehr (ambush, 1915)", "year": 1915, "month": 7, "day": 12, "date": "12-13 July 1915", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Tangistani resistance)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf coast (Bushehr)", "place": "dry watercourses about 3 km south of the Bushehr outpost line, Iran", "lat": 28.92, "lon": 50.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major H. E. Oliphant (killed), Captain G. J. L. Ranking (killed)", "commanders_b": "Tangistani fighters of Dilwar (Rais Ali Delvari's men), urged on by the German agent Wilhelm Wassmuss", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Tangistani riflemen from Dilwar.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Tangistanis were Persian-speaking villagers and tribesmen of the Bushehr hinterland.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "27 rifles of the 96th Berar Infantry and 5 Residency sowars", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "2 officers killed, 3 sowars killed or wounded", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The tribesmen's attacks at dusk and next morning were repulsed and they withdrew, though they killed the two British officers.", "borderline": "Tangistani tribal forces fighting on their own account, not the neutral Qajar government", "doubt": "Borderline: Tangistani tribal forces fighting on their own account, not the neutral Qajar government.", "sources": "Moberly, Operations in Persia 1914-1919, as summarised by the Western Front Association ('Fighting the Tangistanis'); en.wikipedia Rais Ali Delvari", "note": "Led to the British occupation of Bushehr on 8 August 1915 (no fighting).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1703, "key": "1915-dilwar", "name": "Dilwar", "label": "Dilwar", "year": 1915, "month": 8, "day": 13, "date": "13-15 August 1915 (landings from 11 August in one account; the fort stormed at dawn on 15 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Tangistani resistance)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf coast (Bushehr)", "place": "Dilwar (Delvar), Bushehr province, Iran", "lat": 28.76, "lon": 51.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Captain D. St A. Wake RN (HMS Juno), Commander Viscount Kelburn RN, Major C. E. H. Wintle", "commanders_b": "Rais Ali Delvari", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Up to 400 Tangistani riflemen of Rais Ali Delvari, joined by about 200 more during the fight.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Rais Ali's men were Persian-speaking Tangistanis of Dilwar and its villages.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 280 sepoys of the 96th Berar Infantry, about 50 Royal Marines, naval landing parties, HMS Juno, HMS Pyramus, RIMS Lawrence and Dalhousie", "strength_b": "400-600", "losses_a": "about 55 battle casualties (4 killed in Juno's pinnace) and 11 heatstroke", "losses_b": "'considerable' (not counted)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The landing force took the palm grove and stormed and destroyed the fort of New Dilwar before re-embarking.", "borderline": "a punitive landing; Tangistani forces fighting on their own account", "doubt": "Borderline: a punitive landing; Tangistani forces fighting on their own account.", "sources": "Western Front Association, 'Fighting the Tangistanis'; Moberly, Operations in Persia; en.wikipedia Rais Ali Delvari", "note": "Many British casualties came from a friendly-fire salvo into the palm grove.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1704, "key": "n1704", "name": "Rustam (1915)", "label": "Rustam", "year": 1915, "month": 8, "day": 17, "date": "17 August 1915", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis (1915)", "theatre": "", "place": "Rustam, Mardan District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 72.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Bunerwal lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bunerwal lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bunerwal khans and mullahs", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Campbell (per Wikipedia infobox; role at Rustam not stated)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "About 3,500 Bunerwals were defeated, which opened the Bunerwal and Swat operations.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915", "note": "Opening engagement of the 1915 operations; the Bunerwals are a Yusufzai Pashtun tribe.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1705, "key": "1915-bushehr-attack-1915", "name": "Bushehr (attack, 1915)", "label": "Bushehr (attack, 1915)", "year": 1915, "month": 9, "day": 9, "date": "9 September 1915", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Tangistani resistance)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf coast (Bushehr)", "place": "Bushehr outposts (Zangina, Mashileh, Point B), Iran", "lat": 28.95, "lon": 50.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brigadier-General H. T. Brooking", "commanders_b": "Tangistani and Dashti chiefs (none named for this day in the sources used; Rais Ali Delvari had been killed on 3 September)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 400-600 Tangistani and Dashti tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The attackers were Persian-speaking tribesmen of Tangistan and Dashti.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "11th Rajputs, 96th Berar Infantry, a squadron of the 16th Cavalry, 23rd Mountain Battery, a naval machine-gun party; 2/7th Gurkhas in reserve", "strength_b": "about 400-600", "losses_a": "about 86 killed and wounded (Major Pennington killed)", "losses_b": "43 dead, 14 wounded and 4 prisoners left on the field", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The British counter-attack drove the tribesmen back across the Mashileh, and no outpost was lost.", "borderline": "Tangistani tribal forces fighting on their own account", "doubt": "Borderline: Tangistani tribal forces fighting on their own account.", "sources": "Western Front Association, 'Fighting the Tangistanis'; Moberly, Operations in Persia", "note": "A smaller attack on the outposts on 3 September 1915, also repulsed, cost the life of Rais Ali Delvari; it is folded into this entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1706, "key": "n1706", "name": "Hafiz Kor (1915)", "label": "Hafiz Kor", "year": 1915, "month": 9, "day": 5, "date": "5 September 1915", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis (1915)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hafiz Kor, near Shabqadar, Mohmand border (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.24, "lon": 71.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mohmand lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohmand lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hajji Sahib of Turangzai (Fazl Wahid, Mohmand)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Campbell (per Wikipedia infobox)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A lashkar of about 10,000 was defeated, the most important of six smaller engagements in the 1915 operations (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915", "note": "The September action on the Mohmand border is also remembered as the Shabqadar fight; an earlier Hafiz Kor action (April 1915, about 2,000 Mohmands) is not entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1707, "key": "n1707", "name": "Wuch (1915)", "label": "Wuch", "year": 1915, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1915 (day not recorded; the last action of the 1915 operations)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis (1915)", "theatre": "", "place": "Wuch, north of Chakdara (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.75, "lon": 72.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Bajauri lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bajauri lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bajaur chiefs (names not recorded)", "commanders_b": "British column commander not named in the source used", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "About 3,000 Bajauris were routed, which ended the 1915 operations (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915", "note": "Date and exact place are only approximate; included as the closing action of the 1915 frontier campaign.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1708, "key": "1915-musalla-1915", "name": "Musalla (1915)", "label": "Musalla (1915)", "year": 1915, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "November 1915", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (gendarmerie rising)", "theatre": "Western Iran (Hamadan)", "place": "Musalla hill, Hamadan, Iran", "lat": 34.79, "lon": 48.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pro-German gendarmerie" ], "side_b": [ "Persian Cossack Brigade" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pro-German gendarmerie (nationalists)", "faction_b": "Persian Cossack Brigade (pro-Russian)", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Taqi Khan Pesyan", "commanders_b": "Cossack Brigade detachment at Hamadan (commander not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Hamadan gendarmerie under Pesyan, against a Cossack Brigade detachment with Russian officers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both forces were Iranian regulars recruited mainly in central and north-western Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The gendarmes overcame and disarmed the Cossack detachment, some of whom went over to them.", "borderline": "a confrontation in which the Cossacks were disarmed with little fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: a confrontation in which the Cossacks were disarmed with little fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian campaign (World War I)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1709, "key": "1915-shiraz-1915", "name": "Shiraz (1915)", "label": "Shiraz (1915)", "year": 1915, "month": 11, "day": 10, "date": "10 November 1915", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (gendarmerie rising in Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pro-German gendarmerie" ], "side_b": [ "Qavam ol-Molk's Khamseh" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pro-German gendarmerie (nationalists)", "faction_b": "Qavam ol-Molk's Khamseh (pro-British)", "commanders_a": "Ali-Qoli Khan Pesyan (gendarmerie)", "commanders_b": "Ebrahim Khan Qavam ol-Molk", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Fars regiment of the Swedish-officered gendarmerie (Persian officers in revolt), against the Khamseh tribal horse of Qavam ol-Molk (Arab, Basseri, Baharlu and Inallu tribes).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The gendarmes were mostly Persian speakers; the Khamseh confederation mixed Arabic, Turkic and Persian-speaking (Basseri) tribes.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The gendarmes defeated Qavam ol-Molk's tribal forces and took Shiraz, arresting the British consul.", "borderline": "described only briefly in the Wikipedia campaign article", "doubt": "Borderline: described only briefly in the Wikipedia campaign article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian campaign (World War I); Cronin, The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State", "note": "The gendarmes also took Yazd and Kerman; in spring 1916 Qavam's Khamseh defeated the gendarmes and retook Shiraz (not a separately named battle).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1710, "key": "1915-robat-karim", "name": "Robat Karim", "label": "Robat Karim", "year": 1915, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1915 (Wikipedia: 27 December [O.S. 9 December] 1915, an inconsistent pair)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Russian advance on Tehran)", "theatre": "Tehran region", "place": "Robat Karim, Tehran province, Iran", "lat": 35.48, "lon": 51.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nikolai Baratov (the detachment's commander not named)", "commanders_b": "Heydar Latifiyan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 2,000 nationalist volunteers under Heydar Latifiyan with gendarmes.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Volunteers raised around Tehran and gendarmes of the central provinces, mostly Persian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "668 men with 2 guns", "strength_b": "about 2,000", "losses_a": "few", "losses_b": "245 killed (text); 500 captured (infobox)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Russian artillery broke the Persian positions, and the Cossacks pursued the fleeing volunteers off the field.", "borderline": "nationalist volunteers and gendarmes acting against the neutral Tehran government's policy", "doubt": "Borderline: nationalist volunteers and gendarmes acting against the neutral Tehran government's policy.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Robat Karim; Swedish volunteers in Persia", "note": "Wikipedia also lists Ahmad Shah as a commander, which is not credible. Iranian accounts date the battle to Azar 1294 (late November-December 1915).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1711, "key": "1916-kermanshah-operation", "name": "Kermanshah operation", "label": "Kermanshah operation", "year": 1916, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February-March 1916 (Kermanshah entered on 26 February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign", "theatre": "Western Iran (Kermanshah)", "place": "Kermanshah and the road from Hamadan (Nahavand, Sahneh, Bisotun), Iran", "lat": 34.31, "lon": 47.07, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars", "Ottomans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nikolai Baratov (1st Caucasian Cavalry Corps)", "commanders_b": "Reza-Qoli Khan Nezam os-Saltaneh Mafi, Colonel Bopp (German), Shevket Bey (Ottoman)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The forces of Nezam os-Saltaneh's nationalist government: Swedish- and German-officered gendarmes, fedayeen volunteers, and Lur, Bakhtiari and Kurdish tribal horsemen, with a small Ottoman detachment and German volunteers; about 12,000 in all, 6,000 of them horse.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Apart from the Ottoman detachment, the defenders were gendarmes, fedayeen and Lur, Bakhtiari and Kurdish tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "8,000 (infobox); up to 14,000 and 38 guns in the whole corps", "strength_b": "about 12,000, including 6,000 horse", "losses_a": "not given", "losses_b": "not given; 8 guns and large stocks of ammunition captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Russians broke the line at Sahneh and the Ottoman and Persian forces abandoned Kermanshah, which the Russians entered on 26 February.", "borderline": "the forces of Nezam os-Saltaneh's nationalist provisional government, a rival of the neutral Tehran government", "doubt": "Borderline: the forces of Nezam os-Saltaneh's nationalist provisional government, a rival of the neutral Tehran government.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Kermanshah operation; Persian campaign (World War I)", "note": "The Russians went on to take Sanandaj (1 March), Bijar and Isfahan (19 March). Earlier actions of the same Russian advance at Asadabad (25 December 1915), Kangavar (13 January 1916) and Soltanabad (19 January 1916) are not separately named battles. The Ottomans retook Kermanshah on 2 July 1916.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1712, "key": "n1712", "name": "Kayaci (1916)", "label": "Kayaci", "year": 1916, "month": 4, "day": 13, "date": "13 April 1916", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dersim uprising of 1916", "theatre": "", "place": "Kayaci, Mazgirt, Tunceli, Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 39.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Dersim rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dersim rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Galatali Sevket Bey (13th Division)", "commanders_b": "Ali Aga and other clan chiefs", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ottoman 13th Division defeated the Dersim rebels at Kayaci during its April 1916 operation.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I (summary of Turkish staff histories)", "note": "A rising of Dersim clans during the Russian advance; the source chronicle is Turkish military history, and the coordinates are for the district.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1713, "key": "n1713", "name": "Simaligarbi (1916)", "label": "Simaligarbi", "year": 1916, "month": 4, "day": 16, "date": "16 April 1916", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dersim uprising of 1916", "theatre": "", "place": "Simaligarbi, Dersim, Tunceli, Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 39.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Dersim rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dersim rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Galatali Sevket Bey (13th Division)", "commanders_b": "Dersim clan chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The 13th Division beat the rebels again three days after Kayaci.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I", "note": "Listed as a battle in a single chronology; the exact location is not fixed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1714, "key": "n1714", "name": "Zelbaba Hill (1916)", "label": "Zelbaba Hill", "year": 1916, "month": 4, "day": 28, "date": "28 April 1916", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dersim uprising of 1916", "theatre": "", "place": "Zelbaba Hill, Dersim, Tunceli, Turkey", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 39.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Ottoman Empire" ], "side_b": [ "Dersim rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dersim rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Galatali Sevket Bey (13th Division)", "commanders_b": "Dersim clan chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Ottoman reports claim 300 rebels killed and 200 captured; the rebels surrendered on 2 May.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I", "note": "The last pitched fight of the 1916 operation; the casualty figures are Ottoman claims.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1715, "key": "n1715", "name": "Kalag (Gusht, 1916)", "label": "Kalag", "year": 1916, "month": 7, "day": 21, "date": "21 July 1916 (operations 12-29 July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Sarhad campaign against the Baloch (Damani) raiders of Persian Baluchistan", "theatre": "", "place": "Kalag, near Gusht, Sarhad, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran (site approximate)", "lat": 27.5, "lon": 62.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Seistan Force" ], "side_b": [ "Damani Baloch of Sarhad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Damani Baloch of Sarhad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer", "commanders_b": "Sardar Jiand Khan Yarahmadzai; Khalil Khan Gamshadzai (killed); Juma Khan Ismailzai", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dyer's column took most of the Yarahmadzai flocks and herds, split the Yarahmadzai from the Gamshadzai, and the chiefs then agreed to pay fines.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seistan_Force (fetched: 'the chief engagement, at Kalag near Gusht, 21 July 1916'); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarahmadzai_tribe (fetched); R. E. H. Dyer, Raiders of the Sarhad (1921)", "note": "Persian Baluchistan was under Qajar nominal rule but outside its control; the Baloch chiefs fought independently, with German help from the agent Zugmayer. Casualty figures in the accounts are vague.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1716, "key": "n1716", "name": "Hafiz Kor (1916)", "label": "Hafiz Kor", "year": 1916, "month": 11, "day": 15, "date": "15 November 1916", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mohmand blockade (1916-1917)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hafiz Kor, near Shabqadar (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.24, "lon": 71.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mohmand lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohmand lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohmand chiefs; Hajji of Turangzai's followers", "commanders_b": "British commander not named in the source used", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Mohmand force was defeated at Hafiz Kor and the blockade continued until the tribe submitted in July 1917 (Wikipedia, Mohmand blockade).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_blockade", "note": "The only named action of the Mohmand blockade of September 1916 to July 1917.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1717, "key": "n1717", "name": "Gumbaz (1918)", "label": "Gumbaz", "year": 1918, "month": 2, "day": 20, "date": "20 February 1918", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marri rising of 1918", "theatre": "", "place": "Gumbaz post, Marri country, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 69.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Marri Baloch" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian garrison of Gumbaz" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marri Baloch", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mir Khudadad Marri", "commanders_b": "Lieutenant-Colonel Gaussen; Lieutenant Harold Watson", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Marri attack on the Gumbaz post was repulsed (Wikipedia 'Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Marri_and_Khetran_tribes (fetched)", "note": "The opening action of the 1918 Marri rising. The Marri are Baloch tribesmen fighting under their own leaders.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1718, "key": "1918-urmia-clashes", "name": "Urmia clashes", "label": "Urmia clashes", "year": 1918, "month": 2, "day": 9, "date": "9-10 February 1918 (earlier clashes from 11 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Assyrian-Persian fighting after the Russian withdrawal)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (Urmia)", "place": "Urmia, Iran", "lat": 37.55, "lon": 45.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Assyrians" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Agha Petros, Malik Khoshaba (Mar Benyamin Shimun in the negotiations)", "commanders_b": "Arshad ol-Molk, Ershad Homayun (governor), Musa Agha Sadir, Haji Samad", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Assyrians", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Persian government troops, Qaradagh tribal horsemen under Persian officers and cavalry from Tabriz, with armed Muslim townsmen of Urmia (Azerbaijanis and some Kurds); about 2,000 or more.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Qaradagh horsemen and the Urmia townsmen were Azerbaijani Turkic speakers; Kurds and Persian officers were a small part.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a few hundred (a 600-man detachment and about 200 Tyari)", "strength_b": "about 2,000 or more", "losses_a": "about 80 killed", "losses_b": "more than 1,000 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Assyrians took the Qaradagh horsemen's fort and held the town, and the Persian commanders and the Muslim townsmen surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Urmia clashes", "note": "Armenian volunteers fought with the Assyrians. Wikipedia's figures come mainly from Assyrian and missionary accounts. NEW ENTITY: 'Assyrians' (the Assyrian volunteers of 1918).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1719, "key": "n1719", "name": "Fort Munro (1918)", "label": "Fort Munro", "year": 1918, "month": 3, "day": 15, "date": "15 March 1918", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marri rising of 1918", "theatre": "", "place": "Fort Munro, Sulaiman Range, Punjab, Pakistan", "lat": 30.0, "lon": 69.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Marri and Khetran tribesmen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marri and Khetran tribesmen", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brigadier-General Philip Miles", "commanders_b": "Sardar Khair Bux Marri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Marri-Khetran force was defeated and Barkhan was retaken by Miles's column.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Marri_and_Khetran_tribes (fetched)", "note": "The Marri are Baloch; the Khetran allies are a Baloch-affiliated tribe of mixed origin and are not counted here.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1720, "key": "n1720", "name": "Rebellion in Tskhinvali (1918)", "label": "Rebellion in Tskhinvali", "year": 1918, "month": 3, "day": 19, "date": "15-22 March 1918 (rebels held Tskhinvali 19-22 March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tskhinvali, South Ossetia (Georgia)", "lat": 42.2279, "lon": 43.9667, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Ossetian insurgents" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ossetian insurgents", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "No Ossetian commander named", "commanders_b": "Kosta Kaziev (ethnic Ossetian officer commanding the People's Guard detachment), Valiko Jugheli", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The People's Guard retook Tskhinvali on 22 March after the rebels had held it for three days, and repression followed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rebellion in Tskhinvali' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_in_Tskhinvali (fetched); Wikipedia 'Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920)' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920) (fetched)", "note": "The Ossetian insurgents were an all-Ossetian force (Alans), so the Iranian force qualifies on side A; the Georgian detachment's commander Kaziev was himself an Ossetian officer in a Georgian army, which does not count under the post-1800 leader rule.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1721, "key": "n1721", "name": "Hadb (1918)", "label": "Hadb", "year": 1918, "month": 4, "day": 3, "date": "3 April 1918", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Marri rising of 1918", "theatre": "", "place": "Hadb, Marri hills near Kohlu, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.4, "lon": 69.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "British Indian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Marri Baloch" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Marri Baloch", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brigadier-General Thomas Henry Hardy", "commanders_b": "Sardar Khair Bux Marri", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Hardy's column defeated the Marri force of about 1,200; Khair Bux surrendered on 8 April.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Marri_and_Khetran_tribes (fetched)", "note": "Final action of the 1918 Marri rising, after the Royal Flying Corps had bombed Kahan.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1722, "key": "1918-deh-shaikh", "name": "Deh Shaikh", "label": "Deh Shaikh", "year": 1918, "month": 5, "day": 25, "date": "25 May 1918", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Qashqai rising in Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Deh Shaikh, west of Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.6, "lon": 52.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Colonel Orton (British and South Persia Rifles column), under Sir Percy Sykes", "commanders_b": "Esmail Khan Solat od-Dowleh, ilkhan of the Qashqai", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Qashqai tribal horse and foot of Solat od-Dowleh, with Kazeruni and other Fars tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Qashqai confederation spoke a Turkic language; Persian-speaking Fars villagers joined the rising.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (Indian cavalry, infantry and mountain guns with South Persia Rifles)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Orton's column drove Solat od-Dowleh's tribesmen from the field and returned to Shiraz; the Qashqai fell back but kept up the rising.", "borderline": "the Qashqai fought on their own account, against a force the Tehran government had ceased to recognise; outcome inferred from Moberly's account of the aftermath", "doubt": "Borderline: the Qashqai fought on their own account, against a force the Tehran government had ceased to recognise; outcome inferred from Moberly's account of the aftermath.", "sources": "Moberly, Operations in Persia 1914-1919, p. 319 (Qatar Digital Library); en.wikipedia South Persia Rifles", "note": "Solat od-Dowleh's rising of 1918 also blockaded Shiraz and attacked South Persia Rifles posts (Khan-e Zenyan, Abadeh); he was finally driven off near Firuzabad in October 1918. Those actions are not separately documented in the sources used.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1723, "key": "1918-manjil", "name": "Manjil", "label": "Manjil", "year": 1918, "month": 6, "day": 12, "date": "12 June 1918", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Dunsterforce and the Jangalis)", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Manjil bridge over the Sefidrud, Iran", "lat": 36.75, "lon": 49.41, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "General Lazar Bicherakhov, with Dunsterforce elements", "commanders_b": "Mirza Kuchik Khan (Jangalis), with German and Austrian advisers", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Russia", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Jangali fighters of Gilan (Gilaki peasants and townsmen) with a few German, Austrian and Ottoman advisers.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Jangali movement recruited in the forests and villages of Gilan, among Gilaki speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 1,200 Cossacks with British armoured cars and a squadron of the 14th Hussars (not given in the Wikipedia article)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bicherakhov's Cossacks forced the Manjil bridge and the Jangalis withdrew; the column reached Bandar Anzali a few days later.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state (the Jangali movement fighting foreign troops)", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state (the Jangali movement fighting foreign troops).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dunsterforce; Dunsterville, The Adventures of Dunsterforce", "note": "Bicherakhov's detachment was a remnant of the Russian Caucasus Army in British pay. The British strength figures are from Dunsterville's account, not the Wikipedia article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1724, "key": "1918-rasht-1918", "name": "Rasht (1918)", "label": "Rasht (1918)", "year": 1918, "month": 7, "day": 20, "date": "20 July 1918 (25 July in the Wikipedia Dunsterforce article)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First World War: Persian campaign (Dunsterforce and the Jangalis)", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Rasht, Iran", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 49.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Iranian risings" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iranian risings", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the British garrison commander at Rasht (not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Mirza Kuchik Khan (Jangalis)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 2,500 Jangali fighters of Gilan, with German and Austrian advisers.", "languages": [ "Daylami and Caspian", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Jangalis were Gilaki fighters from the forests of Gilan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 300", "strength_b": "about 2,500", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Jangali attack on the British garrison was repulsed after street fighting and the attackers withdrew.", "borderline": "a rising, not a state (the Jangali movement fighting foreign troops)", "doubt": "Borderline: a rising, not a state (the Jangali movement fighting foreign troops).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dunsterforce; Moberly, Operations in Persia", "note": "Kuchik Khan made an agreement with the British in August 1918.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranian risings: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1725, "key": "n1725", "name": "Dakka (1919)", "label": "Dakka", "year": 1919, "month": 5, "day": 13, "date": "13-17 May 1919", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dakka, Nangarhar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.22, "lon": 71.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Salih Muhammad Khan (medium confidence)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Fowler; Brig.-Gen. Crocker", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The British occupied Dakka on 13 May, repulsed an Afghan assault, counterattacked and secured the area by 17 May when the Afghans withdrew (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Dakka lay just inside Afghanistan; the Afghan army and its tribal levies fought for the border village.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1726, "key": "n1726", "name": "First Battle of Bagh (1919)", "label": "First Battle of Bagh", "year": 1919, "month": 5, "day": 9, "date": "9 May 1919", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bagh, western Khyber Pass (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Afghan border)", "lat": 34.1, "lon": 71.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Salih Muhammad Khan (Afghan commander on the Khyber front; medium confidence)", "commanders_b": "Brig.-Gen. G. D. Crocker", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Crocker split his brigade, could not concentrate it and the British attack failed (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Afghan irregulars had seized Bagh on 3 May; the first British counterattack failed and was repeated on 11 May.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1727, "key": "n1727", "name": "Second Battle of Bagh (1919)", "label": "Second Battle of Bagh", "year": 1919, "month": 5, "day": 11, "date": "11 May 1919", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bagh and Lower Khyber (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.1, "lon": 71.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Salih Muhammad Khan (Afghan commander on the Khyber front; medium confidence)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Fowler", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Fowler's force routed the Afghans, who lost about 100 killed and 300 wounded against 8 killed and 31 wounded (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "The British victory that opened the Khyber to Dakka.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1728, "key": "n1728", "name": "Spin Boldak (1919)", "label": "Spin Boldak", "year": 1919, "month": 5, "day": 27, "date": "27 May 1919", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)", "theatre": "", "place": "Spin Boldak (Kandahar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 66.4, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Afghan garrison commander not named in the source used", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. R. Wapshare (Baluchistan Force; medium confidence)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The British took the fortress by escalade and so seized the initiative in the south (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "The only southern action of the war, on the Quetta-Kandahar road.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1729, "key": "n1729", "name": "Thal (siege, 1919)", "label": "Thal", "year": 1919, "month": 5, "day": 28, "date": "28 May - 1 June 1919", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)", "theatre": "", "place": "Thal, Hangu District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 33.37, "lon": 70.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nadir Khan (Afghan commander in the south-east)", "commanders_b": "Brig.-Gen. Alexander Eustace (garrison); Brig.-Gen. Reginald Dyer (relief)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Afghan assaults and bombardment were repelled and Dyer's column relieved the garrison on 1 June (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Nadir Khan, later King, besieged the Kurram frontier post with some fourteen battalions in the area.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1730, "key": "n1730", "name": "Bazyan Pass (1919)", "label": "Bazyan Pass", "year": 1919, "month": 6, "day": 18, "date": "18 June 1919", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Mahmud Barzanji revolt", "theatre": "", "place": "Bazyan Pass (Darband-i Bazyan), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq", "lat": 35.55, "lon": 44.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji" ], "side_b": [ "United Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji", "commanders_b": "British column of two brigades (commander not confirmed in the source consulted)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The British forced the pass against about 500 Kurds; Mahmud was wounded and captured and the Kurdish state fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts; Jwaideh, The Kurdish National Movement (2006); Eppel (2016)", "note": "Mahmud had seized Sulaymaniyah on 20 May 1919; the British occupied Halabja on 28 June to end the revolt. Wikipedia's other named actions of the revolt (ambushes beyond Chamchamal) have no dates.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1731, "key": "n1731", "name": "Yusef Khel (1919)", "label": "Yusef Khel", "year": 1919, "month": 6, "day": 3, "date": "2-3 June 1919", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)", "theatre": "", "place": "Yusef Khel, near Thal (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 33.37, "lon": 70.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Emirate of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nadir Khan", "commanders_b": "Brig.-Gen. Reginald Dyer", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dyer's troops seized the Afghan camp on 3 June as the armistice took effect (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War", "note": "Pursuit action after the relief of Thal; place and date approximate.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1732, "key": "n1732", "name": "Ahnai Tangi (1920)", "label": "Ahnai Tangi", "year": 1920, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1920 (an eight-day battle per Wikipedia; some accounts start in late December 1919)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Waziristan campaign (1919-1920)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ahnai Tangi defile on the Tank Zam, South Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 32.38, "lon": 70.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mahsud Waziri lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mahsud Waziri lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahsud maliks and mullahs (leaders not verified)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. Sir Andrew Skeen", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The 2nd/5th Gurkhas held their position, the 2nd/76th Punjabis fought through to them and the Mahsuds took heavy casualties (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919–1920)", "note": "The hardest fight of the Waziristan campaign, fought after the Mahsuds rose in 1919; the exact start date is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1733, "key": "1920-shekar-yazi", "name": "Shekar Yazi", "label": "Shekar Yazi", "year": 1920, "month": 1, "day": 21, "date": "21 January 1920", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (Salmas)", "place": "Shekar Yazi plain, near Salmas, Iran", "lat": 38.27, "lon": 44.94, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Simko Shikak, Amar Khan Shikak, Fars Agha, Mahmud Agha", "commanders_b": "Amir Arshad (killed), Fathollah Khan Akbar, Major Malekzadeh, Hasan Arfa, a Swedish gendarmerie officer", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 1,500 gendarmes and 3,000 Azerbaijani irregulars, including the Haji-Alilu tribe of Amir Arshad.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Two-thirds of the force were Azerbaijani Turkic irregulars and Haji-Alilu tribesmen; the gendarmes were mostly Persian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 200 Zibari horse in the decisive charge (Simko's whole force not given)", "strength_b": "about 4,500-5,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy; Amir Arshad killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Amar Khan's cavalry routed the government force and killed its commander Amir Arshad, and the Iranian force dispersed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Shekar Yazi; Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "note": "The opponent is Simko's Shikak Kurds (with Zibari Kurds from across the frontier).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1734, "key": "n1734", "name": "Java (1920)", "label": "Java", "year": 1920, "month": 5, "day": 8, "date": "From about 8 May 1920 (Java district, May-June 1920)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920)", "theatre": "", "place": "Java (Dzhava) district, South Ossetia (Georgia)", "lat": 42.39, "lon": 43.93, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Ossetian insurgents of the Roki and Java districts", "Bolshevik detachment from Vladikavkaz" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ossetian insurgents of the Roki and Java districts & Bolshevik detachment from Vladikavkaz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ossetian Revkom (Ruten and Georgy Gagloev, Nikolai Gadiev, Vladimir Abaev; role in this action not stated)", "commanders_b": "Georgian commanders not named (Valiko Jugheli led the later counter-offensive)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "result unknown" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The source says a Bolshevik force from Vladikavkaz helped local rebels attack a Georgian force in the Java district but does not give the outcome; by 7 June the rebels held Tskhinvali.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored.", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920)' (fetched: 8 May 1920 declaration of a Soviet republic in the Roki area and attack on a Georgian force in the Java district)", "note": "The Ossetian rebels were Alans (Ossetians) assisted by a Bolshevik detachment; the fighting at Java is sketched in the source without detail.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1735, "key": "n1735", "name": "Tskhinvali (June 1920)", "label": "Tskhinvali", "year": 1920, "month": 6, "day": 12, "date": "7-8 June 1920 (Ossetian Revkom takes Tskhinvali); Georgian counter-offensive from 12 June, retaking the town", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tskhinvali and the Liakhvi valley, South Ossetia (Georgia)", "lat": 42.2279, "lon": 43.9667, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Ossetian insurgents with Bolshevik volunteers from North Ossetia" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ossetian insurgents with Bolshevik volunteers from North Ossetia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ruten Gagloev, Georgy Gagloev, Vladimir Abaev, Nikolai Gadiev (Revkom leaders)", "commanders_b": "Valiko Jugheli", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jugheli's People's Guard won a series of hard-fought battles from 12 June and recaptured Tskhinvali; the Revkom fled to North Ossetia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920)' (fetched: Ossetian sources give 4,812-5,279 Ossetian dead in the 1920 repression and flight)", "note": "Largest of the three risings; the Ossetian side was an all-Ossetian insurgent force. The individual battles of the Georgian counter-offensive are not itemized in the source, so they are grouped here.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1736, "key": "1920-tabriz-1920", "name": "Tabriz (1920)", "label": "Tabriz (1920)", "year": 1920, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13-14 September 1920", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khiabani's uprising (Azadistan)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tajaddod building, Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Government" ], "side_b": [ "Khiabani's Democrats" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Government", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brigadier Hashemi (Cossack Brigade), for Mehdi Qoli Hedayat", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Khiabani (killed), Esmail Amirkhizi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Tabriz detachment of the Persian Cossack Brigade with some gendarmes, against Khiabani's lightly armed Democrat followers.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Democrats were Tabriz townsmen (Azerbaijani Turkic speakers); the local Cossack detachment was also recruited largely in Azerbaijan.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; Khiabani killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Cossacks stormed the uprising's headquarters within a few hours, and Khiabani was killed the next day.", "borderline": "a short assault on the uprising's headquarters", "doubt": "Borderline: a short assault on the uprising's headquarters.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Mohammad Khiabani's uprising", "note": "Khiabani's movement was a Democrat (not separatist) uprising; treated as civil.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "The Persian government's governor Mehdi Qoli Hedayat, of Persian descent, sent the Cossack Brigade against Khiabani's Democrats of Tabriz.", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1737, "key": "1921-miandoab", "name": "Miandoab", "label": "Miandoab", "year": 1921, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1921 (early 1921 in the battle article; September 1921 in the revolt article)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (south of Lake Urmia)", "place": "near Miandoab, Iran", "lat": 36.97, "lon": 46.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Simko Shikak, Amar Khan Shikak, Sayyid Taha", "commanders_b": "a detachment under Hasan Arfa (the battle article also lists Fathollah Khan, Hasan Moqaddam and Habibollah Sheibani)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government troops (gendarmes and Cossack detachments; units not named in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the gendarmerie and Cossack Brigade in 1921 (Persian and Azerbaijani Turkic speakers).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "4,000-4,500 with 1,000 Ottoman Kurds", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "200+ killed and 150 captured (most executed); 'half the army' per the revolt article", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Simko's fighters repelled the attack and forced the government troops to retreat, leaving Miandoab in Kurdish hands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Miandoab; Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "note": "The two Wikipedia articles disagree on the date; Reza Khan was minister of war from April 1921, which fits the later date better.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1738, "key": "n1738", "name": "Koçgiri (1921)", "label": "Koçgiri", "year": 1921, "month": 3, "day": 6, "date": "6 March to 17 June 1921 (first clash in February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Koçgiri rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Koçgiri, Zara and Imranli districts, Sivas, Turkey", "lat": 39.88, "lon": 38.11, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkish nationalists" ], "side_b": [ "Koçgiri rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Koçgiri rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nureddin Pasha (Central Army); Topal Osman", "commanders_b": "Alisan Bey; Alisher Efendi; Nuri Dersimi; Paso Misto", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Central Army crushed the revolt: about 500 rebels killed, 32 leaders captured; the Turkish 6th Cavalry Regiment lost its commander.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion; van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State (1992)", "note": "A campaign rather than a single battle (the first clash in February 1921 went to the Kurds), so the point is the district, not a field.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1739, "key": "1921-tasuj-1921", "name": "Tasuj (1921)", "label": "Tasuj (1921)", "year": 1921, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1921", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (north of Lake Urmia)", "place": "Tasuj, north of Lake Urmia, Iran", "lat": 38.32, "lon": 45.36, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Simko Shikak", "commanders_b": "Zafar od-Dowleh (later Brigadier Hasan Moqaddam)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government troops of the Azerbaijan command (gendarmes, Cossack detachments and Azerbaijani irregulars); units not named in the source used.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the Azerbaijan command used gendarmes from central Iran and local Azerbaijani irregulars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Simko defeated the government army north of Lake Urmia.", "borderline": "known only from a line in the revolt article", "doubt": "Borderline: known only from a line in the revolt article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1740, "key": "1921-jafarabad-1921", "name": "Jafarabad (1921)", "label": "Jafarabad (1921)", "year": 1921, "month": 10, "day": 3, "date": "3 October 1921", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Revolt of Colonel Mohammad Taqi Khan Pesyan (Khorasan, 1921)", "theatre": "Khorasan", "place": "Jafarabad, near Quchan, Iran", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 58.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Government with Khorasani Kurdish levies" ], "side_b": [ "Colonel Pesyan's Khorasan gendarmerie" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Government (Qavam's cabinet) with Khorasani Kurdish levies", "faction_b": "Colonel Pesyan's Khorasan gendarmerie", "commanders_a": "Farajollah Khan (Kurdish chiefs of Quchan)", "commanders_b": "Colonel Mohammad Taqi Khan Pesyan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Kurmanji Kurdish tribal levies of Quchan raised by the government, against a detachment of Pesyan's Khorasan gendarmerie.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The government's fighters were Khorasani (Kurmanji) Kurds and Pesyan's men Persian-speaking gendarmes.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Pesyan and 12 to 100 gendarmes killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pesyan's gendarmes were defeated and he was killed on the field; his revolt collapsed.", "borderline": "a small fight, remembered for Pesyan's death", "doubt": "Borderline: a small fight, remembered for Pesyan's death.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922) (note on Pesyan); Persian Cossack Brigade (infobox: suppression of Pessian's revolt)", "note": "The Kurds fought for the government here, not as rebels, so the battle is civil (a gendarmerie revolt).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1741, "key": "1921-sawcubilax-1921", "name": "Sawcubilax (1921)", "label": "Sawcubilax (1921)", "year": 1921, "month": 10, "day": 6, "date": "6-7 October 1921", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (south of Lake Urmia)", "place": "Sawj Bulagh (Mahabad), Iran", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 45.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Simko Shikak, Amar Khan Shikak, Sayyid Taha, Hamza Agha (Mamash)", "commanders_b": "Major Malekzadeh (captured), Captain Mohammad Taqi Khan Alp (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Major Malekzadeh's detachment of about 550 gendarmes with irregulars (550-1,500 in all), with one old gun and four machine guns.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A gendarmerie detachment, recruited mainly among Persian speakers of central Iran, with local irregulars.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 3,000 (with 500-600 foot)", "strength_b": "550-1,500", "losses_a": "about 50 killed", "losses_b": "over 700 killed, most of them shot after surrendering", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kurds broke the gendarmes' line on 7 October and Malekzadeh surrendered his headquarters the next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sawcubilax; Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "note": "Also called the battle of Mahabad. Simko had entered Urmia on 4 October.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1742, "key": "1922-sawcubilax-1922", "name": "Sawcubilax (1922)", "label": "Sawcubilax (1922)", "year": 1922, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1922 (before the summer campaign)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (south of Lake Urmia)", "place": "near Sawj Bulagh (Mahabad), Iran", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 45.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Qajars" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Qajars", "commanders_a": "Simko Shikak's commanders", "commanders_b": "Khalo Qurban (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Khalo Qurban's irregulars (former Jangali Kurdish fighters taken into Reza Khan's service).", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khalo Qurban led Kurdish irregulars from the Kermanshah region who had served with the Jangalis.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 200 irregulars killed with Khalo Qurban", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Simko's forces defeated the government column and killed its commander Khalo Qurban.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "note": "Sawj Bulagh changed hands several times before the government retook it in August 1922.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1743, "key": "1922-tabriz-1922", "name": "Tabriz (1922)", "label": "Tabriz (1922)", "year": 1922, "month": 2, "day": 1, "date": "1-10 February 1922 (approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Lahuti uprising", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.08, "lon": 46.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Government" ], "side_b": [ "Major Abolqasem Lahuti's gendarmes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Government (Reza Khan's army)", "faction_b": "Major Abolqasem Lahuti's gendarmes", "commanders_a": "fresh government forces sent to Tabriz (Mahmud Khan Puladin's troops had been beaten in the first fighting)", "commanders_b": "Major Abolqasem Lahuti", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Cossack and other government units against the Tabriz gendarmerie battalion that had mutinied under Lahuti.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranian regulars, Persian and Azerbaijani Turkic speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Fresh government troops retook Tabriz and dispersed the mutinous gendarmes, and Lahuti fled to Baku.", "borderline": "poorly documented in the sources used; the scale of the fighting is uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented in the sources used; the scale of the fighting is uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abolqasem Lahouti; Cronin, The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran", "note": "The Wikipedia biography wrongly links Lahuti's rising with Khiabani (killed 1920); it says his men first beat Mahmud Khan Puladin's troops before fresh forces disbanded them. The usual date is February 1922.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1744, "key": "1922-bakhtiari-ambush-of-1922", "name": "Bakhtiari ambush of 1922", "label": "Bakhtiari ambush of 1922", "year": 1922, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1922", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Reza Khan's tribal campaigns (Sheikh Khaz'al and the Bakhtiari)", "theatre": "Bakhtiari mountains", "place": "Bakhtiari mountains on the route from Isfahan to Khuzestan, Iran", "lat": 32.0, "lon": 50.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Bakhtiari tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "Government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Bakhtiari tribesmen", "faction_b": "Government (Reza Khan's army)", "commanders_a": "Bakhtiari chiefs (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Colonel Hasan Agha", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Bakhtiari tribesmen, against a government column of 274 soldiers (12 officers).", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Bakhtiari Lur tribesmen against a column of Reza Khan's new army.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "274", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "115 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Bakhtiari destroyed the column; only a handful of soldiers escaped.", "borderline": "no conventional name in the source used (known in Persian accounts by the valley where it happened)", "doubt": "Borderline: no conventional name in the source used (known in Persian accounts by the valley where it happened).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sheikh Khazal rebellion", "note": "The Bakhtiari believed the column was coming to occupy their land; it was sent to pressure Sheikh Khaz'al.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1745, "key": "1922-sari-taj", "name": "Sari Taj", "label": "Sari Taj", "year": 1922, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "summer 1922 (August 1922; Chehriq occupied soon after)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (Salmas)", "place": "Salmas region, near Chehriq (Chari castle), Iran", "lat": 38.15, "lon": 44.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qajars", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "commanders of Reza Khan's army in Azerbaijan (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Simko Shikak", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 10,000 soldiers of Reza Khan's new army (the merged Cossack and gendarmerie units) with tribal levies.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Reza Khan's new army of 1922 was formed from the Cossack Brigade and gendarmerie, recruited mainly in Persian-speaking and Azerbaijani provinces.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 10,000", "strength_b": "unknown (about 1,000 horse escaped with Simko)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Simko's forces were defeated and the Iranian army occupied Chari castle; Simko fled to Turkey with about 1,000 horsemen.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simko Shikak revolt (1918-1922)", "note": "Persian accounts call the decisive battle of 1922 the battle of Shakaryazi (not the Shekar Yazi battle of January 1920, which Simko won). The site and day need checking.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1746, "key": "1923-boroujerd-1923", "name": "Boroujerd (1923)", "label": "Boroujerd (1923)", "year": 1923, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1923", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Reza Khan's Luristan campaigns", "theatre": "Luristan", "place": "Boroujerd, Iran", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 48.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Government" ], "side_b": [ "Lur tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Government (Reza Khan's army)", "faction_b": "Lur tribes", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi", "commanders_b": "Lur tribal chiefs (not named in the source used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Amir-Ahmadi's western division of the new army against Lur tribesmen.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Lur tribesmen against a government army of Persian and Azerbaijani soldiers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army took Boroujerd after intense fighting.", "borderline": "a tribal revolt of Lurs (an Iranian people not counted as separatists in this set), treated as civil", "doubt": "Borderline: a tribal revolt of Lurs (an Iranian people not counted as separatists in this set), treated as civil.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Luri tribal insurgency in Pahlavi Iran", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1747, "key": "n1747", "name": "Gardez (1924)", "label": "Gardez", "year": 1924, "month": 4, "day": 27, "date": "27 April 1924", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khost rebellion (1924-1925)", "theatre": "", "place": "near Gardez, Paktia (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.6, "lon": 69.23, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khost rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Royal Afghan army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khost rebels v Royal Afghan army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khost rebels", "faction_b": "Royal Afghan army", "commanders_a": "Mullah Abd Allah (Mullah-i Lang); Abd al-Karim", "commanders_b": "Sardar Muhammad Wali Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The government force under Muhammad Wali Khan beat the rebels, who lost about 60 against 7 government killed and 27 wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924–1925)", "note": "First open battle of the rebellion after the Altimur Pass ambush of 22 April.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1748, "key": "1924-khorramabad-1924", "name": "Khorramabad (1924)", "label": "Khorramabad (1924)", "year": 1924, "month": 5, "day": null, "date": "May-June 1924", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Reza Khan's Luristan campaigns", "theatre": "Luristan", "place": "Khorramabad, Iran", "lat": 33.49, "lon": 48.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Government" ], "side_b": [ "Lur tribes" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Government (Reza Khan's army)", "faction_b": "Lur tribes (Romani, Chegini, Beyranvand, Baharvand, Papi, Judaki)", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi; Colonel Fuladi", "commanders_b": "Lur tribal chiefs (not named in the source used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government troops of the western division, with aircraft in the June campaign, against a coalition of Lur tribes.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Lur tribesmen against government soldiers recruited mainly among Persian and Azerbaijani speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; 80 Lur leaders hanged afterwards", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the Lurs had beaten Colonel Fuladi's force and entered the town, Amir-Ahmadi's army retook Khorramabad and the Lur coalition broke up.", "borderline": "two phases (a Lur success, then the government recapture) merged into one entry; a tribal revolt of Lurs treated as civil", "doubt": "Borderline: two phases (a Lur success, then the government recapture) merged into one entry; a tribal revolt of Lurs treated as civil.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Luri tribal insurgency in Pahlavi Iran", "note": "The first phase (the Lur defeat of Fuladi and capture of the town) was a Lur victory.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1749, "key": "n1749", "name": "Matun (siege, 1924)", "label": "Matun", "year": 1924, "month": 5, "day": 22, "date": "22-29 May 1924", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Khost rebellion (1924-1925)", "theatre": "", "place": "Matun (Khost), Paktia (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.33, "lon": 69.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khost rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Afghan government garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khost rebels v Afghan government garrison", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khost rebels", "faction_b": "Afghan government garrison", "commanders_a": "Mullah Abd Allah (Mullah-i Lang)", "commanders_b": "Garrison commander (not named in the source used)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege was lifted on 29 May when the rebels withdrew, which the source attributes to bribes from Kabul.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924–1925)", "note": "The rebels' withdrawal was bought rather than forced, so the result rests on the siege being raised.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1750, "key": "n1750", "name": "Sulaymaniyah (1924)", "label": "Sulaymaniyah", "year": 1924, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1924 (19 July in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Mahmud Barzanji revolt", "theatre": "", "place": "Sulaymaniyah, Iraq", "lat": 35.5558, "lon": 45.4351, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kingdom of Iraq", "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji" ], "allies_a": [ "Assyrian Levies" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "British-officered Assyrian Levies (commander not named in the source)", "commanders_b": "Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Assyrian Levies captured Sulaymaniyah and Mahmud's Kurdistan fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts; Jwaideh (2006); Eppel (2016)", "note": "How much fighting there was is unclear; Mahmud had already been driven from the plain by air attack. The 1922-23 phase has no named battle in the sources I checked.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1751, "key": "n1751", "name": "Bedak (1924)", "label": "Bedak", "year": 1924, "month": 8, "day": 2, "date": "2 August 1924", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khost rebellion (1924-1925)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bedak, Altimur Pass area (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 69.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khost rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Royal Afghan army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khost rebels v Royal Afghan army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khost rebels", "faction_b": "Royal Afghan army", "commanders_a": "Mullah Abd Allah (Mullah-i Lang); Abd al-Karim", "commanders_b": "Abdul Hamid (Chief of Staff, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The government force was annihilated, its commander Abdul Hamid was killed, its guns were lost and the pass fell to the rebels.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924–1925)", "note": "The rebels' greatest victory; it opened the road to Kabul and the Logar valley.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1752, "key": "n1752", "name": "Kulangar (1924)", "label": "Kulangar", "year": 1924, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25 August 1924", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khost rebellion (1924-1925)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kulangar, Logar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.97, "lon": 69.07, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khost rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Royal Afghan army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khost rebels v Royal Afghan army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khost rebels", "faction_b": "Royal Afghan army", "commanders_a": "Mullah Abd Allah (Mullah-i Lang)", "commanders_b": "Battalion commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Two government battalions were destroyed (source summary).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924–1925)", "note": "Place uncertain; follows the source's name Kulangar.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1753, "key": "n1753", "name": "Pathkai (1924)", "label": "Pathkai", "year": 1924, "month": 8, "day": 4, "date": "c. 4 August 1924", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khost rebellion (1924-1925)", "theatre": "", "place": "Pathkai (Patkhai), Paktia region (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.6, "lon": 69.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khost rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Sar Nigahban Regiment" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khost rebels v Sar Nigahban Regiment", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khost rebels", "faction_b": "Sar Nigahban Regiment", "commanders_a": "Abd al-Karim", "commanders_b": "Lifeguard regiment commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Lifeguard regiment was destroyed (source summary).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924–1925)", "note": "Place is uncertain (the source gives only the name Pathkai).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1754, "key": "n1754", "name": "Elazig (1925)", "label": "Elazig", "year": 1925, "month": 2, "day": 24, "date": "24 February 1925", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sheikh Said rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Elazig (Harput), Turkey", "lat": 38.6743, "lon": 39.2232, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sheikh Sharif", "commanders_b": "Turkish garrison (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels entered Elazig and held and looted it for several days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion; Olson (1989)", "note": "How much resistance the garrison offered is not recorded in the source I used.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1755, "key": "n1755", "name": "Mus (Murat Bridge, 1925)", "label": "Mus (Murat Bridge, 1925)", "year": 1925, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1925 (day not given)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sheikh Said rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Murat Bridge on the approach to Mus from Hinis, Turkey", "lat": 38.74, "lon": 41.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sheikh Abdullah", "commanders_b": "Turkish garrison of Mus (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sheikh Abdullah's column failed to take Mus and withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion; Olson (1989)", "note": "The only clear Turkish success outside Diyarbakir in the first weeks; numbers not stated.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1756, "key": "n1756", "name": "Piran (1925)", "label": "Piran", "year": 1925, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1925 (8 February in most accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sheikh Said rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Piran (Dicle), Diyarbakir, Turkey", "lat": 38.36, "lon": 40.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sheikh Said of Palu", "commanders_b": "Turkish gendarmerie detachment (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sheikh Said's men prevented the arrest of the Kurdish notables.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion; Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion (1989)", "note": "The incident that started the rising; Sheikh Said spoke Zaza.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1757, "key": "n1757", "name": "Diyarbakir (siege, 1925)", "label": "Diyarbakir", "year": 1925, "month": 3, "day": 7, "date": "6-7 March to 11 March 1925", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Sheikh Said rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Diyarbakir, Turkey", "lat": 37.9144, "lon": 40.2306, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Sheikh Said", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sheikh Said of Palu", "commanders_b": "Mursel Pasha (VII Corps)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Every assault on the four gates was repelled and the siege was lifted on 11 March.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion; Olson (1989); van Bruinessen (1992)", "note": "The turning point of the rising; the rebels numbered 5,000-10,000 and the garrison used machine guns and mortars. Sheikh Said was captured on 15 April at the Carpuh bridge near Varto.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1758, "key": "1925-mohammerah-1925", "name": "Mohammerah (1925)", "label": "Mohammerah (1925)", "year": 1925, "month": 7, "day": 24, "date": "24-25 July 1925", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sheikh Khaz'al rebellion (aftermath)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Mohammerah (Khorramshahr), Iran", "lat": 30.43, "lon": 48.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qajars" ], "side_b": [ "Arab rebels (Khuzestan)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Qajars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named in the source used", "commanders_b": "not named (an Arab rising of Khaz'al's followers)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Arab rebels (Khuzestan)", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Troops of Reza Khan's army in Khuzestan, with British naval and logistic support (HMS Triad, armoured vehicles).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of Reza Khan's army (Persian and Azerbaijani soldiers).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 130 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Persian troops reoccupied Mohammerah after the Arab rising, killing about 130 of the insurgents.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sheikh Khazal rebellion", "note": "Sheikh Khaz'al himself had been arrested in April 1925 without fighting. The British gave support but did not fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "Qajars: an Iranian state whose armies were largely Persian", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1759, "key": "n1759", "name": "Demirkapi (1926)", "label": "Demirkapi", "year": 1926, "month": 5, "day": 16, "date": "16 May 1926", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ibrahim Heski's rising (precursor of the Ararat rebellion)", "theatre": "", "place": "Demirkapi, near Dogubayazit and Mount Ararat, Turkey", "lat": 39.55, "lon": 44.08, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels of Ibrahim Heski" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels of Ibrahim Heski", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Heski", "commanders_b": "Commander of the 28th Regiment (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kurds defeated the Turkish 28th Regiment, according to the Wikipedia summary of the Ararat revolt.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_rebellion", "note": "I could not confirm the exact place of Demirkapi; the coordinates are for the Dogubayazit district.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1760, "key": "1926-salmas-1926", "name": "Salmas (1926)", "label": "Salmas (1926)", "year": 1926, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1926", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Simko Shikak revolt (1926)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan (Salmas)", "place": "Salmas (Dilman, Shahpur), Iran", "lat": 38.2, "lon": 44.77, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pahlavi Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "relief units from Urmia, Sharafkhaneh and Khoy (the infobox lists Habibollah Sheibani)", "commanders_b": "Simko Shikak, Haji Agha, Fattah Agha, Seyde Agha", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Salmas garrison and relief units of the Pahlavi army from Urmia, Sharafkhaneh and Khoy.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: the north-western army of 1926 was recruited largely in Azerbaijan, with Persian officers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 1,500 (text); 6,000-10,000 (infobox)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege of Salmas failed: relief columns arrived, half of Simko's Shikak deserted him, and he fled to Iraq.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Simko Shikak revolt (1926)", "note": "Simko was killed in an ambush at Oshnavieh on 30 June 1930 (not a battle; excluded).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1761, "key": "n1761", "name": "Bampur (1928)", "label": "Bampur", "year": 1928, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1928 (month not fixed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Reza Shah's pacification of Persian Baluchistan (1928-1934)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bampur, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 27.19, "lon": 60.46, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Barakzai Baloch of Bampur" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran v Barakzai Baloch of Bampur", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pahlavi Iran", "faction_b": "Barakzai Baloch of Bampur", "commanders_a": "General Amanullah Jahanbani; Reza Shah (directing)", "commanders_b": "Dost Mohammad Khan Baranzai (Baloch)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dost Mohammad's alliances dissolved, the Iranian army easily defeated him, and he surrendered (Wikipedia 'Dost Mohammad Khan Baloch').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan_Baloch (fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarahmadzai_tribe (fetched: '1928, Bampur: Reza Khan's army defeated Dost Mohammad Khan')", "note": "Doubtful entry: my sources record a campaign and a defeat but no named engagement or date, and the fighting may have been slight. Reza Shah was Mazandarani; Jahanbani was of the Qajar family, so the Iranian-army rule rests on Reza Shah's leadership.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1762, "key": "n1762", "name": "Jabal al-Siraj (siege, 1928)", "label": "Jabal al-Siraj", "year": 1928, "month": 11, "day": 25, "date": "late November - 11/12 December 1928", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jabal al-Siraj, Parwan (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.12, "lon": 69.25, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saqqawists" ], "side_b": [ "Government garrison of Amanullah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saqqawists v Government garrison of Amanullah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Saqqawists", "faction_b": "Government garrison of Amanullah", "commanders_a": "Habibullah Kalakani (Bacha-i Saqqao)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Ali Lodi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The garrison surrendered and handed over funds and 18 machine guns, giving Kalakani his arsenal.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Kalakani, a Tajik from Kalakan, took the arsenal that armed his march on Kabul.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1763, "key": "n1763", "name": "Jalalabad (Shinwari revolt, 1928)", "label": "Jalalabad", "year": 1928, "month": 11, "day": 14, "date": "from 14 November 1928; relief column destroyed at Nimla in December", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jalalabad, Nangarhar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.43, "lon": 70.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Shinwari tribal rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Government of Amanullah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Shinwari tribal rebels v Government of Amanullah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Shinwari tribal rebels", "faction_b": "Government of Amanullah", "commanders_a": "Shinwari maliks (names not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Ali Ahmad Khan (governor of the Eastern Province)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The relief column was destroyed at Nimla and Ali Ahmad Khan then reached a settlement with the Shinwari, ending the government's hold.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "The revolt that opened the 1928-29 collapse of Amanullah's rule; it was a siege with an open relief battle.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1764, "key": "n1764", "name": "First Battle of Kabul (1928-1929)", "label": "First Battle of Kabul", "year": 1928, "month": 12, "day": 14, "date": "14 December 1928 - 14 January 1929", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 69.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saqqawists" ], "side_b": [ "Government of Amanullah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saqqawists v Government of Amanullah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Saqqawists", "faction_b": "Government of Amanullah", "commanders_a": "Habibullah Kalakani", "commanders_b": "Amanullah Khan; Inayatullah Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kalakani entered the city, the army largely mutinied, and he held Murad Beg Fort until Amanullah abdicated on 14 January.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Kalakani was wounded on 25 December; the failed shelling of Murad Beg Fort led to the abdication.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1765, "key": "n1765", "name": "Fall of Kabul (January 1929)", "label": "Fall of Kabul", "year": 1929, "month": 1, "day": 17, "date": "15-17 January 1929 (the source's infobox gives 15 January)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul and the Arg (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 69.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saqqawists" ], "side_b": [ "Government of Inayatullah Khan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saqqawists v Government of Inayatullah Khan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Saqqawists", "faction_b": "Government of Inayatullah Khan", "commanders_a": "Habibullah Kalakani", "commanders_b": "Inayatullah Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Inayatullah abdicated and left Kabul and the Saqqawists took the Arg.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Kalakani became Emir Habibullah II, the first Tajik ruler of Afghanistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1766, "key": "n1766", "name": "Gharm (Fuzail Maksum's raid, 1929)", "label": "Gharm", "year": 1929, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April-May 1929", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Basmachi revolt (Soviet pacification of Tajikistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gharm (Garm), Rasht valley (Karategin), Tajikistan", "lat": 39.0, "lon": 70.3833, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Basmachi" ], "side_b": [ "Soviet Union" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Basmachi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fuzail Maksum (Faizal Maksum)", "commanders_b": "Soviet Gharm detachment (commander not identified here)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Fuzail Maksum's force briefly captured Gharm; Soviet forces, supplied by air, then drove them out.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Faizal Maksum' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faizal_Maksum (fetched: Garm raid/occupation spring 1929, launched from Afghanistan during Kalakani's reign); Soviet and later Basmachi literature (e.g. Olcott, 'The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan', Soviet Studies 1981)", "note": "Fuzail Maksum, a mullah of Karategin (Gharm), is described in Soviet and later literature as a Tajik leader of the Basmachi; the Wikipedia page fetched does not state his ethnicity. Famous in Soviet military history for the airlift of Red Army troops to the Gharm area. Size of his band not established here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1767, "key": "n1767", "name": "Ghazni (1929)", "label": "Ghazni", "year": 1929, "month": 4, "day": 16, "date": "16-30 April 1929 (sources conflict)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghazni (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.55, "lon": 68.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saqqawists" ], "side_b": [ "Anti-Saqqawist forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saqqawists v Anti-Saqqawist forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Saqqawists", "faction_b": "Anti-Saqqawist forces", "commanders_a": "Habibullah Kalakani (commanders in the field not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Amanullah Khan (ordered a retreat on 26 April)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sources conflict: Amanullah ordered a retreat on 26 April, but anti-Saqqawist forces re-entered Ghazni on 30 April.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Amanullah's last attempt to regain the throne from the south; the result is unclear in the source used.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1768, "key": "n1768", "name": "Patta-Gissar (Soviet raid, 1929)", "label": "Patta-Gissar", "year": 1929, "month": 4, "day": 15, "date": "15 April 1929 (the Soviet column then pushed on toward Mazar-i Sharif)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet incursion into northern Afghanistan (Primakov's raid, 1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Patta-Gissar, on the Amu Darya opposite Termez (Afghanistan)", "lat": 37.22, "lon": 67.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan border garrison" ], "side_b": [ "Red Army detachment" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan border garrison", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Afghan garrison commander (not named)", "commanders_b": "Vitaly Primakov; Ghulam Nabi Charkhi (Afghan exile leader in Soviet pay)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Red detachment crossed the Amu Darya and overran the Afghan border post, then raided on for several weeks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Soviet Afghan raid of 1929 (not fetched); Kakar, Afghanistan 1929 accounts", "note": "Details (garrison, commanders, and the Afghan exile detachment) are from memory and should be checked; the Afghan exile leader is credited to the Soviet side.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1769, "key": "n1769", "name": "Shibar Pass (1929)", "label": "Shibar Pass", "year": 1929, "month": 5, "day": 9, "date": "9 or 10 May 1929", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shibar Pass, Bamyan Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 68.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Hazara militias" ], "side_b": [ "Saqqawist army of Sayyid Husayn" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hazara militias v Saqqawist army of Sayyid Husayn", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hazara militias", "faction_b": "Saqqawist army of Sayyid Husayn", "commanders_a": "Hazara commanders (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Sayyid Husayn (Kalakani's commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Sayyid Husayn's army was routed, which ended his plan to take Mazar-i Sharif.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Hazaras are Dari speakers and count as Iranian here.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1770, "key": "n1770", "name": "Bamyan (siege, 1929)", "label": "Bamyan", "year": 1929, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "before 19 June 1929", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bamyan (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.82, "lon": 67.82, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Hazara militias" ], "side_b": [ "Saqqawist garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hazara militias v Saqqawist garrison", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hazara militias", "faction_b": "Saqqawist garrison", "commanders_a": "Hazara commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Saqqawist garrison commander (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Hazara besiegers withdrew after their commander was bribed, so the Saqqawists kept Bamyan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Result inferred from the source's wording that the Saqqawists won after a bribe.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1771, "key": "n1771", "name": "Kandahar (Saqqawist capture, 1929)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1929, "month": 6, "day": 3, "date": "31 May or 3 June 1929 (sources conflict)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Saqqawists" ], "side_b": [ "Anti-Saqqawist forces of Kandahar" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Saqqawists v Anti-Saqqawist forces of Kandahar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Saqqawists", "faction_b": "Anti-Saqqawist forces of Kandahar", "commanders_a": "Saqqawist commander (not identified in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Kandahar garrison and tribal chiefs", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kandahar fell to the Saqqawists after Amanullah left for India.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Dates conflict between sources; the pro-Nadir rising of 23 September undid the capture.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1772, "key": "1929-shiraz-siege-1929", "name": "Shiraz (siege, 1929)", "label": "Shiraz (siege, 1929)", "year": 1929, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "mid-June to July 1929", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Persian tribal uprisings of 1929", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Shiraz, Iran", "lat": 29.61, "lon": 52.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Qashqai and Fars tribal rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Qashqai and Fars tribal rebels", "faction_b": "Government (Reza Shah's army)", "commanders_a": "Ali Khan Qashqai (Ali Salar Heshmat)", "commanders_b": "the Shiraz garrison (the infobox lists Fazlollah Zahedi and Colonel Mohammad-Taqi Khan Arab Sheybani among the government commanders)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Qashqai tribesmen with Khamseh and Boyer-Ahmadi risings in Fars, against the army garrison of Shiraz.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The besiegers were mainly Turkic-speaking Qashqai; the garrison were Iranian conscripts.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege ended by negotiation, when the government accepted the rebels' terms in July 1929 while Shiraz was still invested.", "borderline": "a loose blockade; the fighting around the city is not described in the sources used; a tribal revolt of Qashqai (Turkic, but not counted as separatists in this set) treated as civil", "doubt": "Borderline: a loose blockade; the fighting around the city is not described in the sources used; a tribal revolt of Qashqai (Turkic, but not counted as separatists in this set) treated as civil.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Persian tribal uprisings of 1929; Cronin, Tribal Politics in Iran", "note": "The government gave way after the Bakhtiari rising at Deh Kurd on 9 July 1929; most Fars rebels then surrendered.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1773, "key": "n1773", "name": "Padkhwab-i Rughani (1929)", "label": "Padkhwab-i Rughani", "year": 1929, "month": 7, "day": 14, "date": "14-15 July 1929", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Padkhwab-i Rughani, Logar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.95, "lon": 69.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Nadir Khan's army" ], "side_b": [ "Saqqawist forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nadir Khan's army v Saqqawist forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nadir Khan's army", "faction_b": "Saqqawist forces", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Nadir Khan; Shah Wali Khan", "commanders_b": "Saqqawist commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Nadir won at Padkhwab-i Rughani and the post at Kariz-i Darwish surrendered the next day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "A step in Nadir's Logar advance; place spelling follows the source.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1774, "key": "n1774", "name": "Unay Pass (1929)", "label": "Unay Pass", "year": 1929, "month": 7, "day": 17, "date": "17 July 1929", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Unay Pass, Wardak (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 68.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Hazara militias" ], "side_b": [ "Saqqawist forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Hazara militias v Saqqawist forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Hazara militias", "faction_b": "Saqqawist forces", "commanders_a": "Hazara commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Saqqawist commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Saqqawists were routed and pursued to Takana and Jalriz.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Part of the Hazara-Saqqawist fighting in the Hazarajat.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1775, "key": "n1775", "name": "Kandahar (pro-Nadir uprising, 1929)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1929, "month": 9, "day": 23, "date": "23 September 1929", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.61, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Pro-Nadir forces of Kandahar" ], "side_b": [ "Saqqawist garrison" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pro-Nadir forces of Kandahar v Saqqawist garrison", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pro-Nadir forces of Kandahar", "faction_b": "Saqqawist garrison", "commanders_a": "Pro-Nadir leaders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Saqqawist governor (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kalakani's forces were driven out of Kandahar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Southern counterpart of Nadir's advance on Kabul.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1776, "key": "n1776", "name": "Battle of Kabul (October 1929)", "label": "Kabul", "year": 1929, "month": 10, "day": 9, "date": "9-13 October 1929", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1928-1929)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul and the Arg (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 69.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Nadir Khan's army" ], "side_b": [ "Saqqawists" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Nadir Khan's army v Saqqawists", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Nadir Khan's army", "faction_b": "Saqqawists", "commanders_a": "Muhammad Nadir Khan; Shah Wali Khan; Shah Mahmud Khan", "commanders_b": "Habibullah Kalakani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nadir's forces took the Arg on 13 October, ending the civil war.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928–1929)", "note": "Nadir became King Nadir Shah; Kalakani was executed in November.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1777, "key": "1930-tang-e-tamoradi", "name": "Tang-e Tamoradi", "label": "Tang-e Tamoradi", "year": 1930, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1930", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Reza Shah's tribal campaigns (Boyer-Ahmad)", "theatre": "Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad", "place": "Tang-e Tamoradi (Tang-e Sarbazkosh), Boyer-Ahmad, Iran", "lat": 30.9, "lon": 51.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Boyer-Ahmadi tribes" ], "side_b": [ "Government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Boyer-Ahmadi tribes", "faction_b": "Government (Reza Shah's army)", "commanders_a": "Sartip Khan Boyer-Ahmadi, Shokrollah Khan", "commanders_b": "army commanders (not named in the source used), with Bakhtiari and Qashqai contingents of Sardar Asad and Solat od-Dowleh", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Boyer-Ahmadi Lur tribesmen, against an army column with Bakhtiari and Qashqai tribal contingents.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Boyer-Ahmadi Lurs against government troops with Bakhtiari (Lur) and Qashqai (Turkic) contingents.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "over 1,000 soldiers and Qashqai tribesmen killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Boyer-Ahmadi trapped the army column in the gorge and destroyed it, killing over 1,000 soldiers and Qashqai tribesmen.", "borderline": "a tribal revolt of Lurs treated as civil", "doubt": "Borderline: a tribal revolt of Lurs treated as civil.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Luri tribal insurgency in Pahlavi Iran", "note": "The Boyer-Ahmadi were defeated in 1931 and Sartip Khan surrendered. The gorge's second name, Tang-e Sarbazkosh, means 'soldier-killing gorge'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1778, "key": "n1778", "name": "Mount Ararat (1930)", "label": "Mount Ararat", "year": 1930, "month": 6, "day": 11, "date": "11 June to 17 September 1930", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ararat rebellion (Third Ararat Operation)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mount Ararat, Agri, Turkey", "lat": 39.7025, "lon": 44.2982, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Ararat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Republic of Ararat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Salih (Omurtak) Pasha; Mustafa Kemal (nominal)", "commanders_b": "Ihsan Nuri Pasha", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Turkish offensive with air support drove Ihsan Nuri's force off the mountain and ended the republic by September 1930.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Ararat_Uprising; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_rebellion; Jwaideh (2006)", "note": "Turkish strength is given as 10,000 to 80,000 depending on the source; the Kurds had about 5,000. Two earlier Turkish offensives (1927-29) failed but have no firm dates.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1779, "key": "n1779", "name": "Zilan (1930)", "label": "Zilan", "year": 1930, "month": 7, "day": 12, "date": "12-13 July 1930", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Ararat rebellion (Third Ararat Operation)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zilan Valley, Ercis, Van, Turkey", "lat": 39.1, "lon": 43.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish tribes of Ararat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish tribes of Ararat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Salih (Omurtak) Pasha", "commanders_b": "tribal chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Turkish army and air force cleared the valley on 13 July; press reports claim 15,000 killed, largely civilians.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_rebellion; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilan_massacre; Jwaideh (2006)", "note": "Turkish sources call it an operation, Kurdish ones a massacre; the fighting was one-sided and the coordinates are for the valley, not a battlefield.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1780, "key": "n1780", "name": "Afridi rising in the Peshawar vale (1930)", "label": "Afridi rising in the Peshawar vale", "year": 1930, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August-September 1930 (days not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "North-West Frontier unrest of 1930 (Afridi lashkar)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khajuri plain and Peshawar border (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 33.9, "lon": 71.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Afridi lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afridi lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Afridi maliks and mullahs (names not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "British Peshawar District commander (not verified)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The raiding lashkar was driven back to Tirah and Peshawar was not taken.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Moreman, The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare (from memory)", "note": "Reported from memory and thinly sourced; the 1930 events at Peshawar proper were riots and the Qissa Khwani shooting, not a battle.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1781, "key": "n1781", "name": "Mohmand campaign of 1935 (Nahakki Pass)", "label": "Mohmand campaign of 1935", "year": 1935, "month": 8, "day": 17, "date": "mobilised 17 August 1935; operations to late October 1935", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Second Mohmand campaign (1935)", "theatre": "", "place": "Nahakki Pass and Kamalai plateau, Mohmand Agency (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 71.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Mohmand lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mohmand lashkar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hajji of Turangzai (Fazl Wahid) and his sons", "commanders_b": "Claude Auchinleck (Mohforce); Harold Alexander (Nowshera Brigade)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Mohmand submitted at a jirga in October after Mohforce took the Nahakki and Badmanai heights.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935", "note": "First use of tanks in India; a September ambush near Nahakki killed 35 of Mohforce (Meynell won a posthumous VC on 29 September).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1782, "key": "n1782", "name": "Khaisora (1936)", "label": "Khaisora", "year": 1936, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "late November 1936 (days not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Waziristan campaign (1936-1939)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khaisora valley between Razmak and Mir Ali, North Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 32.9, "lon": 69.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Tori Khel Wazir lashkar of the Faqir of Ipi" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tori Khel Wazir lashkar of the Faqir of Ipi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mirzali Khan (Faqir of Ipi, Tori Khel Wazir)", "commanders_b": "Maj.-Gen. John Coleridge; Brig. Thakur Mahadeo Singh", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The columns withdrew to Mir Ali after about 100 casualties and a bad supply situation, which raised the Faqir's standing (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936–1939)", "note": "The columns marched through the Khaisora to punish the Faqir of Ipi; the commander roles are not assigned to the action in the source used.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1783, "key": "n1783", "name": "Dersim (1937)", "label": "Dersim", "year": 1937, "month": 3, "day": 20, "date": "March to November 1937 (Harcik Valley incident 20-21 March; Seyid Riza seized 10-12 September and hanged in November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dersim rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Dersim (Tunceli), Turkey", "lat": 39.1083, "lon": 39.5483, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Dersim clans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dersim clans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gen. Abdullah Alpdogan (operation commander, as usually given)", "commanders_b": "Seyid Riza", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "About 25,000 troops overran Dersim and Seyid Riza and about six to ten of his men were hanged in November 1937.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_rebellion; van Bruinessen, 'Genocide in Kurdistan?' (1994)", "note": "A campaign rather than a single battle; the source names no field engagement. Turkish forces were later doubled.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1784, "key": "n1784", "name": "Shahur Tangi (1937)", "label": "Shahur Tangi", "year": 1937, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1937 (day not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Waziristan campaign (1936-1939)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shahur Tangi defile, South Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 32.28, "lon": 69.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Wazir and Mahsud lashkar of the Faqir of Ipi" ], "side_b": [ "British Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Wazir and Mahsud lashkar of the Faqir of Ipi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mirzali Khan (Faqir of Ipi)", "commanders_b": "British brigade commander (not named in the source used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The tribesmen destroyed the vehicles and blocked the exits, killing 7 officers and 45 men and wounding 47 (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936–1939)", "note": "More than a small ambush (some 100 casualties); British columns later cleared the defile.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1785, "key": "n1785", "name": "Dersim (1938)", "label": "Dersim", "year": 1938, "month": 1, "day": 2, "date": "2 January to 7 August 1938; the Third Tunceli Operation 10-17 August; sweeps from 6 September", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dersim rebellion", "theatre": "", "place": "Dersim (Tunceli), Turkey", "lat": 39.1083, "lon": 39.5483, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Dersim clans" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Dersim clans", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish army command (named officers not given in the source consulted)", "commanders_b": "Clan chiefs (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The rebels ran out of ammunition in late 1938; an official report counts 13,160 civilians killed and 11,818 deported.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_rebellion; van Bruinessen (1994)", "note": "Mostly a massacre of villagers after the armed clans were beaten; the entry is campaign-level and the resistance was in many small fights.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1786, "key": "1941-abadan-1941", "name": "Abadan (1941)", "label": "Abadan (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25 August 1941", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Abadan refinery and port, Iran", "lat": 30.34, "lon": 48.29, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Commodore Cosmo Graham (naval force); 8th Indian Division", "commanders_b": "the Abadan garrison and the crew of the sloop Palang (commanders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Abadan garrison of the Imperial Iranian Army and the Imperial Iranian Navy sloop Palang, conscripts and regular sailors.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Reza Shah's conscript army drew on all provinces; Persian, Kurdish and Lur speakers outnumbered the Azerbaijani Turks.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "HMS Shoreham and other ships, a brigade of the 8th Indian Division", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "several British and Indian soldiers killed", "losses_b": "the sloop Palang sunk; casualties not given", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "HMS Shoreham sank the sloop Palang at dawn and Indian troops took Abadan the same afternoon after hand-to-hand fighting.", "borderline": "an engagement within the invasion; no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an engagement within the invasion; no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran; Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan", "note": "Iranian losses in the whole invasion were about 850 killed; British 22 killed and 50 wounded; Soviet 40 killed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1787, "key": "1941-ahvaz-1941", "name": "Ahvaz (1941)", "label": "Ahvaz (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 26, "date": "26-29 August 1941", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Ahvaz and the Karun river line, Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "United Kingdom" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "General Mohammad Shahbakhti", "commanders_b": "8th Indian Division (Major-General C. O. Harvey)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 27,000 troops of four divisions in Khuzestan (Wikipedia: the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 16th), with all of Iran's tanks.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript recruitment of Reza Shah's army across Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 27,000", "strength_b": "elements of the 8th Indian Division", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian tanks and infantry held their positions before Ahvaz and the Indian advance stalled at the Karun until the ceasefire of 29 August.", "borderline": "the outcome is debated: the fighting was cut short by the Shah's ceasefire order", "doubt": "Borderline: the outcome is debated: the fighting was cut short by the Shah's ceasefire order.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran; Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan", "note": "Wikipedia says the Iranians repelled a British attack on the city's defences; British accounts stress that the main assault had not yet been launched when the ceasefire came. Iran's government surrendered on 31 August.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1788, "key": "1941-bandar-pahlavi-1941", "name": "Bandar Pahlavi (1941)", "label": "Bandar Pahlavi (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25-28 August 1941", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (northern front)", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Bandar Pahlavi (Bandar Anzali), Astara and Rasht, Iran", "lat": 37.47, "lon": 49.46, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rear-Admiral Sedelnikov (Caspian Flotilla), 44th Army", "commanders_b": "Iranian Gilan command and Caspian flotilla (commanders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Soviet Union", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Three gunboats, a 75 mm battery and anti-aircraft barges of the Caspian flotilla, with army units in Gilan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript recruitment of the Imperial army and navy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the 44th Army and the Caspian Flotilla (more than a dozen patrol boats, destroyers and landing craft)", "strength_b": "3 gunboats, a battery and army units", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown; at least 200 civilians killed in the air raids on Bandar Pahlavi and Rasht", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the Iranian coast defences turned back the first landing, the Soviet 44th Army and air force took Astara, Bandar Pahlavi and Rasht, and the Iranian forces surrendered on 28 August.", "borderline": "an engagement within the invasion; no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an engagement within the invasion; no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran", "note": "Wikipedia calls this the Soviets' heaviest fighting of the invasion; some Iranian units retreated to Ramsar.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1789, "key": "1941-bandar-shahpur-1941", "name": "Bandar Shahpur (1941)", "label": "Bandar Shahpur (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25 August 1941", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Bandar Shahpur (Bandar Imam Khomeini), Iran", "lat": 30.43, "lon": 49.08, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "HMAS Kanimbla (armed merchant cruiser) and the landing battalions", "commanders_b": "the Bandar Shahpur naval base (commanders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The garrison and patrol boats of the Bandar Shahpur naval base.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the Imperial Iranian Navy and army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "HMAS Kanimbla with two battalions", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "patrol boats captured; casualties not given", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The British took the port and seized seven Axis merchant ships and the Iranian patrol boats; the naval base fell that evening.", "borderline": "a landing and ship seizure; Wikipedia says the base fell after heavy fighting, but the patrol boats offered no resistance at the landing", "doubt": "Borderline: a landing and ship seizure; Wikipedia says the base fell after heavy fighting, but the patrol boats offered no resistance at the landing.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran", "note": "An eighth Axis ship was scuttled by its crew.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1790, "key": "1941-jolfa-1941", "name": "Jolfa (1941)", "label": "Jolfa (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25-26 August 1941", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (northern front)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Jolfa bridge on the Aras and the road to Marand and Tabriz, Iran", "lat": 38.94, "lon": 45.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "General Dmitry Kozlov (Transcaucasian Front), 47th Army", "commanders_b": "General Matbooei (3rd Division)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Soviet Union", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Iranian 3rd (Azerbaijan) Division and frontier guards.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: a division stationed in Azerbaijan, with many local Azerbaijani conscripts and Persian officers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "the 47th Army", "strength_b": "one division", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Soviets forced the Aras crossing at Jolfa, where three Iranian soldiers held the bridge until killed, and occupied Iranian Azerbaijan by 26 August.", "borderline": "scattered resistance rather than a set battle; included as the main fight of the Soviet Azerbaijan front", "doubt": "Borderline: scattered resistance rather than a set battle; included as the main fight of the Soviet Azerbaijan front.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran", "note": "On the same day the 53rd Army met resistance by frontier guards under Khalil Alinejad at Alikaran near Ardabil; the 15th Division collapsed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1791, "key": "1941-khorramshahr-1941", "name": "Khorramshahr (1941)", "label": "Khorramshahr (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 25, "date": "25 August 1941", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Khorramshahr naval base and town, Iran", "lat": 30.43, "lon": 48.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Commodore Cosmo Graham; HMAS Yarra; 8th Indian Division", "commanders_b": "Rear-Admiral Gholamali Bayandor (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The headquarters of the Imperial Iranian Navy, the sloop Babr and patrol craft, with naval infantry and army troops.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The navy and army were recruited by conscription across Iran, mostly among speakers of Iranian languages.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "HMAS Yarra and landing troops of the 8th Indian Division", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "the sloop Babr sunk; Admiral Bayandor and others killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "HMAS Yarra sank the sloop Babr at its berth and Indian troops captured the base and town the same day; Admiral Bayandor was killed.", "borderline": "an engagement within the invasion; no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an engagement within the invasion; no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran; Gholamali Bayandor", "note": "25 August 1941 = 3 Shahrivar 1320. Bayandor is honoured in Iran as a national hero.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1792, "key": "1941-pa-i-tak-pass-1941", "name": "Pa-i-Tak Pass (1941)", "label": "Pa-i-Tak Pass (1941)", "year": 1941, "month": 8, "day": 27, "date": "27-28 August 1941", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance)", "theatre": "Kermanshah", "place": "Pa-i-Tak (Patagh) Pass, near Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran", "lat": 34.42, "lon": 46.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major-General William Slim (10th Indian Division)", "commanders_b": "Iranian 5th Division commanders (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United Kingdom", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Light infantry of the Kermanshah divisions (the 5th and 12th, about 30,000 in the region), with anti-tank guns, and fighters of the Iranian air force.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from conscript recruitment; the western divisions included many Kurdish and Lur soldiers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "10th Indian Division and 9th Armoured Brigade", "strength_b": "unknown at the pass", "losses_a": "light", "losses_b": "unknown; six Iranian fighters shot down by the RAF over the Qasr-e Shirin front", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian defenders abandoned the pass during the night and the British column advanced through it to Shahabad.", "borderline": "an engagement within the invasion; no separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an engagement within the invasion; no separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran; Slim, Unofficial History", "note": "Before the pass the British had crossed the frontier at Qasr-e Shirin and taken the Naft-e Shah oilfield against little opposition. The outcome detail (night withdrawal) comes from British accounts, not the Wikipedia article.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1793, "key": "1943-semirom", "name": "Semirom", "label": "Semirom", "year": 1943, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "early July 1943 (three days of fighting, reported in the British intelligence summary of 12 July 1943)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Tribal revolts in southern Iran during the Allied occupation", "theatre": "Fars and Isfahan (Semirom)", "place": "Semirom, Isfahan province, Iran", "lat": 31.42, "lon": 51.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Boyer-Ahmadi and Qashqai tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "Government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Boyer-Ahmadi and Qashqai tribesmen", "faction_b": "Government (Iranian army garrison)", "commanders_a": "Abdollah Zarghampur (Boyer-Ahmadi), with Darashuri Qashqai; Captain Alavi (an army deserter)", "commanders_b": "the Semirom garrison commander (not named in the source used; Iranian accounts name Colonel Shaqaqi, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "1,500-4,000 Boyer-Ahmadi Lur tribesmen with Darashuri Qashqai, against an army garrison of about 900.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The attackers were mainly Boyer-Ahmadi Lurs, with some Turkic-speaking Qashqai; the garrison were Iranian conscripts.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "1,500-4,000", "strength_b": "about 900", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the garrison destroyed (casualties not given); a convoy of about eight lorries also ambushed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The tribesmen overwhelmed the garrison after three days of fighting and took all its arms and stores, including two mountain guns.", "borderline": "no English Wikipedia article; known from British intelligence reports and Iranian histories", "doubt": "Borderline: no English Wikipedia article; known from British intelligence reports and Iranian histories.", "sources": "British Legation, Tehran Intelligence Summary of 12 July 1943 (IOR Coll 28/97, Qatar Digital Library); Cronin, Tribal Politics in Iran", "note": "German agents were suspected of encouraging the tribes (see Operation Franz/Anton, not battles).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1794, "key": "1946-qahrawa", "name": "Qahrawa", "label": "Qahrawa", "year": 1946, "month": 4, "day": 29, "date": "29 April 1946", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran crisis of 1946 (Republic of Mahabad)", "theatre": "Kurdistan (Saqqez front)", "place": "Qahrawa (Qarawa), south-east edge of the Mahabad Republic, near Saqqez, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 46.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Republic of Mahabad" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mustafa Barzani (First Kurdish Regiment and Barzani peshmerga)", "commanders_b": "Iranian army column commanders (not named in the source used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Republic of Mahabad", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 600 Iranian soldiers with artillery and cavalry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript recruitment of the Iranian army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 600", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "21 killed, 17 wounded, 40 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The peshmerga ambushed the leading Iranian units at Qahrawa and drove them back.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iran crisis of 1946; Draft:Battle of Qahrawa", "note": "The Mahabad Republic's first victory; a ceasefire with General Razmara followed on 3 May 1946.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1795, "key": "1946-mamashah", "name": "Mamashah", "label": "Mamashah", "year": 1946, "month": 6, "day": 15, "date": "15 June 1946", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran crisis of 1946 (Republic of Mahabad)", "theatre": "Kurdistan (Saqqez front)", "place": "Mamashah heights (Mil Qarani), near Saqqez, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 46.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Mahabad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iranian army commanders (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "the Second Kurdish Regiment", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Republic of Mahabad", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Two battalions of the Iranian army with artillery, tanks and aircraft.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript recruitment of the Iranian army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "two battalions", "strength_b": "one regiment", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Two Iranian battalions with artillery, tanks and aircraft took the highlands and held them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iran crisis of 1946", "note": "The defeat helped break the tribal unity of the Mahabad Republic.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1796, "key": "1946-kazerun-1946", "name": "Kazerun (1946)", "label": "Kazerun (1946)", "year": 1946, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1946", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Southern tribal rising of 1946 (Fars)", "theatre": "Fars", "place": "Kazerun, Iran", "lat": 29.62, "lon": 51.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Fars tribal coalition" ], "side_b": [ "Government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Fars tribal coalition (Qashqai, Mamasani, Boyer-Ahmadi)", "faction_b": "Government (army and gendarmerie)", "commanders_a": "Mamasani and Boyer-Ahmadi chiefs, within the coalition led by Naser Khan Qashqai", "commanders_b": "the Kazerun garrison (not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Mamasani and Boyer-Ahmadi Lur tribesmen with the Qashqai coalition, against the army and gendarmerie garrison of Kazerun.", "languages": [ "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Mamasani and Boyer-Ahmadi are Lurs; the Qashqai are Turkic speakers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The tribesmen captured Kazerun from its garrison.", "borderline": "poorly documented in the sources used; whether there was real fighting at Kazerun needs checking", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented in the sources used; whether there was real fighting at Kazerun needs checking.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Luri tribal insurgency in Pahlavi Iran; Qashqai people", "note": "The rising, encouraged by the British against the Tudeh ministers in Qavam's cabinet, ended with concessions from Tehran.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1797, "key": "1946-qaflankuh", "name": "Qaflankuh", "label": "Qaflankuh", "year": 1946, "month": 12, "day": 10, "date": "about 10 December 1946", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran crisis of 1946 (reoccupation of Azerbaijan)", "theatre": "Azerbaijan", "place": "Qaflankuh pass, between Zanjan and Mianeh, Iran", "lat": 37.28, "lon": 47.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Azerbaijan People's Government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "General Ali Razmara (chief of staff)", "commanders_b": "fedai units of the Azerbaijan People's Government", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Azerbaijan People's Government", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian army columns advancing from Zanjan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript recruitment of the Iranian army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (about 421-500 Democrats killed in the whole reoccupation, many in reprisals)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army broke the Democrat fedais' resistance at the pass, and the Azerbaijan government collapsed; the army entered Tabriz on 12-13 December.", "borderline": "a brief clash; the reoccupation of Azerbaijan met little organised resistance, and the Wikipedia articles name no battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a brief clash; the reoccupation of Azerbaijan met little organised resistance, and the Wikipedia articles name no battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Azerbaijan People's Government; Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran", "note": "Included as the one named clash of the reoccupation; it needs checking.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1798, "key": "1947-nalos-1947", "name": "Nalos (1947)", "label": "Nalos (1947)", "year": 1947, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "spring 1947 (not dated in the source used)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Iranian conflict of 1947 (Barzani's retreat)", "theatre": "Kurdistan (Oshnavieh-Naqadeh)", "place": "Nalos (Nalus), near Oshnavieh, Iran", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 45.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Pahlavi Iran", "commanders_a": "Mustafa Barzani", "commanders_b": "Colonel Kalashi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "An Iranian army regiment.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript recruitment of the Iranian army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a regiment", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 50 killed and many captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Barzani peshmerga defeated the Iranian regiment, killed its commander and took many prisoners.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia mirror: Battle of Nalos (1947); en.wikipedia Iran crisis of 1946", "note": "Barzani then withdrew into Iraq and in June 1947 marched through Iran to the Soviet Union. An ambush of another Iranian column (50 killed, Lieutenant Nader Jahanbani captured) belongs to the same campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1799, "key": "n1799", "name": "Baramulla (1947)", "label": "Baramulla", "year": 1947, "month": 10, "day": 27, "date": "26-27 October 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Baramulla (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 34.2, "lon": 74.34, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Jammu and Kashmir State Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Khurshid Anwar (lashkar commander; at Baramulla not verified)", "commanders_b": "Brig. Rajinder Singh (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The lashkar overran the town, then plundered it and stalled; Indian forces retook it on 8 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "The sack of Baramulla, including the St Joseph's mission, delayed the advance on Srinagar by days.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1800, "key": "n1800", "name": "Muzaffarabad (1947)", "label": "Muzaffarabad", "year": 1947, "month": 10, "day": 22, "date": "22-24 October 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Muzaffarabad and Domel (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.37, "lon": 73.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Jammu and Kashmir State Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Khurshid Anwar (lashkar commander)", "commanders_b": "Lt.-Col. Narain Singh (4th J&K Infantry; medium confidence)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The lashkar quickly defeated the state forces at Domel and Muzaffarabad (Wikipedia); the Muslim troops of the garrison also mutinied.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Opening battle of the tribal invasion; the lashkar then stayed to loot instead of pressing on to Srinagar.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1801, "key": "n1801", "name": "Poonch (siege, 1947-1948)", "label": "Poonch", "year": 1947, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 1947 - November 1948", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Poonch (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 33.77, "lon": 74.09, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Poonch rebels and Pakistani irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and Indian Army relief columns" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Poonch rebels and Pakistani irregulars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Local rebel leaders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Indian relief column commanders (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Indian columns reached Poonch and lifted the siege in November 1948 after more than a year (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Doubtful entry: the besiegers were mainly local Poonchis, and the Wikipedia article says tribal forces took part only 'partly'.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1802, "key": "n1802", "name": "Uri (1947)", "label": "Uri (1947)", "year": 1947, "month": 10, "day": 24, "date": "24-25 October 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Uri, Baramulla District (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 34.08, "lon": 74.04, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Jammu and Kashmir State Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Khurshid Anwar (overall lashkar commander; at Uri not verified)", "commanders_b": "Brig. Rajinder Singh (state forces chief of staff)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Rajinder Singh blew the bridge at Uri on 24 October to delay the raiders, but the lashkar took the town.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Singh's delaying action bought time before the Indian airlift to Srinagar; he was killed on 26-27 October.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1803, "key": "n1803", "name": "Badgam (1947)", "label": "Badgam", "year": 1947, "month": 11, "day": 3, "date": "3 November 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Badgam (Budgam), near Srinagar airfield (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 34.02, "lon": 74.72, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Khurshid Anwar (per Wikipedia)", "commanders_b": "Maj. Somnath Sharma (killed; Param Vir Chakra)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Sharma's company held until reinforced and the lashkar did not reach the Srinagar airfield (Wikipedia: Indian troops held the capital and airfield).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Sharma's company was almost wiped out; the delay saved the airfield.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1804, "key": "n1804", "name": "Mirpur (1947)", "label": "Mirpur", "year": 1947, "month": 11, "day": 25, "date": "25 November 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mirpur (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan)", "lat": 33.15, "lon": 73.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistani irregulars and tribal lashkar with PAVO Cavalry" ], "side_b": [ "Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and Indian detachment" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pakistani irregulars and tribal lashkar with PAVO Cavalry", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Commanders not named in the source used", "commanders_b": "Garrison commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Mirpur was captured on 25 November with help from the PAVO Cavalry, followed by the Mirpur massacre (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Local Mirpuri rebels were probably the majority of the attackers; the Pashtun share is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1805, "key": "n1805", "name": "Shalateng (1947)", "label": "Shalateng", "year": 1947, "month": 11, "day": 7, "date": "7 November 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shalateng, near Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 34.04, "lon": 74.78, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun tribal lashkar with Pakistani irregulars", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lashkar commanders (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Brig. L. P. Sen", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "An Indian outflanking move with armoured cars broke the lashkar and saved Srinagar (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "The decisive Indian victory of the invasion; the date follows the usual Indian account (Wikipedia gives 'around 3 November' for the stand at Shalateng).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1806, "key": "n1806", "name": "Jhangar (1947)", "label": "Jhangar", "year": 1947, "month": 12, "day": 24, "date": "24-25 December 1947", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jhangar, near Naushera (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 33.19, "lon": 74.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Pakistani regulars and tribal lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pakistani regulars and tribal lashkar", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pakistani regular and irregular commanders (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Brig. Muhammad Usman", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Tribal forces captured Jhangar; Indian troops recaptured it only in March 1948 (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Pakistani regular troops backed the attackers; the Pashtun share is not quantified.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1807, "key": "n1807", "name": "Naushera (1948)", "label": "Naushera", "year": 1948, "month": 2, "day": 6, "date": "6 February 1948", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (Kashmir): tribal invasion (Operation Gulmarg)", "theatre": "", "place": "Naushera (Jammu and Kashmir, India)", "lat": 33.15, "lon": 74.2, "loc": "known", "country": "India", "side_a": [ "Pakistani regulars and tribal lashkar" ], "side_b": [ "Indian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pakistani regulars and tribal lashkar", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pakistani commanders (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Brig. Muhammad Usman", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Indian garrison beat off the attack (Wikipedia: tribal attack failed).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947–1948", "note": "Usman was nicknamed the Lion of Naushera; the lashkar's Pashtun share is not quantified.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1808, "key": "1953-1953-iranian-coup-d-etat", "name": "1953 Iranian coup d'etat", "label": "1953 Iranian coup d'etat", "year": 1953, "month": 8, "day": 19, "date": "19 August 1953 (28 Mordad 1332)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1953 Iranian coup d'etat", "theatre": "Tehran", "place": "Mosaddegh's residence and central Tehran, Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.41, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Royalists" ], "side_b": [ "Mohammad Mosaddegh's government" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Royalists (General Fazlollah Zahedi)", "faction_b": "Mohammad Mosaddegh's government", "commanders_a": "General Fazlollah Zahedi", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Mosaddegh; the guard of his residence", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Royalist army units with tanks, joined by street crowds organised with CIA and MI6 support, against the army and police guard of Mosaddegh's house.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were units of the Tehran garrison and crowds of Tehran townsmen.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown (about 200-300 killed in Tehran that day, both sides and bystanders)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Royalist troops and tanks stormed Mosaddegh's residence after hours of fighting, and he fled; the government fell the same day.", "borderline": "a coup; included for the day-long fight at Mosaddegh's house", "doubt": "Borderline: a coup; included for the day-long fight at Mosaddegh's house.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1953 Iranian coup d'etat; Abrahamian, The Coup", "note": "The United States and United Kingdom organised the coup but did not fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1809, "key": "n1809", "name": "Bajaur campaign (1960)", "label": "Bajaur campaign", "year": 1960, "month": 9, "day": 23, "date": "23 September - c. 4 October 1960 (Operation Rapier began 29 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bajaur campaign (1960-1961)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bajaur Agency, Munda Qala, Balambat and Khar (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.73, "lon": 71.51, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Royal Afghan Army units, border guards and tribal irregulars" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Army, Frontier Corps, Frontier Constabulary, PAF" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Khan of Khar's Shamozai and Utman Khel tribal forces" ], "persian_state": "Royal Afghan Army units, border guards and tribal irregulars v Pakistan Army, Frontier Corps, Frontier Constabulary, PAF", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Royal Afghan Army units, border guards and tribal irregulars", "faction_b": "Pakistan Army, Frontier Corps, Frontier Constabulary, PAF", "commanders_a": "Afghan commanders (not named in the source used); Badshah Gul (Pashtun proxy leader)", "commanders_b": "7th Infantry Division commander (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghan incursion was halted by Operation Rapier and Pakistani air strikes, which Wikipedia classes as a Pakistani victory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaur_campaign", "note": "Both sides were largely Pashtun: the Afghan army and tribal irregulars against Pakistani Frontier Corps troops and local khans' forces.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1810, "key": "n1810", "name": "Bajaur (May 1961)", "label": "Bajaur", "year": 1961, "month": 5, "day": 19, "date": "19-22 May 1961", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Bajaur campaign (1960-1961)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shahi Fort, Miskinai and Sangipara, Bajaur (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 34.72, "lon": 71.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan regulars and aligned tribal forces" ], "side_b": [ "Bajaur Scouts, Pakistan Army tank column, artillery and PAF" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan regulars and aligned tribal forces v Bajaur Scouts, Pakistan Army tank column, artillery and PAF", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghan regulars and aligned tribal forces", "faction_b": "Bajaur Scouts, Pakistan Army tank column, artillery and PAF", "commanders_a": "Afghan commanders (not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "101 Brigade Group commander (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Shahi Fort held against three attacks and Miskinai and Sangipara were retaken by a tank column and the Bajaur Scouts, with air and artillery support.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaur_campaign", "note": "The PAF's 23 Squadron flew 23 sorties against Afghan positions on 21-25 and 31 May.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1811, "key": "n1811", "name": "Mount Handrin", "label": "Mount Handrin", "year": 1966, "month": 5, "day": 11, "date": "11-12 May 1966", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "First Iraqi-Kurdish War (Barzani revolt)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mount Handrin near Rawandiz (Rawanduz), Erbil Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 36.66, "lon": 44.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Democratic Party" ], "allies_a": [ "pro-government Kurdish militia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Democratic Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig. Abdul Aziz al-Uqaili (Iraqi army)", "commanders_b": "Mustafa Barzani, Idris Barzani (Peshmerga); Tsuri Sagi (Israeli adviser)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga lured the Iraqi 4th Brigade into an ambush on the mountain and destroyed it, halting the 1966 offensive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Mount Handrin' (fetched 2026-11-01); McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004); Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq (1981); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Handrin", "note": "The Iraqi side also had pro-government Kurdish militia (jash) with the 2nd and 4th Brigades. Peshmerga numbers are given as about 1,000 by Sagi; Iraqi dead are put at 1,000-3,000.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1812, "key": "1971-siahkal-incident", "name": "Siahkal incident", "label": "Siahkal incident", "year": 1971, "month": 2, "day": 8, "date": "8 February 1971 (the manhunt to March 1971)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Guerrilla warfare in Iran (1971-1979)", "theatre": "Gilan", "place": "Siahkal, Gilan, Iran", "lat": 37.15, "lon": 49.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Imperial government" ], "side_b": [ "Fadaiyan-e Khalq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Imperial government (gendarmerie, army, SAVAK)", "faction_b": "Fadaiyan-e Khalq (Jungle Group)", "commanders_a": "General Gholam Ali Oveissi (gendarmerie), Nematollah Nassiri (SAVAK)", "commanders_b": "Ali Akbar Safayi Farahani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Imperial Gendarmerie post at Siahkal and the army and gendarmerie units of the manhunt, against the 9-13 guerrillas of the Fadaiyan's Jungle Group.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Gendarmes and soldiers of the Imperial forces and young Iranian (mostly Persian and Gilaki-speaking) guerrillas.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "9-13", "losses_a": "3 gendarmes killed", "losses_b": "2 killed in action; 11-13 executed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The guerrillas overran the gendarmerie post and withdrew, but the army and gendarmerie hunted down and destroyed the band within weeks (Wikipedia: decisive government victory).", "borderline": "a guerrilla raid and manhunt rather than a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a guerrilla raid and manhunt rather than a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siahkal incident", "note": "Regarded as the start of the armed guerrilla struggle against the Pahlavi state.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1813, "key": "1971-seizure-of-abu-musa-and-the-greater-and-lesser-tunbs", "name": "Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs", "label": "Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs", "year": 1971, "month": 11, "day": 30, "date": "30 November 1971 (the Wikipedia infobox gives 29-30 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Seizure of the Persian Gulf islands (1971)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf (Strait of Hormuz)", "place": "Greater Tunb, Iran (claimed by the United Arab Emirates)", "lat": 26.26, "lon": 55.31, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Gulf states" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rear-Admiral Farajollah Rasaei (Imperial Iranian Navy)", "commanders_b": "Salem Suhail bin Khamis (killed), head of the Ras al-Khaimah police post", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Imperial Iranian Navy ships and helicopters with an army and marine landing force, about 2,000 men in the whole operation.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the conscript and regular recruitment of the Imperial Iranian forces.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 2,000 (whole operation)", "strength_b": "6 policemen on Greater Tunb", "losses_a": "3 killed, 1 wounded (Iranian figures)", "losses_b": "4 killed, 5 injured (Iranian figures); 1 killed (UAE figures)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iranian landing force overcame the six policemen on Greater Tunb and took the island, as it took Lesser Tunb and Abu Musa without fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs; Greater and Lesser Tunbs", "note": "The opponent is the Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah (Gulf states); Abu Musa was occupied under a memorandum with Sharjah. The islands remain disputed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1814, "key": "1973-midway-road-1973", "name": "Midway Road (1973)", "label": "Midway Road (1973)", "year": 1973, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1973 (completed by 29 December)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dhofar rebellion (Imperial Iranian intervention)", "theatre": "Dhofar", "place": "the Midway Road from Salalah to Thumrait, Dhofar, Oman", "lat": 17.4, "lon": 54.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "PFLO" ], "allies_a": [ "Oman" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "the Imperial Iranian Battle Group (commanders not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "PFLO units of central Dhofar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "PFLO", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "A battle group of Iranian paratroopers (about 1,200 men with its own helicopters).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Imperial Iranian Army regulars and conscripts recruited across Iran.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 1,200", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian paratroop battle group cleared and secured the road, which stayed open thereafter.", "borderline": "an operation with light fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: an operation with light fighting.", "sources": "Goode, 'Amateurs who play in League Division One?' (British Journal for Military History); defenceindepth.co, 'All the Shah's Men'; en.wikipedia Dhofar rebellion", "note": "Called Operation Thimble in some accounts. The British commander Creasey criticised the paratroopers for firing on Dhofari nomads and herds.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1815, "key": "1974-1974-1975-shatt-al-arab-conflict", "name": "1974-1975 Shatt al-Arab conflict", "label": "1974-1975 Shatt al-Arab conflict", "year": 1974, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1974 - March 1975 (heaviest clashes in early 1974)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq border conflict (1969-1975)", "theatre": "Iran-Iraq border", "place": "the Iran-Iraq border, from the central sector (Mehran-Badra) to the Shatt al-Arab", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 46.17, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Reza Shah", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein (vice-president)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Imperial Iranian Army border units, artillery and the Imperial Iranian Air Force (about 100 aircraft), with Iranian support (artillery and air defence) to Barzani's Kurds in Iraq.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the Imperial Iranian forces.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "50,000 (irregulars, per the infobox) and about 100 aircraft", "strength_b": "90,000 troops, 1,200 tanks and AFVs, 200 aircraft", "losses_a": "about 1,000 killed or wounded on both sides in all", "losses_b": "(see losses_a)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A series of border clashes in which both sides claimed success, with no independent verdict on the fighting; it ended with the Algiers Agreement of March 1975, which favoured Iran.", "borderline": "a border conflict of many small clashes, no single named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a border conflict of many small clashes, no single named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1974-1975 Shatt al-Arab conflict", "note": "Iraq took the February-March 1974 clashes to the UN Security Council (Resolution 348). Joint Operation Arvand (April 1969), an armed escort through the Shatt al-Arab, saw no fighting and is excluded.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1816, "key": "n1816", "name": "Chamalang (1974)", "label": "Chamalang", "year": 1974, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 1974 (exact days not fixed in my sources)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Fourth Balochistan conflict (1973-77)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chamalang valley, Barkhan district, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 30.1, "lon": 69.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Baloch insurgents" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Army and Air Force" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Imperial Iranian forces supplied helicopters and aid" ], "persian_state": "Baloch insurgents", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Khair Bakhsh Marri; Sher Muhammad Marri", "commanders_b": "Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "result unknown" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Wikipedia ('1970s operation in Balochistan') records the September 1974 confrontation of about 15,000 insurgents with the army and air force but not its outcome; the war as a whole ended in a Pakistani victory by 1977.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored.", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan (fetched); Selig Harrison, In Afghanistan's Shadow (1981), from memory", "note": "Chamalang valley was the Marri stronghold and the main set-piece of the 1973-77 war. The insurgents were Baloch under Baloch leaders; the Shah of Iran supported Pakistan with about 30 Huey Cobra helicopters.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1817, "key": "1974-operation-nader", "name": "Operation Nader", "label": "Operation Nader", "year": 1974, "month": 12, "day": null, "date": "December 1974 (the main ambush on 25 December)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dhofar rebellion (Imperial Iranian intervention)", "theatre": "Dhofar", "place": "western Dhofar, on the approaches to Rakhyut, Oman", "lat": 16.8, "lon": 53.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "PFLO" ], "side_b": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Oman" ], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PFLO guerrillas (not named)", "commanders_b": "Imperial Iranian Task Force (commanders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "PFLO", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Two infantry battalions of the Imperial Iranian Task Force (including 153 Battalion), with helicopters.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred: Imperial Iranian Army battalions recruited across Iran and rotated every three months.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown (at most 20 guerrillas in the Christmas Day ambush, per Creasey)", "strength_b": "two battalions", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "at least 250 casualties; the British liaison officer Major Bradell-Smith killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian advance on Rakhyut was stopped: 153 Battalion was ambushed on Christmas Day and the operation failed with at least 250 Iranian casualties.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Goode, 'Amateurs who play in League Division One?' (British Journal for Military History); defenceindepth.co, 'All the Shah's Men'", "note": "Earlier, on 5 December 1974, a company of 129 Battalion lost 10 dead and one missing in a PFLO assault.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1818, "key": "1975-rakhyut-1975", "name": "Rakhyut (1975)", "label": "Rakhyut (1975)", "year": 1975, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1975 (5 January in some accounts)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dhofar rebellion (Imperial Iranian intervention)", "theatre": "Dhofar", "place": "Rakhyut, Dhofar, Oman", "lat": 16.74, "lon": 53.42, "loc": "known", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "PFLO" ], "allies_a": [ "Oman" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Imperial Iranian Task Force (commanders not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "PFLO", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "PFLO", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Infantry battalions of the Imperial Iranian Task Force with helicopter support.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the Imperial Iranian Army.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian task force captured Rakhyut, the PFLO's capital of its 'liberated territory'.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dhofar rebellion; Goode, British Journal for Military History", "note": "Wikipedia dates the capture to 1974; the British Journal for Military History article to January 1975. The Iranians then built the Damavand Line from Manston to the sea.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1819, "key": "n1819", "name": "Panjshir uprising (1975)", "label": "Panjshir uprising", "year": 1975, "month": 7, "day": 21, "date": "21-22 July 1975 (from memory)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Jamiat-i Islami uprising against the Republic of Afghanistan (1975)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley and Bazarak (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 69.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Jamiat-i Islami militants" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jamiat-i Islami militants v Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Jamiat-i Islami militants", "faction_b": "Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Massoud (Tajik, Panjshiri)", "commanders_b": "Mohammed Daoud Khan (President)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The government's forces suppressed the rising within days and Massoud fled to Pakistan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 1975 Panjshir and Laghman uprisings (page not retrievable; from memory); Gall, Saving Afghanistan", "note": "Massoud's first uprising, linked to simultaneous attacks in Laghman and elsewhere; details are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1820, "key": "1975-operation-hadaf", "name": "Operation Hadaf", "label": "Operation Hadaf", "year": 1975, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October-December 1975", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Dhofar rebellion (final offensive)", "theatre": "Dhofar", "place": "western Dhofar (Sherishitti caves, Dhalqut), Oman", "lat": 16.75, "lon": 53.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Oman", "Pahlavi Iran" ], "side_b": [ "PFLO" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Major-General Ken Perkins (Sultan's Armed Forces), with the Imperial Iranian Task Force", "commanders_b": "PFLO", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "PFLO", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Imperial Iranian Task Force brigade (one of the two brigades), with helicopters and naval gunfire from three Iranian frigates.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from the recruitment of the Imperial Iranian Army and Navy.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "two brigades (Omani and Iranian), with air and naval support", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Omani and Iranian brigades took the Sherishitti caves and Dhalqut and closed the PFLO's supply line from South Yemen; the rebellion was declared defeated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Goode, British Journal for Military History; defenceindepth.co, 'All the Shah's Men'; en.wikipedia Dhofar rebellion", "note": "Perkins later said that without Iranian help 'we would not have won the war'. The PFLO had artillery support from South Yemen. Over 700 Iranians were reported killed in the whole Dhofar campaign.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Pahlavi Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1821, "key": "n1821", "name": "Saur Revolution (Kabul)", "label": "Saur Revolution", "year": 1978, "month": 4, "day": 27, "date": "27-28 April 1978 (7-8 Saur 1357)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Saur Revolution (1978)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul: the Arg (presidential palace), Radio Afghanistan, the barracks and Bagram/Kabul airfields (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.517, "lon": 69.175, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan Armed Forces units loyal to the PDPA" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan Armed Forces units loyal to the PDPA v Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghan Armed Forces units loyal to the PDPA", "faction_b": "Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Aslam Watanjar (tank commander); Abdul Qadir Dagarwal (air force; head of the coup council); Hafizullah Amin (organiser); Nur Muhammad Taraki (party leader)", "commanders_b": "Mohammed Daoud Khan (president, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The PDPA officers overran the Arg by the morning of 28 April, Daoud Khan and most of his family were killed, and the coup leaders proclaimed the Democratic Republic.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982 (1995); Wikipedia, Saur Revolution (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "A tank and air assault by one part of the Afghan army on the palace guard of another; both armies were Afghan and the leaders on both sides (Daoud, Taraki, Amin, Watanjar) were Pashtuns.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1822, "key": "1979-tehran-insurrection", "name": "Tehran insurrection", "label": "Tehran insurrection", "year": 1979, "month": 2, "day": 9, "date": "9-11 February 1979 (19-21 Bahman 1357)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iranian Revolution", "theatre": "Tehran", "place": "Doshan Tappeh air base and the barracks of Tehran, Iran", "lat": 35.7, "lon": 51.47, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Revolutionaries" ], "side_b": [ "Imperial Iranian Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pahlavi Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Revolutionaries (Khomeini's supporters, air force homafaran, Fedai and Mojahedin guerrillas)", "faction_b": "Imperial Iranian Army (Bakhtiar government)", "commanders_a": "Ruhollah Khomeini and Mehdi Bazargan (political leaders); guerrilla leaders of the Fedai and Mojahedin", "commanders_b": "Shapour Bakhtiar (prime minister); General Abbas Gharabaghi (chief of staff); General Mehdi Rahimi (military governor of Tehran); General Abdolali Badrei (Imperial Guard)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Revolutionaries: air force technicians (homafaran) of Doshan Tappeh, Fedai and Mojahedin guerrillas and armed Tehran crowds; government: the Imperial Guard (including the Javidan Guard) and Tehran garrison units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Tehran-based Iranians (guardsmen, airmen and townspeople); no ethnic data, so the class follows the capital's Persian-speaking majority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "tens of thousands of armed civilians (no count)", "strength_b": "Imperial Guard and Tehran garrison (no count)", "losses_a": "unknown (hundreds were reported killed in the three days; no agreed figure)", "losses_b": "unknown; General Badrei and other senior officers killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After two days of fighting that began when the Imperial Guard attacked pro-Khomeini homafaran at Doshan Tappeh, armed revolutionaries took the barracks, police stations and arsenals of Tehran and the army's supreme council declared its neutrality on 11 February.", "borderline": "the revolution's street fighting; it has no standard battle name in English (also called the 22 Bahman uprising)", "doubt": "Borderline: the revolution's street fighting; it has no standard battle name in English (also called the 22 Bahman uprising).", "sources": "Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions; Axworthy, Revolutionary Iran; en.wikipedia Iranian Revolution", "note": "The Islamic Republic was proclaimed after the referendum of 30-31 March 1979; the winning faction became its government.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1823, "key": "1979-gonbad-e-kavus-1979", "name": "Gonbad-e Kavus (1979)", "label": "Gonbad-e Kavus (1979)", "year": 1979, "month": 3, "day": 26, "date": "26 March - 3 April 1979", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Turkmen Sahra (Golestan)", "place": "Gonbad-e Kavus (Gonbad-e Qabus), Iran", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 55.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Turkmen rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Revolutionary Guards and committees (Mostafa Chamran was sent to the region)", "commanders_b": "Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society (Abdollah Shoureshi), with leftist (Fedai) guerrillas", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Turkmen rebels", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards and revolutionary committees with air force support (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Guards drawn from the Persian-speaking provinces; no ethnic data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The fighting between the Turkmen militias and the Revolutionary Guards, backed by the air force, ended in a ceasefire on 3 April that granted the Turkmen more autonomy, with neither side driven from the town.", "borderline": "poorly documented town fighting; not a standard named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented town fighting; not a standard named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Iranian ethnic unrest; en.wikipedia 1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran", "note": "Wikipedia's Turkmen rebellion article says the Guards besieged the town and regained control; its ethnic unrest article gives the ceasefire of 3 April. Fighting renewed at Khalilabad, Aq Qala and Bandar-e Torkaman in May and August 1979.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1824, "key": "n1824", "name": "Herat uprising (1979)", "label": "Herat uprising", "year": 1979, "month": 3, "day": 15, "date": "15-20 March 1979 (mutiny 15 March; government recapture within about five days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency against the PDPA government (1978-1979)", "theatre": "", "place": "Herat (Herat Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.343, "lon": 62.199, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mutinous Afghan 17th Division with Herat townsmen and tribal fighters" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mutinous Afghan 17th Division with Herat townsmen and tribal fighters v Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mutinous Afghan 17th Division with Herat townsmen and tribal fighters", "faction_b": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Ismail Khan (captain of artillery, 17th Division)", "commanders_b": "Hafizullah Amin (directing from Kabul); Nur Muhammad Taraki", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Loyal troops, with Soviet-supplied aircraft bombing the city, retook Herat after about five days, and Ismail Khan escaped with some of his men.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Soviet-Afghan War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War; Wikipedia, Herat uprising (1979) (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "The first large armed revolt against the PDPA: the Herat garrison mutinied and killed Soviet advisers and their families (Wikipedia gives 3,000-5,000 killed or wounded; other estimates run far higher). Ismail Khan, a Tajik of Herat, rose from it to lead the western mujahideen.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1825, "key": "1979-sanandaj-1979", "name": "Sanandaj (1979)", "label": "Sanandaj (1979)", "year": 1979, "month": 3, "day": 18, "date": "18-23 March 1979 (the 'Bloody Nowruz' of Sanandaj)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Kurdistan", "place": "Sanandaj, Iran", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 47.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "garrison of the 28th Division (commanders not named in the sources used); Ayatollah Mahmud Taleghani's mediating delegation", "commanders_b": "Kurdish councils of Sanandaj with Komala, KDPI and Fedai fighters (leaders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The 28th Infantry Division's garrison in Sanandaj with helicopter gunships, and revolutionary committees.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A conscript army garrison recruited nationwide; no ethnic data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "several thousand armed townsmen and peshmerga (no count)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 200 killed in all (Minorities at Risk chronology)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kurds held the town and the army its barracks when a ceasefire was agreed on 23 March, a siege of the garrison ended by agreement.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran; UCA Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management, Iran/Kurds", "note": "Helicopter gunships fired on the rebels on 19 March; a government delegation under Ayatollah Taleghani negotiated the ceasefire.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1826, "key": "1979-naqadeh", "name": "Naqadeh", "label": "Naqadeh", "year": 1979, "month": 4, "day": 20, "date": "20-26 April 1979", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "West Azerbaijan", "place": "Naqadeh, Iran", "lat": 36.96, "lon": 45.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "army and gendarmerie of West Azerbaijan (commanders not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "KDPI (Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, party leader)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Army and gendarmerie units of West Azerbaijan fighting beside Azeri Turkish and Qarapapaq townsmen.", "languages": [ "Turkic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Government units with local Azeri Turkish militias; the shares are not known.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,000 killed in the West Azerbaijan fighting (all sides)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Kurds were driven out of Naqadeh and its villages by the Azeri townsmen and the army by 26 April.", "borderline": "mostly communal fighting between Kurds and Azeris; the government forces' share in the fighting is uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: mostly communal fighting between Kurds and Azeris; the government forces' share in the fighting is uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "note": "The fighting began at a KDPI rally in Naqadeh on 20 April.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1827, "key": "1979-khorramshahr-1979", "name": "Khorramshahr (1979)", "label": "Khorramshahr (1979)", "year": 1979, "month": 5, "day": 29, "date": "29-31 May 1979", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Khuzestan insurgency", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Khorramshahr, Iran", "lat": 30.44, "lon": 48.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Arab rebels (Khuzestan)" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Admiral Ahmad Madani (governor of Khuzestan)", "commanders_b": "Arab political organisation of Khorramshahr (followers of Sheikh Mohammad-Taher Shobeir al-Khaqani)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Arab rebels (Khuzestan)", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards sent from other provinces with navy and air force personnel stationed at Khorramshahr.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Revolutionary Guards and navy men drawn from the Persian-speaking provinces; no ethnic data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "a few hundred armed men", "losses_a": "more than a dozen Revolutionary Guards killed", "losses_b": "about 100 killed in the street fighting", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Revolutionary Guards and navy personnel crushed the Arab armed rising in the streets and a state of emergency was declared on 31 May.", "borderline": "street fighting after a suppressed protest; not a standard named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: street fighting after a suppressed protest; not a standard named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Khuzestan insurgency", "note": "Sometimes called Black Wednesday (Chaharshanbe-ye Siah) of Khorramshahr.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1828, "key": "n1828", "name": "Bala Hissar mutiny (August 1979)", "label": "Bala Hissar mutiny", "year": 1979, "month": 8, "day": 5, "date": "5 August 1979 (one day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency against the PDPA government (1978-1979)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bala Hissar fortress, Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.498, "lon": 69.195, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mutinous soldiers of the Bala Hissar garrison" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mutinous soldiers of the Bala Hissar garrison v Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mutinous soldiers of the Bala Hissar garrison", "faction_b": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Mutineers' officers (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Hafizullah Amin; Nur Muhammad Taraki", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Loyalist tanks and aircraft crushed the mutiny the same day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Bala Hissar, Kabul: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul", "note": "The Wikipedia page on the fortress confirms the uprising of 5 August 1979, crushed within hours with arrests and executions; it says only that anti-government groups organised it, and the army mutineers are from histories of Amin's rule, so the composition is uncertain. A weak entry; not to be confused with the Soviet storming of the Bala Hissar on 1 January 1980.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1829, "key": "1979-mahabad-siege-1979", "name": "Mahabad (siege, 1979)", "label": "Mahabad (siege, 1979)", "year": 1979, "month": 8, "day": 20, "date": "20 August - 3 September 1979", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Kurdistan (West Azerbaijan)", "place": "Mahabad, Iran", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 45.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Army and Revolutionary Guards (commanders not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou (KDPI)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Army troops with more than 100 tanks, artillery and F-4 jets, and Revolutionary Guards.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A conscript army recruited nationwide with Guards from the central provinces; no data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "up to 20,000 KDPI fighters in and around the town (Wikipedia infobox)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "more than 500 killed in all", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army surrounded Mahabad by 30 August and took it on 3-4 September after the KDPI withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran; UCA Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management, Iran/Kurds", "note": "The rebels retook Mahabad on 20 October 1979 after the army's withdrawal.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1830, "key": "1979-paveh-siege", "name": "Paveh (siege)", "label": "Paveh (siege)", "year": 1979, "month": 8, "day": 14, "date": "14-18 August 1979", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Kurdistan (Kermanshah province)", "place": "Paveh, Iran", "lat": 35.04, "lon": 46.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Mostafa Chamran (besieged in the town)", "commanders_b": "KDPI peshmerga (local commanders not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards with Chamran's party in the gendarmerie post, then army and Guard relief columns with air support.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Guards and soldiers recruited in the Persian-speaking provinces, with some local pro-government Kurds; no data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,000 rebels", "losses_a": "18 soldiers killed", "losses_b": "about 380 Kurds killed (Minorities at Risk chronology)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The besieged Revolutionary Guards and Chamran held out until army and Guard columns, ordered in by Khomeini on 18 August, relieved Paveh and the Kurds withdrew to the mountains.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran; UCA Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management, Iran/Kurds", "note": "The Kurds took the town on 16 August; Khomeini's order of 18 August to retake Kurdistan followed the siege.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1831, "key": "1979-saqqez", "name": "Saqqez", "label": "Saqqez", "year": 1979, "month": 8, "day": 22, "date": "22 August - 1 September 1979", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Kurdistan", "place": "Saqqez, Iran", "lat": 36.25, "lon": 46.27, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "not named in the sources used", "commanders_b": "KDPI and Komala peshmerga", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Army troops with artillery and F-4 jets, and Revolutionary Guards.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Conscript army and Guards recruited nationwide; no data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 2,000 rebels", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the Kurds drove the troops out on 23 August the army reoccupied the town on 26 August and cleared it by 1 September.", "borderline": "town fight known from news reports; not a standard named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: town fight known from news reports; not a standard named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran; UCA Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management, Iran/Kurds", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1832, "key": "n1832", "name": "Operation Storm-333 (Tajbeg Palace)", "label": "Operation Storm-333", "year": 1979, "month": 12, "day": 27, "date": "27 December 1979 (assault about 40 minutes; mopping up through 28 December)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tajbeg Palace, Darulaman, south-west Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.481, "lon": 69.107, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [ "Parcham faction of the PDPA, installed afterwards" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Vasily Kolesnik (KGB); Grigory Boyarinov (KGB, killed); Khabib Khalbaev (Muslim Battalion)", "commanders_b": "Hafizullah Amin (killed); Major Jandad (guard commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviet assault force stormed the palace, killed Amin, and Babrak Karmal was installed as head of state.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Soviet-Afghan War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War; Wikipedia, Operation Storm-333 (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "Opening action of the Soviet intervention; the Afghan side was Amin's own Pashtun-led guard. The Soviet army is not Iranian, so only side B qualifies. Allies of side A: the Parcham faction under Babrak Karmal.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1833, "key": "n1833", "name": "Bala Hissar (1980)", "label": "Bala Hissar", "year": 1980, "month": 1, "day": 1, "date": "1 January 1980 (about one day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bala Hissar fortress, Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.498, "lon": 69.195, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Soviet airborne commanders (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Commander of the 26th Airborne Regiment (not recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Soviet paratroopers overcame the Afghan regiment; the Wikipedia Soviet-Afghan War article gives about 700 Afghan paratroopers killed or captured and the regiment disbanded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Soviet-Afghan War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War", "note": "A Soviet-Afghan clash in the first days of the occupation, when Afghan units resisted disarmament. It rests on one line of the Soviet-Afghan War article (the Bala Hissar page does not mention it), so the details are thin; the Afghan unit is the Iranian contingent (an Afghan army regiment).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1834, "key": "1980-gonbad-e-kavus-1980", "name": "Gonbad-e Kavus (1980)", "label": "Gonbad-e Kavus (1980)", "year": 1980, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "February 1980", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Turkmen Sahra (Golestan)", "place": "Gonbad-e Kavus (Gonbad-e Qabus), Iran", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 55.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Turkmen rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Revolutionary Guards (not named)", "commanders_b": "Turkmen councils and Fedai guerrillas (leaders not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "Turkmen rebels", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Guards drawn from the Persian-speaking provinces; no ethnic data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "over 100 killed on both sides", "losses_b": "over 100 killed on both sides", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "When the ceasefire broke down the Revolutionary Guards crushed the Turkmen militias and occupied the Turkmen towns.", "borderline": "poorly documented town fighting; not a standard named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented town fighting; not a standard named battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1979 Iranian ethnic unrest; en.wikipedia 1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran", "note": "The Turkmen leaders Towmaj, Makhtoum, Jorjani and Vahedi were abducted and killed at this time.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1835, "key": "n1835", "name": "Kunar offensive (1980)", "label": "Kunar offensive", "year": 1980, "month": 2, "day": null, "date": "late February to March 1980 (approximate; some three weeks)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kunar valley, from Asadabad towards Asmar (Kunar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.87, "lon": 71.15, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Kunar mujahideen" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Kunar mujahideen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Kunar mujahideen", "commanders_a": "Soviet divisional commanders (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Local Pashtun commanders (not recorded here)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Soviet and Afghan columns entered the valley and then withdrew, leaving no lasting change in control; accounts differ on the outcome.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Isby, War in a Distant Country: Afghanistan, Invasion and Resistance (1989) (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "Often called the first big Soviet offensive of the war. Recorded from memory without a fetch and the dates, forces and result are uncertain; a weak entry. The valley's population was partly Nuristani (not Iranian), so the Pashtun share is not certain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1836, "key": "n1836", "name": "Panjshir I (April 1980)", "label": "Panjshir I", "year": 1980, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1980 (four days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley, Bazarak and Pasishah-Mardan (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 69.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Jamiat-i Islami", "commanders_a": "General Pechevoy (Soviet); Captain Leonid Khabarov (battalion of the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviet force took Bazarak and overran Massoud's headquarters, but it was ambushed on the way out and did not destroy his force.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "First of the Panjshir offensives (the numbering of the 1980 operations varies by source). About 1,000 Afghan army troops joined the Soviet battalions.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1837, "key": "1980-sanandaj-1980", "name": "Sanandaj (1980)", "label": "Sanandaj (1980)", "year": 1980, "month": 4, "day": 21, "date": "late April to mid-May 1980 (the '24-day battle' of Sanandaj)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Kurdistan", "place": "Sanandaj, Iran", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 47.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Army 28th Division; Revolutionary Guards (Mohammad Boroujerdi commanded the Guards in Kurdistan)", "commanders_b": "KDPI, Komala and Fedai fighters", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A nearly complete army division and Revolutionary Guard units with F-4 jets and Cobra gunships (Christian Science Monitor, 13 June 1980).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Conscript division and Guards recruited nationwide, with some pro-government Kurdish Muslim peshmerga; no data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 10,000 rebels sent into the city (report)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 220 admitted deaths on both sides; the KDPI claimed about 1,500 civilian dead", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels abandoned Sanandaj to the army and Revolutionary Guards after about a month of fighting and withdrew to the hills.", "borderline": "town battle known from news reports and Iranian accounts; no Wikipedia article", "doubt": "Borderline: town battle known from news reports and Iranian accounts; no Wikipedia article.", "sources": "Christian Science Monitor, 13 June 1980; UCA Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management, Iran/Kurds; en.wikipedia 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "note": "The start date (1 Ordibehesht 1359, 21 April 1980) follows Iranian accounts of the '24-day war'; the spring 1980 offensive also took Paveh, Marivan, Baneh and Sardasht.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1838, "key": "n1838", "name": "Panjshir II (August-September 1980)", "label": "Panjshir II", "year": 1980, "month": 8, "day": 28, "date": "28 August 1980 for about 21 days", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 69.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Jamiat-i Islami", "commanders_a": "Soviet 40th Army commanders (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The columns harassed by ambushes withdrew after about three weeks without eliminating Massoud's force, which kept the valley.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "The mujahideen reported 25 of their own killed and claimed about 500 enemy casualties and several helicopters. Numbering of the 1980 offensives differs between sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1839, "key": "1980-khorramshahr-1980", "name": "Khorramshahr (1980)", "label": "Khorramshahr (1980)", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22 September - 10 November 1980", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Iraqi invasion of Iran)", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Khorramshahr, Iran", "lat": 30.44, "lon": 48.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein; Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri; Saad Sheetteh; Kamel Sajid (Republican Guard); Col. Ahmad Zeidan (3rd Armoured Division)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Jahanara (IRGC, Khorramshahr); Hooshang Samadi (Takavar marine battalion); Mohammad Reza Abbasi (governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards and Basij with light weapons and RPGs, the navy's 1st Takavar marine battalion, the 165th Mechanized and 151st Fortress Battalions of the 92nd Armoured Division with a company of Chieftains, the coastal gendarmerie battalion, police and local volunteers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "12,000-20,000", "strength_b": "3,000-5,000 at first, about 300 at the end", "losses_a": "about 2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded", "losses_b": "about 1,500 killed; 80 Chieftain tanks", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Iraqis took the city street by street; the last defenders withdrew across the Karun and Iraq held Khorramshahr by 10 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khorramshahr (1980); Pollack, Arabs at War; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Khorramshahr's people included many Khuzestani Arabs, some of whom fought among the defenders; Iranians call the city 'Khuninshahr' (city of blood) for this battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1840, "key": "1980-operation-kaman-99", "name": "Operation Kaman 99", "label": "Operation Kaman 99", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 23, "date": "23-26 September 1980", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Al-Rasheed air base, Baghdad, and other Iraqi air bases (Mosul, Kut, Shaiba, Habbaniyah, Kirkuk), Iraq", "lat": 33.28, "lon": 44.49, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iranian Air Force (planners and leaders not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi Air Force and air defence", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 140 F-4 Phantoms and F-5Es with tankers, while 60 F-14s defended Iranian airspace.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 200 aircraft, 140 of them over Iraq", "strength_b": "Iraqi air defences", "losses_a": "24 aircraft (Wikipedia infobox; Iranian losses may have been higher)", "losses_b": "about 40 aircraft (claimed); 11 bases damaged", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "About 140 Iranian strike aircraft reached and badly damaged Iraqi air bases and the Kirkuk refinery, putting Mosul and al-Rasheed out of action for weeks.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Kaman 99; Cooper and Bishop, Iran-Iraq War in the Air", "note": "Also called Operation Alborz.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1841, "key": "1980-operation-revenge", "name": "Operation Revenge", "label": "Operation Revenge", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22 September 1980 (16:30-17:25)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern Iraq", "place": "Shaibah air base (Basra) and Kut air base, Iraq", "lat": 30.42, "lon": 47.66, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi air defence", "commanders_b": "Javad Fakoori (planner); Alborz and Alfard flights from Hamadan and Bushehr", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Two flights of Iranian Air Force fighter-bombers (eight aircraft) from the 3rd (Hamadan) and 6th (Bushehr) tactical fighter bases.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "8 aircraft", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "not stated", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The two Iranian flights reached Shaibah and Kut but did insignificant damage, so the strike plainly failed.", "borderline": "strike operation; the Wikipedia article is thin and internally inconsistent", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; the Wikipedia article is thin and internally inconsistent.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Revenge", "note": "Persian name Entegham; Iran's same-day reply to the Iraqi air strikes, the day before Operation Kaman 99.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1842, "key": "1980-operation-scorch-sword", "name": "Operation Scorch Sword", "label": "Operation Scorch Sword", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 30, "date": "30 September 1980", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Osirak reactor, Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre, near Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.21, "lon": 44.52, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Javad Fakoori (planner); a colonel of the 33rd Tactical Fighter Squadron leading", "commanders_b": "Iraqi air defence", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Four F-4E Phantoms of the 33rd Tactical Fighter Squadron with a Boeing 707 tanker and F-14 escort.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "4 F-4s (2 attacked)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "reactor support facilities damaged", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Two of the four Phantoms bombed the reactor site and damaged its pumps and laboratories, halting the programme for about three months, though the core was not hit.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Scorch Sword", "note": "Western observers first called the damage minor; Israel destroyed the reactor in Operation Opera, June 1981.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1843, "key": "1980-qasr-e-shirin-1980", "name": "Qasr-e Shirin (1980)", "label": "Qasr-e Shirin (1980)", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22-28 September 1980", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Iraqi invasion of Iran)", "theatre": "Central front (Kermanshah)", "place": "Qasr-e Shirin, Iran", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 45.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi 2nd Corps (divisions not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "81st Armoured Division of Kermanshah and gendarmerie (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Gendarmerie and border units and elements of the 81st Armoured Division of Kermanshah.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iraqis took Qasr-e Shirin and the heights beyond it on the Baghdad-Tehran road.", "borderline": "town captured in the invasion; no separate article and little recorded fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: town captured in the invasion; no separate article and little recorded fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iraqi invasion of Iran; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1844, "key": "1980-september-1980-iraqi-airstrikes-on-iran", "name": "September 1980 Iraqi airstrikes on Iran", "label": "September 1980 Iraqi airstrikes on Iran", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22 September 1980", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iranian air bases (Mehrabad, Hamadan, Tabriz, Dezful, Isfahan, Shiraz and others)", "place": "Mehrabad airport, Tehran, and other Iranian air bases, Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.31, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iranian Air Force and air defence (not named)", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein (Iraqi Air Force)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Iranian Air Force (IRIAF) and its air defences.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "Iranian air defences of ten bases", "strength_b": "192 Iraqi aircraft, 250 sorties", "losses_a": "4 aircraft claimed; fuel stores and runways damaged", "losses_b": "5 aircraft", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The strikes reached their targets but failed in their aim: most Iranian aircraft survived in hardened shelters and the bases were working again next morning.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia September 1980 Iraqi airstrikes on Iran; Cooper and Bishop, Iran-Iraq War in the Air", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox calls it an Iraqi operational success because of the damage to fuel and communications; most historians judge it a failure in its main aim of grounding the Iranian Air Force.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1845, "key": "1980-zain-al-qaws-and-saif-saad", "name": "Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad", "label": "Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad", "year": 1980, "month": 9, "day": 7, "date": "7-10 September 1980 (fully held by 21 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (prelude)", "theatre": "Central front (Naft Shahr - Sumar border)", "place": "Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad border enclaves, Iran-Iraq border", "lat": 33.95, "lon": 45.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein (Iraqi 2nd Corps: 6th and 10th Armoured and 1st Mechanised Divisions)", "commanders_b": "Iranian border gendarmerie and army posts (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Gendarmerie and army border posts (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi troops seized both enclaves from their Iranian garrisons.", "borderline": "border seizures with little fighting before the war began", "doubt": "Borderline: border seizures with little fighting before the war began.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iraqi invasion of Iran; Malovany, Wars of Modern Babylon", "note": "Iraq claimed the enclaves under the 1975 Algiers Agreement; the country of the site is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1846, "key": "1980-operation-dezful", "name": "Operation Dezful", "label": "Operation Dezful", "year": 1980, "month": 10, "day": 14, "date": "14-16 October 1980", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Iraqi invasion of Iran)", "theatre": "Khuzestan (northern sector)", "place": "west of Dezful, between the Karkheh and the Dez, Iran", "lat": 32.35, "lon": 48.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi 10th Armoured Division (42nd Armoured and 24th Mechanized Brigades)", "commanders_b": "Iranian Army (16th, 77th and 92nd Divisions' commanders not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "An armoured brigade of the 92nd Armoured Division and an infantry brigade reinforced by Revolutionary Guards, from the 16th Qazvin, 77th Khorasan and 92nd Khuzestan divisions.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "136 armoured vehicles including 84 tanks", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian armoured counterattack ran into an Iraqi killing zone and fell back with heavy losses, the Iraqis holding their line before Dezful.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dezful; Pollack, Arabs at War", "note": "Also described as the Iranian counteroffensive at Dezful; the January 1981 'Battle of Dezful' of some works is Operation Nasr.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1847, "key": "1980-operation-sultan-10", "name": "Operation Sultan 10", "label": "Operation Sultan 10", "year": 1980, "month": 10, "day": 29, "date": "29 October 1980", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern Iraq", "place": "Iraqi air base near Mosul (al-Hurriyah in the Wikipedia account), Iraq", "lat": 36.31, "lon": 43.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Col. Afshar (commander); Maj. Showqi (planner)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi Air Force", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Six or eight F-4E Phantoms of the 32nd and 33rd squadrons with F-14 escorts and Boeing 707 tankers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6-8 F-4Es, 2 F-14s, tankers", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "not stated", "losses_b": "2 MiG-21s and 3 Mi-8s destroyed on the ground, 3-4 MiG-23s shot down", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Phantoms bombed the base, destroying helicopters and MiG-21s on the ground, and the escorting F-14s shot down the MiG-23s sent to intercept.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Sultan 10", "note": "The article places the base near Mosul but calls it al-Hurriyah, the name of the Kirkuk air base; the target is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1848, "key": "1980-abadan-siege", "name": "Abadan (siege)", "label": "Abadan (siege)", "year": 1980, "month": 11, "day": 6, "date": "November 1980 - 27 September 1981", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Abadan, Iran", "lat": 30.34, "lon": 48.3, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mostafa Chamran; Army and IRGC commanders of Abadan", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein (Iraqi 3rd Corps)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards, Army units with Chieftain tanks, navy marines and local fighters including Khuzestani Arabs, supplied by boat and helicopter; about 15,000 men by June 1981.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "6,000-15,000; 50-60 tanks at first", "strength_b": "4,500 at first, up to 60,000", "losses_a": "about 3,000 casualties; 170 tanks", "losses_b": "about 1,500 casualties; hundreds of armoured vehicles", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Abadan never fell; the siege was broken by Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh on 27 September 1981.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Abadan; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "The Iraqis crossed the Karun in October 1980; the start of the siege is given as 6 November in Wikipedia and as October in other accounts.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1849, "key": "1980-operation-morvarid", "name": "Operation Morvarid", "label": "Operation Morvarid", "year": 1980, "month": 11, "day": 28, "date": "27-28 November 1980", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern Persian Gulf", "place": "Mina al-Bakr and Khor al-Amaya oil terminals, off al-Faw, Iraq", "lat": 29.7, "lon": 48.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bahram Afzali (navy); Javad Fakoori (air force)", "commanders_b": "Mohamed al-Jeboury; Aladdin al-Janabi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Task Force 421 (six amphibious vessels), the missile boats Paykan and Joshan, navy marines and special forces landed by helicopter and hovercraft, Army Aviation Cobras and Air Force F-4s, F-5s and F-14s.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Navy, marine and air force regulars recruited nationwide; no ethnic data, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6 amphibious ships, 2 missile boats, marines and aircraft", "strength_b": "5 missile boats, 4 torpedo boats, fighters and SAM sites", "losses_a": "1 missile boat (Paykan), 1 F-4", "losses_b": "up to 12 boats and an amphibious ship sunk (Razoux; Cooper gives 3), 2 aircraft, 2 terminals destroyed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iranian marines wrecked both terminals and Iranian ships and aircraft sank most of the Iraqi boats that came out, for the loss of the missile boat Paykan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Morvarid; Razoux, The Iran-Iraq War; Cooper and Bishop, Iran-Iraq War in the Air", "note": "Iran's navy day (7 Azar) commemorates the operation.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1850, "key": "1980-susangerd", "name": "Susangerd", "label": "Susangerd", "year": 1980, "month": 11, "day": 17, "date": "16-17 November 1980 (26 Aban 1359)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Iraqi invasion of Iran)", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Dasht-e Azadegan)", "place": "Susangerd, Iran", "lat": 31.56, "lon": 48.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mostafa Chamran (Irregular Warfare Headquarters) and Army commanders; Ali Khamenei present as Khomeini's representative (Iranian accounts)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi armoured troops (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army armour, Revolutionary Guards and Chamran's Irregular Warfare Headquarters under joint command, with Air Force F-5s and F-14s.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Army and Revolutionary Guards broke the Iraqi ring round Susangerd and drove the besiegers back from the town.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Liberation of Susangerd", "note": "Wikipedia's title is 'Liberation of Susangerd'; its infobox dates it 17 November and its text 19 November 1980.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1851, "key": "n1851", "name": "Panjshir offensive (December 1980)", "label": "Panjshir offensive", "year": 1980, "month": 12, "day": 12, "date": "12 December to about 29 December 1980", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley, relief and evacuation of the Rokha post (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.42, "lon": 69.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Jamiat-i Islami", "commanders_a": "Soviet 40th Army commanders (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The government post at Rokha was evacuated on 27 December and the operation ended two days later with the valley largely in mujahideen hands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "Often counted as Panjshir III. Heavy airstrikes killed about 100 civilians and 15 mujahideen according to the Wikipedia article; numbering is not fixed in the sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1852, "key": "1981-mahabad-1981", "name": "Mahabad (1981)", "label": "Mahabad (1981)", "year": 1981, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "late January - mid-February 1981 (rebels withdrew about 14-15 February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "theatre": "Kurdistan (West Azerbaijan)", "place": "Mahabad, Iran", "lat": 36.76, "lon": 45.72, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Army and Revolutionary Guards (not named)", "commanders_b": "Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou (KDPI)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Army artillery and Revolutionary Guards (no details).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Conscript army and Guards recruited nationwide; no data.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After more than two weeks of artillery bombardment the KDPI withdrew from Mahabad, its stronghold.", "borderline": "known from a news report only; not a standard named battle", "doubt": "Borderline: known from a news report only; not a standard named battle.", "sources": "Christian Science Monitor, 17 February 1981 (from Kurdish dissident sources)", "note": "Accounts differ on when the government finally secured Mahabad; KDPI bands stayed active round the town into 1982.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1853, "key": "1981-operation-nasr", "name": "Operation Nasr", "label": "Operation Nasr", "year": 1981, "month": 1, "day": 5, "date": "5-9 January 1981", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Dasht-e Azadegan)", "place": "between Hoveyzeh and Susangerd, Iran", "lat": 31.48, "lon": 48.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Col. Mahmoud Shukr Shahin (Iraqi armour)", "commanders_b": "Abolhassan Banisadr (president, in personal command); Col. Meguertitch Davidkhanian", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Army's 16th Armoured Division (Qazvin) and 92nd Armoured Division (Ahvaz) with the 55th Airborne Brigade as infantry; the Revolutionary Guards were kept out, though Hoveyzeh's student volunteers fought on the flank.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "65,000-80,000; about 350 tanks", "strength_b": "about 300-330 tanks; up to 100,000 men in the sector", "losses_a": "45 tanks, 3 helicopters", "losses_b": "about 214 tanks destroyed or captured, 150 APCs, 8 AH-1J Cobras", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iranian armoured columns ran into Iraqi tanks dug in hull-down, lost most of a brigade in the mud and withdrew across the Karkheh by 8-9 January.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Nasr; Pollack, Arabs at War; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Also called Operation Hoveyzeh or the battle of Dasht-e Azadegan; some works call it the battle of Dezful (or Susangerd). Hossein Alamolhoda and his student volunteers were killed at Hoveyzeh in it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1854, "key": "1981-operation-tawakkul", "name": "Operation Tawakkul", "label": "Operation Tawakkul", "year": 1981, "month": 1, "day": 10, "date": "10 January 1981", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Abadan front)", "place": "north of Abadan, near the Mahshahr road junction, Iran", "lat": 30.52, "lon": 48.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi 3rd Corps", "commanders_b": "not named in the sources used", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army armoured units on two axes and infantry including Revolutionary Guards on a third.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian attack broke into part of the Iraqi line and took prisoners but could not hold its gains, and the siege of Abadan went on.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tawakkul Operation; en.wikipedia List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Also spelled Tavakkol; the Abadan breakout planned with Operation Nasr.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1855, "key": "1981-h-3-airstrike", "name": "H-3 airstrike", "label": "H-3 airstrike", "year": 1981, "month": 4, "day": 4, "date": "4 April 1981", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Western Iraq", "place": "H-3 (al-Walid) air base complex, Anbar, Iraq", "lat": 32.93, "lon": 39.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Col. Ghasem Golchin; planners Col. Javad Fakoori, Col. Bahram Hooshyar, Col. Fereidoon Izadseta", "commanders_b": "Iraqi Air Force", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Eight F-4 Phantoms from Hamadan with four F-14 escorts, tankers, a 747 command post, a C-130 and three F-5Es in a diversion.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "8 F-4s, 4 F-14s, 3 F-5Es and support aircraft", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "27-48 aircraft destroyed (Iranian claims; Iraq admitted one MiG-21 damaged)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Phantoms reached all three airfields undetected, cratered the runways and destroyed parked aircraft and hangars without loss.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia H-3 airstrike; Cooper and Bishop, Iran-Iraq War in the Air", "note": "Some works date it 3 April 1981.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1856, "key": "1981-operation-commander-in-chief", "name": "Operation Commander-in-Chief", "label": "Operation Commander-in-Chief", "year": 1981, "month": 6, "day": 11, "date": "11-15 June 1981", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Abadan front)", "place": "Darkhoveyn, north of Abadan, Iran", "lat": 30.74, "lon": 48.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC (commanders not named)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 3rd Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guard units of the Abadan front.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "120 Revolutionary Guards killed", "losses_b": "1,496 killed, wounded or captured; at least 32 tanks and APCs", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Revolutionary Guards advanced about 3 km and held the recaptured Iraqi positions east of the Karun.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Commander-in-Chief", "note": "Persian name Farmandeh-ye Kol-e Qova; a rehearsal for Samen-ol-A'emeh.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1857, "key": "1981-operation-samen-ol-a-emeh", "name": "Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh", "label": "Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh", "year": 1981, "month": 9, "day": 27, "date": "27-29 September 1981 (diversion from 22 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Abadan front)", "place": "east bank of the Karun, north of Abadan, Iran", "lat": 30.48, "lon": 48.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Valiollah Fallahi (acting chief of staff); Mohsen Rezaee (IRGC); Army and IRGC field commanders", "commanders_b": "Gen. Saad Sheeteh (later executed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Army's 77th Infantry Division (Khorasan), 92nd Armoured Division and an armoured brigade from Shiraz, the navy's Takavar battalion, separate IRGC brigades and local volunteers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Arabic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "20,000-30,000 in the main attack, 30,000-40,000 in the diversion", "strength_b": "50,000-60,000", "losses_a": "about 3,000 killed or wounded; about 150 tanks", "losses_b": "1,500+ killed, 2,500 captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi forces east of the Karun broke and fled across makeshift bridges, leaving the field and their heavy equipment, and the siege of Abadan was lifted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia names Chamran among the commanders, but he had been killed at Dehlaviyeh in June 1981; the C-130 crash of 29 September 1981 killed Fallahi, Fakoori, Namjoo, Kolahdouz and Jahanara on their way back from this victory.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1858, "key": "1981-dar-khuyeh-ambush", "name": "Dar Khuyeh ambush", "label": "Dar Khuyeh ambush", "year": 1981, "month": 10, "day": 15, "date": "15 October 1981 (year uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Abadan front)", "place": "Abadan-Ahvaz road near Darkhoveyn, Iran", "lat": 30.74, "lon": 48.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi armour (not named)", "commanders_b": "Iranian convoy commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An Iranian Army armoured convoy with Chieftain tanks.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "at least 20 Chieftain tanks abandoned", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi tanks ambushed the Iranian supply convoy and the Iranians abandoned at least 20 Chieftains and fell back.", "borderline": "a sub-engagement known only from Wikipedia; its date is uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: a sub-engagement known only from Wikipedia; its date is uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Abadan; en.wikipedia Military operations of the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia dates it to October 1981, after the siege was lifted; it may belong to the siege of 1980-81.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1859, "key": "1981-operation-tariq-al-quds", "name": "Operation Tariq al-Quds", "label": "Operation Tariq al-Quds", "year": 1981, "month": 11, "day": 29, "date": "29 November - 7 December 1981", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (Dasht-e Azadegan)", "place": "Bostan and the Chazabeh pass, Iran", "lat": 31.72, "lon": 47.99, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hossein Kharrazi, Mohammad Boroujerdi, Gholam Ali Rashid, Massoud Monfared Niyaki", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein (Iraqi 3rd Corps)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army 16th Armoured (Qazvin), 92nd Armoured (Ahvaz) and 77th Infantry (Khorasan) Division brigades with eight artillery battalions, IRGC Ashura, Karbala, Imam Hossein, Imam Sajjad and Imam Hassan brigades and a gendarmerie battalion; about 20,000 men.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The units named come from Qazvin, Khuzestan, Khorasan, Azerbaijan (Ashura), Mazandaran (Karbala) and Isfahan (Imam Hossein), a Persian-speaking majority with Azeri Turks.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 20,000; 60 tanks", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "2,500-6,000 killed", "losses_b": "1,500-2,500 killed; about 170 tanks and APCs", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iranians retook Bostan within 36 hours, beat off the Iraqi counterattack and held the field up to the Chazabeh pass.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Tariq al-Quds; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Also called the liberation of Bostan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1860, "key": "1981-operation-matla-ol-fajr", "name": "Operation Matla ol-Fajr", "label": "Operation Matla ol-Fajr", "year": 1981, "month": 12, "day": 11, "date": "11-28 December 1981 (20 Azar 1360)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front (Kermanshah)", "place": "Bazi-Deraz heights, Tang-e Kurak and Shiakooh, between Gilan-e Gharb and Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran", "lat": 34.3, "lon": 45.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Najaf Headquarters (IRGC) and the Army's western headquarters", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 2nd Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC and Basij of Kermanshah province with battalions from Tehran, Rasht, Mashhad and Hamadan, and Army units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Local Kermanshah Guards (Kurdish and Persian speakers) with battalions from Tehran, Gilan, Khorasan and Hamadan.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians took Shiakooh height and part of Tang-e Kurak and held them, though not all their objectives (Iranian accounts only).", "borderline": "Iranian named operation without an English Wikipedia article; result from Iranian accounts only", "doubt": "Borderline: Iranian named operation without an English Wikipedia article; result from Iranian accounts only.", "sources": "Iranian Oral History website (oral-history.ir), 'Operation Matla'olfajr'", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1861, "key": "1982-amol-uprising", "name": "Amol uprising", "label": "Amol uprising", "year": 1982, "month": 1, "day": 25, "date": "25-26 January 1982", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Post-revolutionary armed opposition", "theatre": "Mazandaran", "place": "Amol, Iran", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 52.35, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic" ], "side_b": [ "Union of Iranian Communists" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic (Revolutionary Guards and townsmen)", "faction_b": "Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)", "commanders_a": "Revolutionary Guards of Amol (not named)", "commanders_b": "Siamak Zaim; Kak Ismail", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government: Revolutionary Guards with armed Mazandarani townsmen; rebels: about 100 Maoist guerrillas of the Union of Iranian Communists, mostly students from across Iran.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Local Mazandarani (Tabari) townsmen and Guards against Persian-speaking student guerrillas.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 100", "losses_a": "40-200 killed (sources differ)", "losses_b": "40-100 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Sarbedaran who entered Amol from the forest were driven out by the Revolutionary Guards and armed townsmen after a day of street fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1982 Amol uprising", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1862, "key": "1982-khiabani-safe-house-raid", "name": "Khiabani safe house raid", "label": "Khiabani safe house raid", "year": 1982, "month": 2, "day": 8, "date": "8 February 1982 (19 Bahman 1360)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Post-revolutionary armed opposition (MEK insurgency)", "theatre": "Tehran", "place": "safe house in north Tehran (Zafaraniyeh in MEK accounts), Iran", "lat": 35.8, "lon": 51.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic" ], "side_b": [ "People's Mojahedin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic (Revolutionary Guards)", "faction_b": "People's Mojahedin (MEK)", "commanders_a": "Revolutionary Guards of Tehran (not named)", "commanders_b": "Mousa Khiabani (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government: Revolutionary Guards and security forces of Tehran; MEK: Khiabani, his bodyguards and an armed squad.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Tehran-based Iranians; no ethnic data.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "hundreds of security men (Time)", "strength_b": "about 20 armed militants", "losses_a": "'scores' killed or wounded (Time; not confirmed)", "losses_b": "about 22 killed, including Mousa Khiabani, Ashraf Rabiei and Azar Rezaei", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After a three-hour shootout the Revolutionary Guards stormed the house and killed Khiabani and about 20 of his comrades.", "borderline": "a raid on a guerrilla hideout rather than a battle; no standard English name", "doubt": "Borderline: a raid on a guerrilla hideout rather than a battle; no standard English name.", "sources": "Time, 22 February 1982; en.wikipedia Mousa Khiabani", "note": "The MEK's armed campaign from June 1981 was mostly bombings and assassinations, which are excluded; this was its largest set-piece fight.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1863, "key": "1982-operation-fath-ol-mobin", "name": "Operation Fath ol-Mobin", "label": "Operation Fath ol-Mobin", "year": 1982, "month": 3, "day": 22, "date": "22-28 March 1982", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan (northern sector)", "place": "west of the Karkheh between Shush and Dezful, Iran", "lat": 32.3, "lon": 48.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Sayad Shirazi; Mohsen Rezaee; Hossein Kharrazi; Mohammad Boroujerdi; Massoud Monfared Niyaki", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein (Iraqi 4th Corps)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army 92nd Armoured (Khuzestan), 21st Hamzeh (Azerbaijan) and 77th (Khorasan) Divisions, 84th Brigade (Khorramabad), 55th Airborne (Shiraz) and 58th Zolfaqar Brigades; IRGC brigades 41st Tharallah (Kerman), 27th Mohammad Rasulullah (Tehran), 8th Najaf Ashraf (Isfahan), 25th Karbala (Mazandaran), 7th Vali-e Asr (Khuzestan) and others; Basij human-wave battalions.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The units named come from Persian-speaking provinces (Tehran, Isfahan, Kerman, Fars, Khorasan, Mazandaran) with Azeri Turkish (21st Hamzeh) and Lur (84th) formations.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "80,000-100,000 regulars, 40,000 Pasdaran, 30,000 Basij", "strength_b": "about 40,000-60,000", "losses_a": "4,000 killed, 12,000 wounded; 196 tanks", "losses_b": "8,000 killed; 10,000-20,000 captured; 361 armoured vehicles", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iraqi forces west of the Karkheh were encircled and broken and Saddam ordered a retreat on 28 March, leaving the field and 10,000-20,000 prisoners to Iran.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Fath ol-Mobin; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War; Pollack, Arabs at War", "note": "Also called the battle of Shush (or of Dezful-Shush); an Iraqi spoiling attack (al-Fawz al-Azim) on 19 March failed to disrupt it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1864, "key": "1982-operation-beit-ol-moqaddas", "name": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas", "label": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas", "year": 1982, "month": 4, "day": 24, "date": "24 April - 24 May 1982", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "between the Karun and the border, from Hoveyzeh to Khorramshahr, Iran", "lat": 30.85, "lon": 48.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohsen Rezaee; Ali Sayad Shirazi; Gholam Ali Rashid; Hassan Baqeri; Massoud Monfared Niyaki", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Zeidan (killed); Salah al-Qadhi; Jawad Shitnah; Muhsin Abd al-Jalil (captured)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army 92nd Armoured, 21st Hamzeh and 16th Armoured Divisions, 55th Airborne, 23rd Special Forces and 58th Zolfaqar Brigades; IRGC Fath, Nasr and Qods headquarters with brigades such as 14th Imam Hossein, 8th Najaf Ashraf, 25th Karbala, 27th Mohammad Rasulullah, 31st Ashura and 41st Tharallah; Basij volunteers; Jihad of Construction engineers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Named units come from Tehran, Isfahan, Kerman and Mazandaran with Azeri Turkish formations (21st Hamzeh, 31st Ashura), a Persian-speaking majority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "70,000-100,000 (Wikipedia's figures conflict)", "strength_b": "65,000-80,000 (Wikipedia's figures conflict)", "losses_a": "12,000-15,000 killed, 25,000 wounded (Wikipedia, all sectors)", "losses_b": "8,000 killed, 15,000 wounded, 15,000-19,000 captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iran crossed the Karun, drove the Iraqis from Hoveyzeh and Khorramshahr back to the border and held the field.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War; Pollack, Arabs at War", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox does not label its casualty rows by side; the larger figures are usually given for Iran.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1865, "key": "1982-khorramshahr-1982", "name": "Khorramshahr (1982)", "label": "Khorramshahr (1982)", "year": 1982, "month": 5, "day": 22, "date": "22-24 May 1982 (final phase of Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Khorramshahr, Iran", "lat": 30.44, "lon": 48.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Sayad Shirazi; Mohsen Rezaee; Ahmad Motevaselian; Hooshang Samadi", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Zeidan (killed); Ali Hassan al-Majid", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC brigades (27th Mohammad Rasulullah under Motevaselian and others), Basij, the Army's 21st Hamzeh and 92nd Divisions and navy marines under Samadi.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 100,000 in the sector (Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "about 80,000 in the sector; the city garrison about 15,000-19,000", "losses_a": "included in Beit ol-Moqaddas", "losses_b": "15,000-19,000 captured", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Iranians stormed and retook Khorramshahr on 24 May, capturing most of its Iraqi garrison.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Khorramshahr (1982); Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia's article spans the whole operation (24 April - 24 May); the assault on the city itself was 22-24 May. 24 May (3 Khordad) is kept in Iran as Liberation Day.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1866, "key": "n1866", "name": "Panjshir V (May-June 1982)", "label": "Panjshir V", "year": 1982, "month": 5, "day": 16, "date": "night of 16-17 May to June 1982 (end date approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley, from Rukha to Bazarak and Anava (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 69.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Jamiat-i Islami", "commanders_a": "General Norat Ter-Grigoryants (Soviet)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviet-Afghan force occupied most of the valley and set up garrisons at Rukha, Bazarak and Anava, although most of Massoud's fighters escaped to the side valleys.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "The largest of the early Panjshir operations. The Soviets held the valley floor but not the decisive victory they wanted; Massoud had been warned and had evacuated much of the population.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1867, "key": "1982-operation-ramadan", "name": "Operation Ramadan", "label": "Operation Ramadan", "year": 1982, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13 July - 3 August 1982", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Basra front", "place": "east of Basra, from Shalamcheh and Zeid, Iraq", "lat": 30.55, "lon": 47.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein; Maher Abd al-Rashid (3rd Corps)", "commanders_b": "Mohsen Rezaee; Ali Sayad Shirazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guard and Basij human waves with the Army's 16th, 88th and 92nd Armoured and 21st, 77th and other divisions; 90,000-150,000 men.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Kurdish", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "80,000-100,000; 700+ tanks", "strength_b": "90,000-150,000; 300+ tanks", "losses_a": "about 5,000 killed, 1,000 captured, 150 tanks", "losses_b": "about 12,000 killed; 300 tanks", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi counterattacks threw back each Iranian thrust toward Basra and the Iranians kept only a small strip of ground.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Ramadan; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War; Pollack, Arabs at War", "note": "Iran's first major offensive into Iraq.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1868, "key": "1982-operation-muslim-ibn-aqil", "name": "Operation Muslim ibn Aqil", "label": "Operation Muslim ibn Aqil", "year": 1982, "month": 10, "day": 1, "date": "1-7 October 1982", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front (Sumar - Mandali)", "place": "heights west of Sumar, overlooking Mandali, Iran-Iraq border", "lat": 33.83, "lon": 45.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohsen Rezaee; Ali Sayad Shirazi (overall commands)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 2nd Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC and Army units of the central front, about 60,000 men.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "about 36,000", "losses_a": "6,000 killed, 15,000 wounded (Wikipedia)", "losses_b": "2,000 killed, 50 tanks", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians took and held the heights of Giskeh and Kohneh-Rig west of Sumar in the first stage, though the second stage stalled short of Mandali.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Muslim ibn Aqil; en.wikipedia List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox calls it an Iraqi victory because Mandali was not reached; its text and the operations list record the Iranian gains of about 150 km2.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1869, "key": "1982-operation-muharram", "name": "Operation Muharram", "label": "Operation Muharram", "year": 1982, "month": 11, "day": 1, "date": "1-11 November 1982 (Wikipedia's article: 1-6 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern-central front (Dehloran - Musian)", "place": "Musian and the Bayat oilfield, south-east of Dehloran, Iran", "lat": 32.52, "lon": 47.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hassan Baqeri", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 4th Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC and Army units (not named in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 4,000 killed (Wikipedia, sides not clearly labelled)", "losses_b": "about 3,000 killed, 3,500 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians took and held Musian, the Bayat oilfield and the Dehloran road, though their advance toward al-Amarah was stopped.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Muharram; en.wikipedia List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox calls it an Iraqi defensive victory because Iran did not break into Iraq; under the field test the ground taken was held.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1870, "key": "1983-operation-before-the-dawn", "name": "Operation Before the Dawn", "label": "Operation Before the Dawn", "year": 1983, "month": 2, "day": 6, "date": "6-11 February 1983", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern-central front (Fakkeh - al-Amarah)", "place": "Fakkeh and Chazabeh border sector, toward al-Amarah, Iraq", "lat": 31.95, "lon": 47.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein; Hisham al-Fakhri (4th Corps)", "commanders_b": "Mohsen Rezaee; Hossein Kharrazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guard and Basij infantry in human waves, supported by Army infantry, armoured and airborne divisions and artillery; about 200,000 men in the sector (Wikipedia).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "about 200,000 (Wikipedia; probably high)", "losses_a": "about 2,000 killed; 60 tanks", "losses_b": "about 5,000 killed, 12,000 wounded; 100+ tanks", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi trenches, artillery and aircraft stopped the Iranian human-wave attacks, and Iran called off the offensive after a week with only marginal ground.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Before the Dawn; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Persian name Valfajr-e Moqaddamati; launched for the fourth anniversary of the revolution.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1871, "key": "1983-operation-dawn-1", "name": "Operation Dawn 1", "label": "Operation Dawn 1", "year": 1983, "month": 4, "day": 10, "date": "10-16 April 1983", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern-central front (Fakkeh)", "place": "Jabal Fauqi and the Fakkeh oilfield, north of Fakkeh, Iran-Iraq border", "lat": 32.05, "lon": 47.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi 4th Corps", "commanders_b": "Army and IRGC commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guard infantry and the Army's 92nd Armoured Division.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 55,000", "strength_b": "about 50,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 6,000 killed (Wikipedia, side not clear)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian attack was beaten off with heavy losses and the Iranians were back on their start lines within days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn (1983); en.wikipedia List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia title 'Operation Dawn (1983)'; Persian Valfajr-1. Wikipedia's text also dates it to early February 1983, confusing it with Before the Dawn.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1872, "key": "n1872", "name": "Khost (siege, 1983)", "label": "Khost", "year": 1983, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "July 1983 (the Khost garrison was blockaded intermittently from 1980 to 1991)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khost (Khost Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.338, "lon": 69.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mujahideen of Paktia and Khost" ], "side_b": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mujahideen of Paktia and Khost v Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mujahideen of Paktia and Khost", "faction_b": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "commanders_b": "Garrison commander (not recorded here)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Wikipedia Soviet-Afghan War article mentions the July 1983 siege without stating the outcome; the town stayed in government hands until 1991.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Soviet-Afghan War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War", "note": "Included from a one-line mention; a weak entry. Khost was an Afghan army garrison among Pashtun tribes (Zadran, Mangal, Jadran); the later relief operation is Magistral (1987-88).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1873, "key": "1983-operation-dawn-2", "name": "Operation Dawn 2", "label": "Operation Dawn 2", "year": 1983, "month": 7, "day": 22, "date": "22 July - early August 1983", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Haj Omran, Iraq", "lat": 36.66, "lon": 45.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Malik Ashtar Headquarters (Army and IRGC); Masoud Barzani (KDP)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi northern front (corps not named in the sources used)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army 77th (Khorasan) and 64th (Urmia) Infantry and 92nd Armoured Division units; IRGC 14th Imam Hossein, 8th Najaf Ashraf, 33rd al-Mahdi and 155th Shohada brigades; Basij, gendarmerie and tribal levies; with about 800 KDP peshmerga.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Named units come from Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan and Urmia (Azeri and Kurdish), with Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga beside them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "16 IRGC and 7 Army battalions, 1,500 militiamen, 800 peshmerga", "strength_b": "24 infantry, 4 commando and 4 border guard battalions", "losses_a": "several thousand killed on both sides (no split)", "losses_b": "several thousand killed on both sides (no split)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iran took the Haj Omran heights and held them against the Iraqi counterattack, in which Iraq first used mustard gas.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 2; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Persian Valfajr-2. The ally was the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq (Barzani).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1874, "key": "1983-operation-dawn-3", "name": "Operation Dawn 3", "label": "Operation Dawn 3", "year": 1983, "month": 7, "day": 30, "date": "30 July - 9 August 1983", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front (Ilam)", "place": "heights round Mehran, Iran", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 46.16, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi 2nd Corps", "commanders_b": "Army and IRGC commanders (not named)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army and Revolutionary Guard infantry, about 50,000 in the mountains (not named in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 60,000", "strength_b": "about 180,000 (Wikipedia; probably high)", "losses_a": "6,000 killed, 60 tanks (Wikipedia)", "losses_b": "7,000 killed, 15,000 wounded (Wikipedia)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The sources conflict: Iran claimed the border heights north of Mehran, Iraq claimed to have destroyed the encircled Iranian force before pulling back, and Wikipedia calls it an Iraqi victory without independent support.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 3; Christian Science Monitor, 10 August 1983", "note": "Persian Valfajr-3; Iraq tried chemical rounds from helicopters here. Wikipedia's claim that Iraq 'captured Mehran' is doubtful, as Iraq had held it since 1980.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1875, "key": "1983-operation-dawn-4", "name": "Operation Dawn 4", "label": "Operation Dawn 4", "year": 1983, "month": 10, "day": 19, "date": "19 October - mid-November 1983", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Marivan - Penjwin)", "place": "Penjwin valley, Iraq", "lat": 35.62, "lon": 45.94, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC division commanders Mehdi Bakeri (31st Ashura), Qasem Soleimani (41st Tharallah), Mehdi Zeinoddin (17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb), Morteza Ghorbani (25th Karbala), Hossein Kharrazi (14th Imam Hossein), Ahmad Kazemi (8th Najaf Ashraf)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 1st Corps; Republican Guard counterattack", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC divisions 31st Ashura (Azerbaijan), 41st Tharallah (Kerman), 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb (Qom), 25th Karbala (Mazandaran), 14th Imam Hossein and 8th Najaf Ashraf (Isfahan): 47 infantry, 4 armoured, 4 mechanized and 3 artillery battalions, with 17 Army infantry and 8 artillery battalions and PUK peshmerga.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Guard divisions named come from Isfahan, Kerman, Qom, Mazandaran and Azerbaijan, a Persian-speaking majority with Azeri Turks, and Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga fought beside them.", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "about 5,000 killed, 15,000 wounded", "losses_b": "about 2,800 killed; 60 tanks, 20 guns", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iran took the Penjwin valley and held it against Iraqi counterattacks with Republican Guards and gas, stopping about 15 km inside Iraq.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn-4; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Persian Valfajr-4; the allies were PUK peshmerga and KDP elements of Iraqi Kurdistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1876, "key": "1984-operation-dawn-5", "name": "Operation Dawn 5", "label": "Operation Dawn 5", "year": 1984, "month": 2, "day": 16, "date": "16-20 February 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern-central front", "place": "toward the Baghdad-Basra highway (Wikipedia places it near Basra; other accounts in the Kut - al-Amarah sector), Iraq", "lat": 32.3, "lon": 47.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi 4th and 6th Corps", "commanders_b": "IRGC commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guard and Basij infantry, 100,000-150,000 men, with little armour or artillery.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "90,000-100,000", "strength_b": "100,000-150,000", "losses_a": "about 25,000 casualties (Wikipedia, sides not labelled)", "losses_b": "about 50,000 casualties (Wikipedia, sides not labelled)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Revolutionary Guard and Basij waves came within a few kilometres of the highway but were thrown back, Iran keeping only minor ground.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 5; en.wikipedia Battle of the Marshes", "note": "Persian Valfajr-5, a preliminary to Kheibar; the site is uncertain (Wikipedia's 'Military operations' article places Dawn 5 and 6 near Kut al-Amara).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1877, "key": "1984-operation-dawn-6", "name": "Operation Dawn 6", "label": "Operation Dawn 6", "year": 1984, "month": 2, "day": 22, "date": "22-24 February 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern-central front", "place": "east of the Baghdad-Basra highway, toward Ali al-Gharbi and al-Amarah, Iraq", "lat": 32.4, "lon": 46.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Army and IRGC commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 4th Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Army regulars, Revolutionary Guards and Basij in human-wave assaults.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "up to 500,000 (Wikipedia; probably high)", "strength_b": "about 140,000", "losses_a": "heavy", "losses_b": "moderate", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians took a strip of Iraqi ground about 5 by 10 miles east of the Baghdad-Basra highway and still held it when the operation was called off on 24 February, though they stopped 10 miles short of the highway.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 6; en.wikipedia Battle of the Marshes", "note": "Persian Valfajr-6, launched with Kheibar; the site is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1878, "key": "1984-operation-kheibar", "name": "Operation Kheibar", "label": "Operation Kheibar", "year": 1984, "month": 2, "day": 22, "date": "22 February - 19 March 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Hawizeh Marshes", "place": "Majnoon Islands and the Hawizeh Marshes toward al-Qurna, Iraq", "lat": 31.07, "lon": 47.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohsen Rezaee; Hossein Kharrazi (wounded); Hamid Bakeri (killed)", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein; Iraqi 3rd and 4th Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guard and Basij infantry carried by boats and helicopters, about 250,000 men, with the Army's 92nd Armoured Division and four navy commando battalions (about 2,400 men).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "250,000-350,000", "strength_b": "about 250,000 in the sector", "losses_a": "20,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, 1,000 captured", "losses_b": "3,000 killed, 9,000 wounded; 60 tanks", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iranians took the Majnoon Islands and kept them, though their thrust from the marshes to the Basra-Baghdad road near al-Qurna was thrown back by armour and gas.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Kheibar; en.wikipedia Battle of the Marshes; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia's 'Battle of the Marshes' covers the same fighting (with Dawn 5 and 6). Start dates vary: 14, 22 or 24 February (the Persian date 3 Esfand 1362 is 22 February). Iraq used mustard and nerve gas at scale; 49 of 50 Iranian helicopters were reported lost on 27 February.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1879, "key": "1984-war-of-the-cities-1984", "name": "War of the Cities (1984)", "label": "War of the Cities (1984)", "year": 1984, "month": 2, "day": 7, "date": "7-22 February 1984", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iranian and Iraqi cities", "place": "Dezful and ten other Iranian cities; Basra and Iraqi border towns", "lat": 32.38, "lon": 48.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein (Iraqi Air Force and missile forces)", "commanders_b": "Iranian Army artillery and Air Force", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian air defences, Army artillery shelling Basra and border towns, and Air Force raids.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 1,200 Iranian civilians killed in February (other figures up to 4,700)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi aircraft and missiles struck eleven Iranian cities and killed many civilians, while Iran could answer only with artillery and a few air raids on Basra, Baghdad and border towns.", "borderline": "strike operation; War of the Cities phase", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; War of the Cities phase.", "sources": "en.wikipedia War of the cities; en.wikipedia Military operations of the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "The first phase of the War of the Cities; Iraqi FROG and Scud missiles had already hit Dezful in 1982-83. A UN-brokered moratorium on attacking cities followed in June 1984.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1880, "key": "n1880", "name": "Hazara Valley (1984)", "label": "Hazara Valley", "year": 1984, "month": 4, "day": 30, "date": "30 April 1984 (one day, within Panjshir VII)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hazara side valley, Panjshir (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.35, "lon": 69.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Battalion commander (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviet battalion was ambushed and decimated, with an estimated 60 dead, according to the Wikipedia article on the Panjshir offensives.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "A single ambush-and-battle within Panjshir VII; the Soviet side was entirely Soviet army, so only side B qualifies.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1881, "key": "n1881", "name": "Panjshir VII (April-September 1984)", "label": "Panjshir VII", "year": 1984, "month": 4, "day": 22, "date": "22 April to September 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 69.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Jamiat-i Islami", "commanders_a": "Marshal Sergei Sokolov (Soviet defence minister, directing)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Some mujahideen infrastructure was destroyed, but most fighters escaped, and the Soviet-Afghan force left the upper valley in September, keeping only the lower Panjshir.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "The biggest Panjshir offensive, with about 2,600 Afghan army troops beside the Soviets; heavy Soviet losses to mines and ambushes (see the Hazara Valley battle of 30 April).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1882, "key": "1984-arabi-island-incident", "name": "Arabi Island incident", "label": "Arabi Island incident", "year": 1984, "month": 6, "day": 5, "date": "5 June 1984", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Tanker War)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "over the Persian Gulf near Arabi Island, Saudi Arabia", "lat": 27.78, "lon": 50.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "side_a": [ "Saudi Arabia" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Royal Saudi Air Force (not named)", "commanders_b": "Iranian Air Force, Bushehr base (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Saudi Arabia", "flags": [ "strike" ], "persian_force": "Two F-4 Phantoms from Bushehr, then eleven more scrambled.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The air force's aircrew were regular officers recruited nationwide and trained under the Shah; no ethnic data exist, so the class follows Iran's population.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "2 F-15s, then 11 more", "strength_b": "2 F-4s, then 11 more", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "2 F-4s (one shot down, one written off), 2 aircrew killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saudi F-15s guided by a US AWACS shot down one Iranian Phantom and crippled a second, and the Iranian reinforcements turned back.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1984 Arabi Island incident; en.wikipedia Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Also called the action of 5 June 1984 or the Fahd Line incident; a US E-3 AWACS tracked the Iranian aircraft and guided the Saudi fighters but took no part in the fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1883, "key": "n1883", "name": "Eruh and Shemdinli raids (1984)", "label": "Eruh and Shemdinli raids", "year": 1984, "month": 8, "day": 15, "date": "15 August 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Eruh (Siirt) and Semdinli (Hakkari), Turkey", "lat": 37.75, "lon": 42.18, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PKK local commanders (Mahsum Korkmaz in the Eruh group)", "commanders_b": "Turkish gendarmerie and police posts", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "result unknown", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "result unknown" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "PKK squads attacked gendarmerie posts in both towns and withdrew; the town posts were not held.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "The sources consulted do not give the result, so the battle is listed but not scored.", "sources": "Marcus, Blood and Belief: the PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence (2007); McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004)", "note": "The PKK's first armed action, taken as the start of its insurgency. It was a hit-and-run attack of two small groups with few dead, so it is a marginal battle; the result is left open because neither side held the field in a meaningful sense. Semdinli is at 37.30N 44.57E.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1884, "key": "1984-operation-ashura", "name": "Operation Ashura", "label": "Operation Ashura", "year": 1984, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "17-21 October 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front (Ilam)", "place": "Meymak heights, Ilam province, Iran", "lat": 33.1, "lon": 46.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC and Army commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 2nd Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Revolutionary Guards with Army support (units not named in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "4 tanks, 7 vehicles and 29 mortars captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iran retook about 50 km2 of the Meymak heights, held since 1980, and kept them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Ashura (Iran)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1885, "key": "1984-operation-dawn-7", "name": "Operation Dawn 7", "label": "Operation Dawn 7", "year": 1984, "month": 10, "day": 18, "date": "18-22 October 1984", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central or southern front (sources disagree)", "place": "Mehran sector, Ilam (or Chazabeh, Khuzestan: the sources disagree), Iran", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 46.16, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Army and Revolutionary Guard units (not named in the sources used).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's conscript army, IRGC and Basij were recruited nationwide; speakers of Persian, Kurdish, Lur, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Baloch are roughly three quarters of Iran's people and Azeri Turks most of the rest, and no unit-level language figures exist.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The sources conflict: Wikipedia's article places it at Chazabeh and calls it inconclusive, halted after a few days by Iraqi flooding, while Wikipedia's survey of operations says it retook Mehran.", "borderline": "poorly documented operation; place and result uncertain", "doubt": "Borderline: poorly documented operation; place and result uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 7; en.wikipedia Military operations of the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Persian Valfajr-7, code 'Ya Zahra'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1886, "key": "n1886", "name": "Panjshir IX (1985)", "label": "Panjshir IX", "year": 1985, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "1985 (summer-autumn; exact dates not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley, Peshghur (Panjshir Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.4, "lon": 69.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Jamiat-i Islami" ], "allies_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union v Jamiat-i Islami", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union", "faction_b": "Jamiat-i Islami", "commanders_a": "Soviet 40th Army commanders (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviets pushed the mujahideen back and installed a garrison at Peshghur after Massoud's men had overrun the post there and taken about 500 prisoners.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir offensives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_offensives", "note": "Launched to disrupt a planned exchange of the captured Afghan officers, most of whom were killed in circumstances that remain disputed. The article gives no firm dates.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1887, "key": "1985-operation-badr", "name": "Operation Badr", "label": "Operation Badr", "year": 1985, "month": 3, "day": 10, "date": "10-20 March 1985", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (Hawizeh Marshes)", "place": "Hawizeh Marshes and the Baghdad-Basra highway north-east of al-Qurnah, Iraq", "lat": 31.15, "lon": 47.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai, Jamal Zanoun, Hisham Sabah al-Fakhri", "commanders_b": "Mohsen Rezaee, Mehdi Bakeri (killed; listed as missing)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 100,000 men, mostly IRGC (Pasdaran) infantry and Basij volunteers with anti-tank weapons, crossing the marshes by boat and the Tigris on pontoon bridges; Mehdi Bakeri's 31st Ashura Division among them.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "40,000-60,000", "strength_b": "100,000", "losses_a": "2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, 3,000 captured; 100 tanks, 11 helicopters, 4 aircraft", "losses_b": "10,000 killed (11,000-17,000 in other estimates), 20,000 wounded, 2,000 captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi counterattacks with Republican Guard reserves drove the Iranians back across the Tigris and retook the highway within days; Iran kept only part of the marshes.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Badr (1985); List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War; Cordesman and Wagner, Lessons of Modern War II", "note": "Iraq used chemical weapons in the counteroffensive. Mehdi Bakeri, commander of the 31st Ashura Division (raised in Azerbaijan), was killed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1888, "key": "1985-war-of-the-cities-1985", "name": "War of the Cities (1985)", "label": "War of the Cities (1985)", "year": 1985, "month": 3, "day": 22, "date": "22 March-8 April 1985 (other sources: from 4 March into June 1985)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iranian and Iraqi cities", "place": "Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz and Isfahan (Iraqi raids); Baghdad and Kirkuk (Iranian strikes)", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRIAF and IRGC missile command (commanders not named in the source used)", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein; Iraqi Air Force", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian air defences (HAWK batteries, anti-aircraft guns, F-14 and F-4 interceptors of the IRIAF) against the Iraqi raids, and Iranian air raids and Scud-B missiles fired at Baghdad by the IRGC's new missile units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iranian air defence and air force crews were conscripts and regulars from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and other minorities among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi bombers (Tu-22, Tu-16, MiG-25) reached Tehran and other cities and Iran's first Scud missiles and air raids reached Baghdad; neither side stopped the other's strikes, so the exchange has no winner by the test.", "borderline": "War of the Cities phase (strike campaign against cities), not a single battle", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: War of the Cities phase (strike campaign against cities), not a single battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia War of the cities (second campaign); Cordesman and Wagner, Lessons of Modern War II", "note": "Iraq's answer to Operation Badr. The first round (February 1984) is a separate entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1889, "key": "n1889", "name": "Maravar (1985)", "label": "Maravar", "year": 1985, "month": 4, "day": 25, "date": "25-26 April 1985 (approximate dating)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Maravar (Marawara) valley, Kunar (Kunar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.97, "lon": 71.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Kunar mujahideen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kunar mujahideen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Soviet battalion commanders (not recorded here)", "commanders_b": "Local mujahideen commanders (not recorded here)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviet column was ambushed in the valley and lost heavily, reportedly dozens killed, before it withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Isby, War in a Distant Country (1989) (not fetched; from memory); no Wikipedia article of that title was found", "note": "One of the worst single Soviet reverses of the Kunar campaigns; recorded from memory, so unit names, day and casualty figures are uncertain and the entry is weak. The Kunar fighters were mostly Pashtuns, with some Nuristanis nearby.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1890, "key": "1985-operation-quds-1", "name": "Operation Quds-1", "label": "Operation Quds-1", "year": 1985, "month": 6, "day": 14, "date": "14-18 June 1985", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (Hawizeh Marshes)", "place": "Hawizeh Marshes (Hur al-Hawizeh) east of the Tigris, Iraq", "lat": 31.45, "lon": 47.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC marsh infantry in boats, apparently including the 25th Karbala Division of Mazandaran.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC took the Iraqi posts of Abu Dharr and Abu Laila and held about 180 square km of the marshes.", "borderline": "a limited operation; the English article rests on Iranian sources", "doubt": "Borderline: a limited operation; the English article rests on Iranian sources.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Quds-1", "note": "Code name 'Ya Mohammad Rasoolullah'. Iraq used chemical weapons on the first day.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1891, "key": "1985-operation-quds-2", "name": "Operation Quds-2", "label": "Operation Quds-2", "year": 1985, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June 1985 (the article's text says 25 July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (Hawizeh Marshes)", "place": "Northern Hawizeh Marshes, al-Bayda and Umm al-Naaj lake, Iraq", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 47.62, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC amphibious marsh infantry.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none (Iranian claim)", "losses_b": "312 killed; 30 boats and 15 water-police posts destroyed (Iranian claims)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC broke up the Iraqi counterattack around al-Bayda and held about 15 square km of the northern marshes (Iranian figures).", "borderline": "a limited operation; the English article rests on Iranian sources", "doubt": "Borderline: a limited operation; the English article rests on Iranian sources.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Quds-2", "note": "Further operations Quds-3 to Quds-5 (summer 1985) have no English articles and are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1892, "key": "1985-operation-ghader", "name": "Operation Ghader", "label": "Operation Ghader", "year": 1985, "month": 7, "day": 15, "date": "15 July-9 September 1985 (stages from 24 July and 9 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Heights above Sidakan, Erbil Governorate, Iraq (launched from Oshnavieh)", "lat": 36.8, "lon": 44.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Sayad Shirazi, Mohsen Rezaee", "commanders_b": "Maher Abd al-Rashid", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Iranian Army ground forces (the first large operation planned by the Artesh alone after Badr), with IRGC units and Army aviation and air force support.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Iranian claims: about 2,000 killed and 3,000 wounded (another report: 1,020 killed and wounded)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians took and held several heights overlooking Sidakan, up to 35 km inside Iraq, though Iraqi counterattacks kept them from their final objectives.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Ghader; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Also spelt Qader. Iran later withdrew from some of the captured positions; the article calls the result limited. One aim was to cut the supply routes of the Iranian Kurdish opposition (KDPI) based in Iraq.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1893, "key": "1986-first-battle-of-al-faw", "name": "First Battle of al-Faw", "label": "First Battle of al-Faw", "year": 1986, "month": 2, "day": 9, "date": "9/10 February-10 March 1986 (fighting on the peninsula into April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (al-Faw peninsula)", "place": "Al-Faw peninsula, Iraq", "lat": 29.98, "lon": 48.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohsen Rezaee, Ali Sayad Shirazi, Esmaeil Sohrabi, Morteza Ghorbani, Hossein Kharrazi, Amin Shariati", "commanders_b": "Maher Abd al-Rashid, Hisham Sabah al-Fakhri, Saadi Tuma Abbas", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Operation Valfajr 8: about 240 Navy SEALs and frogmen leading an amphibious night crossing of the Shatt al-Arab, then IRGC divisions (25th Karbala, 27th Mohammad Rasulullah, 41st Tharallah, 31st Ashura, 14th Imam Hossein, 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb, 8th Najaf, 5th Nasr, 19th Fajr) with Basij, Army artillery and aviation; 133,000 men at the height.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The divisions named were raised in Mazandaran, Tehran, Kerman, Azerbaijan (31st Ashura, Azeri-speaking), Isfahan, Qom, Khorasan and Fars, so the force was overwhelmingly Iranian-speaking with a large Azeri minority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "22,000-25,000 at the start; 133,000 at the height", "strength_b": "1,000-5,000 at the start; 82,000 at the height", "losses_a": "10,000 killed, 25,000 wounded (about 10,000 of them by chemical weapons) (estimates)", "losses_b": "3,000 killed, 9,000 wounded, 2,105 captured; 74 aircraft, 400 tanks (Iranian claims)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Iranians took the tip of the peninsula and al-Faw town (14 February) and held them against every Iraqi counterattack to the end of the operation.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Battle of al-Faw; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Iranian name Valfajr 8 (Dawn 8). A feint toward Basra near al-Qurnah opened the operation. Iraq retook the peninsula in April 1988 (Second Battle of al-Faw).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1894, "key": "1986-operation-dawn-9", "name": "Operation Dawn 9", "label": "Operation Dawn 9", "year": 1986, "month": 2, "day": 24, "date": "24 February-May 1986 (main fighting late February-early March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Border heights east of Sulaymaniyah (Chwarta sector), Iraq; later phases toward Rawanduz", "lat": 35.72, "lon": 45.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein", "commanders_b": "IRGC commanders (not named); Masoud Barzani (KDP peshmerga)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC infantry with Iranian paratroopers, and Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga (about 1,000 at Mangesh) attacking the Iraqi rear.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Iranian force was raised from all Iran as usual; the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga allies were Kurdish speakers, which raises the Iranian-language share further.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "1,634 (Iranian claim)", "losses_b": "more than 2,500 killed or wounded (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi counterattacks contained the Iranians short of Sulaymaniyah and Rawanduz and retook Mangesh; Iran kept only a few border heights.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 9", "note": "Iranian name Valfajr 9, a diversion for al-Faw. Wikipedia's result: 'Iranian strategic failure, minor gains for Iran'. The Kurdish ally was the KDP (Iraqi Kurdish rebels).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1895, "key": "n1895", "name": "Zhawar (1986)", "label": "Zhawar", "year": 1986, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April 1986 (about two weeks; exact dates not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zhawar Kili base complex, near Khost (Khost Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.08, "lon": 69.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Mujahideen of Jalaluddin Haqqani" ], "allies_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan v Mujahideen of Jalaluddin Haqqani", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Mujahideen of Jalaluddin Haqqani", "commanders_a": "DRA operational commander (not verified here)", "commanders_b": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The government force captured and demolished the Zhawar tunnel and supply complex, although the mujahideen reoccupied the site after it withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jalali and Grau, The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War (1998) (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "A large Afghan army operation (several thousand men) against the main mujahideen supply base on the Pakistan border; the Soviets gave advisers and air support. Dates and numbers are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1896, "key": "1986-mehran-1986", "name": "Mehran (1986)", "label": "Mehran (1986)", "year": 1986, "month": 5, "day": 15, "date": "15-19 May 1986", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Mehran, Ilam Province, Iran", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 46.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi II Corps", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "A small Iranian garrison of Army and IRGC troops holding the town and the border heights.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iraqi II Corps took the town and the heights around it from the Iranian garrison.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Mehran (1986); Cordesman and Wagner, Lessons of Modern War II", "note": "Saddam's 'dynamic defence' answer to the loss of al-Faw; he offered to trade Mehran for al-Faw and Iran refused. Wikipedia's 'Battle of Mehran (1986)' covers both this capture and the Iranian recapture (Operation Karbala-1), listed separately here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1897, "key": "1986-operation-karbala-1", "name": "Operation Karbala-1", "label": "Operation Karbala-1", "year": 1986, "month": 6, "day": 30, "date": "30 June-10 July 1986", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Mehran and the Qalavizan heights, Ilam Province, Iran", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 46.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC and Army commanders (Mohsen Rezaee, Ali Sayad Shirazi)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi II Corps; Republican Guard", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC divisions with Army artillery battalions and Army aviation AH-1 Cobra helicopters with TOW missiles.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "3,000 killed, 9,000 wounded (estimate)", "losses_b": "1,000 killed, 3,000 wounded, 1,200 captured; 80 tanks, 6 helicopters", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iranians retook Mehran and the Qalavizan and Hamrin heights by 3 July and beat off the Republican Guard counterattack of 4 July.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Mehran (1986); List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia title 'Battle of Mehran (1986)'. The casualty figures in the infobox are not assigned to sides clearly.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1898, "key": "1986-operation-karbala-3", "name": "Operation Karbala-3", "label": "Operation Karbala-3", "year": 1986, "month": 8, "day": 30, "date": "30 August-2 September 1986", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern Persian Gulf", "place": "Al-Amaya (al-Umayyah) and al-Bakr oil terminals off al-Faw, Iraq", "lat": 29.78, "lon": 48.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "IRGC Navy commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 2,000 IRGC naval men in light boats armed with machine guns, rockets and mortars.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Navy and the regular Navy were manned by conscripts and volunteers from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and Caspian and Gulf-coast (Bushehri, Arabic-speaking) men among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "2,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "25 boats, heavy casualties, many captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians held part of the al-Amaya terminal for about 24 hours before Iraqi naval infantry, special forces and shore missiles drove them off on 2 September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-3", "note": "Also called the Battle of al-Umayyah. Later Iranian attacks on the terminal (4-5 September, 21-22 November 1986) also failed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1899, "key": "1986-operation-karbala-2", "name": "Operation Karbala-2", "label": "Operation Karbala-2", "year": 1986, "month": 9, "day": 1, "date": "1 September 1986", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Haji Omaran, Erbil Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.67, "lon": 44.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC Seyyed al-Shohada 4th Corps", "commanders_b": "Iraqi 98th, 604th and 807th brigades (commanders not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "28 IRGC battalions under the Seyyed al-Shohada 4th Corps, among them the 9th Badr brigade (Iraqi Shia exiles), 12th Qaem, 21st Imam Reza, 105th Quds and 155th Shohada.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Arabic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Mostly IRGC brigades raised in Iran's provinces (21st Imam Reza from Khorasan); the 9th Badr was a brigade of Arabic-speaking Iraqi exiles under IRGC command.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "28 battalions", "strength_b": "3 brigades and commando battalions", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "3,000 killed or wounded, 200 captured (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians took several heights (1600-2435) and part of the Haji Omaran road and held them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-2", "note": "The Karbala-4 article says Karbala-2 and Karbala-3 failed to move the Iraqi lines; the result is the Karbala-2 article's.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1900, "key": "1986-operation-fath-1", "name": "Operation Fath 1", "label": "Operation Fath 1", "year": 1986, "month": 10, "day": 11, "date": "11-12 October 1986", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Kirkuk oil refinery and installations, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohammad-Baqer Zolqadr (IRGC Ramazan Headquarters); PUK commanders", "commanders_b": "Iraqi I Corps", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "About 300-400 IRGC special forces of the Ramazan Headquarters (66th Airborne and 75th Zafar special brigades) with about 2,000 PUK peshmerga.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The PUK peshmerga (Kurdish-speaking) outnumbered the IRGC raiders about five to one; the IRGC men came from all Iran.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "IRGC 400 (not all engaged); PUK 2,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "IRGC none, several wounded; PUK minimal", "losses_b": "600 killed and wounded, dozens captured (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The raiders struck the refinery, power station, SAM sites and bases around Kirkuk and withdrew with all their equipment.", "borderline": "a raid on installations rather than a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a raid on installations rather than a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Fath 1", "note": "Also called Operation Wahdat. The PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) was the Iraqi Kurdish ally; the PUK was the larger force but the operation was planned and led by the IRGC.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1901, "key": "1986-operation-karbala-4", "name": "Operation Karbala-4", "label": "Operation Karbala-4", "year": 1986, "month": 12, "day": 24, "date": "24/25-27 December 1986", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (Shatt al-Arab)", "place": "Umm al-Rasas and the Shatt al-Arab islands west of Minu, toward Abu al-Khasib, Basra Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 30.43, "lon": 48.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein, Khalil al-Dhouri, Jawad Rumi", "commanders_b": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Hossein Kharrazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 60,000 IRGC and Basij of the Najaf, Quds, Karbala and Nouh corps, led by frogmen of the 25th, 41st, 7th and 14th divisions.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "60,000", "losses_a": "about 800 killed, 2,000 wounded", "losses_b": "about 8,000 killed, 11,000 wounded, 200 captured", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iraqis stopped the crossing on the road to Basra and the Iranians withdrew across the Shatt al-Arab after three days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-4; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "The 175 divers whose remains came back to Iran in 2015 were lost here.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1902, "key": "1987-operation-karbala-5", "name": "Operation Karbala-5", "label": "Operation Karbala-5", "year": 1987, "month": 1, "day": 9, "date": "9 January-26 February 1987 (positional fighting to April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (east of Basra)", "place": "Fish Lake, the Jasim river and Shalamcheh, east of Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.47, "lon": 47.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein, Maher Abd al-Rashid, Dhia al-Din Jamal, Khalil al-Dhouri", "commanders_b": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohsen Rezaee, Ali Sayad Shirazi, Hossein Kharrazi (killed), Esmail Daghayeghi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "150,000-200,000 men: about 70% IRGC and Basij (Najaf, Quds, Karbala and Nouh corps, the 9th Badr division of Iraqi exiles among them) and 30% Army with artillery and armour.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "300,000 (infobox)", "strength_b": "150,000-200,000", "losses_a": "10,000 killed, 1,750 captured (other estimate 20,000 casualties)", "losses_b": "40,000 killed, 80,000 wounded (other estimate 65,000 casualties)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Iraqis held their last lines about 15 km from Basra and then pushed the Iranians back toward Shalamcheh; Iran kept only a strip of ground east of the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Basra; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia title 'Siege of Basra'; the city was never invested, so it is scored as a field battle. The largest battle of the war.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1903, "key": "1987-operation-karbala-6", "name": "Operation Karbala-6", "label": "Operation Karbala-6", "year": 1987, "month": 1, "day": 13, "date": "13/14 January 1987", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Naft Shahr and Sumar sector, south of Qasr-e Shirin, Kermanshah Province, Iran", "lat": 33.99, "lon": 45.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 10,000 Basij with the Army's 77th Mechanized Division of Khorasan (M47 and M48 tanks) and the IRGC 31st Ashura Division of Azerbaijan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The 77th Khorasan Division was Persian-speaking in the main; the 31st Ashura was raised in Azerbaijan (Azeri Turkish); the Basij came from all provinces.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "10,000 Basij and two divisions", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi armour counterattacked and encircled the Basij, the Iranian advance stalled and the Iraqis held their line.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-6; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "A diversion for Karbala-5. Iran claimed Naft Shahr and Naft Khaneh; Wikipedia's result is 'operational failure; successful Iraqi defence; limited Iranian advance'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1904, "key": "1987-war-of-the-cities-1987", "name": "War of the Cities (1987)", "label": "War of the Cities (1987)", "year": 1987, "month": 1, "day": 17, "date": "17 January-February 1987", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iranian and Iraqi cities", "place": "Tehran, Isfahan and Qom (Iraqi raids); Baghdad and Basra (Iranian missiles)", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRIAF and IRGC missile command (not named)", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein; Iraqi Air Force", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian air defences (HAWK batteries, anti-aircraft guns, F-14 and F-4 interceptors of the IRIAF) against the Iraqi raids, and Iranian air raids and Scud-B missiles fired at Baghdad by the IRGC's new missile units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iranian air defence and air force crews were conscripts and regulars from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and other minorities among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "11 long-range missiles and air raids", "strength_b": "air raids", "losses_a": "about 3,000 civilians killed in Iranian cities", "losses_b": "at least 300 killed in Iraqi cities", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi raids hit Tehran, Isfahan and Qom (about 3,000 civilians killed) and eleven Iranian long-range missiles hit Iraqi cities (at least 300 killed); both sides' strikes reached their targets, so there is no winner by the test.", "borderline": "War of the Cities phase (strike campaign against cities), not a single battle", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: War of the Cities phase (strike campaign against cities), not a single battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia War of the cities (third and fourth campaigns); en.wikipedia Siege of Basra", "note": "Fought alongside Karbala-5. Wikipedia lists a third campaign (17-25 January 1987) and a fourth (February-April 1987), merged here because the fourth has no details.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1905, "key": "1987-operation-karbala-7", "name": "Operation Karbala-7", "label": "Operation Karbala-7", "year": 1987, "month": 3, "day": 4, "date": "4-8 March 1987 (renewed attack 11-12 March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Haj Omran highlands and Kurda Mand (Gerdmand) mountain, Erbil Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.63, "lon": 44.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC infantry; the units are not named in the source used.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "heavy (in the follow-up attack)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iraqis held the summit of Kurda Mand, the Iranians' objective, and beat back the follow-up attack of 11-12 March, though Iran kept some of the Haj Omran highlands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-7", "note": "Wikipedia's result: 'Iraqi defensive victory; Iranian tactical failure; Iran captures Haj Omran highlands'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1906, "key": "1987-operation-karbala-10", "name": "Operation Karbala-10", "label": "Operation Karbala-10", "year": 1987, "month": 4, "day": 14, "date": "14 April-May 1987", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Mawat (Mavout) axis, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq (from Baneh and Sardasht)", "lat": 35.9, "lon": 45.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC commanders; PUK commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC infantry with a few thousand PUK peshmerga.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Iranian force was raised from all Iran as usual; the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga allies were Kurdish speakers, which raises the Iranian-language share further.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians and the PUK advanced about 34 km and kept the ground they took, though they were halted at Mawat and the Shakh Qoolan heights.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala 10; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia title: Operation Karbala 10. Wikipedia: 'Iranian tactical victory'; minimal gains. The ally was the PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan), Iraqi Kurdish rebels.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1907, "key": "1987-operation-karbala-8", "name": "Operation Karbala-8", "label": "Operation Karbala-8", "year": 1987, "month": 4, "day": 7, "date": "6/7-12 April 1987", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (east of Basra)", "place": "Shalamcheh, east of Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.49, "lon": 47.98, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein; Iraqi 3rd Corps", "commanders_b": "IRGC commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 40,000 IRGC (Pasdaran) ground forces.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "40,000", "losses_a": "250 killed (Iranian claim: 5,000)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The attack on the last Iraqi line before Basra failed and the Iraqis held their positions.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-8", "note": "Code name 'Ya Saheb al-Zaman'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1908, "key": "1987-operation-karbala-9", "name": "Operation Karbala-9", "label": "Operation Karbala-9", "year": 1987, "month": 4, "day": 9, "date": "9 April 1987", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Qasr-e Shirin-Sarpol-e Zahab sector and the Babadi strait, Kermanshah Province, Iran", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 45.58, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Iranian Army commanders (not named)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Iranian Army (Artesh) ground forces; units not named.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "1,800 casualties, 55 captured (Iranian claim)", "losses_b": "very heavy", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The accounts conflict on who held the ground: Iran claimed Height 542, the Baba-Hadi border posts and the Babadi strait, while the other account has the attack end inconclusively in the Iraqi minefields with the Iraqis in their positions, and no scholarly verdict settles it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Karbala-9", "note": "Code name 'Ya Mahdi, Adrekni'. Wikipedia's result: 'inconclusive; Iraqi defensive victory'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1909, "key": "n1909", "name": "Jaji (1987)", "label": "Jaji", "year": 1987, "month": 5, "day": 12, "date": "12 May to 4 June 1987", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jaji Maidan, near Ali Khel (Paktia Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.8, "lon": 69.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Maktab al-Khidamat and allied Afghan mujahideen" ], "side_b": [ "Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Maktab al-Khidamat and allied Afghan mujahideen v Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Maktab al-Khidamat and allied Afghan mujahideen", "faction_b": "Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Abdullah Azzam; Osama bin Laden; Abu Ubayda al-Banshiri; Abu Hafs", "commanders_b": "Boris Gromov (Soviet 40th Army); Mohammed Najibullah (DRA)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The mujahideen kept the Jaji Maidan base against repeated Soviet-Afghan attacks, and the attackers failed to take it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Jaji: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jaji", "note": "Famed as the first big battle of Arab volunteers in Afghanistan; the Arab share was large, so the Iranian contingent (local Afghan mujahideen on side A and the DRA troops in the attacking force on side B) is estimated rather than counted. The mujahideen are side A here.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1910, "key": "1987-operation-nasr-4", "name": "Operation Nasr 4", "label": "Operation Nasr 4", "year": 1987, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 1987 (an older Wikipedia text: May-early June 1987)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Mawat-Sulaymaniyah sector, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq", "lat": 35.9, "lon": 45.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC commanders (the older text names Ali Sayad Shirazi)", "commanders_b": "Ali Hassan al-Majid", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC (Pasdaran) infantry with Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Iranian force was raised from all Iran as usual; the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga allies were Kurdish speakers, which raises the Iranian-language share further.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "According to the only English account the Iranians and their Kurdish allies took and held their objectives; the details are poorly documented.", "borderline": "no current English Wikipedia article; poorly documented in English", "doubt": "Borderline: no current English Wikipedia article; poorly documented in English.", "sources": "Military Wiki (Fandom) Operation Nasr 4 (old Wikipedia text); en.wikipedia Operation Nasr 4 now redirects to Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Date and place uncertain: Iranian accounts place Nasr-4 in the Mawat area in late June 1987. Later Nasr operations (7, 8) of 1987 have no English articles and are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1911, "key": "1987-iran-ajr", "name": "Iran Ajr", "label": "Iran Ajr", "year": 1987, "month": 9, "day": 21, "date": "21 September 1987", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Tanker War; Operation Earnest Will)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Central Persian Gulf, in the shipping lanes north-east of Bahrain", "lat": 26.6, "lon": 51.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Bahrain", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US Operation Prime Chance (160th SOAR helicopters from USS Jarrett; SEALs)", "commanders_b": "the ship's master (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The Iranian navy landing ship Iran Ajr, converted to a minelayer, with a crew of about 30 navy and IRGC men.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Navy and the regular Navy were manned by conscripts and volunteers from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and Caspian and Gulf-coast (Bushehri, Arabic-speaking) men among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "AH-6 and MH-6 helicopters, a SEAL team", "strength_b": "1 ship", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "5 killed, 26 captured; the ship scuttled on 26 September", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "US helicopters stopped the minelaying by fire, the crew abandoned ship and SEALs seized the Iran Ajr with nine mines on deck.", "borderline": "a small naval action, named after the ship", "doubt": "Borderline: a small naval action, named after the ship.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iran Ajr; Operation Prime Chance; Operation Earnest Will", "note": "Mines from the same series later struck USS Samuel B. Roberts (14 April 1988), which led to Operation Praying Mantis.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1912, "key": "1987-farsi-island", "name": "Farsi Island", "label": "Farsi Island", "year": 1987, "month": 10, "day": 8, "date": "8 October 1987", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Tanker War; Operation Earnest Will)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Near the Middle Shoals buoy, off Farsi Island, Persian Gulf, Iran", "lat": 27.95, "lon": 50.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US Operation Prime Chance (Army helicopters, Navy patrol boats)", "commanders_b": "IRGC Navy (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Three IRGC Navy small boats (a Boghammar and Boston Whalers) at anchor by the buoy.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Navy and the regular Navy were manned by conscripts and volunteers from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and Caspian and Gulf-coast (Bushehri, Arabic-speaking) men among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "3 helicopters, 2 patrol craft", "strength_b": "3 boats", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "3 boats sunk; survivors captured (numbers not given in the source used)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "US helicopters and patrol craft sank all three IRGC boats and picked up the survivors as prisoners.", "borderline": "a small naval action without a standard name; called the Battle of Farsi Island in the press", "doubt": "Borderline: a small naval action without a standard name; called the Battle of Farsi Island in the press.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Earnest Will; TIME, 'We Engaged' (October 1987, 'Battle of Farsi Island')", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1913, "key": "1987-operation-nimble-archer", "name": "Operation Nimble Archer", "label": "Operation Nimble Archer", "year": 1987, "month": 10, "day": 19, "date": "19 October 1987", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Tanker War; Operation Earnest Will)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Rostam (Reshadat) oil platforms, Persian Gulf, Iran", "lat": 25.95, "lon": 52.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US Navy Middle East Force (four destroyers; SEALs from USS Thach)", "commanders_b": "IRGC (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC detachments with radars and communications on the disused Rostam platforms, who left after a 20-minute warning.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Navy and the regular Navy were manned by conscripts and volunteers from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and Caspian and Gulf-coast (Bushehri, Arabic-speaking) men among them.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6 warships, 3 aircraft", "strength_b": "platform crews", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "2 platforms destroyed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The US destroyers shelled and destroyed the two IRGC platforms after warning the crews off, and SEALs searched a third.", "borderline": "strike operation; little or no resistance", "doubt": "Borderline: strike operation; little or no resistance.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Nimble Archer; Operation Earnest Will", "note": "Retaliation for the Iranian Silkworm missile that hit the reflagged tanker Sea Isle City in Kuwaiti waters on 16 October 1987.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1914, "key": "n1914", "name": "Operation Magistral (1987-1988)", "label": "Operation Magistral", "year": 1987, "month": 11, "day": 19, "date": "19 November 1987 to 10 January 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gardez-Khost road and Khost (Paktia and Khost provinces, Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.45, "lon": 69.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Mujahideen of Jalaluddin Haqqani and allied parties" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan v Mujahideen of Jalaluddin Haqqani and allied parties", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Mujahideen of Jalaluddin Haqqani and allied parties", "commanders_a": "Boris Gromov (Soviet 40th Army); Shahnawaz Tanai (DRA)", "commanders_b": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Soviet-Afghan force broke through to Khost and relieved the besieged garrison, although the mujahideen cut the road again once it had withdrawn.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Magistral: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magistral", "note": "The last big Soviet offensive; it included the battle of Hill 3234. The Afghan troops came from five infantry divisions and the 15th Tank Brigade.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1915, "key": "n1915", "name": "Hill 3234", "label": "Hill 3234", "year": 1988, "month": 1, "day": 7, "date": "7-8 January 1988 (one night)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)", "theatre": "", "place": "Height 3234, near the Gardez-Khost road, Paktia (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.43, "lon": 69.57, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Soviet Union" ], "side_b": [ "Mujahideen" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mujahideen", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Senior Lieutenant Sergei Tkachev (9th Company); Lt-Col Valery Vostrotin (battalion)", "commanders_b": "Mujahideen commanders (not individually recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The airborne company held the hill through repeated assaults until relieved, though it lost 6 dead and 28 wounded.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Magistral (related battle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magistral", "note": "Fought during Magistral and famous in Russia (a film, The 9th Company, 2005). The attacking force's makeup is debated (some accounts mention Pakistani special forces), so only the Pashtun mujahideen are counted here.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1916, "key": "1988-operation-beit-ol-moqaddas-2", "name": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 2", "label": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 2", "year": 1988, "month": 1, "day": 15, "date": "15-22 January 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Qomish heights west of Mawat, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 35.85, "lon": 45.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC (Sepah) mountain infantry in a winter offensive.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown (estimated high)", "losses_b": "5,400 killed, wounded or captured (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC took more than 40 peaks and several villages (Qomish, Vivlan heights, Goujar strait) and held them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 2; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Code name 'Ya Zahra'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1917, "key": "n1917", "name": "Sergalou and Bergalou (First Anfal)", "label": "Sergalou and Bergalou", "year": 1988, "month": 2, "day": 23, "date": "23 February - 19 March 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Anfal campaign (Iran-Iraq War)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jafati valley, Sergalou and Bergalou (PUK headquarters area), Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 35.85, "lon": 45.85, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan" ], "allies_a": [ "pro-government Kurdish militia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Hassan al-Majid (Northern Bureau); Iraqi 1st Corps", "commanders_b": "Jalal Talabani (PUK); PUK Peshmerga commanders in the valley", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi ground and air forces, using chemical weapons, overran the PUK's mountain headquarters and drove the Peshmerga into Iran.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Human Rights Watch, Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal Campaign against the Kurds (1993); McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004); Wikipedia 'Al-Anfal campaign'", "note": "The first of eight Anfal operations and the only one with sustained armed resistance by Peshmerga (the later stages were mostly round-ups); Iraq also used pro-government Kurdish jash units.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1918, "key": "1988-war-of-the-cities-1988", "name": "War of the Cities (1988)", "label": "War of the Cities (1988)", "year": 1988, "month": 2, "day": 29, "date": "29 February-20 April 1988 (52 days)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Iranian and Iraqi cities", "place": "Tehran, Qom, Isfahan and other Iranian cities; Baghdad", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC missile command (not named)", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Scud-B missile units firing at Baghdad, Iranian air raids, and Iranian air defences that could not stop ballistic missiles.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iranian air defence and air force crews were conscripts and regulars from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and other minorities among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Scud-B missiles (numbers vary)", "strength_b": "al-Husayn (extended Scud) missiles and air raids", "losses_a": "Tehran: 422 civilians killed, 1,572 injured", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi al-Husayn missiles struck Tehran (118 in 52 days) and other cities and Iranian Scuds struck Baghdad; neither side could intercept the other's missiles, so the exchange has no winner by the test.", "borderline": "War of the Cities phase (strike campaign against cities), not a single battle", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: War of the Cities phase (strike campaign against cities), not a single battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia War of the cities (fifth campaign); Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Wikipedia's infobox dates the fifth campaign 'January-February 1988', but its own figure of 52 days on Tehran matches the usual dating, 29 February-20 April 1988. Much of Tehran's population fled; historians count this round among the pressures that led Iran to accept the ceasefire (a strategic matter).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1919, "key": "1988-operation-beit-ol-moqaddas-3", "name": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 3", "label": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 3", "year": 1988, "month": 3, "day": 14, "date": "14 March 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Goochar and Halgan heights north of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq", "lat": 35.75, "lon": 45.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC Najaf headquarters (commanders not named)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC ground forces of the Najaf headquarters with Army aviation support.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "1,100 casualties, 80 captured (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "By the only accounts (Iranian, repeated by Malovany as Iran's claim), the IRGC took and held the main heights of Goochar and Halgan north of Sulaymaniyah, up to 20 km inside Iraq, and no source reports them retaken during the operation.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 3", "note": "Code name 'Ya Mousa ibn Jafar'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1920, "key": "1988-operation-beit-ol-moqaddas-4", "name": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 4", "label": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 4", "year": 1988, "month": 3, "day": 25, "date": "25-27 March 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Shakh Shemiran heights near Darbandikhan lake (Halabja-Shakhshemiran axis), Iraq", "lat": 35.15, "lon": 45.78, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohsen Rezaee", "commanders_b": "Saddam Hussein", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC ground forces.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "5,000+ killed or wounded, 498 captured (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC took and held the Shakh Shemiran and Shakh-Sumer heights and part of Dasht-Tolbi, covering the left flank of Dawn 10.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 4", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1921, "key": "1988-operation-dawn-10", "name": "Operation Dawn 10", "label": "Operation Dawn 10", "year": 1988, "month": 3, "day": 14, "date": "14-19 March 1988 (infobox: from 15 March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "Halabja, Khurmal and the heights above Darbandikhan lake, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 35.18, "lon": 45.99, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mohsen Rezaee, Ali Sayad Shirazi, Ali Shamkhani, Yahya Rahim Safavi; peshmerga leaders", "commanders_b": "Kokeb Mohammad Amin, Abdul-Wahid Shannan ar-Ribat, Hisham al-Fakhri", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC divisions leading a five-phase offensive, with some regular Army units and Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga (PUK and KDP).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Iranian force was raised from all Iran as usual; the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga allies were Kurdish speakers, which raises the Iranian-language share further.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "3,000+ killed", "losses_b": "10,000+ killed or wounded, 5,440 captured, 270 tanks (Iranian claims)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iranians took Halabja, Khurmal, Dojaila and about 100 villages (1,200 square km) and held them to the end of the operation.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Dawn 10; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Iranian name Valfajr 10. The Iraqi chemical attack on Halabja (16 March 1988, the Halabja massacre) followed and is not a battle.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1922, "key": "1988-operation-shining-sun", "name": "Operation Shining Sun", "label": "Operation Shining Sun", "year": 1988, "month": 3, "day": 28, "date": "28 March 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (Khuzestan)", "place": "Fakkeh sector west of Shush, Khuzestan Province, Iran", "lat": 32.05, "lon": 47.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "MEK" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "MEK (National Liberation Army of Iran)", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran (77th Khorasan Division)", "commanders_a": "Massoud and Maryam Rajavi", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "MEK side: fifteen light and mechanized regiments of the National Liberation Army, Iranian exiles (women among them) with Soviet-made and captured arms; government side: elements of the Army's 77th Khorasan Division.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranians: the NLA was recruited from Iranian MEK exiles and prisoners of war, the 77th Division from Khorasan; both Persian-speaking in the main.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "up to 30,000 (MEK claim)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "123 killed (MEK claim)", "losses_b": "3,500 casualties, 417 captured (MEK claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The NLA overran the Fakkeh sector (about 600 square km) and beat off the Iranian counterattack of the next evening.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Shining Sun", "note": "Persian name Aftab. Launched from Iraqi territory with Iraqi backing. The casualty figures are the MEK's own, from a sympathetic source.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1923, "key": "1988-operation-zafar-7", "name": "Operation Zafar 7", "label": "Operation Zafar 7", "year": 1988, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1988 (mid-March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Northern front (Iraqi Kurdistan)", "place": "South-east of Sulaymaniyah toward the Darbandikhan reservoir, Iraq", "lat": 35.45, "lon": 45.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hossein Hassani Sa'di; Nawshirwan Mustafa (PUK)", "commanders_b": "Ali Hassan al-Majid", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Regular Army conscripts (the 55th Parachute Division among them) with IRGC infantry and PUK peshmerga.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Iranian force was raised from all Iran as usual; the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga allies were Kurdish speakers, which raises the Iranian-language share further.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "heavy (55th Parachute Division)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranians broke the Iraqi forward defences and ambushed the counterattack, keeping their gains, though Iraqi chemical fire stopped them short of Sulaymaniyah.", "borderline": "the English article's account overlaps with Operation Dawn 10 and may describe the same fighting", "doubt": "Borderline: the English article's account overlaps with Operation Dawn 10 and may describe the same fighting.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Zafar 7", "note": "Wikipedia's result: 'limited Iranian victory; Iran fails its main objective'.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1924, "key": "1988-operation-praying-mantis", "name": "Operation Praying Mantis", "label": "Operation Praying Mantis", "year": 1988, "month": 4, "day": 18, "date": "18 April 1988", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War (Tanker War; Operation Earnest Will)", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Sassan and Sirri oil platforms and the waters off Sirri, Qeshm and Abu Musa, Persian Gulf, Iran", "lat": 25.95, "lon": 54.3, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Rear Adm. Anthony A. Less", "commanders_b": "Commodore Mohammad-Hossein Malekzadegan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Iranian navy frigates Sahand and Sabalan and the missile boat Joshan, about six IRGC Boghammar speedboats, two F-4 fighters, the ZU-23 gun crews on the Sassan and Sirri platforms, and Silkworm batteries ashore.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Navy and the regular Navy were manned by conscripts and volunteers from all Iran, Persian-speaking in the main, with Azeri Turkish and Caspian and Gulf-coast (Bushehri, Arabic-speaking) men among them.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "1 carrier, 1 cruiser, 4 destroyers, 3 frigates, 1 amphibious ship; A-6E and AH-1T aircraft", "strength_b": "2 frigates, 1 missile boat, about 6 speedboats, 2 F-4s, 2 platform garrisons", "losses_a": "2 killed (helicopter crash)", "losses_b": "56 killed; 1 frigate and 1 missile boat sunk, 3 speedboats sunk, 1 frigate crippled, 2 platforms destroyed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Americans destroyed both platforms, sank the frigate Sahand, the missile boat Joshan and three speedboats, and crippled the frigate Sabalan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Praying Mantis; Operation Earnest Will", "note": "Retaliation for the mining of USS Samuel B. Roberts (14 April 1988). The largest US surface naval action since 1945.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1925, "key": "1988-second-battle-of-al-faw", "name": "Second Battle of al-Faw", "label": "Second Battle of al-Faw", "year": 1988, "month": 4, "day": 17, "date": "17-18 April 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (al-Faw peninsula)", "place": "Al-Faw peninsula, Iraq", "lat": 29.98, "lon": 48.47, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein, Adnan Khairallah, Maher Abd al-Rashid, Ayad Futayyih al-Rawi, Hussein Rashid al-Tikriti", "commanders_b": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohsen Rezaee, Esmaeil Sohrabi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 15,000 (infobox: 20,000-40,000) Basij volunteers with about 100 tanks and 150 guns, with virtually no armour in the line and caught by surprise.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 100,000 (60% Republican Guard), 1,200 tanks", "strength_b": "15,000-40,000 Basij, 100 tanks, 150 guns", "losses_a": "800-1,000 killed", "losses_b": "5,000 killed, 10,000 captured (infobox)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Republican Guard and VII Corps took al-Faw town in about 35 hours and cleared the Iranians from the peninsula within 48.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Battle of al-Faw; Tawakalna ala Allah Operations; Murray and Woods, The Iran-Iraq War", "note": "Iraqi name Ramadan Mubarak (Blessed Ramadan). Iraq used mustard and nerve agents in the opening barrage. Fought on the eve of Operation Praying Mantis.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1926, "key": "1988-operation-tawakalna-ala-allah-i", "name": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah I", "label": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah I", "year": 1988, "month": 5, "day": 25, "date": "25 May 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (east of Basra)", "place": "Fish Lake and Shalamcheh, east of Basra, Iraq", "lat": 30.48, "lon": 47.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maher Abd al-Rashid; Republican Guard and III Corps", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC and Basij infantry with Army units holding trenches, anti-tank ditches and minefields east of Basra.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "up to 135,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "six to eight times the Iraqi losses (estimate)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iraqi assault drove the Iranians out of the Karbala-5 salient and back across the border in under ten hours.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tawakalna ala Allah Operations", "note": "Also called the Battle of Fish Lake.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1927, "key": "1988-operation-beit-ol-moqaddas-7", "name": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 7", "label": "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 7", "year": 1988, "month": 6, "day": 12, "date": "12-15 June 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (east of Basra)", "place": "Shalamcheh, Khuzestan border, Iran-Iraq", "lat": 30.5, "lon": 48.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (ordered the attack)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "20,000-25,000 IRGC in up to 50 battalions.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "20,000-25,000", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "the IRGC force was 'decimated'", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi counterattacks, with 650 helicopter and 300 aircraft sorties, drove the Iranians back to their start lines after three days.", "borderline": "no article of its own", "doubt": "Borderline: no article of its own.", "sources": "List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War; en.wikipedia Tawakalna ala Allah Operations", "note": "Operations Beit ol-Moqaddas 5 and 6 (spring 1988) have no English articles and are not listed.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1928, "key": "1988-operation-forty-stars", "name": "Operation Forty Stars", "label": "Operation Forty Stars", "year": 1988, "month": 6, "day": 18, "date": "18-21 June 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Mehran, Ilam Province, Iran", "lat": 33.12, "lon": 46.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "MEK" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "MEK (National Liberation Army of Iran)", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "Massoud Rajavi", "commanders_b": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ali Shahbazi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "MEK side: 22 NLA brigades (16,000 by its own claim), supported by Iraqi air sorties; government side: the IRGC 11th Amir al-Mo'menin Division and the Army's 16th Armoured Division.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranians: MEK exiles against IRGC and Army conscripts from all Iran.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "16,000 (MEK claim)", "strength_b": "two divisions", "losses_a": "71 killed, 240 wounded (MEK claim)", "losses_b": "8,000 killed and wounded (MEK claim), 1,500-3,000 captured; 40 tanks", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The NLA took Mehran and the heights around it and established a bridgehead about twelve miles into Iran.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Forty Stars", "note": "Persian name Chehel Cheragh. Iraq denied taking part, but CSIS counted 530 Iraqi ground-attack sorties; Iraqi forces left after three days, the MEK held Mehran until Operation Mersad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1929, "key": "1988-operation-tawakalna-ala-allah-ii", "name": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah II", "label": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah II", "year": 1988, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Southern front (Hawizeh Marshes)", "place": "Majnoon Islands, Hawizeh Marshes, Iraq", "lat": 31.05, "lon": 47.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saddam Hussein (nominally); Republican Guard and III Corps", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC and Army garrison of the islands with about 60 tanks, and 35 fighter aircraft committed.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Republican Guard, III Corps, about 2,000 tanks (claimed)", "strength_b": "about 60 tanks", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "most defenders killed; over 2,115 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Republican Guard overran the Iranian positions on the Majnoon Islands in about eight hours.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tawakalna ala Allah Operations", "note": "Also called the Second Battle of the Majnoon Islands (Iran took them in Operation Kheibar, 1984).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1930, "key": "1988-operation-mersad", "name": "Operation Mersad", "label": "Operation Mersad", "year": 1988, "month": 7, "day": 26, "date": "26-30 July 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Kerend-e Gharb, Islamabad-e Gharb and the Chahar Zebar pass, Kermanshah Province, Iran", "lat": 34.17, "lon": 46.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "MEK" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iraq" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "MEK (National Liberation Army of Iran)", "commanders_a": "Ali Sayad Shirazi, Mohsen Rezaee", "commanders_b": "Massoud Rajavi", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government side: the IRGC 27th Mohammad Rasulullah Division, the Army's 81st Armoured Division and 35th Commando Brigade of Kermanshah, Army aviation (1st Combat Base) and air force F-4s, with local Kurdish fighters; MEK side: about 7,000 NLA troops with 300 tanks.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranians; the Kermanshah units and the local fighters were largely Kurdish-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "210,000 engaged (claim), 365 tanks", "strength_b": "7,000, 300 tanks", "losses_a": "400-480 killed (Iranian claims)", "losses_b": "about 2,000 killed (independent estimate); 1,263 killed, wounded, missing or captured (MEK claim); 4,500 dead (Iranian claim)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the NLA's advance (Operation Forough Javidan) to near Kermanshah, the Iranian counteroffensive cut its supply lines, destroyed most of its armour and drove it back out of Iran.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Mersad; List of extensive Iranian ground operations in the Iran-Iraq War", "note": "The MEK offensive was launched from Iraq six days after Iran accepted Resolution 598; Iraqi aircraft supported it only as far as Islamabad-e Gharb. Thousands of MEK prisoners were executed in the 1988 executions that followed (not a battle). Often called the last battle of the war.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1931, "key": "1988-operation-tawakalna-ala-allah-iii", "name": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah III", "label": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah III", "year": 1988, "month": 7, "day": 12, "date": "12-13 July 1988", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Zubaidat oil fields east of Amarah, Iraq, to Dehloran, Ilam Province, Iran", "lat": 32.69, "lon": 47.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Republican Guard and IV Corps (five divisions)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Depleted IRGC, Basij and Army units holding the central front.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about five divisions", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 2,500 captured with much armour", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iraqis broke the Iranian line at Zubaidat and took Dehloran, 30 km inside Iran, with about 2,500 prisoners.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tawakalna ala Allah Operations; Military Wiki (Fandom) Tawakalna ala Allah Operations", "note": "The Iraqis carried off the captured equipment and withdrew from Dehloran soon after.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1932, "key": "1988-operation-tawakalna-ala-allah-iv", "name": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah IV", "label": "Operation Tawakalna ala Allah IV", "year": 1988, "month": 7, "day": 22, "date": "about 22 July 1988 (date uncertain)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Iraq War", "theatre": "Central front", "place": "Qasr-e Shirin, Sarpol-e Zahab, Sumar and Naft Shahr, Kermanshah Province, Iran", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 45.58, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Iraq", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Depleted IRGC, Basij and Army units on the central front.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC, the Basij and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province of Iran (IRGC divisions were provincial), so the force mirrored Iran's population, of which about three-quarters spoke Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Baloch) and about a fifth Azeri Turkish.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 2,500 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iraqis advanced about 20 km into Iran and took Qasr-e Shirin and other border towns with about 2,500 more prisoners.", "borderline": "numbering and date uncertain: the sources used describe these final Iraqi drives without a number or exact date", "doubt": "Borderline: numbering and date uncertain: the sources used describe these final Iraqi drives without a number or exact date.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Tawakalna ala Allah Operations; Military Wiki (Fandom) Tawakalna ala Allah Operations", "note": "Fought after Iran accepted Resolution 598 (18-20 July). Some accounts place the fourth Tawakalna in Khuzestan on 22 July. The Iraqi withdrawal opened the road for the MEK's offensive of 26 July.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1933, "key": "n1933", "name": "Jalalabad (1989)", "label": "Jalalabad", "year": 1989, "month": 3, "day": 5, "date": "5 March to end of June 1989 (some accounts run to mid-July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)", "theatre": "", "place": "Jalalabad (Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.426, "lon": 70.451, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mujahideen of the Peshawar Seven" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Abdul Rashid Dostum's Jozjan militia", "Soviet Union" ], "persian_state": "Mujahideen of the Peshawar Seven v Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mujahideen of the Peshawar Seven", "faction_b": "Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar; Ahmed Gailani; Abdul Rab Rasul Sayyaf; Hamid Gul (ISI)", "commanders_b": "Mohammed Najibullah (president, directing); General Asif Delawar; General Mangal (garrison commander)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The garrison held Jalalabad, supplied by air and supported by Soviet-supplied Scud missiles, and the mujahideen siege collapsed with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Jalalabad (1989): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1989)", "note": "The mujahideen's first attempt to take a city after the Soviet withdrawal; about 13,000 defenders against some 15,000-16,000 attackers. Dostum's Uzbek Jozjan militia helped the defence but is not counted.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1934, "key": "1989-mahabad-clashes-1989", "name": "Mahabad clashes (1989)", "label": "Mahabad clashes (1989)", "year": 1989, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September-October 1989", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "KDPI insurgency (1989-1996)", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Near Mahabad, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 36.77, "lon": 45.72, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "KDPI commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government troops (IRGC and Artesh units of the northwest; units not named).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC and the conscript Artesh were raised from every province, so the force mirrored Iran's population, about three-quarters Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "172 soldiers killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The clashes cost the government 172 soldiers killed, but the source gives no account of who held the ground.", "borderline": "a series of clashes described by date and place, without a separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: a series of clashes described by date and place, without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia KDPI insurgency (1989-1996)", "note": "The KDPI renewed its insurgency after the assassination of its leader Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou in Vienna (July 1989). Side_a is the KDPI only because the outcome is unknown.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1935, "key": "n1935", "name": "Tanai coup attempt (Kabul, 1990)", "label": "Tanai coup attempt", "year": 1990, "month": 3, "day": 6, "date": "6 March 1990 (one day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul: the Ministry of Defence, the Arg and Radio Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.517, "lon": 69.175, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Khalqi officers of the Afghan armed forces" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, coordinated" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Khalqi officers of the Afghan armed forces v Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Khalqi officers of the Afghan armed forces", "faction_b": "Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Shahnawaz Tanai (defence minister)", "commanders_b": "Mohammed Najibullah", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Loyal forces defeated the rebels within a day, and Tanai fled to Pakistan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 1990 Afghan coup d'etat attempt (not fetched; from memory)", "note": "Bombing of the presidential palace and the Defence Ministry by the rebel air force and street fighting in Kabul; a coup with real combat rather than a set-piece battle, so a borderline entry. Hezb-i Islami (Hekmatyar) was coordinated with Tanai.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1936, "key": "n1936", "name": "Siege of Tskhinvali (1991-1992)", "label": "Siege of Tskhinvali", "year": 1991, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January 1991 to 24 June 1992 (Sochi ceasefire)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "South Ossetia War (1991-92)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tskhinvali, South Ossetia (Georgia, de facto South Ossetia)", "lat": 42.22, "lon": 43.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "South Ossetia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "North Ossetian and other volunteers", "Russian and Soviet interior forces" ], "persian_state": "South Ossetia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia; Tengiz Kitovani; Jaba Ioseliani; Eduard Shevardnadze (from March 1992)", "commanders_b": "Torez Kulumbegov (South Ossetian leader); Ossetian militia commanders (unnamed here)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Georgian forces blockaded and shelled the town but never took it; the Sochi agreement left Tskhinvali in Ossetian hands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers (2001); Human Rights Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus (1992); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia_War_(1991%E2%80%931992)", "note": "Included sparingly as the Ossetian militia is a named unit and the main force on one side.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 1937, "key": "n1937", "name": "Khost (1991)", "label": "Khost", "year": 1991, "month": 3, "day": null, "date": "March 1991 (final assault about 11-31 March; the garrison surrendered about 31 March)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khost (Khost Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.338, "lon": 69.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Mujahideen" ], "side_b": [ "Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Mujahideen v Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Mujahideen", "faction_b": "Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "commanders_b": "Garrison commander (not recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The mujahideen took Khost and its garrison, the first provincial centre to fall to them, after more than ten years of siege.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Khost (1991) (not fetched; from memory); the Wikipedia page was not found by the fetch tool", "note": "A large conventional assault that overran an Afghan army corps-sized garrison and showed that the Najibullah government could not hold outposts without Soviet help. Exact start date and commander names are from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1938, "key": "n1938", "name": "Kirkuk (1991)", "label": "Kirkuk", "year": 1991, "month": 3, "day": 20, "date": "20-21 March 1991 (Kurdish capture); 28-29 March 1991 (Iraqi recapture)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "1991 Kurdish uprising in Iraq", "theatre": "", "place": "Kirkuk, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PUK and KDP commanders", "commanders_b": "Iraqi army and Republican Guard units", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The rebels held Kirkuk for about a week before Republican Guard armour and helicopters retook it on 28-29 March.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '1991 uprisings in Iraq' and 'Iraqi-Kurdish conflict'; McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict", "note": "The loss of Kirkuk set off the mass flight of Kurds to the Turkish and Iranian borders in April 1991.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1939, "key": "n1939", "name": "Sulaymaniyah (1991)", "label": "Sulaymaniyah", "year": 1991, "month": 3, "day": 7, "date": "c. 7-11 March 1991 (rebels took the city 11 March); Iraqi army returned in the counter-offensive from 28 March", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "1991 Kurdish uprising in Iraq", "theatre": "", "place": "Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 35.56, "lon": 45.43, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Iraq" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PUK and KDP leaders (Jalal Talabani, Masoud Barzani)", "commanders_b": "Iraqi garrison and security directorate; later Republican Guard", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The rebels besieged and overran the Iraqi security headquarters and took control of the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Sulaymaniyah' and 'Iraqi-Kurdish conflict' (fetched); McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict", "note": "The fight is the capture of the city by the uprising, not the later Iraqi return. Dates inside March are approximate. Townsmen fought as well; the defecting jash militia is the main armed element.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1940, "key": "n1940", "name": "Kurgan-Tyube (1992)", "label": "Kurgan-Tyube", "year": 1992, "month": null, "day": null, "date": "Late summer-autumn 1992 (approx.; the Popular Front's drive into Qurghonteppa province, Aug-Dec 1992)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tajikistani Civil War", "theatre": "", "place": "Kurgan-Tyube (Qurghonteppa, modern Bokhtar), Vakhsh valley, Tajikistan", "lat": 37.8364, "lon": 68.7803, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Popular Front of Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Opposition militias of Qurghonteppa" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Popular Front of Tajikistan v Opposition militias of Qurghonteppa", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Popular Front of Tajikistan", "faction_b": "Opposition militias of Qurghonteppa", "commanders_a": "Sangak Safarov", "commanders_b": "Local opposition field commanders (not identified here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Kulobi-led Popular Front took control of Qurghonteppa province in the autumn of 1992 and then carried out reprisals against Garmis and Pamiris.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Tajikistani Civil War' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War (fetched: hostilities 'concentrated in Qurghonteppa', HRW calls the reprisals ethnic cleansing); Human Rights Watch reports on Tajikistan (1993); Mullojonov (2022, cited there)", "note": "Both sides were Tajik (Kulobi against Garmi and Pamiri militias). Exact dates of the fighting for the city are not established from the sources consulted; the entry records the 1992 struggle for Kurgan-Tyube .", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pamiris" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1941, "key": "1992-camp-ashraf-air-raid-1992", "name": "Camp Ashraf air raid (1992)", "label": "Camp Ashraf air raid (1992)", "year": 1992, "month": 4, "day": 6, "date": "6 April 1992 (some reports 5 April)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-MEK conflict", "theatre": "Central Iraq", "place": "Camp Ashraf near al-Khalis, Diyala Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 33.7, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force" ], "side_b": [ "MEK" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iraq" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force", "faction_b": "MEK (National Liberation Army of Iran)", "commanders_a": "IRIAF (not named)", "commanders_b": "Massoud Rajavi (MEK leader)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government side: eight IRIAF F-4 Phantoms; MEK side: the NLA garrison of Camp Ashraf with anti-aircraft guns (Iraqi air defences may have shared in the shootdown).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranians: IRIAF aircrew on one side, MEK exiles on the other.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "8 F-4 Phantoms", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "1 F-4 shot down; Lt. Col. Amini and Capt. Sharifi captured (freed 1998)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Eight F-4 Phantoms struck the camp with rockets and cluster bombs and one was shot down (crew captured), but the sources give no account of the damage done.", "borderline": "an air raid on a camp, without a separate article", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: an air raid on a camp, without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Camp Ashraf; People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran", "note": "The MEK replied on 6 April 1992 with simultaneous attacks on ten Iranian embassies abroad.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1942, "key": "n1942", "name": "Kabul (1992)", "label": "Kabul", "year": 1992, "month": 4, "day": 24, "date": "24-28 April 1992 (heaviest fighting 25-27 April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.526, "lon": 69.178, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Jamiat-i Islami and Shura-e Nazar" ], "side_b": [ "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin" ], "allies_a": [ "Junbish-i Milli" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Jamiat-i Islami and Shura-e Nazar v Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Jamiat-i Islami and Shura-e Nazar", "faction_b": "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Massoud; Abdul Ali Mazari (Wahdat, allied); Sibghatullah Mojaddedi (interim president)", "commanders_b": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Jamiat and its allies pushed Hezb-i Islami out of Kabul by 27 April and held the city for the Interim Islamic State.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "Fighting for the capital between rival mujahideen armies as the Najibullah regime collapsed. Dostum's Junbish (Uzbek) was also on Massoud's side but is not counted.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1943, "key": "n1943", "name": "Tamarasheni and Eredvi (May 1992)", "label": "Tamarasheni and Eredvi", "year": 1992, "month": 5, "day": 12, "date": "12 May 1992", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "South Ossetia War (1991-92)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tamarasheni and Eredvi (Georgian villages north of Tskhinvali), South Ossetia (Georgia)", "lat": 42.29, "lon": 43.96, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "South Ossetian militia" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "South Ossetian militia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Not identified in the source", "commanders_b": "Not identified in the source", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Ossetian assault on the villages was followed by a Georgian counter-attack that took the village of Prisi; neither side gained decisive ground.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'South Ossetia war (1991-1992)' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992) (fetched)", "note": "A sub-episode of the 1991-92 siege of Tskhinvali (already in the dataset); recorded separately because it is a dated, named action. The South Ossetian militia was all-Ossetian.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1944, "key": "n1944", "name": "Teki (June 1992)", "label": "Teki", "year": 1992, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "Early June 1992 (before the ceasefire of 10 June)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "South Ossetia War (1991-92)", "theatre": "", "place": "Teki, near Tskhinvali, South Ossetia (Georgia)", "lat": 42.23, "lon": 43.99, "loc": "region", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "South Ossetian militia and volunteers" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "South Ossetian militia and volunteers", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Not identified in the source", "commanders_b": "Not identified in the source", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Georgian advance took Teki and Georgian artillery shelled Tskhinvali, until the ceasefire of 10 June.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'South Ossetia war (1991-1992)' (fetched: early June Georgian advance and capture of Teki)", "note": "Georgian push in the last phase of the siege of Tskhinvali (already in the dataset), ended by Russian pressure and the Dagomys agreement of 24 June 1992. The site of Teki is placed approximately.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1945, "key": "n1945", "name": "East Prigorodny conflict (1992)", "label": "East Prigorodny conflict", "year": 1992, "month": 10, "day": 30, "date": "30 October-6 November 1992 (open fighting on the night of 30 October and about a week after)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "East Prigorodny conflict (Ossetian-Ingush conflict)", "theatre": "", "place": "Prigorodny District and the outskirts of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia (Russia)", "lat": 43.03, "lon": 44.75, "loc": "region", "country": "Russia", "side_a": [ "North Ossetia" ], "side_b": [ "Ingush militia and local Ingush groups" ], "allies_a": [ "Russian Army and Interior Ministry units", "South Ossetian militia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "North Ossetia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Akhsarbek Galazov (North Ossetian president); Yeltsin ordered the intervention", "commanders_b": "No Ingush commander named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The North Ossetian forces with Russian support took the district and the Ingush units were disbanded in December; a ceasefire followed Yeltsin's decree of 2 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'East Prigorodny conflict' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict (fetched: 644 dead by June 1994, nearly 500 in the first six days, 13 of 15 Ingush villages destroyed); HRW, The Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region (1996)", "note": "The source describes no named battle, only a week of fighting in the district and on Vladikavkaz's edge; Included as a named conflict. The Ossetian forces were Alans; much of the violence was against civilians, so this is a campaign-type entry.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1946, "key": "n1946", "name": "Turkish-KDP-PUK offensive against the PKK (October-November 1992)", "label": "Turkish-KDP-PUK offensive against the PKK", "year": 1992, "month": 10, "day": 4, "date": "October-November 1992 (start date approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict / Iraqi Kurdistan", "theatre": "", "place": "Zakho, Haftanin and the Zap region, Duhok and Erbil Governorates, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 37.15, "lon": 43.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "Kurdistan Democratic Party", "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Turkey v Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Turkey, Kurdistan Democratic Party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan", "faction_b": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "commanders_a": "Turkish General Staff; Masoud Barzani; Jalal Talabani", "commanders_b": "Abdullah Ocalan; PKK field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish forces with KDP and PUK Peshmerga overran PKK camps and pushed the PKK out of the border zone, though the PKK was not destroyed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004); Marcus, Blood and Belief (2007); Wikipedia 'Turkish military operations in Iraq' (could not be fetched)", "note": "The first big Turkish cross-border operation, joined by the Iraqi Kurdish parties after the PKK clashed with them. Exact dates and force sizes are not confirmed here.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1947, "key": "n1947", "name": "Dushanbe (December 1992)", "label": "Dushanbe", "year": 1992, "month": 12, "day": 10, "date": "10-12 December 1992 (the Popular Front's entry into the capital)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tajikistani Civil War", "theatre": "", "place": "Dushanbe, Tajikistan", "lat": 38.5598, "lon": 68.787, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Popular Front of Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Opposition coalition" ], "allies_a": [ "Uzbekistan", "Russian military circles" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Popular Front of Tajikistan v Opposition coalition", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Popular Front of Tajikistan", "faction_b": "Opposition coalition", "commanders_a": "Sangak Safarov, Ibodullo Boimatov, Emomali Rahmonov (head of the Supreme Soviet)", "commanders_b": "Opposition commanders (Akbarsho Iskandarov headed the coalition Supreme Soviet)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Popular Front forces seized Dushanbe from the opposition in December 1992 and the coalition government fell.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Tajikistani Civil War' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War (fetched: Boimatov's units seized Dushanbe with the Kulobi coalition; Popular Front backed by Russian forces and Uzbekistan); Wikipedia 'Sangak Safarov' (fetched: Dushanbe offensive Sept-Oct 1992); standard histories (Akiner; Nourzhanov)", "note": "Both armies were Tajik (Kulobi/Hissari Popular Front against Garmi, Pamiri and Dushanbe-based opposition). The date 10 December is from standard histories; one source fetched dates an earlier Safarov offensive on the capital to Sept-Oct 1992.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pamiris" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1948, "key": "n1948", "name": "Afshar (1993)", "label": "Afshar", "year": 1993, "month": 2, "day": 11, "date": "11-12 February 1993 (operation; killings of civilians continued for days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Afshar quarter, west Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 69.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic State of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin positions" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic State of Afghanistan v Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin positions", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin positions", "commanders_a": "Abdul Rasul Sayyaf; Ahmad Shah Massoud (defence minister)", "commanders_b": "Abdul Ali Mazari (Wahdat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The government forces took the Afshar neighbourhood, though they failed to capture Mazari.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "A military attack on Wahdat positions in a Hazara neighbourhood that turned into the Afshar massacre (Amnesty International). Borderline for a battle entry because the massacre of civilians dominates the record; kept as a named operation with real fighting.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1949, "key": "1993-iraqi-kurdistan-incursion-1993", "name": "Iraqi Kurdistan incursion (1993)", "label": "Iraqi Kurdistan incursion (1993)", "year": 1993, "month": 4, "day": null, "date": "April-May 1993 (a second cross-border attack on 9 August 1993)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "KDPI insurgency (1989-1996)", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "Iran-Iraq border strip, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 45.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "KDPI leadership", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Iranian troops with artillery and aircraft (units not named; artillery and air strikes continued through 1993).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari", "Daylami and Caspian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC and Artesh were raised from every province of Iran, so the force mirrored Iran's population, about three-quarters Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iranian forces crossed the border and occupied a 'security zone' of over 100 sq km against the Kurdish opposition forces.", "borderline": "a thinly documented cross-border incursion without a separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: a thinly documented cross-border incursion without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia KDPI insurgency (1989-1996)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1950, "key": "1993-camp-ashraf-air-raid-1993", "name": "Camp Ashraf air raid (1993)", "label": "Camp Ashraf air raid (1993)", "year": 1993, "month": 5, "day": 26, "date": "26 May 1993", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-MEK conflict", "theatre": "Central and northern Iraq", "place": "Camp Ashraf (Diyala) and Jalat near Sulaymaniyah, Iraq", "lat": 33.7, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force" ], "side_b": [ "MEK" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force", "faction_b": "MEK (National Liberation Army of Iran)", "commanders_a": "IRIAF (not named)", "commanders_b": "Massoud Rajavi (MEK leader)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government side: 12 IRIAF aircraft (MEK statement); MEK side: the NLA garrisons.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12 aircraft (MEK statement)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none reported", "losses_b": "none reported", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Twelve aircraft struck the two MEK camps according to the MEK, but no damage, casualties or losses are reported.", "borderline": "an air raid on camps known from one side's statement, without a separate article", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: an air raid on camps known from one side's statement, without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Camp Ashraf", "note": "Iranian state media called it retaliation for MEK attacks on military personnel and oil pipelines in Khuzestan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1951, "key": "n1951", "name": "12th border post (Moscow Border Detachment, 1993)", "label": "12th border post", "year": 1993, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13 July 1993 (fight lasting more than eleven hours)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tajikistani Civil War (Tajik-Afghan border)", "theatre": "", "place": "12th outpost of the Moscow Border Detachment on the Tajik-Afghan frontier (Pyanj river, Khatlon); exact site not established", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 68.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Tajik opposition fighters" ], "side_b": [ "Russian border troops" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tajik opposition fighters", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Not identified (one Russian account names a Tabarov among the planners)", "commanders_b": "Lt. Andrei Merzlikin (post commander)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The post held after an 11-hour fight; 25 border guards were killed and the attack was repelled (TASS).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Asia-Plus https://asiaplus.news/?p=15505 (fetched: about 250 fighters in 14 groups from Afghanistan; 48 defenders; 25 killed); TASS https://tass.com/world/697435 (fetched: 'Tajik gunmen'); Moscow Times archive 1993; RBTH 'Black Tuesday' (blocked)", "note": "Qualifies as an opposing Iranian force: the attackers are called Tajik gunmen of the opposition operating from Afghanistan (probably with Afghan mujahideen), but their composition and commander are not given in the sources fetched. The Russian post commander's name is from memory and unverified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1952, "key": "n1952", "name": "Kabul (1994)", "label": "Kabul", "year": 1994, "month": 1, "day": 1, "date": "1 January to about June 1994 (heaviest fighting January-February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.526, "lon": 69.178, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Supreme Coordination Council: Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat and allies" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [ "Junbish-i Milli" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Supreme Coordination Council: Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat and allies v Islamic State of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Supreme Coordination Council: Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat and allies", "faction_b": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar; Abdul Rashid Dostum (Uzbek); Abdul Ali Mazari", "commanders_b": "Burhanuddin Rabbani (president); Ahmad Shah Massoud (defence minister); Abdul Rasul Sayyaf", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The government held the core of Kabul, and Dostum's Junbish withdrew north after the heavy fighting, while HiG and Junbish held some districts in the centre for a time.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "The worst fighting of the 1992-96 civil war in the capital; the Afghanistan Justice Project cites about 25,000 killed between January and June 1994. The Uzbek Junbish is not counted.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1953, "key": "n1953", "name": "Spin Boldak (1994)", "label": "Spin Boldak", "year": 1994, "month": 10, "day": 12, "date": "12 October 1994 (one or two days)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Spin Boldak, on the Pakistan border (Kandahar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.006, "lon": 66.397, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar", "commanders_b": "Local Hezb-i Islami commander (not verified here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban took the town and the large Hezb-i Islami arms depot after a short fight, which gave them their first stock of heavy weapons.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "The first notable Taliban action; fighting was short and the numbers are not firmly recorded, so the entry is weak. Both sides were Pashtun.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1954, "key": "n1954", "name": "Kandahar (1994)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 1994, "month": 11, "day": 3, "date": "3-5 November 1994", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar (Kandahar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.628, "lon": 65.737, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Kandahar commanders and Hezb-i Islami forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Kandahar commanders and Hezb-i Islami forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Kandahar commanders and Hezb-i Islami forces", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar", "commanders_b": "Gul Agha Sherzai; Mullah Naqibullah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban took the city and its airport and arsenal on 5 November, and the rival commanders fled or submitted.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "The Taliban's take-over of their home city: some real fighting at the airport and the Kandahar garrison, but mostly negotiated surrender of the warlords.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1955, "key": "n1955", "name": "Charasiab (1995)", "label": "Charasiab", "year": 1995, "month": 3, "day": 12, "date": "12-19 March 1995 (Massoud's counter-offensive; Charasiab retaken 19 March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Charasiab and the southern approaches of Kabul (Kabul Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.36, "lon": 69.27, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic State of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic State of Afghanistan v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "commanders_b": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Massoud's offensive retook Charasiab on 19 March and drove the Taliban back from Kabul, their first major defeat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "Followed the Taliban's capture of Ghazni (January) and Maidan Shahr (10 February) and the killing of Wahdat's Mazari in Taliban custody on 13 March; the Taliban went on to retreat to Maidan Shahr and Ghazni.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1956, "key": "n1956", "name": "Operation Steel (1995)", "label": "Operation Steel", "year": 1995, "month": 3, "day": 20, "date": "20 March - 4 May 1995", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zap, Haftanin and Metina areas of northern Iraq (Duhok and Erbil Governorates)", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 43.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish General Staff (about 35,000 troops)", "commanders_b": "PKK (Abdullah Ocalan; HRK field commanders)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish troops overran PKK camps in northern Iraq and then withdrew after six weeks, without breaking the PKK.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Turkish military operations in Iraq' and 'Kurdish-Turkish conflict' (fetches failed; from memory); McDowall (2004); Marcus, Blood and Belief: the PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence (2007)", "note": "The largest Turkish operation of its time, with air support and the passive consent of the KDP. Both sides' casualty claims differ greatly.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1957, "key": "n1957", "name": "Farah (1995)", "label": "Farah", "year": 1995, "month": 4, "day": 4, "date": "4 April to 11 May 1995 (Taliban attack 4 April; Ismail Khan recaptured the town 11 May)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Farah (Farah Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.373, "lon": 62.112, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic State of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader)", "commanders_b": "Ismail Khan", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban took Farah after killing about 800 government soldiers, but Ismail Khan recaptured the town on 11 May and held the west until the Taliban attacked again in September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "The two-step fight is merged into one entry; the exact dates come from the Wikipedia summary of the civil war.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1958, "key": "n1958", "name": "Herat (1995)", "label": "Herat", "year": 1995, "month": 9, "day": 3, "date": "3-5 September 1995 (Shindand 2-3 September; Herat entered 5 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shindand and Herat (Herat Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.343, "lon": 62.199, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic State of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader)", "commanders_b": "Ismail Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban took Shindand air base and then entered Herat on 5 September, and Ismail Khan fled to Mashhad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "The Taliban's first conquest of a Persian-speaking city. Some accounts credit an informal Dostum-Taliban understanding for the collapse of Ismail Khan's front.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1959, "key": "n1959", "name": "Tavildara (May 1996)", "label": "Tavildara", "year": 1996, "month": 5, "day": 12, "date": "About 12 May 1996 (reported 13 May)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tajikistani Civil War", "theatre": "", "place": "Tavildara, Rasht (Karategin) region, Tajikistan", "lat": 38.6833, "lon": 70.4167, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "United Tajik Opposition" ], "side_b": [ "Government of Tajikistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United Tajik Opposition v Government of Tajikistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United Tajik Opposition", "faction_b": "Government of Tajikistan", "commanders_a": "Mirzo Ziyoyev", "commanders_b": "Government commanders not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The opposition took the district centre, killing scores of government soldiers and capturing many, and seized arms and ammunition.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jamestown Monitor, 'Tajik opposition captures Tavildara', 13 May 1996 https://jamestown.org/program/tajik-opposition-captures-tavildara (fetched)", "note": "Both sides Tajik. Part of the opposition's spring 1996 offensive; the government later held it again until the opposition recaptured it in August 1996.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1960, "key": "1996-koysanjaq-incursion-1996", "name": "Koysanjaq incursion (1996)", "label": "Koysanjaq incursion (1996)", "year": 1996, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July - early August 1996", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "KDPI insurgency (1989-1996)", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "Koysanjaq (Koya) area, Erbil Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.08, "lon": 44.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "IRGC commanders (not named in the sources used)", "commanders_b": "KDPI leadership (secretary-general Abdullah Hassanzadeh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 2,000-3,000 Iranian troops (IRGC ground forces with artillery support), allowed through PUK-held territory by Jalal Talabani.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC units of the 1990s were raised by national conscription and volunteering, mostly Persian speakers with Azeri Turkic and Kurdish minorities; the sources give no unit breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 3,000 (KDPI insurgency article); 2,000 (Iraqi Kurdish Civil War infobox)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 20 KDPI killed (reported)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Iranian column reached and shelled the KDPI camps around Koysanjaq, killing about 20 guerrillas and scattering some 2,000 refugees, and withdrew unopposed; the KDPI announced a halt to cross-border attacks a week later (a strategic consequence).", "borderline": "no separate article; a cross-border incursion described by date and place in the KDPI insurgency and Iraqi Kurdish Civil War articles", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; a cross-border incursion described by date and place in the KDPI insurgency and Iraqi Kurdish Civil War articles.", "sources": "en.wikipedia KDPI insurgency (1989-1996) and Iraqi Kurdish Civil War", "note": "Iran called it self-defence against KDPI raids. On 4 August 1996 the KDPI declared a unilateral halt to cross-border attacks, ending its 1989-1996 insurgency. The incursion prompted Masoud Barzani to call in the Iraqi army against the PUK (Erbil, 31 August 1996).", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1961, "key": "n1961", "name": "Erbil (1996)", "label": "Erbil", "year": 1996, "month": 8, "day": 31, "date": "31 August 1996", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdish Civil War", "theatre": "", "place": "Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 36.19, "lon": 44.01, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Kurdistan Democratic Party" ], "side_b": [ "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan", "Iraqi National Congress" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iraq v Patriotic Union of Kurdistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Iraq, Kurdistan Democratic Party", "faction_b": "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Iraqi National Congress", "commanders_a": "Masoud Barzani (KDP); Iraqi Republican Guard armoured division (about 30,000 Iraqi troops)", "commanders_b": "Kosrat Rasul Ali (PUK Peshmerga, about 3,000); Jalal Talabani", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Iraqi Republican Guard and the KDP took Erbil in a day, and the PUK and INC fighters withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Iraqi Kurdish Civil War' (fetched); McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War", "note": "The KDP asked Baghdad for help after an Iranian incursion on the PUK side in July 1996. Both Kurdish parties fought, so Kurds are on both sides. About 700 INC and PUK prisoners were reportedly executed afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1962, "key": "n1962", "name": "Tavildara (August 1996)", "label": "Tavildara", "year": 1996, "month": 8, "day": 16, "date": "16 August 1996 (confirmed by the government on 20 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Tajikistani Civil War", "theatre": "", "place": "Tavildara, Rasht (Karategin) region, Tajikistan", "lat": 38.6833, "lon": 70.4167, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "United Tajik Opposition" ], "side_b": [ "Government of Tajikistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United Tajik Opposition v Government of Tajikistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United Tajik Opposition", "faction_b": "Government of Tajikistan", "commanders_a": "Mirzo Ziyoyev's command (not named in the source)", "commanders_b": "Government commanders not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The opposition retook Tavildara and several villages; military officials admitted 30 government dead.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Jamestown Monitor, 20 Aug 1996 https://jamestown.org/program/tajik-oppositions-recapture-of-tavildara-confirmed-russia-warns-afghanistan (fetched)", "note": "Both sides Tajik. The government had tried to hide the defeat; Rahmonov then reshuffled his security chiefs. Commander attribution to Ziyoyev is inferred from his command of the Tavildara front.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1963, "key": "n1963", "name": "Kabul (1996)", "label": "Kabul", "year": 1996, "month": 9, "day": 25, "date": "25-27 September 1996 (Sarobi 25 September; Kabul entered 26-27 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sarobi and Kabul (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.526, "lon": 69.178, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic State of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader); Mullah Mohammad Rabbani", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud; Burhanuddin Rabbani; Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (prime minister; withdrew)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "After the Taliban took Sarobi on 25 September, Massoud judged his forces nearly encircled and withdrew north, and the Taliban entered Kabul and proclaimed the Islamic Emirate.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)", "note": "Massoud pulled out rather than fight it to a finish, so the real combat was at Sarobi and on the eastern approaches. Najibullah was taken from the UN compound and killed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1964, "key": "1996-sulaymaniyah-1996", "name": "Sulaymaniyah (1996)", "label": "Sulaymaniyah (1996)", "year": 1996, "month": 10, "day": 13, "date": "13 October 1996 (PUK counter-offensive of October 1996)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdish Civil War", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq", "lat": 35.56, "lon": 45.44, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [ "Iraq" ], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Jalal Talabani (PUK)", "commanders_b": "Masoud Barzani (KDP)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Alleged Iranian support for the PUK (Iran is credited with 2,000 troops in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1996); no Iranian units are named.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "No Iranian unit is identified; the PUK fighters themselves were Kurdish-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The PUK retook Sulaymaniyah from the KDP on 13 October 1996.", "borderline": "Iranian participation is only alleged ('allegedly with support of Iranian forces'); both principals were Iraqi Kurdish parties (PUK as side_a, KDP as side_b, both under 'Kurdish rebels')", "doubt": "Borderline: Iranian participation is only alleged ('allegedly with support of Iranian forces'); both principals were Iraqi Kurdish parties (PUK as side_a, KDP as side_b, both under 'Kurdish rebels').", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iraqi Kurdish Civil War", "note": "Listed as contingent only; the KDP had taken Sulaymaniyah in September 1996 with Iraqi army help.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1965, "key": "n1965", "name": "Mazar-i-Sharif (1997)", "label": "Mazar-i-Sharif", "year": 1997, "month": 5, "day": 24, "date": "24-28 May 1997 (Taliban entered 24-25 May; driven out by 28 May)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.709, "lon": 67.11, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Junbish forces of Abdul Malik Pahlawan, Hezb-i Wahdat and local Jamiat forces" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Junbish-i Milli" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Junbish forces of Abdul Malik Pahlawan, Hezb-i Wahdat and local Jamiat forces v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Junbish forces of Abdul Malik Pahlawan, Hezb-i Wahdat and local Jamiat forces", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Abdul Malik Pahlawan (Uzbek); Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq (Wahdat)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Abdul Razzaq; Mullah Mohammad Ghaus", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After Malik let the Taliban in, his men and the Wahdat Hazaras turned on them and drove them out, killing or capturing thousands (Wikipedia estimates about 3,000 killed).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1996-2001): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)", "note": "Dostum's Junbish (Uzbek) split when Malik turned on him; the Taliban's defeat here was one of the largest of the war. Leaders' names are from memory and uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1966, "key": "n1966", "name": "Operation Hammer (1997)", "label": "Operation Hammer", "year": 1997, "month": 5, "day": 14, "date": "14 May - June/July 1997", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zakho, Amadiya and the Haftanin-Zap area of northern Iraq", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 43.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "Kurdistan Democratic Party" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Turkey v Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Turkey, Kurdistan Democratic Party", "faction_b": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "commanders_a": "Turkish General Staff (about 50,000 troops); Masoud Barzani (KDP)", "commanders_b": "PKK commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish troops and KDP Peshmerga forced the PKK out of the border zone and took heavy casualties on the PKK, but the PKK kept its main camps.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Iraqi Kurdish Civil War' (fetched; names Operation Hammer, May 1997) and 'Operation Hammer'; McDowall (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War", "note": "The KDP fought on the Turkish side because of its war with the PUK, which was allied with the PKK. The end date is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1967, "key": "n1967", "name": "Operation Dawn (1997)", "label": "Operation Dawn", "year": 1997, "month": 9, "day": 25, "date": "25 September - mid-October 1997", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Northern Iraq (PUK- and PKK-held areas east of Rawandiz and Sidakan)", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 44.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "Kurdistan Democratic Party" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Turkey v Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Turkey, Kurdistan Democratic Party", "faction_b": "Kurdistan Workers' Party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan", "commanders_a": "Turkish General Staff (about 15,000 troops); Masoud Barzani (KDP)", "commanders_b": "PKK commanders; Jalal Talabani (PUK)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turkish forces with KDP help struck PKK and PUK positions and caused heavy casualties among both, then withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Iraqi Kurdish Civil War' (fetched: 25 September 1997 Turkish re-entry); McDowall (2004); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War", "note": "A shorter sequel to Operation Hammer, aimed at the PUK-PKK alliance. Details of the Turkish force and end date are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1968, "key": "n1968", "name": "Mazar-i-Sharif (1998)", "label": "Mazar-i-Sharif", "year": 1998, "month": 8, "day": 8, "date": "8-9 August 1998 (Taliban entered 8 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.709, "lon": 67.11, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Junbish forces, Hezb-i Wahdat and Jamiat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Junbish-i Milli" ], "persian_state": "Taliban v Junbish forces, Hezb-i Wahdat and Jamiat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Junbish forces, Hezb-i Wahdat and Jamiat", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader); Mullah Abdul Manan Niazi (later governor)", "commanders_b": "Abdul Malik Pahlawan (Uzbek); Karim Khalili (Wahdat); Atta Muhammad Nur (Jamiat)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban took Mazar-i-Sharif on 8 August, the northern alliance's main city, and went on to seize Hairatan and the rest of the north.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1996-2001): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)", "note": "Followed by the massacre of Hazara civilians (about 4,000 killed) and the killing of Iranian diplomats; the Uzbek Junbish is not counted.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1969, "key": "n1969", "name": "Bamyan (1998)", "label": "Bamyan", "year": 1998, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13 September 1998 (about one day)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bamyan (Bamyan Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.82, "lon": 67.82, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Hezb-i Wahdat" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Hezb-i Wahdat", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Hezb-i Wahdat", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader)", "commanders_b": "Karim Khalili", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban took Bamyan after the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, with the Hazara forces withdrawing into the highlands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1996-2001): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001) (the page notes Bamyan in 1998 only in passing)", "note": "Weakly documented: the capture followed Mazar and seems to have involved little set-piece fighting, though the Hazara retreat was contested. A weak entry; the Hazara guerrilla war that continued is not covered.", "peoples": [ "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1970, "key": "n1970", "name": "Khujand (November 1998)", "label": "Khujand", "year": 1998, "month": 11, "day": 4, "date": "4-8 November 1998", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Khudoiberdiev's rebellion (post-war Tajikistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khujand and Chkalovsk (Buston), Sughd (Leninabad) region, Tajikistan", "lat": 40.2833, "lon": 69.6333, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Government of Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Rebels of Col. Mahmud Khudoiberdiev" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Government of Tajikistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tajik government commanders (Defence Minister Sherali Khayrulloyev); UTO field commander Mirzo Ziyoyev assisted", "commanders_b": "Col. Mahmud Khudoiberdiev", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces repelled the rebels, who withdrew to Uzbekistan after several days of fighting around Khujand.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Mirzo Ahmadovich Ziyoev' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzo_Ahmadovich_Ziyoev (fetched: he assisted government forces in suppressing Khudoiberdiev's rebellion, Nov 1998); HRW 1998 Leninabad report; Nourzhanov and Bleuer (2013)", "note": "Government army and former UTO fighters on one side (Tajik); the rebels were a mixed force of former Popular Front and Hissari fighters led by an ethnic Uzbek colonel, so Iranian status of the rebel side is not counted. Rebel numbers and dates are from memory of standard accounts; Wikipedia fetched gives only the fact of the suppression. WEAK on detail.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1971, "key": "n1971", "name": "Shomali Plain (1999)", "label": "Shomali Plain", "year": 1999, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July to August 1999 (Taliban summer offensive)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shomali Plain north of Kabul, Bagram, Charikar and Istalif (Parwan and Kabul provinces, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.98, "lon": 69.22, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "United Front forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v United Front forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "United Front forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban overran the Shomali Plain, burned villages and drove the population out, and Massoud's forces fell back to the Panjshir and Salang approaches.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1996-2001): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)", "note": "The Taliban kept the plain until the American air campaign of late 2001. Fighting involved large numbers on both sides; the Wikipedia civil-war page does not give details, so day-level dating is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1972, "key": "n1972", "name": "Taloqan (2000)", "label": "Taloqan", "year": 2000, "month": 9, "day": 5, "date": "5 September 2000 (siege and offensive from about late July 2000; start date not verified)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Taloqan (Takhar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.73, "lon": 69.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "United Front forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v United Front forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "United Front forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud", "commanders_a": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (supreme leader)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban captured Taloqan, Massoud's headquarters town, on 5 September 2000 after a siege, and the United Front held the line north and east of the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Taloqan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloqan; Wikipedia, Afghan Civil War (1996-2001): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)", "note": "The last major city to fall to the Taliban before 2001 (the fetched page says the siege killed hundreds of civilians); the Taliban were joined by the IMU in the siege according to the civil-war article.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1973, "key": "2001-scud-strikes-on-mek-camps-2001", "name": "Scud strikes on MEK camps (2001)", "label": "Scud strikes on MEK camps (2001)", "year": 2001, "month": 4, "day": 18, "date": "18 April 2001", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-MEK conflict", "theatre": "Central Iraq", "place": "MEK camps in Iraq (Camp Ashraf and others), Iraq", "lat": 33.7, "lon": 44.55, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "IRGC missile forces" ], "side_b": [ "MEK" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "IRGC missile forces", "faction_b": "MEK (National Liberation Army of Iran)", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Massoud Rajavi", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Government side: IRGC ballistic-missile units firing Scud-B missiles from western Iran; MEK side: the NLA camps.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Both sides were Iranians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "dozens of Scud-B missiles (reports vary)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dozens of Scud-B missiles were fired at MEK bases across Iraq, but no reliable account of hits or damage is available.", "borderline": "strike operation; not verified in Wikipedia; number of missiles uncertain", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; not verified in Wikipedia; number of missiles uncertain.", "sources": "contemporary press reports (Reuters, BBC, April 2001); not covered by the Wikipedia articles fetched", "note": "Recorded from contemporary reports; the date and scale should be checked.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Iranians on both sides (a civil war of the Iranian states)", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1974, "key": "2001-herat-uprising-2001", "name": "Herat (uprising, 2001)", "label": "Herat (uprising, 2001)", "year": 2001, "month": 10, "day": 7, "date": "7 October - 12 November 2001", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan", "theatre": "Western Afghanistan", "place": "Herat, Afghanistan", "lat": 34.35, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Afghans", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ismail Khan (Northern Alliance); Tommy Franks; Yahya Rahim Safavi and Qasem Soleimani (IRGC)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Omar", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Taliban", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force agents in Herat, directed by Safavi and Soleimani, who were to enter the city covertly and start the uprising; the fighting force was about 5,000 Northern Alliance militiamen.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Only the Quds Force agents are counted; Iranian, Persian-speaking (the Herati militia also spoke Dari Persian).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 5,000 militia", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The city fell to Ismail Khan's forces on 12 November 2001 and the Taliban fled toward the mountains.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2001 uprising in Herat", "note": "'Afghans' here is the Northern Alliance of Ismail Khan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1975, "key": "n1975", "name": "Kandahar (2001)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 2001, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "late November to 7 December 2001 (negotiated surrender announced 6 December; city entered 7 December)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar (Kandahar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.628, "lon": 65.737, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Pashtun forces of Hamid Karzai and Gul Agha Sherzai" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun forces of Hamid Karzai and Gul Agha Sherzai v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pashtun forces of Hamid Karzai and Gul Agha Sherzai", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Hamid Karzai; Gul Agha Sherzai", "commanders_b": "Mullah Mohammad Omar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban agreed a surrender on 6 December, Sherzai's men took the airport and city on 7 December, and Mullah Omar left.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan", "note": "The fall of the Taliban's capital after air attacks and the fights at Shin-Narai, Sayyd Alma Kalay and Camp Rhino; the surrender rather than a final assault ended it. Pashtuns on both sides.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1976, "key": "n1976", "name": "Kunduz (siege, 2001)", "label": "Kunduz", "year": 2001, "month": 11, "day": 11, "date": "11-26 November 2001 (siege; surrender negotiated 21-23 November; city taken 25-26 November)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kunduz (Kunduz Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.73, "lon": 68.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Northern Alliance" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban garrison of Kunduz" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Northern Alliance v Taliban garrison of Kunduz", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Northern Alliance", "faction_b": "Taliban garrison of Kunduz", "commanders_a": "General Mohammad Daud Daud (Tajik); Abdul Rashid Dostum (Uzbek)", "commanders_b": "Taliban and volunteer commanders in Kunduz (not individually verified)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After about two weeks of siege and air attack, the Taliban and foreign fighters surrendered in stages on 23-26 November and the Northern Alliance took the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan (the page treats the surrender briefly)", "note": "The last Taliban stronghold in the north. Numbers in the garrison vary widely (perhaps 10,000) and the foreign volunteers were a large share. The captives from Kunduz were taken to Qala-i-Jangi.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1977, "key": "n1977", "name": "Mazar-i-Sharif (2001)", "label": "Mazar-i-Sharif", "year": 2001, "month": 11, "day": 5, "date": "5-10 November 2001 (Baluch 5 November; Tangi Pass 8-9 November; city entered 10 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mazar-i-Sharif and the Tangi Pass (Balkh Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.709, "lon": 67.11, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Northern Alliance" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban garrison of the north" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "Junbish-i Milli" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Northern Alliance v Taliban garrison of the north", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Northern Alliance", "faction_b": "Taliban garrison of the north", "commanders_a": "Atta Muhammad Nur (Tajik); Mohammad Mohaqiq (Hazara); Abdul Rashid Dostum (Uzbek)", "commanders_b": "Taliban commanders of Balkh (Mullah Nurullah Nuri, governor)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Northern Alliance forced the Tangi Pass on 9 November and entered Mazar-i-Sharif on 10 November as the Taliban retreated, the first major city to fall.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan", "note": "The first great success of the US-Northern Alliance campaign, helped by American special forces (ODA 595 and 534) and B-52 strikes. Dostum's Junbish (Uzbek) is not counted as Iranian. The Taliban were mostly Pashtun.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1978, "key": "n1978", "name": "Qala-i-Jangi (2001)", "label": "Qala-i-Jangi", "year": 2001, "month": 11, "day": 25, "date": "25 November to 1 December 2001 (prisoner revolt and its suppression)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Qala-i-Jangi fortress, west of Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.68, "lon": 67.03, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Northern Alliance guards of Dostum's Junbish" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban prisoners from Kunduz" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban prisoners from Kunduz", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Abdul Rashid Dostum (Uzbek)", "commanders_b": "Prisoner leaders (not recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Dostum's forces, with AC-130 and aircraft support, crushed the revolt over six days; of the prisoners (estimates range from about 300-500 up to 1,000) only 86 survived, and about 50 Northern Alliance soldiers died (Wikipedia).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan", "note": "Doubtful for the Iranian rule: the prisoners were mostly Pakistanis, Uzbeks, Arabs and Chechens, with an unmeasured number of Afghan Taliban (Pashtun), and the guards were mainly Dostum's Uzbeks. Kept because it is a famous battle in the assigned span; qualification uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1979, "key": "n1979", "name": "Taloqan (2001)", "label": "Taloqan", "year": 2001, "month": 11, "day": 11, "date": "11 November 2001", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Taloqan (Takhar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.73, "lon": 69.54, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Northern Alliance" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban garrison" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Northern Alliance v Taliban garrison", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Northern Alliance", "faction_b": "Taliban garrison", "commanders_a": "General Mohammad Daud Daud (Tajik)", "commanders_b": "Taliban commanders of Takhar (not recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Northern Alliance took Taloqan in a quick infantry assault on 11 November, before the first planned bomb was dropped.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan; Wikipedia, Taloqan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloqan", "note": "Retaking Massoud's old headquarters town; the Taliban garrison gave way quickly.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1980, "key": "n1980", "name": "Tarin Kowt (2001)", "label": "Tarin Kowt", "year": 2001, "month": 11, "day": 16, "date": "16-17 November 2001", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tarin Kowt (Uruzgan Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.63, "lon": 65.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Pashtun anti-Taliban militia of Hamid Karzai" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban of Uruzgan" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun anti-Taliban militia of Hamid Karzai v Taliban of Uruzgan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pashtun anti-Taliban militia of Hamid Karzai", "faction_b": "Taliban of Uruzgan", "commanders_a": "Hamid Karzai (Popalzai Pashtun)", "commanders_b": "Taliban commanders of Uruzgan (not recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Karzai's force held Tarin Kowt after the town rose against the Taliban, and the Taliban counter-attack was beaten off with American close air support.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan", "note": "The first Pashtun uprising in the south. Pashtuns fought on both sides; the Taliban counter-attack came from Kandahar and was destroyed by air power.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1981, "key": "n1981", "name": "Sayyd Alma Kalay (2001)", "label": "Sayyd Alma Kalay", "year": 2001, "month": 12, "day": 3, "date": "about 3-5 December 2001 (bridge battle; friendly-fire bombing 5 December; the Wikipedia invasion article dates it only to late November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sayyd Alma Kalay bridge over the Arghandab, near Shawali Kot (Kandahar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.95, "lon": 65.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Pashtun anti-Taliban force of Hamid Karzai" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pashtun anti-Taliban force of Hamid Karzai v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pashtun anti-Taliban force of Hamid Karzai", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Hamid Karzai", "commanders_b": "Taliban commanders (not recorded here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Karzai's force took the bridge, opening the road to Kandahar, and the Taliban then entered the surrender talks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan", "note": "Fought two days; the 5 December friendly-fire bombing killed American soldiers and Afghans and wounded Karzai. The exact dates are uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1982, "key": "n1982", "name": "Tora Bora (2001)", "label": "Tora Bora", "year": 2001, "month": 12, "day": 12, "date": "air attacks from mid-November; main ground fighting 12-17 December 2001", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tora Bora cave complex, White Mountains (Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.11, "lon": 70.21, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Eastern Alliance" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Eastern Alliance v Al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Eastern Alliance", "faction_b": "Al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants", "commanders_a": "Hazrat Ali (Pashtun); Haji Zaman Ghamsharik (Pashtun); Haji Zahir (Pashtun)", "commanders_b": "Osama bin Laden; Ayman al-Zawahiri", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Eastern Alliance and American air power took the cave complex by 17 December, but bin Laden and a number of fighters escaped into Pakistan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, United States invasion of Afghanistan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan", "note": "The anti-Taliban militias were Pashtun and did most of the ground fighting; the defenders were largely Arab al-Qaeda fighters with some Afghan Taliban and local tribesmen, so the Iranian share on side B is small.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1983, "key": "n1983", "name": "Operation Anaconda (Shah-i-Kot)", "label": "Operation Anaconda", "year": 2002, "month": 3, "day": 2, "date": "2-18 March 2002 (some lists give 1 March)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Ghar, near Gardez, Paktia (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.3, "lon": 69.2, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "side_b": [ "Al-Qaeda, Taliban and Haqqani-network fighters" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan Interim Administration militia" ], "allies_b": [ "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan" ], "persian_state": "United States-led coalition v Al-Qaeda, Taliban and Haqqani-network fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States-led coalition", "faction_b": "Al-Qaeda, Taliban and Haqqani-network fighters", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Franklin Hagenbeck (CJTF Mountain); Zia Lodin (Pashtun commander of the Afghan Interim Administration militia); Zakim Khan; Kamal Khan", "commanders_b": "Saif ur-Rahman Mansur (Zadran Pashtun, Haqqani network); Tohir Yuldashev (IMU, not Iranian)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After two weeks of air strikes and ground sweeps the coalition and Afghan militia held the valley and ridges while most of the enemy slipped away into Pakistan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Anaconda: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda; Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "note": "The first large set-piece battle after Tora Bora. About a thousand Afghan militiamen under Zia Lodin (Pashtun) fought on the coalition side, and the enemy included local Pashtun Taliban and Haqqani fighters alongside the foreign fighters, so both sides had an Iranian element; the enemy's share of Pashtuns is a guess.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1984, "key": "n1984", "name": "Operation Viking Hammer", "label": "Operation Viking Hammer", "year": 2003, "month": 3, "day": 28, "date": "28 March - 2 April 2003", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2003 invasion of Iraq (northern front)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khurmal, Sargat and the Ansar al-Islam enclave near Halabja, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan", "lat": 35.28, "lon": 46.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "United States", "Patriotic Union of Kurdistan" ], "side_b": [ "Ansar al-Islam" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States v Ansar al-Islam", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan", "faction_b": "Ansar al-Islam", "commanders_a": "Col. Charles Cleveland (US 10th SFG); PUK Peshmerga commanders", "commanders_b": "Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (Ansar al-Islam)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "US special forces and about 1,000-plus PUK Peshmerga drove Ansar al-Islam out of its mountain strongholds in three days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Operation Viking Hammer' and 'Peshmerga'; Briscoe et al., Weapon of Choice (2003); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshmerga", "note": "Ansar al-Islam was itself mostly Kurdish (with Arab volunteers), so Kurds were on both sides. The Peshmerga formed the bulk of the ground force.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1985, "key": "n1985", "name": "Operation Mountain Viper", "label": "Operation Mountain Viper", "year": 2003, "month": 8, "day": 30, "date": "30 August to September 2003", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Daychopan District, Zabul Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.5, "lon": 67.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban insurgents of Zabul" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan Militia Forces and early Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban insurgents of Zabul", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US task force commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban commanders (Mullah Dadullah's network; individuals not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The coalition forces killed over a hundred Taliban and the group dispersed from the Daychopan valleys, though they returned in 2004.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021): Operation Mountain Viper (30 Aug-Sep 2003, Dey Chopan, Zabul)", "note": "One of the first big engagements with the regrouped Taliban in the south. Taliban fighters in Zabul were Pashtun (Tokhi, Hotak and Kakar tribesmen); commander names not checked, so the commander list is a placeholder.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1986, "key": "n1986", "name": "Battle of Wana (2004)", "label": "Wana", "year": 2004, "month": 3, "day": 16, "date": "16 March to April 2004 (main fighting 16-18 March; Shakai agreement 24 April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Wana, South Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)", "lat": 32.3, "lon": 69.57, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Ahmadzai Wazir tribal militants of Nek Muhammad Wazir" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Ahmadzai Wazir tribal militants of Nek Muhammad Wazir", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt. Gen. Safdar Hussain (XI Corps)", "commanders_b": "Nek Muhammad Wazir (Ahmadzai Wazir)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army failed to capture or destroy the militants and ended the operation with the Shakai agreement (24 April 2004) with Nek Muhammad, which many Pakistani commentators called a militant success.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Wana: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wana; Wikipedia, War in North-West Pakistan", "note": "The first major Pakistani army operation in the tribal areas after 2001, against the Wazir militants sheltering Uzbek and Arab fighters. The Frontier Corps also fought on the government side (a Pashtun force), but the main Iranian side is the militants.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1987, "key": "n1987", "name": "Dera Bugti (March 2005)", "label": "Dera Bugti", "year": 2005, "month": 3, "day": 17, "date": "17-19 March 2005", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan (Bugti uprising of 2005-06)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dera Bugti and the Sui gas field, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.04, "lon": 69.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Bugti tribal militia" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Frontier Corps and Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bugti tribal militia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti", "commanders_b": "Frontier Corps Balochistan (Major-General Shujaat Zamir Dar, IG FC)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Several days of shelling and gun battles ended in a ceasefire with the Frontier Corps still in the town and the Bugti militia in the hills.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan (fetched: Bugti uprising 2005-06); BBC and Dawn reports, March 2005, from memory", "note": "The Bugti are Baloch under a hereditary Baloch chief. Casualty figures (dozens killed, including civilians) are disputed and from memory.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1988, "key": "n1988", "name": "Operation Red Wings", "label": "Operation Red Wings", "year": 2005, "month": 6, "day": 27, "date": "27 June to mid-July 2005 (main battle 28 June, Abbas Ghar)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Korengal and Pech area near Asadabad, Kunar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.93, "lon": 71.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Anti-coalition militia of Ahmad Shah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Anti-coalition militia of Ahmad Shah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt. Michael Murphy (SEAL team leader); Cdr. Erik Kristensen", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Shah (Mohammad Ismail), Kunar commander", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A four-man SEAL team was compromised and three killed, a rescue helicopter was shot down with 16 more US dead, and only Marcus Luttrell survived, sheltered by villagers; the militia lost an estimated 30-35.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Red Wings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings", "note": "Famous for the book and film Lone Survivor. The enemy were Kunar mountain fighters; Ahmad Shah's own origin (Pashtun or Nuristani/Pashai) is not firmly settled in the sources, so qualification is doubtful.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1989, "key": "2006-april-2006-iran-iraq-cross-border-raids", "name": "April 2006 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids", "label": "April 2006 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids", "year": 2006, "month": 4, "day": 3, "date": "3 April 2006 (PJAK attacks); Iranian shelling and incursion near Mount Qandil 21-28 April 2006", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan and the Qandil mountains", "place": "Iran-Iraq border near Mount Qandil, Iraq and north-western Iran", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 45.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "PJAK commanders (not named)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Iranian border garrisons and security forces, then IRGC artillery and troops in a brief cross-border incursion (units not named).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iranian security forces in the Kurdish border provinces were national conscripts and IRGC regulars, mostly Persian speakers with Kurdish and Azeri Turkic minorities; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "24 killed (PJAK claim)", "losses_b": "about 10 militants killed in the Iranian shelling (reports)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "PJAK's three raids of early April and Iran's retaliatory shelling and brief incursion near Mount Qandil each struck and withdrew, and Wikipedia records the result as indecisive.", "borderline": "a series of raids and shelling rather than one battle", "doubt": "Borderline: a series of raids and shelling rather than one battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia April 2006 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids; Iran-PJAK conflict", "note": "PJAK said its raids avenged the killing of 10 Kurdish demonstrators at Maku in February 2006. The Iraqi defence ministry reported nearly 100 Iranian shells on the Qandil area.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1990, "key": "n1990", "name": "Operation Mountain Thrust", "label": "Operation Mountain Thrust", "year": 2006, "month": 5, "day": 15, "date": "15 May to 31 July 2006", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar, Helmand, Uruzgan, Zabul and Paktika provinces (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.0, "lon": 65.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF and Operation Enduring Freedom" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF and Operation Enduring Freedom v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF and Operation Enduring Freedom", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Benjamin Freakley (CJTF-76)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Dadullah; Mullah Mohammad Omar (overall)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The coalition reported over a thousand Taliban killed and pushed them from several districts, but the Taliban regrouped in Panjwayi within weeks.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021); Wikipedia, Operation Mountain Thrust", "note": "The largest offensive since 2001 at the time; Pashtun Taliban on one side and Afghan National Army units fighting beside the coalition. Reported enemy losses are coalition claims.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1991, "key": "n1991", "name": "Battle of Musa Qala (2006 siege)", "label": "Musa Qala", "year": 2006, "month": 6, "day": 17, "date": "Mid-June to 17 October 2006", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Musa Qala, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.354, "lon": 64.78, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban and local tribal fighters of Upper Helmand" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Police" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF v Taliban and local tribal fighters of Upper Helmand", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF", "faction_b": "Taliban and local tribal fighters of Upper Helmand", "commanders_a": "Brig. Ed Butler (UK Task Force Helmand); Lt. Col. Stuart Tootal (3 PARA)", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban commanders (Mullah Salaam and others)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The British garrison in the district centre was withdrawn under the 17 October 2006 agreement with the elders, and the Taliban soon took the town (February 2007).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Musa Qala: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Musa_Qala", "note": "A long siege of the district centre including Operation Snakebite (August 2006). The Afghan police posted there fought beside the British; the Taliban side was Pashtun (Alizai and Ishaqzai).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1992, "key": "n1992", "name": "Tarateni (Kohlu, death of Akbar Bugti, 2006)", "label": "Tarateni", "year": 2006, "month": 8, "day": 26, "date": "26 August 2006", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan (Bugti uprising of 2005-06)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tarateni, mountains of Kohlu district, Balochistan, Pakistan (cave site approximate)", "lat": 29.5, "lon": 69.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army" ], "side_b": [ "Bugti tribal fighters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Bugti tribal fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pakistan Army field commanders (not named in my sources)", "commanders_b": "Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Akbar Bugti, aged 79, was killed in the operation; the army also lost several officers and soldiers (Wikipedia gives at least 60 soldiers and 7 officers dead; official figures were lower).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan (fetched); Dawn and BBC, 27 August 2006, from memory", "note": "An armed assault on a hideout, not a field battle, but it is the best-documented single fight of the 2005-06 war and triggered the wider insurgency.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 1993, "key": "n1993", "name": "Operation Medusa (Battle of Panjwaii)", "label": "Operation Medusa", "year": 2006, "month": 9, "day": 2, "date": "2-17 September 2006 (Panjwayi fighting from July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Pashmul, Panjwayi and Zhari districts, Kandahar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.57, "lon": 65.45, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Brig. Gen. David Fraser (Canadian, Task Force Orion)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Dadullah; Mullah Bakht Mohammad (Panjwayi)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After several days of heavy fighting and air strikes ISAF cleared the Pashmul pocket and the Taliban withdrew, although they later returned to the area.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Medusa: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medusa", "note": "The biggest NATO ground battle in Afghanistan up to that date. About 1,000-1,500 Taliban stood to fight; Afghan National Army units were part of the assault force.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1994, "key": "2006-september-2006-sardasht-incident", "name": "September 2006 Sardasht incident", "label": "September 2006 Sardasht incident", "year": 2006, "month": 9, "day": null, "date": "September 2006", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Iran-Iraq border near Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 36.15, "lon": 45.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "PJAK commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Iranian border and security forces of the IRGC (units not named).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from IRGC recruitment in this period; the sources give no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "over 30 killed, 40 wounded (Iranian claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "By the Iranian account, Iranian security forces killed over 30 PJAK fighters and wounded 40 in the clash; PJAK did not contest the field and then declared a unilateral ceasefire.", "borderline": "a small border clash known mainly from one side's claims", "doubt": "Borderline: a small border clash known mainly from one side's claims.", "sources": "en.wikipedia September 2006 Sardasht incident; Iran-PJAK conflict", "note": "Only the Iranian casualty claim is reported; the outcome rests on it. Iran rejected PJAK's ceasefire offer.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1995, "key": "2007-2007-west-azerbaijan-clashes", "name": "2007 West Azerbaijan clashes", "label": "2007 West Azerbaijan clashes", "year": 2007, "month": 2, "day": 22, "date": "22 February - 1 March 2007", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Khoy and the Turkish border districts of West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 38.55, "lon": 44.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "IRGC commander Said Qahari (killed in the helicopter crash of 24 February); other commanders not named", "commanders_b": "PJAK commanders (not named)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC ground forces and the regular army's 3rd Corps in West Azerbaijan, with IRGC helicopters.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC and army units in West Azerbaijan drew on national conscripts and local Azeri Turkic and Kurdish recruits; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "17 soldiers killed (25 February-1 March), plus 8-20 IRGC killed in the helicopter crash (Iranian and PJAK figures)", "losses_b": "47 killed (Iranian figure, 25 February-1 March); 17 killed 22-24 February (unsourced)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After the loss of an IRGC helicopter near Khoy, the IRGC counter-offensive killed 47 rebels for 17 soldiers by its own count, but neither side drove the other from the area and Wikipedia gives the result as indecisive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2007 West Azerbaijan clashes; Iran-PJAK conflict", "note": "The Wikipedia infobox misdates the clashes to 2006; the text and the Iran-PJAK article give 2007. Iran blamed the helicopter crash on weather; PJAK claimed to have shot it down.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 1996, "key": "n1996", "name": "Operation Achilles", "label": "Operation Achilles", "year": 2007, "month": 3, "day": 6, "date": "6 March to 30 May 2007", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sangin and Kajaki districts, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.07, "lon": 64.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Brig. John Lorimer (UK Task Force Helmand)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Dadullah (southern commander, killed 12 May 2007); Mullah Mansour Dadullah", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "ISAF secured the Kajaki dam area and Sangin valley and the Taliban lost ground and several commanders, though the Taliban held much of northern Helmand.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021): Operation Achilles", "note": "At the time the largest NATO operation of the war (about 4,500 troops). Real fighting around Sangin and Kajaki; outcome claimed as a success by ISAF.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1997, "key": "n1997", "name": "Battle of Chora", "label": "Chora", "year": 2007, "month": 6, "day": 15, "date": "15-19 June 2007", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Chora District, Uruzgan Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.8, "lon": 66.0, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Netherlands, Australia and the Afghan National Army" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army", "Afghan National Police" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Netherlands, Australia and the Afghan National Army v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Netherlands, Australia and the Afghan National Army", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Dutch Task Force Uruzgan and Australian task group commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Taliban commanders of Chora (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Dutch, Australian and Afghan forces, with air support, held the Chora district centre against a Taliban assault and the attackers withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021): Battle of Chora (15-19 Jun 2007)", "note": "Taliban attempted to take the Chora district centre; the Dutch fought their first major action in Uruzgan. Commander names were not checked.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 1998, "key": "n1998", "name": "Daglica (2007)", "label": "Daglica", "year": 2007, "month": 10, "day": 21, "date": "21 October 2007 (Turkish counter-operation to early November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Daglica, Yuksekova, Hakkari Province, Turkey", "lat": 37.38, "lon": 44.43, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PKK commanders (about 250 fighters reported)", "commanders_b": "Turkish army garrison (Daglica outpost)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The PKK overran the Turkish army post, killing about 12 soldiers and taking 8 prisoners, and withdrew into Iraq.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Kurdish-Turkish conflict'; press reports (BBC, Reuters, Oct 2007); from memory", "note": "The attack led Turkey to win parliamentary approval for the cross-border operations of December 2007 and Operation Sun in 2008. The Turkish counter-attack in the area claimed dozens of PKK dead.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 1999, "key": "n1999", "name": "First Battle of Swat (Operation Rah-e-Haq)", "label": "First Battle of Swat", "year": 2007, "month": 10, "day": 25, "date": "25 October to December 2007 (mopping up into early 2008)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Swat Valley (Matta, Kabal, Imam Dheri, Khwazakhela), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)", "lat": 34.85, "lon": 72.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army, Special Service Group and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-e Nifaz-e Shariat-e Mohammadi and Swat Taliban of Maulana Fazlullah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tehrik-e Nifaz-e Shariat-e Mohammadi and Swat Taliban of Maulana Fazlullah", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt. Gen. Masood Aslam (XI Corps)", "commanders_b": "Maulana Fazlullah (Swati Yusufzai); Muslim Khan; Maulana Shah Dauran", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army retook Matta, Khwazakhela and Fazlullah's headquarters at Imam Dheri by December, though Fazlullah escaped and the Taliban returned in force in 2008.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Swat (2007) / Operation Rah-e-Haq: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Swat_(2007)", "note": "The first major army operation in Swat after the 2007 uprising of Fazlullah's followers. The Pakistan Army is not counted as Iranian; the Frontier Corps also fought on the government side.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2000, "key": "n2000", "name": "Second Battle of Musa Qala", "label": "Second Battle of Musa Qala", "year": 2007, "month": 12, "day": 7, "date": "7-12 December 2007", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Musa Qala, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.354, "lon": 64.78, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Brig. Andrew Mackay; General Mahayadin Ghori (Afghan National Army)", "commanders_b": "Abdul-Mannan; Abdul-Rahim; Abdul-Matin Akhund; Abdul-Bari Akhund", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The coalition and Afghan army advanced into the town, the Taliban withdrew north on 10 December and Afghan troops entered the centre on 12 December.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Musa Qala: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Musa_Qala", "note": "Operation Snakepit/Mar Lek: about 4,500 ISAF and Afghan troops against 200-2,000 Taliban (figures differ). Mullah Salaam's later defection made the town a government base.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2001, "key": "n2001", "name": "Operation Zalzala (South Waziristan, 2008)", "label": "Operation Zalzala", "year": 2008, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January to February 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ladha, Sararogha and Makeen, South Waziristan (Pakistan)", "lat": 32.45, "lon": 69.8, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pakistani XII Corps and 14th Division commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Baitullah Mehsud (Mehsud Pashtun)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army relieved besieged forts and retook Ladha, but Baitullah Mehsud kept control of the Mehsud heartland and a peace agreement followed in February 2008.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Zalzala (2008): recalled from memory; not fetched", "note": "Fighting around Fort Ladha and Sararogha in the winter of 2007-2008 after the TTP's formation. Dates and outcome come from memory and are weak.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2002, "key": "n2002", "name": "Operation Sun (2008)", "label": "Operation Sun", "year": 2008, "month": 2, "day": 21, "date": "21-29 February 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zap, Avashin and Hakurk areas of northern Iraq", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 43.9, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish General Staff (about 10,000 troops reported)", "commanders_b": "PKK commanders", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkey withdrew after eight days, claiming hundreds of PKK dead against 27 Turkish soldiers, while the PKK kept its bases and claimed victory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Operation Sun (2008)' (from memory); press reports (BBC, 29 Feb 2008)", "note": "The first Turkish ground operation in Iraq since 1997 and the only one stopped by US and Iraqi pressure and winter weather. Casualty claims on both sides conflict.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2003, "key": "n2003", "name": "Battle of Garmsir (2008)", "label": "Garmsir", "year": 2008, "month": 4, "day": 29, "date": "29 April to 8 September 2008 (also given as April-September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Garmsir, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 64.28, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States and Britain" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States and Britain v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States and Britain", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Col. Peter Petronzio (24th MEU)", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Marines pushed the Taliban out of Garmsir district and held the district centre; the offensive ended on schedule in September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021): Battle of Garmsir (Apr-8 Sep 2008)", "note": "A Marine battalion landing team cleared the southern Helmand river valley. Start date given loosely.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2004, "key": "n2004", "name": "Battle of Shok Valley", "label": "Shok Valley", "year": 2008, "month": 4, "day": 6, "date": "6 April 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Shok Valley, Nuristan Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.2, "lon": 70.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States with Afghan commandos" ], "side_b": [ "Hizb-i Islami fighters" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan Commandos" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States with Afghan commandos v Hizb-i Islami fighters", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States with Afghan commandos", "faction_b": "Hizb-i Islami fighters", "commanders_a": "Capt. Kyle Walton (ODA 3336)", "commanders_b": "Local Hizb-i Islami commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After six hours of fighting and heavy air support the team and the Afghan commandos broke out of the valley with the wounded; the insurgent force was driven off with heavy losses.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Shok Valley: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shok_Valley", "note": "Qualifies only through the Afghan commando contingent (about a hundred men beside 12 Americans); the Hizb-i Islami fighters in Nuristan were largely Nuristani/Pashai, so their qualification is not claimed.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2005, "key": "n2005", "name": "Battle of Wanat", "label": "Wanat", "year": 2008, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13 July 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Wanat, Waygal District, Nuristan Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.0, "lon": 70.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban, Hizb-i Islami and local Waygal valley fighters" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Capt. Matthew Myer; Lt. Jonathan Brostrom", "commanders_b": "Local insurgent commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The US and Afghan soldiers held the vehicle patrol base after being overrun in part, losing nine US dead, and the attackers withdrew after air strikes.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Wanat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanat", "note": "Qualifies only through the Afghan National Army platoon (about two dozen men beside about 48 Americans); the attackers were largely Nuristani, who are not Iranian. The Army's ethnic composition (Pashtun and Tajik) is not given in the sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2006, "key": "n2006", "name": "Battle of Bajaur (Operation Sher Dil)", "label": "Bajaur", "year": 2008, "month": 8, "day": 6, "date": "6 August 2008 to February 2009", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bajaur Agency (Khar, Loi Sam, Charmang), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Pakistan)", "lat": 34.67, "lon": 71.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps with pro-government tribal lashkars" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and TNSM fighters of Maulana Faqir Muhammad" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps with pro-government tribal lashkars v Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and TNSM fighters of Maulana Faqir Muhammad", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps with pro-government tribal lashkars", "faction_b": "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and TNSM fighters of Maulana Faqir Muhammad", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Tariq Khan (Inspector General, Frontier Corps)", "commanders_b": "Maulana Faqir Muhammad (Tarkani Pashtun)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army and Frontier Corps cleared Loi Sam, Charmang and Khar and the militants accepted a ceasefire in February 2009, losing their stronghold in the agency.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Bajaur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur", "note": "A six-month operation in Bajaur; the Frontier Corps and the Pashtun tribal lashkars were singled out in the fighting on the government side, the militants were Tarkani Pashtun.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2007, "key": "n2007", "name": "Liakhvi Gorge (August 2008)", "label": "Liakhvi Gorge", "year": 2008, "month": 8, "day": 7, "date": "7-9 August 2008 (Roki Tunnel, Java and Gufta Bridge, before and into the battle of Tskhinvali)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Georgian War (2008)", "theatre": "", "place": "Liakhvi Gorge, Java and the Gufta Bridge, South Ossetia (Georgia)", "lat": 42.31, "lon": 43.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Russia", "South Ossetian militia and volunteers" ], "side_b": [ "Georgia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Russia & South Ossetian militia and volunteers", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Col. Kazachenko (693rd regiment), Taymuraz Mamsurov (South Ossetian leader in the first convoy from Java)", "commanders_b": "Georgian commanders not named in the source", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Georgia failed to block the Roki Tunnel and Gufta, the Russian and Ossetian column got through and the battle of Tskhinvali began.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle in the Liakhvi Gorge' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_in_the_Liakhvi_Gorge (fetched)", "note": "Qualifies through the South Ossetian militia and volunteers (Alans), singled out in the source, fighting beside Russian regulars; the Battle of Tskhinvali itself is already in the dataset. Fighting for the Georgian-held villages (Kekhvi, Kurta, Achabeti, Tamarasheni) is not itemized in the source.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2008, "key": "n2008", "name": "Tskhinvali (2008)", "label": "Tskhinvali", "year": 2008, "month": 8, "day": 8, "date": "7-8 August to 10 August 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Russo-Georgian War", "theatre": "", "place": "Tskhinvali, South Ossetia (Georgia, de facto South Ossetia)", "lat": 42.22, "lon": 43.97, "loc": "known", "country": "Georgia", "side_a": [ "Georgia" ], "side_b": [ "Russia", "South Ossetia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "North Ossetian and other volunteers" ], "persian_state": "Russia & South Ossetia", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mikheil Saakashvili; Mamuka Kurashvili; Zaza Gogava", "commanders_b": "Eduard Kokoity (South Ossetian president); Marat Kulakhmetov (Joint Peacekeeping Force); Anatoly Khrulyov (58th Army)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Georgian forces took most of the town on 8 August and were driven out by 10 August after the Russian 58th Army arrived.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia (Tagliavini Report, 2009); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tskhinvali", "note": "For the first two days the South Ossetian militia and a small peacekeeping force were the only defenders; Russian regulars then took over most of the fighting.", "peoples": [ "Alans" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "S2" }, { "id": 2009, "key": "n2009", "name": "Uzbin Valley (ambush and battle, 2008)", "label": "Uzbin Valley", "year": 2008, "month": 8, "day": 18, "date": "18-19 August 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Uzbin Valley, Surobi District, Kabul Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.62, "lon": 69.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "France" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban and Hizb-i Islami fighters of Surobi" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "France v Taliban and Hizb-i Islami fighters of Surobi", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "France", "faction_b": "Taliban and Hizb-i Islami fighters of Surobi", "commanders_a": "French task force commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban and Hizb-i Islami commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A French patrol was ambushed with ten killed, and the survivors were relieved only after heavy air and ground reinforcement; the insurgents kept the heights.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Uzbin Valley (Embuscade d'Uzbin)", "note": "The most costly action for the French army since 1983. Afghan National Army troops accompanied the patrol and the attackers came from the Pashtun communities of Surobi. Commander names are not confirmed.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2010, "key": "n2010", "name": "Aktutun (2008)", "label": "Aktutun", "year": 2008, "month": 10, "day": 3, "date": "3 October 2008", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Aktutun border post near Cukurca, Hakkari Province, Turkey", "lat": 37.22, "lon": 43.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PKK commanders (about 200 fighters reported)", "commanders_b": "Turkish border garrison (Aktutun post)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The PKK overran the border post and killed 17 soldiers before Turkish forces and aircraft drove them off.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Press reports (BBC, Reuters, 3-6 Oct 2008); from memory", "note": "One of the deadliest PKK attacks of the 2000s. The post's name and exact place are as reported by the press.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2011, "key": "n2011", "name": "Battle of Buner (Operation Black Thunderstorm)", "label": "Buner", "year": 2009, "month": 4, "day": 26, "date": "26 April to June 2009 (Buner cleared by mid-May)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Buner District (Daggar, Pir Baba) and Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)", "lat": 34.5, "lon": 72.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Swat Taliban and TTP fighters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Swat Taliban and TTP fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt. Gen. Masood Aslam (XI Corps)", "commanders_b": "Maulana Fazlullah; Muslim Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army pushed the Taliban out of Buner and Lower Dir in about three weeks and then moved into Swat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Black Thunderstorm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunderstorm", "note": "Launched after the Taliban advanced into Buner, within 100 km of Islamabad. The Frontier Corps was involved, but the Army is the main force.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2012, "key": "2009-ravansar-and-sanandaj-police-station-attacks", "name": "Ravansar and Sanandaj police station attacks", "label": "Ravansar and Sanandaj police station attacks", "year": 2009, "month": 4, "day": 24, "date": "24-25 April 2009", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Ravansar (Kermanshah province) and Sanandaj (Kurdistan province), Iran", "lat": 34.72, "lon": 46.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "PJAK commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The Law Enforcement Force (police) garrisons of the two stations, reinforced by security forces.", "languages": [ "Kurdish", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Police in Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces were national conscripts and locally recruited Kurdish and Persian speakers; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "8-10 or more killed", "losses_b": "10-24 police killed (sources vary)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "PJAK raided the two police stations and killed 10-24 policemen while losing 8-10 or more men, but the sources do not say whether the stations fell or the raiders were driven off.", "borderline": "two insurgent raids on police stations rather than a battle", "doubt": "Borderline: two insurgent raids on police stations rather than a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ravansar and Sanandaj police station attacks; Iran-PJAK conflict", "note": "About a week later Iranian helicopter gunships struck Kurdish villages around Panjwin in Iraq, displacing over 800 people (ICRC). Side_a is PJAK only because the outcome is unknown; no victor is implied.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2013, "key": "n2013", "name": "Second Battle of Swat (Operation Rah-e-Rast)", "label": "Second Battle of Swat", "year": 2009, "month": 5, "day": 5, "date": "5 May to mid-July 2009 (Mingora retaken about 30 May)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Swat Valley (Mingora, Matta, Peochar), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)", "lat": 34.78, "lon": 72.36, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army, Special Service Group and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Swat Taliban and TTP fighters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Swat Taliban and TTP fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt. Gen. Masood Aslam (XI Corps); Gen. Ashfaq Pervez Kayani (Chief of Army Staff)", "commanders_b": "Maulana Fazlullah; Muslim Khan", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army retook Mingora at the end of May and cleared the valley by July; Fazlullah fled to Afghanistan and around two million people were displaced.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Second Battle of Swat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Swat", "note": "The largest counter-insurgency offensive in Pakistan to that point, following the collapse of the Swat peace deal. The XI Corps commander named is from memory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2014, "key": "n2014", "name": "Operation Panther's Claw", "label": "Operation Panther's Claw", "year": 2009, "month": 6, "day": 19, "date": "19 June to 20 August 2009", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Babaji and Chah-e Anjir, near Lashkar Gah, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.68, "lon": 64.38, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United Kingdom with Danish and Estonian troops and the Afghan National Army" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United Kingdom with Danish and Estonian troops and the Afghan National Army v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United Kingdom with Danish and Estonian troops and the Afghan National Army", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Brig. Tim Radford (UK Task Force Helmand)", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban commanders of central Helmand (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "British and Afghan forces cleared the Babaji and Chah-e Anjir area and secured the Highway One approaches to Lashkar Gah, though Taliban resistance went on beyond the cleared zone.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021); Wikipedia, Operation Panther's Claw", "note": "The main British offensive of 2009; real fighting with 3-4 hundred Taliban expected and heavy British losses (about 20 killed).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2015, "key": "n2015", "name": "Operation Khanjar", "label": "Operation Khanjar", "year": 2009, "month": 7, "day": 2, "date": "2 July to 20 August 2009", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Helmand River valley (Nawa, Garmsir, Khan Neshin, Dahaneh), Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.3, "lon": 64.2, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Brig. Gen. Larry Nicholson", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Marines occupied the objective districts in the southern Helmand valley and the Taliban left or dispersed, though the area stayed contested.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021): Operation Khanjar", "note": "About 4,000 Marines and 650 Afghan soldiers; the largest Marine heliborne operation since Vietnam. Part of the Helmand offensive that preceded the Afghan presidential election.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2016, "key": "n2016", "name": "Battle of Ganjgal", "label": "Ganjgal", "year": 2009, "month": 9, "day": 8, "date": "8 September 2009", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ganjgal village, Shigal (Narang) District, Kunar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.98, "lon": 71.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Hizb-i Islami and Taliban fighters of Kunar" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army and Afghan Border Police" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States v Hizb-i Islami and Taliban fighters of Kunar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States", "faction_b": "Hizb-i Islami and Taliban fighters of Kunar", "commanders_a": "Capt. William Swenson; 1st Lt. Michael Johnson; Cpl. Dakota Meyer (Medal of Honor)", "commanders_b": "Local insurgent commanders (unnamed in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "B", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The ambushed column lost four Americans and eight Afghan soldiers and could not relieve its pinned-down elements for hours; the insurgents melted away with the dead recovered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Ganjgal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ganjgal", "note": "A dawn ambush of a joint patrol into a village; Afghan soldiers were the larger part of the patrol (several dozen Afghan soldiers and border police beside about a dozen Americans). Medal of Honor (Meyer, Swenson).", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2017, "key": "n2017", "name": "Battle of Kamdesh (Combat Outpost Keating)", "label": "Kamdesh", "year": 2009, "month": 10, "day": 3, "date": "3 October 2009", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kamdesh, Nuristan Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.42, "lon": 71.28, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban, Hizb-i Islami and local fighters of Kamdesh" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army", "Afghan National Police and Border Police" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Capt. Robert Yllescas (Bull Troop, 3-61 Cavalry); Staff Sgt. Clinton Romesha (Medal of Honor)", "commanders_b": "Local insurgent commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "reb", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The outpost was not overrun, and heavy air support drove off about 300 attackers, but eight US soldiers were killed and the base was evacuated and destroyed within days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Kamdesh: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kamdesh", "note": "Qualifies only through the Afghan soldiers and police at the outpost (some two dozen men beside 53 Americans); the attackers were chiefly Nuristani and so not Iranian. Commander names for the attackers are not given in English sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "reb", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2018, "key": "n2018", "name": "Operation Rah-e-Nijat (South Waziristan campaign)", "label": "Operation Rah-e-Nijat", "year": 2009, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "17 October to 12 December 2009 (mopping up in 2010)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "South Waziristan (Sararogha, Ladha, Makeen, Kaniguram), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Pakistan)", "lat": 32.45, "lon": 69.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan with Uzbek fighters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan with Uzbek fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gen. Ashfaq Pervez Kayani (Chief of Army Staff)", "commanders_b": "Hakimullah Mehsud; Qari Hussain; Waliur Rehman Mehsud", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army took the main Mehsud towns and by 12 December announced the end of the main phase, although most of the TTP leaders escaped into North Waziristan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Rah-e-Nijat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat", "note": "The army's largest ground offensive in the tribal areas. TTP strength estimates range from 10,000 to 20,000. The Frontier Corps also fought on the government side.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2019, "key": "n2019", "name": "Battle of Marjah (Operation Moshtarak)", "label": "Marjah", "year": 2010, "month": 2, "day": 13, "date": "13 February to about 25 February 2010 (Moshtarak continued to December)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Marjah, Nad Ali District, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.53, "lon": 64.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army", "Afghan National Police" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Gen. Stanley McChrystal (ISAF); Brig. Gen. Larry Nicholson (Task Force Leatherneck)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Mohammad Omar (overall); local Taliban commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "ISAF and Afghan troops took the Marjah town and bazaar within days, ending open Taliban control, although a guerrilla campaign went on for months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Moshtarak: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak", "note": "The first joint ISAF-Afghan offensive under the Obama surge, announced in advance. About 15,000 troops and an estimated 400-1,000 Taliban.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2020, "key": "n2020", "name": "Kamarob Gorge (2010)", "label": "Kamarob Gorge", "year": 2010, "month": 9, "day": 19, "date": "19 September 2010 ambush; operations in the Rasht valley continued into October 2010", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Rasht valley insurgency (2010)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kamarob (Komarob) Gorge, Rasht district, Tajikistan", "lat": 39.05, "lon": 70.35, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Militants of Mullo Abdullo" ], "side_b": [ "Armed Forces of Tajikistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Militants of Mullo Abdullo v Armed Forces of Tajikistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Militants of Mullo Abdullo", "faction_b": "Armed Forces of Tajikistan", "commanders_a": "Mullo Abdullo (Abdullo Rahimov)", "commanders_b": "Tajik army commanders (not identified here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The militants destroyed an army convoy in the gorge, killing about 25-28 soldiers, then withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Eurasianet and CACI Analyst coverage of the Rasht valley fighting (2010) (search results only, not fetched); Wikipedia 'Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010-2015)' (not fetched)", "note": "Both sides Tajik (the group included Uzbek and other foreign fighters). The losses (official 25, other reports 28) and Mullo Abdullo's leadership are from memory of press coverage; not verified by a fetch. WEAK ON DETAIL.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2021, "key": "n2021", "name": "Operation Dragon Strike (Panjwayi and Zhari)", "label": "Operation Dragon Strike", "year": 2010, "month": 9, "day": 15, "date": "15 September to December 2010", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjwayi, Zhari and Arghandab districts, Kandahar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.6, "lon": 65.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "ISAF" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan National Army" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "ISAF v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "ISAF", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Gen. David Petraeus (ISAF); Maj. Gen. Nick Carter (RC South)", "commanders_b": "Local Taliban commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "ISAF and Afghan forces cleared the Taliban from the Horn of Panjwayi and Zhari villages by December, after heavy fighting and extensive demolition of IED belts.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021): Operation Dragon Strike (15 Sep-31 Dec 2010)", "note": "The Kandahar-area offensive (Operation Hamkari) of 2010: the Taliban heartland west of Kandahar city, which had been the site of Medusa in 2006.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2022, "key": "2011-2011-iran-iraq-cross-border-raids", "name": "2011 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids", "label": "2011 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids", "year": 2011, "month": 7, "day": 11, "date": "11 July - 29 September 2011 (main fighting 16 July - 12 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan and the Qandil mountains", "place": "Jasusan and Alotan heights, Qandil mountains (Iraqi Kurdistan) and Sardasht County, Iran", "lat": 36.3, "lon": 45.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Mohammad Ali Jafari (IRGC commander-in-chief), Mohammad Taqi Osanlou, Hossein Zolfaqari, Abbas Asemi (killed)", "commanders_b": "Majid Kavian (killed), Murat Karasac (killed), Shirzad Kamangar", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "About 5,000 IRGC ground troops (the Hamzeh Seyed al-Shohada base) with artillery and helicopters.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC's northwestern command drew on conscripts and volunteers from all Iran, Persian speakers with Azeri Turkic and Kurdish minorities; the sources give no breakdown.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 5,000 (unsourced in Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "about 600 (unsourced in Wikipedia)", "losses_a": "20 killed (Iranian claim); 320 (PJAK claim)", "losses_b": "180 killed, 300 wounded (Iranian claim); 16 killed by mid-August (PJAK claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC took the PJAK bases on the Jasusan heights and the border strip, killed PJAK's field commander Majid Kavian, and PJAK withdrew from Iranian soil and accepted Iranian terms on 29 September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2011 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids; Iran-PJAK conflict", "note": "The ceasefire broke down in December 2011 (Baneh clash). Casualty claims differ by an order of magnitude.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2023, "key": "n2023", "name": "Cukurca (October 2011)", "label": "Cukurca", "year": 2011, "month": 10, "day": 19, "date": "19-20 October 2011 (and the Turkish operation that followed)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Cukurca district, Hakkari Province, Turkey and the Iraqi border", "lat": 37.25, "lon": 43.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PKK commanders (about 200 fighters reported)", "commanders_b": "Turkish army and gendarmerie posts around Cukurca", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The PKK attacked several posts at once, killing 24 soldiers, and Turkey answered with air strikes and a ground incursion into Iraq.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Press reports (BBC, Hurriyet Daily News, Oct 2011); from memory", "note": "The heaviest Turkish loss in a single day since 1993; Turkey then crossed into northern Iraq with several thousand men. Details are as in press accounts.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2024, "key": "2011-december-2011-baneh-clash", "name": "December 2011 Baneh clash", "label": "December 2011 Baneh clash", "year": 2011, "month": 12, "day": 28, "date": "28 December 2011", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Baneh, Kurdistan province, Iran", "lat": 36.0, "lon": 45.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Islamic Republic of Iran Army ground forces and local Basij.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Army conscripts and Basij volunteers in the Baneh area, Persian and Kurdish speakers; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "1 killed (Iranian claim); 9 (PJAK claim)", "losses_b": "4 killed and several wounded (Iranian claim); none (PJAK claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The two sides gave contradictory accounts (Iran: 1 dead against 4 PJAK; PJAK: 9 Iranians killed without loss) and Wikipedia gives the result as indecisive.", "borderline": "a small clash", "doubt": "Borderline: a small clash.", "sources": "en.wikipedia December 2011 Baneh clash", "note": "PJAK accused Iran of breaking the September 2011 ceasefire.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2025, "key": "n2025", "name": "Hakkari clashes (June-August 2012)", "label": "Hakkari clashes", "year": 2012, "month": 6, "day": 19, "date": "19 June - 11 August 2012 (fighting continued to late September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hakkari Province (Daglica/Yuksekova, Semdinli, Cukurca), Turkey", "lat": 37.35, "lon": 44.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "side_b": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "PKK commanders (200-250 fighters at Daglica, 600 or more at Semdinli)", "commanders_b": "Turkish army and gendarmerie (about 5,000 troops, tanks, helicopters)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The PKK failed to take and hold a 'liberated area' at Semdinli and lost heavily to the Turkish counter-attack; the article lists a Turkish victory.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'June-August 2012 Hakkari clashes' (fetched 2026-11-01); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes", "note": "The phases were the Daglica attack (19 June, 8 soldiers killed), the Semdinli fight from 20 July, and the Cukurca attack of 4 August. Casualty claims differ widely.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2026, "key": "2012-aleppo-2012-2016", "name": "Aleppo (2012-2016)", "label": "Aleppo (2012-2016)", "year": 2012, "month": 7, "day": 19, "date": "19 July 2012 - 22 December 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [ "Turkey" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian army commanders; Qasem Soleimani (IRGC Quds Force) in the last two years", "commanders_b": "Free Syrian Army, Levant Front, al-Nusra Front and allied commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": true, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "campaign" ], "persian_force": "From 2015: IRGC Quds Force and IRGC Ground Force units (Saberin, provincial corps), Basij volunteers, the Army's 65th Airborne Brigade (2016) and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun and Pakistani Liwa Zainabiyoun; earlier only Quds Force advisers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC and Army units were Iranian (mostly Persian speakers, with Azeri Turkic and other minorities) and the Fatemiyoun were Afghan Hazaras speaking Dari/Hazaragi; the Pakistani Zainabiyoun (Urdu, Punjabi, Turi Pashto) were smaller.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown (varied over four years)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "By 22 December 2016 the government and its allies had retaken all of rebel-held eastern Aleppo and the last rebels were evacuated.", "borderline": "an umbrella battle of four years that contains the separately listed Aleppo offensives of 2015-2016; Iran was a major ally only from 2015; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately", "doubt": "Borderline: an umbrella battle of four years that contains the separately listed Aleppo offensives of 2015-2016; Iran was a major ally only from 2015; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Aleppo (2012-2016); Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war", "note": "Iranian generals killed in the Aleppo fighting include Hossein Hamadani (October 2015), Abdolreza Mojiri (November 2015) and Ahmad Gholami (August 2016).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2027, "key": "n2027", "name": "Khorog (July 2012)", "label": "Khorog", "year": 2012, "month": 7, "day": 24, "date": "24-25 July 2012 (after the killing of Gen. Abdullo Nazarov on 21 July)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010-2015)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khorog, Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan", "lat": 37.4894, "lon": 71.5531, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Armed Forces of Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Local Pamiri militants loyal to Tolib Ayombekov and Muhammadboqir Muhammadboqirov" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armed Forces of Tajikistan v Local Pamiri militants loyal to Tolib Ayombekov and Muhammadboqir Muhammadboqirov", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Armed Forces of Tajikistan", "faction_b": "Local Pamiri militants loyal to Tolib Ayombekov and Muhammadboqir Muhammadboqirov", "commanders_a": "Emomali Rahmon (president), Defence Minister Sherali Khayrulloyev", "commanders_b": "Tolib Ayombekov, 'Colonel Boqir'", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Rahmon halted the operation on 25 July citing rebel concessions and offered amnesty; neither side was defeated (Wikipedia: inconclusive).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2012 Gorno-Badakhshan clashes' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Gorno-Badakhshan_clashes (fetched: casualties government 41 killed, militants 30 killed per infobox; BBC at least 12 soldiers and 30 militants)", "note": "Both sides Iranian: the Tajik army against Pamiri (Shughni) former UTO commanders. Casualty figures vary widely between sources.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pamiris" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2028, "key": "2012-nubl-and-al-zahraa-siege", "name": "Nubl and al-Zahraa (siege)", "label": "Nubl and al-Zahraa (siege)", "year": 2012, "month": 7, "day": 19, "date": "19 July 2012 - 3 February 2016", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Nubl and al-Zahraa, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.37, "lon": 37.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels", "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "local NDF commanders; IRGC Brigadier General Mohsen Ghajarian (killed in the relief, February 2016)", "commanders_b": "Abu Qudama al-Urduni (killed) and other rebel commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC advisers inside the towns and in the relief force, Iranian Air Force C-130 supply drops from October 2015; the defence itself was local National Defence Force militia (about 3,000) with Hezbollah (125).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the IRGC advisers and aircrew are counted as the Persian force; they were Iranian regulars, mostly Persian speakers; the local defenders were Arabic-speaking Syrians.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 3,000 NDF and 125 Hezbollah (Wikipedia infobox)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "14 IRGC killed in the February 2016 relief offensive; others unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege of the two Shia towns was broken on 3 February 2016 by the government relief offensive, so the defenders held out and won.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa; Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)", "note": "The relief offensive is entered separately as Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2029, "key": "n2029", "name": "Ras al-Ayn (2012-2013)", "label": "Ras al-Ayn", "year": 2012, "month": 11, "day": 8, "date": "8 November 2012 - 17 July 2013 (a ceasefire in February 2013 split the fighting into two phases)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ras al-Ayn (Serekaniye), Hasakah Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.85, "lon": 40.07, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG" ], "side_b": [ "Free Syrian Army factions", "al-Nusra Front" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Arab tribal fighters" ], "persian_state": "YPG", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG local commanders", "commanders_b": "Ghuraba al-Sham and al-Nusra Front commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After months of fighting the YPG drove the Islamist and FSA fighters out of the town in July 2013.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched) and 'Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012-2013)'; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The first big YPG battle against Islamist rebels and the start of the Rojava-Islamist conflict. Some Arab tribal fighters sided with the rebels.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2030, "key": "2013-al-qusayr-offensive", "name": "Al-Qusayr offensive", "label": "Al-Qusayr offensive", "year": 2013, "month": 4, "day": 4, "date": "4 April - 8 June 2013", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Homs Governorate", "place": "Al-Qusayr and its district, Homs Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.51, "lon": 36.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Hezbollah" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hezbollah commanders Abu Jihad and Fadi al-Jazar (killed); Qasem Soleimani (IRGC Quds Force, reported planner)", "commanders_b": "Lt. Col. Mohieddin al-Zain; Abdul Qader Saleh (wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force planners and advisers, with IRGC and Basij personnel reported in the capture of the town (Iranian intervention article); the fighting was done by the Syrian army, NDF and 1,700-2,000 Hezbollah.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the small IRGC and Basij element is counted; it was Iranian, mostly Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "5,000-6,000 soldiers and militia, 1,700-2,000 Hezbollah, 40 tanks", "strength_b": "1,900", "losses_a": "about 330 killed incl. 140 Hezbollah (sides unlabelled in Wikipedia)", "losses_b": "740-809 killed (sides unlabelled in Wikipedia)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Government troops and Hezbollah took al-Qusayr on 5-8 June 2013 and the surrounding villages, closing the border to the rebels.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Al-Qusayr offensive; Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war", "note": "The Wikipedia infobox wrongly gives the result as an opposition victory; its text and all accounts give the government and Hezbollah the victory.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2031, "key": "2013-august-2013-sardasht-clash", "name": "August 2013 Sardasht clash", "label": "August 2013 Sardasht clash", "year": 2013, "month": 8, "day": 22, "date": "22 August 2013 (the Iran-PJAK article gives 19 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Border area near Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 36.15, "lon": 45.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Islamic Republic of Iran Army ground forces and Basij.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from army and Basij recruitment in West Azerbaijan; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "2 killed (PJAK claim)", "losses_b": "7 killed (PJAK claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Only PJAK's claim (7 Iranian soldiers killed for 2 of its own) is reported and Iran gave no account, so who held the ground is not known.", "borderline": "a small clash known from one side's claim", "doubt": "Borderline: a small clash known from one side's claim.", "sources": "en.wikipedia August 2013 Sardasht clash; Iran-PJAK conflict", "note": "Side_a is PJAK only because the outcome is unknown; no victor is implied.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2032, "key": "n2032", "name": "Al-Yarubiyah (2013)", "label": "Al-Yarubiyah", "year": 2013, "month": 10, "day": 21, "date": "c. 21-27 October 2013", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict)", "theatre": "", "place": "Al-Yarubiyah (Til Koçer), Hasakah Governorate, Syria, on the Iraqi border", "lat": 36.82, "lon": 42.06, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", "al-Nusra Front" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamist field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The YPG took the town and the border crossing with Iraq from the Islamists.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); Wikipedia 'Battle of al-Yarubiyah' (from memory)", "note": "It opened a land route between Rojava and Iraqi Kurdistan. Exact days are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2033, "key": "2013-saravan-ambush-2013", "name": "Saravan (ambush, 2013)", "label": "Saravan (ambush, 2013)", "year": 2013, "month": 10, "day": 25, "date": "25 October 2013", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Border area of Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 27.37, "lon": 62.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Baloch rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Baloch rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "Jaish al-Adl (Abdolrahim Mollazadeh as leader)", "commanders_b": "border guard post commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A border guard unit of the Law Enforcement Force (conscripts and regulars).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Border guards were national conscripts and regulars from all Iran; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "14 border guards killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The militants killed 14 Iranian border guards and got away across the border into Pakistan.", "borderline": "an insurgent ambush without a separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an insurgent ambush without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Jaysh al-Adl", "note": "Jaish al-Adl called it retaliation for Baloch prisoners on death row; Iran hanged 16 prisoners the next day.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2034, "key": "n2034", "name": "Al-Malihah (2014)", "label": "Al-Malihah", "year": 2014, "month": 4, "day": 3, "date": "3 April-14 August 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rif Dimashq campaign)", "theatre": "", "place": "Al-Malihah (Mleiha), south-east of Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.45, "lon": 36.42, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Hezbollah", "Liwa Fatemiyoun" ], "side_b": [ "Free Syrian Army, Islamic Front, Jaysh al-Islam, al-Nusra Front" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syria & Hezbollah", "persian_role": "contingent", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Hussein Isaac, Maj. Gen. Adnan Omran (both killed)", "commanders_b": "Khaled al-Haboush, Zahran Alloush", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army and its Shia allies captured Al-Malihah on 14 August after four months of fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Al-Malihah' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah (fetched: Liwa Fatemiyoun listed among the belligerents, '50 Afghan fighters killed'); Wikipedia 'Liwa Fatemiyoun' (fetched: its recruits are typically Hazaras)", "note": "Qualifies only through the Fatemiyoun, a named unit of Afghan Hazaras (Persian-speaking) singled out in the infobox and with 50 killed; the Syrian army and Hezbollah are not Iranian. Early, small Fatemiyoun role, drawn from a single source.", "peoples": [ "Hazaras" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "contingent", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2035, "key": "2014-amirli-siege", "name": "Amirli (siege)", "label": "Amirli (siege)", "year": 2014, "month": 6, "day": 11, "date": "11 June - 31 August 2014", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Saladin Governorate", "place": "Amirli, Saladin Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 34.72, "lon": 44.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Iraqi Shia militias", "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani (Quds Force); Hadi al-Amiri (Badr); Iraqi and Peshmerga commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL Wilayat Salah al-Din", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force advisers who coordinated the relief and planning, with Iranian air support listed; the fighting was by the Iraqi army, Peshmerga, the Turkmen defenders and the Badr, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq and Kata'ib Hezbollah militias.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the Quds Force advisers and any Iranian aircrew are counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown; Badr 4,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "16 killed, 39 wounded (layout ambiguous)", "losses_b": "147 killed, 15 captured (layout ambiguous)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Turkmen town held out for about 80 days and the siege was broken on 31 August - 1 September 2014.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Amirli; Salahuddin campaign; Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014-present)", "note": "US air strikes supported the relief too, without coordination with Iran.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2036, "key": "n2036", "name": "Kirkuk (June 2014)", "label": "Kirkuk", "year": 2014, "month": 6, "day": 12, "date": "12 June 2014 (Peshmerga entered the city after the Iraqi army left) and the clashes on its outskirts that followed", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kirkuk, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State", "allied Sunni insurgents" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Peshmerga commanders (Kirkuk front)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State and allied field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga took control of Kirkuk and its oil fields as the Iraqi army fled, and held them against the insurgents who pressed the outskirts.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Kirkuk (2014)' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2014) (found by search, not fetched); Wikipedia 'Peshmerga' (fetched: Peshmerga said they took control of Kirkuk)", "note": "Most of the takeover was unopposed, so the fighting was limited to the first days at the city edges; the entry is kept because the sources name it as a battle. Peshmerga commander and scale are not confirmed here.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2037, "key": "n2037", "name": "Operation Zarb-e-Azb (North Waziristan)", "label": "Operation Zarb-e-Azb", "year": 2014, "month": 6, "day": 15, "date": "15 June 2014 to 2016 (formally continued to February 2017)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "North Waziristan (Miranshah, Mir Ali, Shawal Valley), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)", "lat": 32.99, "lon": 70.07, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army, Air Force and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan, Hafiz Gul Bahadur group, Haqqani network and Uzbek and Uyghur fighters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan, Hafiz Gul Bahadur group, Haqqani network and Uzbek and Uyghur fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gen. Raheel Sharif (Chief of Army Staff)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Fazlullah (TTP emir, Swati Yusufzai); Hafiz Gul Bahadur (Utmanzai Wazir)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The army cleared Miranshah, Mir Ali and the Shawal valley by 2015 and the militants' sanctuary in North Waziristan was dismantled, with most of the TTP leaders escaping to Afghanistan.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Zarb-e-Azb: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb", "note": "A broad air and ground campaign after the Karachi airport attack. Counted as a single battle for the phase to 2015; the later phase was folded into Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2038, "key": "2014-salahuddin-campaign", "name": "Salahuddin campaign", "label": "Salahuddin campaign", "year": 2014, "month": 6, "day": 5, "date": "5 June 2014 - 8 October 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Saladin Governorate", "place": "Saladin Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 43.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah", "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi commanders; Qasem Soleimani", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": true, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline", "campaign" ], "persian_force": "An 'Iranian-led intervention' of IRGC Quds Force advisers with the Shia militias.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the Quds Force element is counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "By October 2016 Iraqi forces had retaken the eastern, central and southern parts of the province ('major Iraqi victory').", "borderline": "an umbrella campaign containing the separately listed Siege of Amirli, Second Battle of Baiji and Second Battle of Tikrit; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately", "doubt": "Borderline: an umbrella campaign containing the separately listed Siege of Amirli, Second Battle of Baiji and Second Battle of Tikrit; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Salahuddin campaign", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2039, "key": "2014-2014-hama-offensive", "name": "2014 Hama offensive", "label": "2014 Hama offensive", "year": 2014, "month": 7, "day": 26, "date": "26 July - 19 September 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Hama Governorate", "place": "Halfaya, Khattab and the northern Hama countryside, Syria", "lat": 35.26, "lon": 36.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Col. Suhayl al-Hasan", "commanders_b": "Ahmed al-Sharaa (al-Nusra), Abdullah al-Muhsini and others", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC personnel listed among the government units; 'Syrian and Iranian forces' are reported retaking southern Halfaya on 10 September 2014.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the IRGC element is counted; it was Iranian, mostly Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 1,500", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "150+ al-Nusra killed (government claim)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army retook all ground lost to the rebel offensive, including Halfaya, plus eight more villages.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2014 Hama offensive", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2040, "key": "n2040", "name": "Makhmour and Gwer (August 2014)", "label": "Makhmour and Gwer", "year": 2014, "month": 8, "day": 7, "date": "7-10 August 2014 (Makhmour lost 7 August, retaken 10 August; Gwer retaken 10 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)", "theatre": "", "place": "Makhmour and Gwer, on the Erbil-Nineveh border, Iraq", "lat": 35.95, "lon": 43.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga", "PKK fighters" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & PKK fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Peshmerga commanders (Erbil front)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the Islamic State took Makhmour and came within about 40 km of Erbil, Peshmerga and PKK fighters with US air strikes retook Makhmour and Gwer by 10 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)' (fetched) and 'Battle of Makhmour'; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)", "note": "The advance stopped here saved Erbil. Gwer and Makhmour are merged as one front; some accounts put further fighting at Gwer to mid-August.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2041, "key": "n2041", "name": "Mosul Dam (August 2014)", "label": "Mosul Dam", "year": 2014, "month": 8, "day": 1, "date": "Attack from 1 August; Islamic State held the dam c. 7-16 August; recaptured 16-18 August 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mosul Dam, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.63, "lon": 42.82, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga", "Iraq" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & Iraq", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Peshmerga commanders under Masoud Barzani; Iraqi special forces", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After the Islamic State took the dam, Peshmerga and Iraqi special forces with US air strikes retook most of it on 17-18 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)' (fetched) and 'Battle for Mosul Dam'; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)", "note": "The first major counter-attack against the Islamic State; the Peshmerga did most of the ground fighting.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2042, "key": "n2042", "name": "Sinjar (August 2014)", "label": "Sinjar", "year": 2014, "month": 8, "day": 3, "date": "3 August 2014 (fall of the town); siege of the mountain to c. 13 August", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sinjar and Mount Sinjar, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.32, "lon": 41.88, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga", "Yazidi fighters", "YPG and PKK" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "United States" ], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & Yazidi fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic State field commanders", "commanders_b": "Peshmerga (KDP) commanders; YPG and PKK commanders for the mountain corridor", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga withdrew overnight and the Islamic State took Sinjar; Kurdish YPG and PKK fighters later opened a corridor off the mountain.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)' (fetched) and 'Sinjar massacre'; Gunter, The Kurds Ascending (2014 ed.); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)", "note": "Better known as the start of the Yazidi genocide than as a battle: the Peshmerga defence was short. The rescue of the Yazidis on the mountain involved YPG and PKK fighters (Kurds) and US air strikes.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2043, "key": "n2043", "name": "Zumar (August 2014)", "label": "Zumar", "year": 2014, "month": 8, "day": 1, "date": "1-3 August 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)", "theatre": "", "place": "Zumar, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.66, "lon": 42.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic State field commanders", "commanders_b": "Peshmerga (Zerevani) commanders, Zumar sector", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga beat off the first attack on 1 August but the town fell to the Islamic State on 3 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)' (fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)", "note": "The fall of Zumar opened the road to Sinjar and the Mosul Dam. The Kurdish claim of about 100 attackers killed is not independently checked.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2044, "key": "n2044", "name": "Kobani (2014-2015)", "label": "Kobani", "year": 2014, "month": 9, "day": 13, "date": "13 September 2014 - 26 January 2015", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Kobani (Ayn al-Arab), Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.89, "lon": 38.35, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG and YPJ" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Free Syrian Army", "Peshmerga", "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mahmud Berxwedan (YPG), Narin Afrin (YPJ), Esmat al-Sheikh (Kobani canton)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The YPG and YPJ held the town through four months of siege and drove the Islamic State out by 26 January 2015.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); Wikipedia 'Siege of Kobani' and 'Peshmerga' (fetched); Gunter, The Kurds Ascending (2014 ed.); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshmerga", "note": "Allied fighters included Free Syrian Army units and, from the end of October 2014, about 150 Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga with heavy weapons, with US-led air strikes.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2045, "key": "2014-liberation-of-jurf-al-sakhar", "name": "Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhar", "label": "Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhar", "year": 2014, "month": 10, "day": 24, "date": "24-26 October 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Babil Governorate", "place": "Jurf al-Sakhar, Babil Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 32.88, "lon": 44.12, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hadi al-Amiri; Qasem Soleimani; Brig. Gen. Hamid Taqavi (IRGC)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force planners and advisers (Soleimani reported on the battlefield) with about 7,000 Iraqi troops and militiamen.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the Quds Force element is counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 7,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "498 killed (Iraqi officials)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi forces and Shia militias took Jurf al-Sakhar in two days ('Operation Ashura') and cleared Babil Governorate of ISIL.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhar; Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014-present)", "note": "A Kata'ib Hezbollah commander denied that Iranian forces took part.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2046, "key": "n2046", "name": "Operation Khyber (Bara and Tirah, 2014-2015)", "label": "Operation Khyber", "year": 2014, "month": 10, "day": null, "date": "October 2014 to 2015 (Khyber-I from October 2014; Khyber-II from March 2015)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Bara and Tirah Valley, Khyber Agency, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Pakistan)", "lat": 33.85, "lon": 71.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Frontier Corps" ], "side_b": [ "Lashkar-e-Islam, Ansar-ul-Islam and local TTP fighters" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Lashkar-e-Islam, Ansar-ul-Islam and local TTP fighters", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pakistani 11th Corps commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Mangal Bagh (Afridi Pashtun)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army cleared Bara and parts of Tirah in 2014-15 and Lashkar-e-Islam lost its bases, though some militants moved to Nangarhar.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Khyber (Khyber-I to Khyber-IV): recalled from memory; dates not checked", "note": "A series of operations against Lashkar-e-Islam and the Tirah militants; start dates and phases are from memory and imprecise.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2047, "key": "2014-second-battle-of-baiji", "name": "Second Battle of Baiji", "label": "Second Battle of Baiji", "year": 2014, "month": 10, "day": 29, "date": "29 October 2014 - 22 October 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Saladin Governorate", "place": "Baiji and its refinery, Saladin Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 34.93, "lon": 43.49, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi commanders; Qasem Soleimani", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force advisers and the Iranian air force (listed among units), with 5,000 Iraqi troops and 10,000 Shia militiamen.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the Quds Force and Iranian air elements are counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15,000", "strength_b": "2,000", "losses_a": "2,500 killed", "losses_b": "920+ killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After changes of hands in December 2014 and May 2015, Iraqi forces fully retook Baiji in late October 2015.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Battle of Baiji", "note": "The Iranian intervention article says no Iranian forces took part in the November 2014 phase.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2048, "key": "n2048", "name": "Zumar (October 2014)", "label": "Zumar", "year": 2014, "month": 10, "day": 25, "date": "late October 2014 (Zumar recaptured c. 25-26 October)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdistan war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Zumar, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.66, "lon": 42.65, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga", "YPG" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & YPG", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Peshmerga commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kurdish forces with coalition air support retook Zumar from the Islamic State in the fighting that also reopened the road to Rabia.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'War in Iraq (2013-2017)' (fetched: Zummar recaptured October 2014); press reports; from memory; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)", "note": "Exact days are approximate; YPG units are reported to have fought beside the Peshmerga on this front.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2049, "key": "2014-al-shaykh-maskin-2014", "name": "Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)", "label": "Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)", "year": 2014, "month": 11, "day": 1, "date": "1 November - 15 December 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Daraa Governorate", "place": "Al-Shaykh Maskin, Daraa Governorate, Syria", "lat": 32.83, "lon": 36.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Brig. Gen. Ibrahim Fahad al-Naimi, Assad al-Zubi (Southern Front)", "commanders_b": "Col. Mohammad Jaber; Hassan Hazbawi (IRGC, killed, per Iranian media)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "At most a few IRGC officers (one, Hassan Hazbawi, reported killed); Iran is not listed as a belligerent.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the IRGC officer(s) are counted; Iranian, Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "1,900+ (reinforcements)", "losses_a": "200 killed (pro-government claim, 10 November)", "losses_b": "58 killed (to 10 November)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels took most of al-Shaykh Maskin and held it at the end of the battle.", "borderline": "Iranian presence rests on one IRGC officer reported killed (Iranian and partisan sources)", "doubt": "Borderline: Iranian presence rests on one IRGC officer reported killed (Iranian and partisan sources).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)", "note": "The government retook the town in January 2016.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2050, "key": "2014-iranian-airstrikes-in-diyala-2014", "name": "Iranian airstrikes in Diyala (2014)", "label": "Iranian airstrikes in Diyala (2014)", "year": 2014, "month": 11, "day": null, "date": "late November - early December 2014", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Diyala Governorate", "place": "ISIL positions in Diyala Governorate (Jalawla and Saadiya area), Iraq", "lat": 34.27, "lon": 45.17, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Iraq", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "ISIL", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force F-4 Phantoms.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRIAF aircrew; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown number of F-4s", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none reported", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Al Jazeera footage showed F-4 Phantoms bombing ISIL targets and the US said Iran had flown the strikes; Jalawla and Saadiya were retaken by Peshmerga and militias in late November 2014.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iran did not confirm, and the US said only that there were indications", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iran did not confirm, and the US said only that there were indications.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014-present)", "note": "Kurdish sources also claimed Iranian troops (81st Armoured Division) helped the Peshmerga at Jalawla in August 2014; Iran denied any military presence.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2051, "key": "n2051", "name": "Sinjar (December 2014)", "label": "Sinjar", "year": 2014, "month": 12, "day": 17, "date": "17-21 December 2014", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdistan war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Mount Sinjar and the road to Sinjar, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 41.85, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga", "YPG" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & YPG", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Masoud Barzani (overall command); Peshmerga commanders (about 8,000 men)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga broke the Islamic State siege of the Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar, though the town of Sinjar stayed in Islamic State hands.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Sinjar offensive (December 2014)' (from memory, not fetched); Gunter, The Kurds Ascending (2014 ed.); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)", "note": "Local Yazidi fighters and YPG elements took part. Sinjar town itself was retaken only in November 2015.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2052, "key": "n2052", "name": "Kirkuk (January 2015)", "label": "Kirkuk", "year": 2015, "month": 1, "day": 29, "date": "29-30 January 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdistan war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Kirkuk and its western and southern outskirts, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga", "Kirkuk Asayish" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & Kirkuk Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic State field commanders (Hawija front)", "commanders_b": "Peshmerga commanders (Brig. Gen. Shirko Shakir killed); Najmaldin Karim (governor of Kirkuk)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga and Kurdish security forces repelled the Islamic State attack on Kirkuk, which held the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Kirkuk (2015)' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2015) (found by search, not fetched); Al Jazeera, 31 Jan 2015 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/31/isil-fighters-driven-back-from-iraqi-oil-town-of-kirkuk; Rudaw, 30 Jan 2015", "note": "Islamic State attacked Kirkuk from the Hawija side on 29-30 January 2015 and a Peshmerga general was among the dead. Kirkuk had been held by the Peshmerga since 12 June 2014 (entered separately).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2053, "key": "2015-mazraat-amal-airstrike", "name": "Mazraat Amal airstrike", "label": "Mazraat Amal airstrike", "year": 2015, "month": 1, "day": 18, "date": "18 January 2015", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Golan Heights", "place": "Mazraat Amal (al-Amal Farms), Quneitra District, Syria", "lat": 33.1, "lon": 35.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force (Israel did not confirm the strike)", "commanders_b": "IRGC Quds Force Brig. Gen. Mohammad Ali Allahdadi (killed); Hezbollah's Jihad Mughniyah and Mohamad Issa (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An IRGC Quds Force reconnaissance party under Brig. Gen. Allahdadi travelling with Hezbollah commanders.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Iranian party was IRGC officers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "helicopter or drone strike (unconfirmed)", "strength_b": "two vehicles", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "1 IRGC general (six IRGC personnel by some reports) and 6 Hezbollah killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The strike destroyed the two-car convoy and killed the IRGC general and six Hezbollah men; there was no defence.", "borderline": "strike operation; a targeted strike rather than a battle", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; a targeted strike rather than a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia January 2015 Israel-Hezbollah incidents; Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "note": "Hezbollah retaliated at the Shebaa Farms on 28 January 2015 (2 Israeli soldiers killed). Iran and Hezbollah then launched the 2015 Southern Syria offensive ('Operation Martyrs of Quneitra').", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2054, "key": "n2054", "name": "Mosul offensive (January 2015)", "label": "Mosul offensive", "year": 2015, "month": 1, "day": 21, "date": "from 21 January 2015 (end date not given in the source fetched)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdistan war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Villages west and north of Mosul, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.45, "lon": 42.95, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Peshmerga commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga, with coalition air strikes, took a large amount of territory around Mosul in the first days.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'War in Iraq (2013-2017)' (fetched: 'Mosul offensive (2015)', Peshmerga captured much territory); from memory; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)", "note": "A Peshmerga-led operation that did not try to enter Mosul. The exact objectives and end date are not confirmed here.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2055, "key": "2015-2015-southern-syria-offensive", "name": "2015 Southern Syria offensive", "label": "2015 Southern Syria offensive", "year": 2015, "month": 2, "day": 7, "date": "7 February - 13 March 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Daraa, Quneitra and Rif Dimashq Governorates", "place": "Deir al-Adas, Kafr Nasij and the 'triangle of death' between Daraa, Quneitra and Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.17, "lon": 36.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Col. Abbas Abdollahi (IRGC, killed); Ali Reza Tavassoli (Fatemiyoun, killed); Mustafa Badreddine (Hezbollah)", "commanders_b": "Southern Front and al-Nusra commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force officers who planned and helped lead the offensive, with the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, alongside about 5,000 Syrian troops and 300 Hezbollah.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC officers and the Afghan Fatemiyoun (Hazaras speaking Dari/Hazaragi) named in the sources were Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 5,000 plus 300 Hezbollah", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; two IRGC officers killed at Kafr Nasij on 14 February, Tavassoli killed 28 February", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In the first phase the government side took seven towns and eight hills and held them; the second phase ended in stalemate without the rebels recovering the ground.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2015 Southern Syria offensive", "note": "Called 'Operation Martyrs of Quneitra' after the Mazraat Amal strike; the result is given as a victory in phase one and a stalemate in phase two.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2056, "key": "n2056", "name": "Al-Hasakah offensive (February-March 2015)", "label": "Al-Hasakah offensive", "year": 2015, "month": 2, "day": 21, "date": "late February - March 2015 (Tell Hamis taken c. 27 February)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Tell Hamis and Tell Brak, Hasakah Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.65, "lon": 41.15, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG and YPJ", "Syriac Military Council", "Khabour Guards" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ & Syriac Military Council", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The YPG and its allies, with US air strikes, took Tell Hamis and Tell Brak and cleared the Islamic State from the Khabur valley fronts.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "Launched after the Islamic State abducted Assyrian villagers on the Khabur. The exact day of the start is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2057, "key": "2015-second-battle-of-tikrit", "name": "Second Battle of Tikrit", "label": "Second Battle of Tikrit", "year": 2015, "month": 3, "day": 2, "date": "2 March - 17 April 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Saladin Governorate", "place": "Tikrit, Saladin Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 43.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi commanders; Hadi al-Amiri; Qasem Soleimani (eastern flank); Gen. Sadiq Yari (IRGC, killed)", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 40 IRGC Quds Force officers directing the militias, with Iranian-made artillery, rockets and drones reported.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The 40 Quds Force officers are the counted Persian force.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 30,000 in all (Iraqi army and militias); 40 Quds Force officers", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; several IRGC officers killed (Sadiq Yari, Ali Yazdani, Hadi Jafari)", "losses_b": "unknown (Wikipedia figures conflict)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi forces and militias retook Tikrit and the surrounding towns; the last pockets fell by 17 April 2015.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Battle of Tikrit; Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014-present)", "note": "US air strikes joined from 25 March, after which some Iran-backed militias withdrew in protest. The total of about 30,000 is the commonly reported figure; Wikipedia's figures are unlabelled.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2058, "key": "2015-negur-ambush-2015", "name": "Negur (ambush, 2015)", "label": "Negur (ambush, 2015)", "year": 2015, "month": 4, "day": 6, "date": "6 April 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Negur area on the Pakistan border, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 25.39, "lon": 61.14, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Baloch rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Baloch rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "Jaish al-Adl", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A border guard patrol of the Law Enforcement Force.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Border guards were national conscripts and regulars; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "8 border guards killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The attackers, coming from Pakistan, killed eight Iranian border guards and withdrew.", "borderline": "an insurgent ambush without a separate article; the place name is from press reports, Wikipedia says only 'Pakistan-Iran border'", "doubt": "Borderline: an insurgent ambush without a separate article; the place name is from press reports, Wikipedia says only 'Pakistan-Iran border'.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Jaysh al-Adl (date and losses); contemporary press for the place", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2059, "key": "2015-northwestern-syria-offensive-april-june-2015", "name": "Northwestern Syria offensive (April-June 2015)", "label": "Northwestern Syria offensive (April-June 2015)", "year": 2015, "month": 4, "day": 22, "date": "22 April - 14 June 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Idlib and Hama Governorates", "place": "Jisr al-Shughur, Ariha and the Idlib countryside, Syria", "lat": 35.81, "lon": 36.32, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Army of Conquest commanders (al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham)", "commanders_b": "Maj. Gen. Wahib Haidar, Col. Suhayl al-Hasan and others", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun (listed among the government forces), with Iranian officers reported at the front.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Fatemiyoun were Afghan Hazaras speaking Dari/Hazaragi under IRGC command.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "9,000-12,000", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "221+ killed (SOHR)", "losses_b": "325+ killed, 300 captured or missing (SOHR)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Army of Conquest took Jisr al-Shughur, Ariha and 21 or more towns and villages and held them.", "borderline": "Iran is not listed as a belligerent; the Persian presence rests on the Fatemiyoun", "doubt": "Borderline: Iran is not listed as a belligerent; the Persian presence rests on the Fatemiyoun.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Northwestern Syria offensive (April-June 2015)", "note": "Wikipedia reports Iranian officers executing three Syrian officers who retreated (8 June) and 6,000 fighters from Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan assembling.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2060, "key": "n2060", "name": "Al-Hasakah (2015)", "label": "Al-Hasakah", "year": 2015, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June - early August 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Hasakah, Syria", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 40.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "YPG and YPJ", "Asayish", "Syrian Arab Army and National Defence Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ & Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic State field commanders", "commanders_b": "YPG and Asayish commanders; Syrian government commanders", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Kurdish and government defenders held the city and drove the Islamic State out of its southern districts by early August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched) and 'Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)'; Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "Kurds and the Syrian government fought together here; the YPG and Asayish held the north and east of the city. The end date is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2061, "key": "n2061", "name": "Tell Abyad (2015)", "label": "Tell Abyad", "year": 2015, "month": 6, "day": null, "date": "June 2015 (Tell Abyad entered c. 15 June; Wikipedia dates the wider offensive May-July 2015)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Tell Abyad (Girê Spî), Raqqa Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.7, "lon": 38.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG and YPJ", "Free Syrian Army" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ & Free Syrian Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The YPG and allied rebels, with US air strikes, took Tell Abyad and linked the Kobani and Jazira cantons.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched) and 'Tell Abyad offensive'; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The capture closed the Islamic State's main border crossing with Turkey. The date given for the main assault is approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2062, "key": "2015-al-ghab-offensive-july-august-2015", "name": "Al-Ghab offensive (July-August 2015)", "label": "Al-Ghab offensive (July-August 2015)", "year": 2015, "month": 7, "day": 28, "date": "28 July - 28 August 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Idlib and Hama Governorates", "place": "Al-Ghab plain, Hama and Idlib Governorates, Syria", "lat": 35.65, "lon": 36.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Army of Conquest commanders; Lt. Hassan Khalil", "commanders_b": "Col. Suhayl al-Hasan (wounded); Col. Ali al-Hajji (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, listed among the government forces.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Fatemiyoun were Afghan Hazaras speaking Dari/Hazaragi under IRGC command.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "186-226 killed in all (SOHR, both sides)", "losses_b": "included in the total", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels took 13 towns and villages and four hills and held most of them at the end of the offensive.", "borderline": "Iran is not listed as a belligerent; the Persian presence rests on the Fatemiyoun", "doubt": "Borderline: Iran is not listed as a belligerent; the Persian presence rests on the Fatemiyoun.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Al-Ghab offensive (July-August 2015)", "note": "Much ground changed hands repeatedly; the army retook Fawru on 10 October 2015.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2063, "key": "2015-zabadani-2015", "name": "Zabadani (2015)", "label": "Zabadani (2015)", "year": 2015, "month": 7, "day": 3, "date": "3 July - 24 September 2015", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Rif Dimashq Governorate", "place": "Al-Zabadani, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Syria", "lat": 33.72, "lon": 36.1, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Hezbollah" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Lt. Gen. Ali Abdullah Ayyoub; Mustafa Badreddine (Hezbollah); Qasem Soleimani", "commanders_b": "Abdel-Rahman Kharita (killed); Zahran Alloush", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "An IRGC Quds Force element (one IRGC fatality recorded) beside the Syrian army and Hezbollah, which did most of the fighting.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the small Quds Force element is counted; Iranian, Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "1,500-2,000", "losses_a": "60-108 Hezbollah, 29 Syrian soldiers, 1 IRGC and others killed", "losses_b": "400+ killed, 189 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The assault on the rebel-held town ended in a ceasefire (the Zabadani-Fu'ah-Kafriya deal) while the town was still invested, with the attackers holding 70-85% of it.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Zabadani (2015)", "note": "Iran negotiated the ceasefire with Ahrar al-Sham, linking Zabadani to the besieged Shia towns of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2064, "key": "n2064", "name": "Battle of Kunduz (2015)", "label": "Kunduz", "year": 2015, "month": 9, "day": 28, "date": "28 September to 13 October 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kunduz (Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.73, "lon": 68.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Murad Ali Murad (Afghan Army deputy chief, led the counter-offensive); Gen. John Campbell (ISAF Resolute Support, US air support)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Abdul Salam (Taliban shadow governor of Kunduz); Mullah Akhtar Mansour (Taliban emir)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Afghan special forces with US advisers and air strikes retook the city after two weeks; the Taliban withdrew, though the incident included the US bombing of the Doctors Without Borders hospital.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Kunduz (2015): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_(2015)", "note": "The first Taliban capture of a provincial capital since 2001. The Taliban attackers included many local Pashtuns and Uzbeks, the defenders were Afghan army and police; both are Iranian armies under the Brief's convention.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2065, "key": "n2065", "name": "Dushanbe and Vahdat (September 2015)", "label": "Dushanbe and Vahdat", "year": 2015, "month": 9, "day": 4, "date": "4-16 September 2015 (attacks on 4 September; pursuit into the Romit gorge)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Nazarzoda mutiny (2015)", "theatre": "", "place": "Dushanbe and Vahdat, with the Romit gorge, Tajikistan", "lat": 38.5598, "lon": 68.787, "loc": "approx", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Armed Forces and security forces of Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Followers of Gen. Abduhalim Nazarzoda" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Armed Forces and security forces of Tajikistan v Followers of Gen. Abduhalim Nazarzoda", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Armed Forces and security forces of Tajikistan", "faction_b": "Followers of Gen. Abduhalim Nazarzoda", "commanders_a": "Tajik security chiefs (Defence Minister Sherali Mirzo)", "commanders_b": "Gen. Abduhalim Nazarzoda", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The attacks on police posts and an arms depot were put down and Nazarzoda was killed in the Romit gorge.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Press coverage and Wikipedia '2015 Tajikistan clashes' (from memory; not fetched)", "note": "Both sides Tajik. About 9 police and 17 attackers died on 4 September, by the usual account. Details are from memory and not verified by a fetch. WEAK ON DETAIL.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2066, "key": "2015-kuweires-offensive", "name": "Kuweires offensive", "label": "Kuweires offensive", "year": 2015, "month": 9, "day": 14, "date": "14 September - 16 November 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Kuweires air base and the eastern Aleppo countryside, Syria", "lat": 36.19, "lon": 37.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezbollah", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani (chief strategist); Maj. Gen. Hossein Hamadani (killed 7-8 October); Syrian commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force and IRGC Ground Force units with the Syrian army, NDF and Hezbollah; about 4,500 reinforcements in all relieved the 314 defenders.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Quds Force and Ground Force units named in the infobox were Iranian regulars, mostly Persian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 4,500 reinforcements and 314 defenders", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "three senior Iranian generals killed incl. Hamadani; 13 Iranians killed in the last 24 hours at the airport", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The siege of Kuweires air base was lifted on 10 November 2015 and government forces took about 50 villages and reached the Aleppo-Raqqa highway.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Kuweires offensive", "note": "Hamadani, Soleimani's deputy, was killed near Aleppo on 7-8 October 2015 (the Iranian intervention article ties his death to an ISIS attack).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2067, "key": "n2067", "name": "Al-Hawl (2015)", "label": "Al-Hawl", "year": 2015, "month": 10, "day": 30, "date": "late October - 13 November 2015 (Al-Hawl taken 13 November)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Al-Hawl, Hasakah Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.51, "lon": 41.0, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG and YPJ", "Jaysh al-Sanadid", "Syriac Military Council" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ & Jaysh al-Sanadid", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The YPG and allies, with US air support, captured Al-Hawl on 13 November, cutting the Islamic State's road from Mosul to Raqqa.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Al-Hawl offensive' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The first operation in which the future SDF fought as a joint force with US air cover; it came in the same days as the Peshmerga attack on Sinjar. Start date approximate.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2068, "key": "2015-aleppo-offensive-october-december-2015", "name": "Aleppo offensive (October-December 2015)", "label": "Aleppo offensive (October-December 2015)", "year": 2015, "month": 10, "day": 16, "date": "16 October - 21 December 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Southern Aleppo countryside (al-Hader, Khan Tuman, Tal Ithriya), Syria", "lat": 36.05, "lon": 37.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels", "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani with six senior IRGC officers; Syrian 4th Mechanized Division", "commanders_b": "rebel and ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC ground units led in person by Qasem Soleimani, with the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun and IRGC-directed Iraqi militias (Nujaba, Kata'ib Hezbollah), beside the Syrian army and Hezbollah.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Counted are the IRGC (Iranian) and the Fatemiyoun (Afghan Hazaras, Dari/Hazaragi); the Iraqi militias and Hezbollah are allies, not counted.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; several IRGC officers killed incl. Brig. Gen. Abdolreza Mojiri (29 November)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces took al-Hader and Khan Tuman, cut the M5 highway and the Idlib road, and kept 408 sq km against the rebels' nine villages.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aleppo offensive (October-December 2015); Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2069, "key": "2015-northwestern-syria-offensive-october-november-2015", "name": "Northwestern Syria offensive (October-November 2015)", "label": "Northwestern Syria offensive (October-November 2015)", "year": 2015, "month": 10, "day": 7, "date": "7 October - 10 November 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Hama and Idlib Governorates", "place": "Northern Hama countryside (Kafr Nabudah, Morek, Latamna), Syria", "lat": 35.38, "lon": 36.55, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Col. Hamid Mokhtarband (killed), Col. Farshad Hasounizadeh (killed), Reza Khavari (killed); Syrian commanders", "commanders_b": "Army of Conquest, al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham and FSA commanders", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "'Iranian and affiliated forces': IRGC ground units (hundreds of Iranian troops arrived in September 2015) and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, with the Syrian army and Hezbollah.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC units and the Afghan Fatemiyoun named in the infobox were Persian-speaking in the main.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "7,000+ (side unlabelled in Wikipedia)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "119+ killed, 1 helicopter and 1 MiG-21 lost (sides unlabelled)", "losses_b": "81+ killed (sides unlabelled)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The government side kept some gains (al-Bahsa, Fawru, Safsafah and most of Jeb al-Ahmar) but lost Morek, which it had held before the offensive, and most of its northern Hama gains (Kafr Nabudah, Atshan, Lahaya) to rebel counter-attacks, so neither side ended clearly ahead of its starting line.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Northwestern Syria offensive (October-November 2015); Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war", "note": "IRGC Brig. Gen. Reza Khavari was killed on the Hama front on 23 October 2015. The 'major ally' role is a judgment from the Iranian troop arrivals reported for this offensive.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2070, "key": "2015-east-aleppo-offensive-2015-2016", "name": "East Aleppo offensive (2015-2016)", "label": "East Aleppo offensive (2015-2016)", "year": 2015, "month": 11, "day": 18, "date": "18 November 2015 - 21 February 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Eastern Aleppo countryside (Aleppo thermal power plant), Syria", "lat": 36.17, "lon": 37.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani (chief strategist); Syrian commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force, IRGC Ground Forces and Basij, with Iranian-backed Iraqi militias, beside the Syrian army and Hezbollah.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC and Basij units named in the infobox were Iranian, mostly Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "800+", "losses_a": "35+ government soldiers killed (Iranian losses not reported)", "losses_b": "190+ killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces took 61 villages and the Aleppo thermal power plant and cleared 40 km of highway.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia East Aleppo offensive (2015-2016)", "note": "The 'major ally' role follows Iran's listing as a co-belligerent with named IRGC ground units; Iranian numbers are not given.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2071, "key": "n2071", "name": "Sinjar (November 2015)", "label": "Sinjar", "year": 2015, "month": 11, "day": 12, "date": "12-13 November 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdistan war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Sinjar, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.32, "lon": 41.88, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Peshmerga", "Yazidi Sinjar Resistance Units", "YPG", "PKK" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & Yazidi Sinjar Resistance Units", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Masoud Barzani; Peshmerga commanders (about 7,500 men)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Peshmerga, with Yazidi, YPG and PKK fighters and US air support, took Sinjar town and cut Highway 47.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Sinjar offensive (November 2015)'; Gunter, The Kurds Ascending (2014 ed.); from memory", "note": "Part of the Kurdish drive that cut the Islamic State's road between Mosul and Raqqa.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2072, "key": "n2072", "name": "Cizre (2015-2016)", "label": "Cizre", "year": 2015, "month": 12, "day": 14, "date": "14 December 2015 - 2 March 2016 (an earlier siege on 4-12 September 2015)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Cizre, Sirnak Province, Turkey", "lat": 37.33, "lon": 42.19, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party youth militias" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party youth militias", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish army, gendarmerie and Police Special Operations", "commanders_b": "YPS (Civil Protection Units) commanders in Cizre", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish security forces took the districts held by the PKK's urban militias after a curfew and ten weeks of fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "UN OHCHR, Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey (2017); Wikipedia 'Cizre' and 'Kurdish-Turkish conflict'; from memory", "note": "The militias dug trenches and barricades; the end of the siege saw the deaths of civilians trapped in basements, disputed between sides.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2073, "key": "n2073", "name": "Nineveh Plains offensive (December 2015)", "label": "Nineveh Plains offensive", "year": 2015, "month": 12, "day": 16, "date": "16-17 December 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Iraqi Kurdistan war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Kurdish positions northeast of Mosul, Nineveh Plains, Iraq", "lat": 36.55, "lon": 43.35, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic State field commanders", "commanders_b": "Peshmerga commanders", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Peshmerga repelled the Islamic State attack and kept their positions.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'War in Iraq (2013-2017)' (fetched: attack repelled 16-17 December 2015); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)", "note": "Only the date and the outcome are taken from the source; the scale of the fighting is not known to me.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2074, "key": "n2074", "name": "Sur (2015-2016)", "label": "Sur (2015-2016)", "year": 2015, "month": 12, "day": 2, "date": "2 December 2015 - March 2016", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sur district, Diyarbakir, Turkey", "lat": 37.91, "lon": 40.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party youth militias" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party youth militias", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish army, gendarmerie and Police Special Operations", "commanders_b": "YPS (Civil Protection Units) commanders in Sur", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish forces cleared the old city of Diyarbakir of militants over three months of curfew and fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "UN OHCHR, Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey (2017); Wikipedia 'Sur, Diyarbakir'; from memory", "note": "Much of the historic quarter was destroyed; the area was expropriated afterwards. The end date is given variously as early to mid March 2016.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2075, "key": "n2075", "name": "Tishrin Dam (2015)", "label": "Tishrin Dam", "year": 2015, "month": 12, "day": 12, "date": "12-26 December 2015", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Tishrin Dam on the Euphrates, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.37, "lon": 38.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF took the dam and a bridgehead west of the Euphrates after about two weeks of fighting under US air support.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Tishrin Dam offensive' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. The dam was crossed by Kurdish fighters despite Turkey's earlier warning against crossing the Euphrates.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2076, "key": "n2076", "name": "Al-Shaddadi (2016)", "label": "Al-Shaddadi", "year": 2016, "month": 2, "day": 16, "date": "16-19 February 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict) / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Al-Shaddadi, Hasakah Governorate, Syria", "lat": 35.89, "lon": 40.74, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; Jaysh al-Sanadid and YPG commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF with US air and special forces support took Al-Shaddadi and its oil area from the Islamic State.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2077, "key": "n2077", "name": "Nangarhar offensive (2016)", "label": "Nangarhar offensive", "year": 2016, "month": 2, "day": 14, "date": "14 February to 6 March 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "ISKP insurgency in Afghanistan (Islamic State - Khorasan Province)", "theatre": "", "place": "Achin, Shinwar and Kot districts, Nangarhar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.05, "lon": 70.72, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State - Khorasan Province" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support v Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "faction_b": "Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "commanders_a": "Brig. Gen. Mohammad Nasim Sangin (took Achin, 21 February); Haji Ghalib (military chief in Achin)", "commanders_b": "ISKP commanders (Hafiz Saeed Khan, Orakzai Pashtun emir; not named in the Wikipedia article)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Afghan forces retook Achin on 21 February and about 22 villages, pushing ISKP back about 8 km; Ghani claimed on 6 March that all ISKP-held ground had been recovered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Nangarhar offensive (2016): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)", "note": "The first large operation against ISKP's Nangarhar emirate. ISKP in Nangarhar was Pashtun-led and largely recruited from Pashtun ex-TTP and Taliban defectors; the government side was the Afghan army.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2078, "key": "2016-northern-aleppo-offensive-february-2016", "name": "Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)", "label": "Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 2, "day": 1, "date": "1-16 February 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Bayanoun, Mayer and the corridor to Nubl and al-Zahraa, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.33, "lon": 37.03, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [ "Turkey" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Brig. Gen. Mohsen Ghajarian (killed)", "commanders_b": "rebel commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Ground Forces and Quds Force units (14-24 IRGC killed) with the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, beside the Syrian army, Hezbollah and Iraqi militias under Russian air cover.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC units and the Fatemiyoun named in the infobox were Persian-speaking in the main.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "about 3,000 additional government troops (no breakdown)", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "14-24 IRGC killed (SOHR-based); Syrian losses unknown", "losses_b": "over 100 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army and its allies broke through to Nubl and al-Zahraa on 3 February, took Mayer and nine villages and cut the rebels' main supply route from Turkey.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016); Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa", "note": "The Kurdish-led SDF exploited the rebel collapse to take Tell Rifaat and Menagh air base (listed by Wikipedia as a joint victory).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2079, "key": "n2079", "name": "Tell Rifaat and Menagh (February 2016)", "label": "Tell Rifaat and Menagh", "year": 2016, "month": 2, "day": 9, "date": "9-16 February 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict)", "theatre": "", "place": "Menagh air base and Tell Rifaat, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 37.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Jaysh al-Thuwar" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebel factions" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces & Jaysh al-Thuwar", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG and Jaysh al-Thuwar commanders", "commanders_b": "rebel commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The SDF took Menagh air base and Tell Rifaat during the rebels' loss of the Azaz road, and held them against rebel counter-attacks and Turkish shelling.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "Turkey began shelling the YPG in the area on 13-16 February 2016. Rebel losses included Menagh (10 February).", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2080, "key": "n2080", "name": "Nusaybin (2016)", "label": "Nusaybin", "year": 2016, "month": 3, "day": 14, "date": "14 March - June 2016 (end date approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Nusaybin, Mardin Province, Turkey", "lat": 37.07, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party youth militias" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party youth militias", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish army, gendarmerie and Police Special Operations", "commanders_b": "YPS (Civil Protection Units) commanders in Nusaybin", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish forces cleared the militia-held districts after a curfew and months of fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "UN OHCHR, Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey (2017); Wikipedia 'Nusaybin'; from memory", "note": "The town lies directly across the border from Qamishli. Tens of thousands of residents fled.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2081, "key": "2016-palmyra-offensive-march-2016", "name": "Palmyra offensive (March 2016)", "label": "Palmyra offensive (March 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 3, "day": 9, "date": "9-27 March 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Homs Governorate (Syrian Desert)", "place": "Palmyra (Tadmur), Homs Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.56, "lon": 38.27, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian and Russian commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC advisers and Liwa Fatemiyoun units that arrived as reinforcements about 21 March, in a force of over 6,000.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "IRGC advisers and Afghan Fatemiyoun (Dari/Hazaragi) are counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6,000+", "strength_b": "2,000+ (Syrian army figure)", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 400 (unattributed figures)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Syrian army took Palmyra and its surroundings on 27 March 2016.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Palmyra offensive (March 2016)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2082, "key": "2016-2016-southern-aleppo-campaign", "name": "2016 Southern Aleppo campaign", "label": "2016 Southern Aleppo campaign", "year": 2016, "month": 4, "day": 1, "date": "1 April - 18 June 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Khan Tuman, Tel al-Eis and Khalidiyah, southern Aleppo countryside, Syria", "lat": 36.1, "lon": 37.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Army of Conquest and Jaish al-Fatah commanders (al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham)", "commanders_b": "Brig. Gen. Javad Dourbin (IRGC, killed); Brig. Gen. Shafi Shafii (Quds Force, killed); Syrian commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force and the 25th Karbala Division, the Army's 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade (the first regular Iranian army unit in Syria), and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The 25th Karbala Division was raised in Mazandaran (Mazandarani and Persian speakers); with the 65th Brigade and the Afghan Fatemiyoun the counted force was overwhelmingly Iranian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "dozens of Iranians: 13 IRGC (mostly of the 25th Karbala Division) killed at Khan Tuman on 6 May; three senior IRGC officers in early April; four commandos incl. two of the 65th Brigade", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels took Tel al-Eis, Khan Tuman (6 May) and seven other villages and held them at the end of the campaign.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign", "note": "Khan Tuman (6 May 2016) was Iran's costliest single day in Syria; the figure of 13 IRGC dead there is from Iranian reports cited in the press.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2083, "key": "n2083", "name": "Qamishli (April 2016)", "label": "Qamishli", "year": 2016, "month": 4, "day": 20, "date": "20-27 April 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict)", "theatre": "", "place": "Qamishli, Hasakah Governorate, Syria", "lat": 37.05, "lon": 41.22, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG and Asayish" ], "side_b": [ "National Defence Forces", "Syrian Arab Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asayish and YPG commanders", "commanders_b": "National Defence Forces and Syrian army commanders in Qamishli", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Asayish and YPG took the pro-government militia's positions in the city and held most of it after a ceasefire.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched; footnote lists 22 dead); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "A short urban fight between former co-existing forces. The government kept the airport and a pocket in the city.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2084, "key": "n2084", "name": "Manbij (2016)", "label": "Manbij", "year": 2016, "month": 5, "day": 31, "date": "31 May - 12 August 2016", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Syrian civil war / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Manbij, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.53, "lon": 37.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Manbij Military Council" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces & Manbij Military Council", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; Sharfan Darwish (Manbij Military Council)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF took Manbij after a two-month siege and street fight under US air cover.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Manbij offensive (2016)' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. Manbij is Arab-majority and the Manbij Military Council was Arab-led.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2085, "key": "2016-sardasht-clash-may-2016", "name": "Sardasht clash (May 2016)", "label": "Sardasht clash (May 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 5, "day": 4, "date": "4 May 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Sardasht area, West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 36.15, "lon": 45.48, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "KDPI (PDKI) Peshmerga commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC ground forces of the northwestern (Hamzeh) command, with air support according to Kurdish sources.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from IRGC recruitment; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "8-10 IRGC killed (reports)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Reports give 8-10 IRGC killed and Kurdish sources claim Iranian air strikes followed, but none says who held the ground.", "borderline": "no separate article; a clash listed by date and place in the Western Iran clashes article, marking the KDPI's return to armed struggle", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; a clash listed by date and place in the Western Iran clashes article, marking the KDPI's return to armed struggle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "note": "Side_a is the KDPI only because the outcome is unknown; no victor is implied.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2086, "key": "2016-third-battle-of-fallujah", "name": "Third Battle of Fallujah", "label": "Third Battle of Fallujah", "year": 2016, "month": 5, "day": 22, "date": "22 May - 29 June 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Iraq (2013-2017)", "theatre": "Anbar Governorate", "place": "Fallujah, Anbar Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 33.35, "lon": 43.78, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi commanders; PMF commanders; Qasem Soleimani (photographed with PMF commanders)", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Quds Force advisers with the PMF; one Iranian Basij member was reported killed near Fallujah on 25 May.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only the small Iranian advisory element is counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; one Basij member killed", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi forces retook Fallujah on 26 June and its western suburbs on 28 June 2016.", "borderline": "Iran is not listed in the infobox; the Iranian presence rests on Soleimani's visit and one Basij death", "doubt": "Borderline: Iran is not listed in the infobox; the Iranian presence rests on Soleimani's visit and one Basij death.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Third Battle of Fallujah", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2087, "key": "2016-2016-aleppo-summer-campaign", "name": "2016 Aleppo summer campaign", "label": "2016 Aleppo summer campaign", "year": 2016, "month": 6, "day": 25, "date": "25 June - 11 September 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Castello road, Mallah farms, Ramouseh and the Aleppo Military Academy, Syria", "lat": 36.17, "lon": 37.13, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [ "Turkey" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Gen. Dariush Darsti (IRGC, killed); Ahmad Gholami (killed); Maj. Abolghassem Zahiri (wounded)", "commanders_b": "Fatah Halab, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham and Ahrar al-Sham commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": true, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "campaign" ], "persian_force": "IRGC units (Isfahan and Alborz provincial corps, the 102nd Imam Hossein Battalion), Basij and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, beside the Syrian army, Liwa al-Quds, Hezbollah and about 2,000 al-Nujaba.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Isfahan and Alborz corps were recruited in Persian-speaking provinces; with the Fatemiyoun (Dari/Hazaragi) the counted force was overwhelmingly Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "100+ tanks, 400+ BMPs, about 2,000 al-Nujaba", "strength_b": "8,000-10,000+", "losses_a": "688-1,051 killed (unlabelled in Wikipedia)", "losses_b": "625-948 killed (unlabelled in Wikipedia)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army cut the Castello road and besieged eastern Aleppo, lost the Ramouseh corridor to the rebel counter-offensive, and retook the Academy (4 September) and Ramouseh (6-8 September), ending the campaign in possession of the siege lines.", "borderline": "an umbrella campaign containing the separately listed Aleppo offensive (July-August 2016); a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately", "doubt": "Borderline: an umbrella campaign containing the separately listed Aleppo offensive (July-August 2016); a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2016 Aleppo summer campaign", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2088, "key": "2016-oshnavieh-clashes-june-2016", "name": "Oshnavieh clashes (June 2016)", "label": "Oshnavieh clashes (June 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 6, "day": 16, "date": "16-17 June 2016 (fighting renewed on the border 27-28 June)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Oshnavieh (Shno), West Azerbaijan, Iran", "lat": 37.04, "lon": 45.1, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "IRGC Hamzeh Seyed al-Shohada base commanders (not named)", "commanders_b": "KDPI (PDKI) Peshmerga commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC ground forces and Basij of the northwestern command, followed by IRGC artillery shelling of the border strip.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Inferred from IRGC recruitment; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "3 security personnel killed (Iranian figure); 20+ IRGC (KDPI claim)", "losses_b": "12 killed (Iranian figure); 6 (KDPI figure)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After two days of fighting the KDPI band withdrew toward the Iraqi border, leaving the IRGC in control of the area (Iranian figures: 12 militants and 3 security personnel killed).", "borderline": "no separate article; a clash listed by date and place in the Western Iran clashes article", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; a clash listed by date and place in the Western Iran clashes article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "note": "The withdrawal of the KDPI band is inferred from the reports of later fighting on the border (27-28 June: 11 KDPI and 3 IRGC killed by Iranian figures); the outcome is medium confidence.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2089, "key": "2016-aleppo-offensive-july-august-2016", "name": "Aleppo offensive (July-August 2016)", "label": "Aleppo offensive (July-August 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 7, "day": 31, "date": "31 July - 6 August 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Ramouseh and the Aleppo Artillery Academy, south-western Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.16, "lon": 37.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "Turkey" ], "allies_b": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Fatah Halab and Army of Conquest commanders", "commanders_b": "Maj. Abolghassem Zahiri (102nd Imam Hossein Battalion, wounded); Syrian commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Isfahan and Alborz corps units, Basij, Iranian Army units and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "IRGC provincial corps from Persian-speaking provinces and the Afghan Fatemiyoun are counted.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "8,000-10,000+", "strength_b": "unknown; 100+ tanks and 400+ BMPs", "losses_a": "about 500 killed (SOHR)", "losses_b": "about 200 killed (SOHR); four Iranian officers killed (3 August)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels took the Artillery Academy and Ramouseh on 6 August and opened a corridor to eastern Aleppo, holding the ground at the end of the offensive.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aleppo offensive (July-August 2016)", "note": "The government retook the Academy on 4 September and Ramouseh on 6-8 September (2016 Aleppo summer campaign).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2090, "key": "n2090", "name": "Al-Hasakah (2016)", "label": "Al-Hasakah", "year": 2016, "month": 8, "day": 16, "date": "16-23 August 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Rojava conflict)", "theatre": "", "place": "Hasakah, Syria", "lat": 36.5, "lon": 40.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "YPG and Asayish" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Arab Army", "National Defence Forces", "Syrian Arab Air Force" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "YPG and Asayish commanders", "commanders_b": "Syrian army and NDF commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The YPG took most of the city and forced a US-mediated ceasefire on 23 August after Syrian jets bombed its positions.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The first Syrian air strikes on Kurdish positions; US aircraft were scrambled to protect coalition advisers.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2091, "key": "n2091", "name": "Taliban offensive on Lashkar Gah (2016)", "label": "Taliban offensive on Lashkar Gah", "year": 2016, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August to October 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Lashkar Gah, Nad Ali and Marjah, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.59, "lon": 64.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support and advisers" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support and advisers v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support and advisers", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Gen. John Nicholson (Resolute Support, US air support); Afghan 215th Corps commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada (emir); Taliban Helmand commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban pressed into Nad Ali, Nawa and the approaches to Lashkar Gah in August-October, but the city did not fall, with US air strikes and advisers supporting the 215th Corps.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Fall of Sangin (background: August 2016 Reuters report on the Taliban assault in Helmand)", "note": "A multi-front Taliban campaign in central Helmand rather than one dated battle; the city was reported threatened in August and again in October 2016. Dates and details are from memory and were not checked against a dedicated article.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2092, "key": "2016-aleppo-offensive-september-october-2016", "name": "Aleppo offensive (September-October 2016)", "label": "Aleppo offensive (September-October 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22 September - 16 October 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Eastern Aleppo (Handarat, Bustan al-Basha), Syria", "lat": 36.23, "lon": 37.17, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Col. Mohammad-Reza Zarealvani (IRGC Saberin Unit, killed)", "commanders_b": "Fatah Halab and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The IRGC Saberin special forces, Quds Force and Basij, beside 3,250 Syrian soldiers, 5,000 al-Nujaba and 120+ Russian naval infantry advisers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC Saberin, Quds Force and Basij units named in the infobox were Iranian, mostly Persian speakers.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "10,000+", "strength_b": "about 8,000", "losses_a": "98-141+ killed (unlabelled)", "losses_b": "56-96+ killed (unlabelled)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pro-government forces took 15-20% of rebel-held eastern Aleppo and kept it despite a rebel counter-attack.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aleppo offensive (September-October 2016)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2093, "key": "2016-aleppo-offensive-october-november-2016", "name": "Aleppo offensive (October-November 2016)", "label": "Aleppo offensive (October-November 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 10, "day": 28, "date": "28 October - 12 November 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Western Aleppo (Dahiyat al-Assad, Minyan), Syria", "lat": 36.19, "lon": 37.08, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hadi Zahid (Quds Force operations chief in Aleppo, killed); Brig. Gen. Mohammad Hosseini Rafei (Imam Sajjad Brigade, reportedly killed)", "commanders_b": "Army of Conquest and Fatah Halab commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Ground Forces (the Imam Sajjad Takavar Brigade of Kazerun, the 25th Karbala Division), Quds Force, Basij and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Daylami and Caspian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Kazerun brigade (Fars) and the Mazandaran 25th Karbala Division with the Afghan Fatemiyoun were Persian- and Mazandarani-speaking in the main.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels' attempt to break the siege took Minyan and most of Dahiyat al-Assad, but government forces retook all of it by 12 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aleppo offensive (October-November 2016)", "note": "A rebel offensive repulsed: the government side (with Iran) is the victor.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2094, "key": "n2094", "name": "Battle of Kunduz (2016)", "label": "Kunduz", "year": 2016, "month": 10, "day": 3, "date": "3-6 October 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kunduz (Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.73, "lon": 68.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Gen. John Nicholson (Resolute Support, US air support); Afghan commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Taliban commanders of Kunduz (unnamed); Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada (emir)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban entered the city on 3 October and held parts of it for days, but Afghan forces with US air support retook the city by about 6 October.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Kunduz (2016): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_(2016)", "note": "A second Taliban assault on the same city a year after the first; shorter and again reversed with US support.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2095, "key": "n2095", "name": "Kirkuk (October 2016)", "label": "Kirkuk", "year": 2016, "month": 10, "day": 21, "date": "21-23 October 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Mosul offensive (2016-2017)", "theatre": "", "place": "Kirkuk, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga", "Kirkuk Asayish", "Iraqi police" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga & Kirkuk Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic State sleeper-cell attackers", "commanders_b": "Kurdish security forces under Najmaldin Karim (governor)", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kurdish security forces and Peshmerga killed or drove off the Islamic State attackers within about two days and kept Kirkuk.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2016 Kirkuk attack' (from memory); press reports (Reuters, 21-23 Oct 2016)", "note": "A diversion launched four days after the Mosul offensive began. The defenders were a mix of Kurdish security forces and Iraqi police.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2096, "key": "n2096", "name": "Mosul (2016-2017)", "label": "Mosul", "year": 2016, "month": 10, "day": 17, "date": "17 October 2016 - 10 July 2017", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Mosul offensive (2016-2017)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mosul, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.34, "lon": 43.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Peshmerga" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition", "Popular Mobilization Forces", "Turkey" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Iraq & Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Haider al-Abadi (prime minister); Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Service; Masoud Barzani (Peshmerga commander-in-chief) and Peshmerga commanders on the Gwer, Khazir and Bashiqa fronts", "commanders_b": "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (caliph); local Islamic State commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a named unit", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The Iraqi forces and Peshmerga, with US-led air power, took the whole of Mosul after nine months.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)'; Gunter, The Kurds Ascending (2014 ed.); from memory", "note": "The Peshmerga were a small share of the roughly 100,000 men of the coalition but led the opening on the east and north fronts (Bashiqa, Khazir, Nineveh plain villages) and are singled out in the sources; they stayed out of the city itself.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2097, "key": "2016-aleppo-offensive-november-december-2016", "name": "Aleppo offensive (November-December 2016)", "label": "Aleppo offensive (November-December 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 11, "day": 15, "date": "15 November - 22 December 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Aleppo Governorate", "place": "Eastern Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian, Russian and IRGC commanders (none named for Iran)", "commanders_b": "Fatah Halab and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC units with the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun and Pakistani Liwa Zainabiyoun, in a government force of 6,000-25,000+.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC and the Afghan Fatemiyoun (Dari/Hazaragi) were the bulk of the counted force; the Zainabiyoun spoke Urdu, Punjabi and Turi Pashto.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "6,000-25,000+", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "153 killed, 200+ wounded (Syrian army and allies)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Government forces retook all the eastern and southern districts of Aleppo and the last rebels were evacuated on 22 December 2016.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aleppo offensive (November-December 2016)", "note": "It ended the Battle of Aleppo (2012-2016).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2098, "key": "2016-palmyra-offensive-december-2016", "name": "Palmyra offensive (December 2016)", "label": "Palmyra offensive (December 2016)", "year": 2016, "month": 12, "day": 8, "date": "8-22 December 2016", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Homs Governorate (Syrian Desert)", "place": "Palmyra and Tiyas (T-4) air base, Tadmur District, Syria", "lat": 34.56, "lon": 38.27, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Islamic State" ], "side_b": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "ISIL commanders", "commanders_b": "Brig. Gen. Hassan Akbari (IRGC Ground Forces, killed); Syrian commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "About 1,200 Liwa Fatemiyoun, the Pakistani Liwa Zainabiyoun and IRGC Ground Forces (the Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Corps of Qom), with Iraqi Kata'ib al-Imam Ali and 100+ Hezbollah.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The 1,200 Afghan Fatemiyoun (Dari/Hazaragi) and the Qom IRGC corps were Persian-speaking; the Zainabiyoun were Pakistani.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "about 1,200 Fatemiyoun, 100+ Hezbollah and Syrian troops", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "about 100 killed (army figure)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "ISIL retook Palmyra on 11 December 2016 with the nearby oil fields and held it; only its attack on Tiyas air base failed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Palmyra offensive (December 2016)", "note": "Wikipedia gives a 'partial ISIL victory' because the Tiyas attack failed; under the field test the loss of Palmyra decides it.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2099, "key": "n2099", "name": "Fall of Sangin (2017)", "label": "Fall of Sangin", "year": 2017, "month": 1, "day": null, "date": "January to 23 March 2017", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Sangin, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.07, "lon": 64.83, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "United States" ], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "commanders_a": "Mullah Agha (Taliban shadow governor of Helmand, killed)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Rasoul (Sangin police chief)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After two months of attacks the Afghan forces withdrew overnight and the Taliban took the district centre on 23 March 2017.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Fall of Sangin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Sangin", "note": "The Taliban victory at a district that had cost more British and American lives than any other. About 338 men of the 215th Corps were in the district. Month and day of the start are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2100, "key": "2017-palmyra-offensive-2017", "name": "Palmyra offensive (2017)", "label": "Palmyra offensive (2017)", "year": 2017, "month": 1, "day": 13, "date": "13 January - 2 March 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Homs Governorate (Syrian Desert)", "place": "Palmyra (Tadmur), Homs Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.56, "lon": 38.27, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Suheil al-Hassan; Col. Gen. Andrey Kartapolov", "commanders_b": "Abu Shaher al-Hassan (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC-led Pakistani Liwa Zainabiyoun, listed among the allied militias; Iran itself is not listed.", "languages": [ "Indian", "Pashto" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Zainabiyoun were Pakistani Shia (Urdu, Punjabi, Turi Pashto, Balti) under IRGC command, so the counted force spoke few Iranian languages apart from Pashto.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "4,900+ soldiers plus about 1,900 reinforcements", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "115 Syrian and 18 Russian killed", "losses_b": "283+ killed (SOHR)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Syrian army and its allies retook Palmyra and 52 settlements (1,702 sq km) by 2 March 2017.", "borderline": "Iranian presence rests on the Zainabiyoun; no Iranian units are listed", "doubt": "Borderline: Iranian presence rests on the Zainabiyoun; no Iranian units are listed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Palmyra offensive (2017)", "note": "Pashto is an Iranian language, so the share may be larger than 'minor' if the Turi Pashtuns of Parachinar were numerous; unknown.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2101, "key": "2017-hama-offensive-march-april-2017", "name": "Hama offensive (March-April 2017)", "label": "Hama offensive (March-April 2017)", "year": 2017, "month": 3, "day": 21, "date": "21 March - 28 April 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Hama Governorate", "place": "Northern Hama countryside (Suran, Taybat al-Imam, Halfaya), Syria", "lat": 35.27, "lon": 36.71, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Saeed Khajeh Salehani and Hossein Moez-Qolami (IRGC field commanders, killed)", "commanders_b": "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, Jaysh al-Izza and allied commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force and Basij units with the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun (and the Pakistani Zainabiyoun).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC units and Afghan Fatemiyoun named in the infobox were Persian-speaking in the main.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "8 IRGC killed; 58+ foreign fighters in all", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The rebels came within 3 km of Hama but the army and its allies retook all the lost ground, including Taybat al-Imam and Halfaya, by 28 April.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hama offensive (March-April 2017)", "note": "A rebel offensive repulsed; Iran is listed as a co-belligerent.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2102, "key": "n2102", "name": "Tabqa (2017)", "label": "Tabqa", "year": 2017, "month": 3, "day": 22, "date": "22 March - 10 May 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Raqqa campaign (2016-2017)", "theatre": "", "place": "Tabqa and Tabqa Dam, Raqqa Governorate, Syria", "lat": 35.84, "lon": 38.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; Rojda Felat (Raqqa campaign commander)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF with US air and helicopter-borne support took Tabqa city, the airbase and the dam.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Tabqa' and 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2103, "key": "2017-mirjaveh-ambush-2017", "name": "Mirjaveh (ambush, 2017)", "label": "Mirjaveh (ambush, 2017)", "year": 2017, "month": 4, "day": 26, "date": "26 April 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Mirjaveh border area, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 29.02, "lon": 61.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Baloch rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Baloch rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "Jaish al-Adl", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A border guard patrol of the Law Enforcement Force.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Border guards were national conscripts and regulars; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "9-10 border guards killed, 2 wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The militants ambushed a border patrol, killing 9-10 guards and wounding two, and escaped.", "borderline": "an insurgent ambush without a separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an insurgent ambush without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Jaysh al-Adl; contemporary press for the place", "note": "Iran threatened to strike militant bases inside Pakistan afterwards.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2104, "key": "n2104", "name": "Mohmand Valley raid (Achin, 2017)", "label": "Mohmand Valley raid", "year": 2017, "month": 4, "day": 27, "date": "27-28 April 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "ISKP insurgency in Afghanistan (Islamic State - Khorasan Province)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mohmand Dara, Achin District, Nangarhar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.02, "lon": 70.65, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "United States with Afghan commandos" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State - Khorasan Province" ], "allies_a": [ "Afghan commandos" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "United States with Afghan commandos v Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "United States with Afghan commandos", "faction_b": "Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "commanders_a": "Local US Ranger task force (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Abdul Hasib (ISKP emir, a Pashtun from Logar; killed in the raid)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The raiders reached the ISKP headquarters and killed the emir Abdul Hasib and dozens of fighters, though two Rangers died.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Mohmand Valley raid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_Valley_raid", "note": "A night raid with hours of firefight rather than a long battle; included as the clearest ground action in the Achin/Mohmand Dara area, where the MOAB was dropped two weeks earlier. The Afghan commando share is uncertain.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2105, "key": "n2105", "name": "Chaman border clash (2017)", "label": "Chaman border clash", "year": 2017, "month": 5, "day": 4, "date": "4-5 May 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghanistan-Pakistan border disputes", "theatre": "", "place": "Chaman (Balochistan, Pakistan) and Spin Boldak (Kandahar, Afghanistan)", "lat": 30.95, "lon": 66.43, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Afghan Border Police of Kandahar" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Frontier Corps and army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Afghan Border Police of Kandahar v Pakistan Frontier Corps and army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Afghan Border Police of Kandahar", "faction_b": "Pakistan Frontier Corps and army", "commanders_a": "Gen. Abdul Raziq Achakzai (Kandahar police chief, Pashtun)", "commanders_b": "Frontier Corps Balochistan commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Artillery and small-arms exchanges across the border over two days stopped when local commanders agreed a ceasefire; neither side held new ground.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghanistan-Pakistan border skirmishes (recalled from memory; not fetched)", "note": "Sparked by a dispute over an Afghan census of villages on the Pakistani side; about a dozen Afghan civilians and several Pakistani civilians and soldiers died. The Frontier Corps (Pashtun and Baloch) fought on the Pakistani side.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2106, "key": "2017-syrian-desert-campaign-may-july-2017", "name": "Syrian Desert campaign (May-July 2017)", "label": "Syrian Desert campaign (May-July 2017)", "year": 2017, "month": 5, "day": 7, "date": "7 May - 13 July 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Syrian Desert", "place": "Syrian Desert toward al-Tanf and the Iraqi border, Homs and Rif Dimashq Governorates, Syria", "lat": 33.5, "lon": 38.62, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State", "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [ "United States" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian commanders; Qasem Soleimani reported near the Iraqi border", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders; US-backed Maghawir al-Thowra", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": true, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline", "campaign" ], "persian_force": "IRGC-led militias (Liwa Fatemiyoun) and IRGC advisers, with IRGC Shahed-129 drones; the US struck pro-government convoys near al-Tanf (18 May, 6 and 8 June) and shot down Shahed-129 drones (8 and 20 June 2017).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC advisers and drone crews and the Afghan Fatemiyoun are counted; no numbers are given.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown; one Fatemiyoun operative reported killed near the US base", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces and their allies took large areas of the desert and reached the Iraqi border north-east of al-Tanf, outflanking the US-held zone ('decisive Syrian military and allies victory').", "borderline": "Iran is not listed as a belligerent; Iranian-backed militias and IRGC drones are described; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately", "doubt": "Borderline: Iran is not listed as a belligerent; Iranian-backed militias and IRGC drones are described; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Syrian Desert campaign (May-July 2017)", "note": "The clashes with US forces near al-Tanf were one-sided US strikes; the campaign result is scored against ISIL.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2107, "key": "2017-operation-night-of-power", "name": "Operation Night of Power", "label": "Operation Night of Power", "year": 2017, "month": 6, "day": 18, "date": "17-18 June 2017", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Iranian intervention)", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "ISIL sites in Deir ez-Zor Governorate (Mayadin area), Syria", "lat": 35.02, "lon": 40.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC Aerospace Force (Amir Ali Hajizadeh), with Quds Force intelligence", "commanders_b": "ISIL", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Aerospace Force: about six Zolfaghar (some reports say Qiam) ballistic missiles fired from Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A missile strike by IRGC crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6-7 ballistic missiles", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "170+ killed (IRGC claim); none (opposition activist)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iran said all six missiles hit command centres and killed 170+; Israeli sources and IHS Jane's said few hit (two landed in open ground at Mayadin) and the FRS estimated four of six, so no independent verdict on the damage exists.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Night of Power (Laylat al-Qadr)", "note": "Iran's first ballistic-missile strike abroad since 2001, in retaliation for the ISIL attacks in Tehran of 7 June 2017.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2108, "key": "n2108", "name": "Raqqa (2017)", "label": "Raqqa", "year": 2017, "month": 6, "day": 6, "date": "6 June - 17 October 2017", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Raqqa campaign (2016-2017)", "theatre": "", "place": "Raqqa, Syria", "lat": 35.95, "lon": 39.01, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; Rojda Felat (operation commander); Cihan Sheikh Ahmed (spokesman)", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The SDF took the Islamic State's capital after four months of urban fighting and heavy coalition bombing.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Raqqa (2017)' and 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. About 20-25,000 SDF fighters took part, with Arab units from the Raqqa area.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2109, "key": "2017-central-syria-campaign", "name": "Central Syria campaign", "label": "Central Syria campaign", "year": 2017, "month": 7, "day": 14, "date": "14 July - 21 October 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Syrian Desert (Homs, Hama, Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor Governorates)", "place": "Al-Sukhnah and the central Syrian Desert, Syria", "lat": 34.89, "lon": 38.87, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Suheil al-Hassan; Maj. Gen. Mustafa Khosh Mohammadi (IRGC, killed); Col. Morteza Hosseinpour-Shalmani (Iranian-led Iraqi contingent, killed)", "commanders_b": "Gulmurod Khalimov (reported killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC and Iranian armed forces units, an Iranian-led Iraqi contingent and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, in a government force claimed at 50,000.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Counted are the IRGC and the Fatemiyoun (Persian-speaking); the Iranian-led Iraqi contingent was Arabic-speaking and might lower the share.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "about 50,000 (pro-government claim)", "strength_b": "several thousand", "losses_a": "912 killed incl. 10 IRGC and 36 Hezbollah (as given)", "losses_b": "1,394 killed (as given)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces took about 17,000 sq km including al-Sukhnah and broke the siege of western Deir ez-Zor ('decisive Syrian Army and allies victory').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Central Syria campaign", "note": "IRGC adviser Mohsen Hojaji was captured and beheaded by ISIL on 7-9 August 2017.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2110, "key": "n2110", "name": "Deir ez-Zor campaign (SDF, 2017-2018)", "label": "Deir ez-Zor campaign", "year": 2017, "month": 9, "day": 9, "date": "9 September 2017 - January 2018 (Operation Jazeera Storm and the east-bank advance)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "East bank of the Euphrates around Deir ez-Zor, Syria (Al-Omar oil field, Khasham, Abu Hamam)", "lat": 35.15, "lon": 40.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Deir ez-Zor Military Council" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces & Deir ez-Zor Military Council", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF took the Al-Omar and Conoco oil fields and most of the east bank of the Euphrates in a race with the Syrian army and its allies.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017-2019)' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. Arab units (the Deir ez-Zor Military Council) were the larger part of the force on this front.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2111, "key": "2017-eastern-syria-campaign", "name": "Eastern Syria campaign", "label": "Eastern Syria campaign", "year": 2017, "month": 9, "day": 14, "date": "14 September - 17 December 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "Deir ez-Zor, Mayadin and the Euphrates valley, Syria", "lat": 35.33, "lon": 40.14, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani; Syrian and Russian commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC units and the IRGC-led Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, with Hezbollah and Iraqi PMF militias.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The IRGC and the Fatemiyoun named in the infobox were Persian-speaking in the main.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "5,000-10,000+ (side unlabelled)", "strength_b": "several thousand (side unlabelled)", "losses_a": "601+ or 985+ killed (sides unlabelled)", "losses_b": "601+ or 985+ killed (sides unlabelled)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces took Mayadin (14 October), all of Deir ez-Zor city (3 November) and Abu Kamal (19 November) and held the Euphrates valley west of the river.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Eastern Syria campaign; Deir ez-Zor Governorate campaign", "note": "Contains the separately listed Abu Kamal (2017).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2112, "key": "2017-abu-kamal-2017", "name": "Abu Kamal (2017)", "label": "Abu Kamal (2017)", "year": 2017, "month": 10, "day": 23, "date": "23 October - 19 November 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Eastern Syria campaign)", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "Abu Kamal (Albu Kamal), Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 40.92, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Russia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qasem Soleimani (photographed at the front); Syrian commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC units and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun under Soleimani's direction, with Hezbollah and Iraqi PMF militias who met the Syrians at the border on 8 November.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The counted IRGC and Fatemiyoun were Persian-speaking; Wikipedia's text does not break the force down.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Government forces took Abu Kamal on 9 November, lost it to an ISIL counter-attack on 11 November and retook it for good on 19 November 2017.", "borderline": "no separate article; a named phase of the Eastern Syria campaign", "doubt": "Borderline: no separate article; a named phase of the Eastern Syria campaign.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Eastern Syria campaign", "note": "The fall of Abu Kamal ended ISIL's hold on its last city in Syria and opened the land route from Iran through Iraq to Syria.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2113, "key": "n2113", "name": "Altun Kupri (2017)", "label": "Altun Kupri", "year": 2017, "month": 10, "day": 20, "date": "20 October 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "Altun Kupri (Perde), between Kirkuk and Erbil, Iraq", "lat": 35.76, "lon": 44.17, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Popular Mobilization Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Iraqi federal police and Counter-Terrorism Service commanders", "commanders_b": "Peshmerga (KDP) commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iraqi forces took the town after hours of fighting and the Peshmerga fell back toward Erbil.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict'; press reports (BBC, Reuters, 20 Oct 2017); from memory", "note": "The largest armed clash of the 2017 crisis after Tuz Khurmatu; casualty counts are disputed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2114, "key": "n2114", "name": "Kirkuk (October 2017)", "label": "Kirkuk", "year": 2017, "month": 10, "day": 15, "date": "15-16 October 2017", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "Kirkuk and Tuz Khurmatu, Iraq", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 44.39, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Iraq", "Popular Mobilization Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Peshmerga" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Peshmerga", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Haider al-Abadi; Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Service; Hadi al-Amiri (Popular Mobilization Forces)", "commanders_b": "PUK and KDP Peshmerga; Kirkuk Asayish", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iraqi federal forces and militias took Kirkuk and its oil fields in a day while the Peshmerga mostly withdrew.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict' and 'Iraqi-Kurdish conflict' (fetched); press reports; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)", "note": "There was little fighting in Kirkuk itself; the sharpest clashes were at Tuz Khurmatu on 16 October. The Peshmerga split between PUK units that pulled out by agreement and KDP units that resisted.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2115, "key": "2017-syrian-desert-campaign-2017-2024", "name": "Syrian Desert campaign (2017-2024)", "label": "Syrian Desert campaign (2017-2024)", "year": 2017, "month": 12, "day": 16, "date": "16 December 2017 - 8 December 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Syrian Desert", "place": "Syrian Desert (Badia), Homs, Deir ez-Zor and Raqqa Governorates, Syria", "lat": 34.6, "lon": 39.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Suhayl al-Hasan and other Syrian commanders", "commanders_b": "ISIL commanders", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": true, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline", "campaign" ], "persian_force": "IRGC units and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun garrisoning the desert routes (T-3 pumping station, Abu Kamal, Sukhnah); Quds Force members and an adviser killed in ISIL ambushes (June 2020, January 2021).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC and Fatemiyoun are counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "In seven years of counter-insurgency neither side drove the other from the desert: the government side held the towns, roads and oil fields while ISIL cells held out in the Badia and kept up their ambushes to the end.", "borderline": "an umbrella counter-insurgency campaign rather than a battle; continued past 2023; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately", "doubt": "Borderline: an umbrella counter-insurgency campaign rather than a battle; continued past 2023; a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Syrian Desert campaign (2017-2024)", "note": "It ended with the fall of the Assad government and the Iranian withdrawal in December 2024.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2116, "key": "n2116", "name": "Afrin (Operation Olive Branch)", "label": "Afrin", "year": 2018, "month": 1, "day": 20, "date": "20 January - 18 March 2018", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turkish military operations in Syria", "theatre": "", "place": "Afrin District, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.51, "lon": 36.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "Syrian National Army" ], "side_b": [ "YPG and YPJ" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hulusi Akar (Chief of the General Staff); Turkish and Syrian National Army commanders", "commanders_b": "Sipan Hemo (YPG commander); Afrin Region Defence Forces commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkey and its Syrian allies took Afrin city on 18 March after two months of air attack and ground assault.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Operation Olive Branch' and 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "Most of the YPG defenders withdrew to Tell Rifaat and Shahba to avoid encirclement. Casualty figures are strongly disputed.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2117, "key": "2018-february-2018-israel-syria-incident", "name": "February 2018 Israel-Syria incident", "label": "February 2018 Israel-Syria incident", "year": 2018, "month": 2, "day": 10, "date": "10 February 2018", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Southern Syria and northern Israel", "place": "Tiyas (T-4) air base and targets near Damascus, Syria; Beit Shean valley, Israel", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 37.63, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Syria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force", "commanders_b": "IRGC Aerospace Force drone unit at T-4; Syrian air defence", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An IRGC Aerospace Force drone team at T-4 operating a Saegheh stealth drone; Syrian SAM batteries fought alongside.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC drone crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "8 F-16Is in the first wave, then 12 strikes", "strength_b": "1 drone; Syrian air defences", "losses_a": "1 F-16I shot down (crew survived)", "losses_b": "drone and control vehicle destroyed; 6-10 (or 25) Syrian and allied personnel killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC drone was shot down 90 seconds after entering Israel and Israeli strikes destroyed its control station at T-4 and about half of Syria's air defences; the one Israeli F-16 lost to Syrian fire does not change the result against the Iranian force.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia February 2018 Israel-Syria incident; Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "note": "Wikipedia gives 'inconclusive' because of the F-16 lost to Syrian fire; against the Iranian element the result is clear. Iran denied involvement.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2118, "key": "2018-tiyas-airbase-strike-april-2018", "name": "Tiyas airbase strike (April 2018)", "label": "Tiyas airbase strike (April 2018)", "year": 2018, "month": 4, "day": 9, "date": "9 April 2018", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Homs Governorate", "place": "Tiyas (T-4) Military Airbase, Homs Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.52, "lon": 37.63, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Syria" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force", "commanders_b": "IRGC Aerospace Force drone unit (Col. Mehdi Dehghan among the dead)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Aerospace Force drone unit based at T-4.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC personnel; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "F-15 aircraft firing guided missiles from Lebanese airspace (Russian account)", "strength_b": "Syrian air defences", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "7 Iranian military personnel among about 14 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The missiles struck the Iranian drone facility at T-4, killing seven Iranians among about 14 dead; Russia said Syrian air defences downed some missiles.", "borderline": "strike operation; title is descriptive (no separate article confirmed)", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; title is descriptive (no separate article confirmed).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war; Tiyas Military Airbase", "note": "The name of the IRGC colonel killed is from Iranian reports in the press.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2119, "key": "n2119", "name": "Battle of Farah (2018)", "label": "Farah", "year": 2018, "month": 5, "day": 15, "date": "15-16 May 2018", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Farah (Afghanistan)", "lat": 32.373, "lon": 62.117, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Afghan 207th Zafar Corps and provincial police commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Taliban Farah commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban entered the city and held part of it for about a day, but Afghan forces with US air strikes and commandos drove them out.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Farah (2018)", "note": "A Taliban raid on a provincial capital in the south-west, with air support from US and Afghan aircraft; the Taliban were largely Pashtun (Noorzai and Barakzai) from the Farah, Helmand and Nimruz area.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2120, "key": "2018-deir-ez-zor-offensive-2018", "name": "Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)", "label": "Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)", "year": 2018, "month": 5, "day": 22, "date": "22 May - 11 June 2018", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "Abu Kamal and the T-3 area, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 40.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Russia", "Hezbollah", "Iraq" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Gen. Ali Muhammad al-Hussein (killed); Haj Nasser Jamil Hadraj (killed)", "commanders_b": "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC personnel (two killed, including an officer) and Liwa Fatemiyoun reinforcements.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "IRGC and Afghan Fatemiyoun are counted.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "two IRGC killed incl. an officer; others unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "ISIL overran parts of Abu Kamal on 8 June but was driven out and the government side held the area by 11 June ('Syrian government and allies victory').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018); Syrian Desert campaign (2017-2024)", "note": "An airstrike on 18 June 2018 (attributed to Israel) hit PMF, Hezbollah and IRGC forces near Abu Kamal.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2121, "key": "2018-operation-house-of-cards", "name": "Operation House of Cards", "label": "Operation House of Cards", "year": 2018, "month": 5, "day": 10, "date": "9-10 May 2018 (night)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Golan Heights and southern Syria", "place": "Iranian sites around Damascus (al-Kiswah, Damascus airport) and the Syrian Golan, Syria", "lat": 33.4, "lon": 36.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Syria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force; Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman", "commanders_b": "IRGC Quds Force in Syria", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force rocket units on the Syrian Golan (Fajr-5 and Grad rockets) and Iranian bases, depots and intelligence sites in Syria; Syrian air defence batteries engaged the Israeli aircraft.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC Quds Force personnel; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "28 aircraft, about 70 missiles (Russian figures); F-35s used", "strength_b": "about 20 (later IDF figure 32) rockets", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "23+ killed incl. 18 foreigners (SOHR); several Syrian air defence batteries destroyed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Quds Force's 20-32 rockets were intercepted or fell short without damage, while the Israeli strikes (28 aircraft, about 70 missiles by Russian count) hit dozens of Iranian and Syrian targets.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation House of Cards; Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "note": "The first direct exchange of fire between Iranian and Israeli forces; Iran denied firing the rockets.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2122, "key": "2018-marivan-border-crossing-attack", "name": "Marivan border crossing attack", "label": "Marivan border crossing attack", "year": 2018, "month": 7, "day": 21, "date": "21 July 2018, about 2:30 a.m.", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "theatre": "Iranian Kurdistan", "place": "Hamzeh Seyed al-Shohada border post near Dari village, Marivan County, Kurdistan province, Iran", "lat": 35.47, "lon": 46.12, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdish rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Kurdish rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "not named (PJAK claimed the attack)", "commanders_b": "the post commander (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "An IRGC border garrison with a Basij member.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC border garrisons were conscripts and regulars from all Iran; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "several killed (reports)", "losses_b": "10 IRGC and 1 Basij killed, 8 wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The raiders overran the post, blew up its ammunition dump and killed 10-11 of the garrison before withdrawing; several attackers were reported killed.", "borderline": "an insurgent raid on a border post", "doubt": "Borderline: an insurgent raid on a border post.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2018 Marivan border crossing attack; Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "note": "Wikipedia names PJAK as the attacker; the Western Iran clashes article names no group. The IRGC said on 7 September 2018 that it had killed 6 militants linked to the attack.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2123, "key": "n2123", "name": "Battle of Ghazni (2018)", "label": "Ghazni", "year": 2018, "month": 8, "day": 10, "date": "10-15 August 2018", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghazni (Afghanistan)", "lat": 33.553, "lon": 68.421, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Afghan Interior and Defence Ministry commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Taliban Ghazni commanders (unnamed); Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada (emir)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After five days of street fighting the Afghan forces and US air strikes cleared the Taliban from the city, though the attackers withdrew with large claims of success.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Ghazni (2018): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(2018)", "note": "One of the largest Taliban attacks on a provincial capital before 2021, in a city of Pashtun, Hazara and Tajik residents. Casualty numbers vary widely.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Hazaras", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2124, "key": "2018-ahvaz-military-parade-attack", "name": "Ahvaz military parade attack", "label": "Ahvaz military parade attack", "year": 2018, "month": 9, "day": 22, "date": "22 September 2018, about 9 a.m.", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Islamic State insurgency in Iran", "theatre": "Khuzestan", "place": "Quds Boulevard, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran", "lat": 31.32, "lon": 48.67, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC parade units (not named)", "commanders_b": "unknown", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC and Basij units marching in the Sacred Defence Week parade, with security forces.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Khuzestan units include Arabic-speaking and Bakhtiari locals as well as Persian speakers; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "parade contingents", "strength_b": "4-5 gunmen", "losses_a": "25 killed incl. 12 IRGC soldiers and a child; about 70 wounded", "losses_b": "all killed (4-5) or captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The four or five gunmen were all killed or captured within about ten minutes, after killing 25 people including 12 IRGC soldiers.", "borderline": "a terrorist attack on a military parade rather than a battle; included because the targets were soldiers and the attackers were fought down", "doubt": "Borderline: a terrorist attack on a military parade rather than a battle; included because the targets were soldiers and the attackers were fought down.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2018 Ahvaz military parade attack", "note": "Claimed by ISIL (with photos of the attackers) and briefly by the Arab separatist ASMLA, which later denied it. Iran retaliated with Operation Strike of Muharram (1 October 2018).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2125, "key": "n2125", "name": "Hajin (2018)", "label": "Hajin", "year": 2018, "month": 9, "day": 10, "date": "10 September - 14 December 2018", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Hajin, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 40.87, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF with US artillery and air support took Hajin, the last large Islamic State town on the Euphrates, after a long stall in the winter.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Hajin' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. The SDF paused the offensive in October 2018 over Turkish shelling.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2126, "key": "2018-koy-sanjaq-missile-strike", "name": "Koy Sanjaq missile strike", "label": "Koy Sanjaq missile strike", "year": 2018, "month": 9, "day": 8, "date": "8 September 2018", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "KDPI and KDP-I headquarters, Koy Sanjaq (Koya), Erbil Governorate, Iraq", "lat": 36.08, "lon": 44.63, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "IRGC Aerospace Force (Amir Ali Hajizadeh)", "commanders_b": "Mustafa Hijri (KDPI), Mustafa Mouloudi and Khalid Azizi (KDP-I, wounded)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Aerospace Force: seven Fateh-110 short-range ballistic missiles fired from Iran.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "A missile strike by IRGC Aerospace Force crews, recruited from all Iran; composition is nominal for a strike.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "7 Fateh-110 missiles", "strength_b": "none (no air defence)", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "18 killed, about 50 wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "All seven missiles struck the party headquarters during a leadership meeting, killing 18 including six KDP-I central committee members; there was no defence.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2018 Koy Sanjaq missile strike; Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "note": "The IRGC presented it as retaliation for Kurdish attacks, including the Marivan border post raid of July 2018.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2127, "key": "2018-operation-strike-of-muharram", "name": "Operation Strike of Muharram", "label": "Operation Strike of Muharram", "year": 2018, "month": 10, "day": 1, "date": "1 October 2018, about 2 a.m.", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (Iranian intervention)", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "ISIL positions at Hajin, east of the Euphrates, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.7, "lon": 40.83, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amir Ali Hajizadeh (IRGC Aerospace Force), with Quds Force intelligence", "commanders_b": "ISIL", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Islamic State", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Aerospace Force: six Zolfaghar and Qiam ballistic missiles and seven Saegheh drones with Sadid guided bombs.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC missile and drone crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "6 ballistic missiles, 7 drones", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "about 40 ISIL leaders (IRGC claim, unverified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "SOHR confirmed that an ISIL headquarters at Hajin was hit by the missiles and drones, although one missile fell inside Iran soon after launch.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Strike of Muharram", "note": "Retaliation for the Ahvaz military parade attack of 22 September 2018. Casualty claims are unverified.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2128, "key": "2019-damascus-airstrikes-january-2019", "name": "Damascus airstrikes (January 2019)", "label": "Damascus airstrikes (January 2019)", "year": 2019, "month": 1, "day": 20, "date": "20-21 January 2019", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Damascus area and Golan Heights", "place": "Damascus International Airport and al-Kiswah, Rif Dimashq, Syria", "lat": 33.41, "lon": 36.52, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Syria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force", "commanders_b": "IRGC Quds Force in Syria; Syrian air defence", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force missile and logistics sites around Damascus airport and al-Kiswah; Syrian air defence batteries engaged.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC Quds Force personnel; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "1 surface-to-surface missile; Syrian air defences", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "21 killed incl. 12 Iranian fighters (SOHR)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Quds Force missile fired at the Golan was intercepted by Iron Dome, while the Israeli strikes hit Quds Force depots and sites, killing 21 including 12 Iranian fighters (SOHR).", "borderline": "strike operation; title is descriptive (no separate article)", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; title is descriptive (no separate article).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war; Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2129, "key": "n2129", "name": "Baghuz Fawqani", "label": "Baghuz Fawqani", "year": 2019, "month": 2, "day": 9, "date": "9 February - 23 March 2019 (siege of the last Islamic State enclave from December 2018)", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "Syrian civil war / war against the Islamic State", "theatre": "", "place": "Baghuz Fawqani, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria", "lat": 34.48, "lon": 40.95, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States-led coalition" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF took the last Islamic State pocket on 23 March 2019 and ended the group's territorial rule.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Battle of Baghuz Fawqani' (from memory); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2130, "key": "2019-northwestern-syria-offensive-april-august-2019", "name": "Northwestern Syria offensive (April-August 2019)", "label": "Northwestern Syria offensive (April-August 2019)", "year": 2019, "month": 4, "day": 30, "date": "30 April - 31 August 2019", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Idlib, Hama and Latakia Governorates", "place": "Northern Hama and southern Idlib (Khan Shaykhun, Kafr Nabudah, Qalaat al-Madiq), Syria", "lat": 35.44, "lon": 36.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_b": [ "Turkey" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Maher al-Assad, Suheil al-Hassan", "commanders_b": "Abu Mohammad al-Julani; Abdul Baset al-Sarout (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC formations listed among the units, with Iranian-sponsored militias joining the July reinforcements; no Iranian engagement is described.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Only IRGC elements are counted; no numbers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "60,000", "losses_a": "1,391 killed, 1 Su-22 lost (layout ambiguous)", "losses_b": "1,659 killed (layout ambiguous)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Syrian army and allies took 66 towns and villages including Khan Shaykhun and held them ('Dawn of Idlib').", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Northwestern Syria offensive (April-August 2019)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2131, "key": "n2131", "name": "Operation Claw (2019)", "label": "Operation Claw", "year": 2019, "month": 5, "day": 27, "date": "from 27 May 2019 (first of the Claw operations; ran into the summer)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Haftanin and Hakurk regions of northern Iraq (Duhok and Erbil Governorates)", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 43.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish General Staff and Special Forces", "commanders_b": "PKK (HPG) commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turkey took and kept positions on the Haftanin ridges with air and special-forces support, though the PKK was not defeated.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Operation Claw (2019-2020)' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw_(2019%E2%80%932020) (found by search, not fetched); Wikipedia 'Operation Claw-Lock' (fetched: Claw operations since 2019); press reports (Anadolu, Rudaw, 27-28 May 2019)", "note": "The start of the Claw series, which turned Turkey's cross-border actions into a continuous presence. The 2019 operation is not named in the article fetched.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2132, "key": "2019-2019-iranian-shoot-down-of-american-drone", "name": "2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone", "label": "2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone", "year": 2019, "month": 6, "day": 20, "date": "20 June 2019, 04:05 local time", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2019-2021 Persian Gulf crisis", "theatre": "Strait of Hormuz", "place": "Over the Strait of Hormuz off Kuh-e Mobarak, Hormozgan, Iran", "lat": 25.99, "lon": 56.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "United States" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC Aerospace Force (Amir Ali Hajizadeh)", "commanders_b": "US Navy (Fifth Fleet)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An IRGC Aerospace Force air-defence battery (3rd Khordad SAM by Iran's account) near Garuk, Hormozgan.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC air-defence crew; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "1 SAM battery", "strength_b": "1 RQ-4A BAMS-D drone", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "1 RQ-4A drone", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A surface-to-air missile destroyed the US Navy RQ-4A Global Hawk; the US retaliatory strikes were called off.", "borderline": "a single shootdown without an exchange of fire", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: a single shootdown without an exchange of fire.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone", "note": "Iran said the drone was 8.3 nautical miles off its coast; the US said it was in international airspace.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2133, "key": "2019-aqraba-airstrike-2019", "name": "Aqraba airstrike (2019)", "label": "Aqraba airstrike (2019)", "year": 2019, "month": 8, "day": 24, "date": "24 August 2019", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Damascus area", "place": "Aqraba, south-east of Damascus, Rif Dimashq, Syria", "lat": 33.44, "lon": 36.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force", "commanders_b": "IRGC Quds Force drone team (Israel's account)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "An IRGC Quds Force drone team with Hezbollah operatives (Israeli account).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Israel described a mixed Quds Force and Hezbollah cell; the dead were Hezbollah members.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "2 Hezbollah members killed (reports); Iran denied Iranian losses", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Israel struck the compound from which, it said, a Quds Force team was about to launch explosive drones into Israel, and the attack did not take place.", "borderline": "strike operation; title is descriptive; the Iranian role rests on Israel's account", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; title is descriptive; the Iranian role rests on Israel's account.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2134, "key": "n2134", "name": "Defeat of ISKP in Nangarhar (2019)", "label": "Defeat of ISKP in Nangarhar", "year": 2019, "month": 8, "day": null, "date": "August to November 2019", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "ISKP insurgency in Afghanistan (Islamic State - Khorasan Province)", "theatre": "", "place": "Achin, Mohmand Dara and Haska Mina districts, Nangarhar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.05, "lon": 70.75, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban", "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State - Khorasan Province" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "faction_b": "Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "commanders_a": "Taliban Nangarhar commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "ISKP Nangarhar commanders (unnamed in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "ISKP lost its Nangarhar emirate and several hundred fighters and families surrendered to the government in November; Ghani declared the group defeated on 19 November.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Islamic State - Taliban conflict (Nangarhar 2019), recalled from memory; not fetched", "note": "A combined Taliban and Afghan-army campaign, moving separately, that broke the ISKP stronghold in Nangarhar. Individual battles were not dated in the sources consulted, so this is a weak entry.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2135, "key": "2019-abqaiq-khurais-attack", "name": "Abqaiq-Khurais attack", "label": "Abqaiq-Khurais attack", "year": 2019, "month": 9, "day": 14, "date": "14 September 2019, about 4 a.m.", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (2019-2021 Persian Gulf crisis)", "theatre": "Eastern Arabia", "place": "Saudi Aramco facilities at Abqaiq and Khurais, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia", "lat": 25.94, "lon": 49.68, "loc": "known", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Saudi Arabia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (attributed to Iran)", "commanders_b": "Saudi air defence", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Saudi Arabia", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Drones and cruise missiles (18 drones and 7 missiles by the Saudi count) launched, according to the US and Saudi Arabia, from Iranian territory; the launching unit is not identified.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The launchers are not identified; if Iranian (IRGC) as the US alleged, they were Persian-speaking.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "18 drones and 7 cruise missiles (Saudi figure)", "strength_b": "Saudi air defences", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "no deaths reported; damage costing hundreds of millions of dollars", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "About 19 drones and cruise missiles struck Abqaiq, holing 14 storage tanks and disabling 3 processing trains, and Saudi output fell by 5.7 million barrels a day; the Saudi air defences stopped none.", "borderline": "strike operation; attribution disputed: claimed by the Houthis, but the US, Saudi Arabia, Britain, France and Germany held Iran responsible and UN investigators found the Houthis did not carry it out; the UN could not confirm Iranian origin", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; attribution disputed: claimed by the Houthis, but the US, Saudi Arabia, Britain, France and Germany held Iran responsible and UN investigators found the Houthis did not carry it out; the UN could not confirm Iranian origin.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Abqaiq-Khurais attack", "note": "Iran denied involvement. Entered as a Persian principal on the Western and Saudi attribution; it may be removed if the user prefers only acknowledged Iranian operations.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2136, "key": "n2136", "name": "Operation Peace Spring", "label": "Operation Peace Spring", "year": 2019, "month": 10, "day": 9, "date": "9-17 October 2019 (ceasefire; extended 22 October)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Turkish military operations in Syria", "theatre": "", "place": "Tell Abyad to Ras al-Ayn border strip, Raqqa and Hasakah Governorates, Syria", "lat": 36.78, "lon": 39.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "Syrian National Army" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish armed forces; Syrian National Army commanders", "commanders_b": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkey and the Syrian National Army took Tell Abyad and Ras al-Ayn and a strip about 120 km wide before the ceasefires.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria (2019)' and 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); Allsopp and van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria (2019); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The SDF's Kurdish YPG core did most of the fighting at Ras al-Ayn, which held out until about 20 October. US forces withdrew from the border before the attack.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2137, "key": "2019-northwestern-syria-offensive-2019-2020", "name": "Northwestern Syria offensive (2019-2020)", "label": "Northwestern Syria offensive (2019-2020)", "year": 2019, "month": 12, "day": 19, "date": "19 December 2019 - 6 March 2020", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Idlib and Aleppo Governorates", "place": "Maarat al-Numan, Saraqib and the western Aleppo countryside, Syria", "lat": 35.79, "lon": 36.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Russia" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah" ], "allies_b": [ "Turkey" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian and Russian commanders; Asghar Pashapour (IRGC overseer of Iranian-backed militias, killed 2 February 2020)", "commanders_b": "HTS and National Front for Liberation commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force officers with Iranian-affiliated militias, notably the Afghan Fatemiyoun and Pakistani Zainabiyoun (21 killed per Iranian media), mainly in the western Aleppo phase.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Indian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Quds Force and Afghan Fatemiyoun (Dari/Hazaragi) are the bulk of the counted force; the Zainabiyoun were Pakistani.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "at least one IRGC officer and 21 Fatemiyoun and Zainabiyoun killed (Iranian media)", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The government took Maarat al-Numan, Saraqib and the M5 highway and the western Aleppo countryside and held them at the 6 March ceasefire.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Northwestern Syria offensive (2019-2020)", "note": "Turkey's Operation Spring Shield (27 February - 6 March 2020) is entered separately.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2138, "key": "2020-assassination-of-qasem-soleimani", "name": "Assassination of Qasem Soleimani", "label": "Assassination of Qasem Soleimani", "year": 2020, "month": 1, "day": 3, "date": "3 January 2020, about 1 a.m.", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2019-2021 Persian Gulf crisis", "theatre": "Baghdad", "place": "Baghdad International Airport road, Baghdad, Iraq", "lat": 33.27, "lon": 44.24, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US Joint Special Operations Command (MQ-9 Reaper)", "commanders_b": "Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani (killed); Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis (PMF, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The commander of the IRGC Quds Force and his escort, with PMF officers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "large", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "Soleimani and four IRGC companions were Iranian; the rest were Iraqi PMF members.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "1 MQ-9 Reaper", "strength_b": "two vehicles", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "10 killed incl. Soleimani and al-Muhandis", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The drone's missiles destroyed the two-car convoy and killed Soleimani, al-Muhandis and eight others; there was no defence.", "borderline": "strike operation; a targeted killing rather than a battle", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; a targeted killing rather than a battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Assassination of Qasem Soleimani; Operation Martyr Soleimani", "note": "Iran replied with Operation Martyr Soleimani on 8 January 2020.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2139, "key": "2020-operation-martyr-soleimani", "name": "Operation Martyr Soleimani", "label": "Operation Martyr Soleimani", "year": 2020, "month": 1, "day": 8, "date": "8 January 2020, about 1:30-4:00 a.m.", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2019-2021 Persian Gulf crisis", "theatre": "Iraq", "place": "Al-Asad Airbase (Anbar) and Erbil airport, Iraq", "lat": 33.79, "lon": 42.44, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "United States" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Amir Ali Hajizadeh (IRGC Aerospace Force)", "commanders_b": "US forces at al-Asad and Erbil", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Aerospace Force: 13-22 Fateh-313 and Qiam ballistic missiles fired from western Iran.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC missile crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "15 (CENTCOM), 16 (Esper), 13 (IRGC) or 22 (Iraqi military) missiles", "strength_b": "no missile defences at the bases", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "no deaths; 110 US personnel with traumatic brain injuries; several structures and a helicopter destroyed", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Eleven of the 15-16 missiles hit al-Asad and one hit Erbil, none intercepted, destroying hangars, a Black Hawk and tents and causing 110 brain injuries, though the US had warning and lost no one killed.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Martyr Soleimani", "note": "Trump called the damage minimal and ruled out a military response. Hours later Iranian air defences shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 (excluded: a civil aircraft).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2140, "key": "2020-operation-spring-shield", "name": "Operation Spring Shield", "label": "Operation Spring Shield", "year": 2020, "month": 2, "day": 27, "date": "27 February - 6 March 2020", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Idlib and Aleppo Governorates", "place": "Saraqib and the Idlib front, Syria", "lat": 35.86, "lon": 36.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia", "Hezbollah", "Russia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish Armed Forces", "commanders_b": "Syrian commanders; IRGC officers with the Iranian-backed militias", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Turkey", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC personnel with Iranian-backed militias on the Aleppo-Idlib front (Iran is listed as a belligerent).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC and Fatemiyoun are counted; no numbers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "9-14 Hezbollah killed on 29 February; 21 Iranians killed (one Iranian outlet, unverified)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turkish drone and artillery strikes inflicted heavy losses but Saraqib ended in government hands and the fighting stopped at a Turkish-Russian ceasefire on 6 March, with no side driven from the front.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Spring Shield; Northwestern Syria offensive (2019-2020)", "note": "Wikipedia gives the result as a ceasefire.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2141, "key": "2020-operations-claw-eagle-and-tiger", "name": "Operations Claw-Eagle and Tiger", "label": "Operations Claw-Eagle and Tiger", "year": 2020, "month": 6, "day": 15, "date": "15 June - 5 September 2020 (Iranian shelling 16 June)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict; Iran-PJAK conflict", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "Haftanin, Sidakan and the Choman area of the Qandil mountains, Kurdistan Region, Iraq", "lat": 36.64, "lon": 44.89, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [ "Persia" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Turkey v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Turkey", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "Turkish Armed Forces", "commanders_b": "PKK and PJAK commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Iranian artillery (IRGC ground forces) shelling the Choman area on 16 June 2020, in step with the Turkish air strikes.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC artillery units of the northwestern command; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "unknown", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turkish forces established and held new bases in the Haftanin and Sidakan areas against the PKK.", "borderline": "Iran gave artillery support only", "doubt": "Borderline: Iran gave artillery support only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operations Claw-Eagle and Tiger; Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "note": "The result line is a judgment: the Wikipedia text fetched gives no result field.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2142, "key": "n2142", "name": "Taliban offensive on Lashkar Gah (October 2020)", "label": "Taliban offensive on Lashkar Gah", "year": 2020, "month": 10, "day": 11, "date": "11 to about 20 October 2020", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)", "theatre": "", "place": "Lashkar Gah and Nad Ali, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.59, "lon": 64.37, "loc": "approx", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air strikes" ], "side_b": [ "Taliban" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air strikes v Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air strikes", "faction_b": "Taliban", "commanders_a": "Afghan 215th Maiwand Corps commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "Taliban Helmand commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Afghan governor and army said the attack was repelled after about ten days of fighting at the edge of the city, with US air strikes in support; the Taliban did not enter Lashkar Gah.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Lashkargah (background: a Taliban attack in October 2020, which the governor said was repelled): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lashkargah", "note": "A major Taliban push during the Doha talks that forced the US to intervene by air; the 2021 battle for the same city followed. Dates are approximate.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2143, "key": "2021-syria-missile-strikes-january-2021", "name": "Syria missile strikes (January 2021)", "label": "Syria missile strikes (January 2021)", "year": 2021, "month": 1, "day": 13, "date": "13 January 2021", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "Deir ez-Zor, Mayadin and Abu Kamal, Syria", "lat": 35.02, "lon": 40.45, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Syria", "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force (with US intelligence, per US officials)", "commanders_b": "IRGC Quds Force and Liwa Fatemiyoun commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Liwa Fatemiyoun and other IRGC-led militia positions, with Iraqi militias and Syrian troops.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sites were Fatemiyoun (Afghan, Dari/Hazaragi) positions; the dead also included Iraqi militiamen and Syrian soldiers.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "57 killed (14 Syrian troops, 16 Iraqi militiamen, 11 Iran-backed fighters and others)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The strikes hit weapons depots and headquarters linked to the Fatemiyoun at all three towns, killing 57, the deadliest Israeli raid in eastern Syria.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Syria missile strikes (January 2021)", "note": "The IRGC and the Fatemiyoun denied losses.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2144, "key": "n2144", "name": "Operation Claw-Eagle 2 (Gara, 2021)", "label": "Operation Claw-Eagle 2", "year": 2021, "month": 2, "day": 10, "date": "10-14 February 2021", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Gara, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 43.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish Special Forces and Air Force", "commanders_b": "PKK (HPG) commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkish commandos took the Gara area and found that 13 Turkish prisoners held there had been killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Press reports (Anadolu, Reuters, 10-14 Feb 2021); from memory", "note": "The operation's aim was to rescue captives held by the PKK; the PKK said the 13 died in Turkish air strikes. Not on Wikipedia under this name in the sources reached.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2145, "key": "n2145", "name": "Kyrgyz-Tajik border clashes (April-May 2021)", "label": "Kyrgyz-Tajik border clashes", "year": 2021, "month": 4, "day": 28, "date": "28 April-1 May 2021", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "Ak-Sai, Vorukh, Kok-Tash and the Batken-Isfara frontier, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan", "lat": 39.95, "lon": 70.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Kyrgyzstan", "side_a": [ "Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Kyrgyzstan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tajikistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Saimumin Yatimov (head of the State Committee for National Security)", "commanders_b": "Kamchybek Tashiev (head of the State Committee for National Security)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A ceasefire was agreed on 1 May after about 50 deaths; both sides kept their positions.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2021 Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan clashes' (from memory; not fetched); Reuters and RFE/RL coverage, May 2021", "note": "The army of Tajikistan, a Tajik state army with Tajik commanders, is on side A. About 55 killed and about 40,000 evacuated by the usual account.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2146, "key": "n2146", "name": "Operations Claw-Lightning and Claw-Thunderbolt (2021)", "label": "Operations Claw-Lightning and Claw-Thunderbolt", "year": 2021, "month": 4, "day": 23, "date": "from 23 April 2021 (the date of launch is approximate)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Metina, Zap and Avashin-Basyan regions of northern Iraq", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 43.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish Special Forces and Air Force", "commanders_b": "PKK (HPG) commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Turkey set up new posts and claimed hundreds of PKK fighters killed; the PKK held its main camps.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Operation Claw-Lock' (fetched: names both operations in 2021); press reports; from memory; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock", "note": "Two linked operations of the same weeks, listed together; each is a minor entry on its own. Dates and areas as in press reports.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2147, "key": "n2147", "name": "Battle of Herat (2021)", "label": "Herat", "year": 2021, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "Late July to 12 August 2021", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Herat (Afghanistan)", "lat": 34.34, "lon": 62.2, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Taliban Herat commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Ismail Khan (Tajik, mujahideen commander); Afghan 207th Zafar Corps commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After about two weeks of siege and fighting, the city fell on 12 August; Ismail Khan was captured and thousands of troops surrendered.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2021 Taliban offensive (cavac.at mirror): Herat, two-week siege, captured 12 Aug", "note": "Ismail Khan, the Tajik 'Lion of Herat', led the defence with his own militia. Start date approximate.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2148, "key": "n2148", "name": "Battle of Kandahar (2021)", "label": "Kandahar", "year": 2021, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "Late July to 13 August 2021 (city fell overnight 12-13 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Kandahar (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.62, "lon": 65.71, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Taliban Kandahar commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Afghan 205th Atal Corps commanders (not named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After heavy clashes on the outskirts the army withdrew and the Taliban entered the city, the movement's birthplace, on 12-13 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Kandahar (2021): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(2021)", "note": "The Taliban's spiritual capital; fighting for the city lasted from July and ended with the army's withdrawal. Start date approximate.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2149, "key": "n2149", "name": "Battle of Lashkargah (2021)", "label": "Lashkargah", "year": 2021, "month": 7, "day": 29, "date": "29 July to 13 August 2021", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Lashkargah, Helmand Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.593, "lon": 64.371, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "United States" ], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with US air support", "commanders_a": "Abdul-Ahad Talib; Mawlawi Mubarak (Red Group commander, killed by an air strike)", "commanders_b": "Gen. Sami Sadat (215th Corps); Ezzatullah Tofan (border force commander)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After two weeks of fighting and US air strikes, the last government forces evacuated or surrendered overnight on 12-13 August and the Taliban took the city.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Battle of Lashkargah: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lashkargah", "note": "The longest urban battle of the 2021 offensive. About 1,500 government troops surrendered; more than 40 civilians died.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2150, "key": "n2150", "name": "Capture of Spin Boldak border crossing (2021)", "label": "Capture of Spin Boldak border crossing", "year": 2021, "month": 7, "day": 13, "date": "13-14 July 2021", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Spin Boldak and the Wesh-Chaman border crossing, Kandahar Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 31.003, "lon": 66.397, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Taliban Kandahar commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Afghan Border Force and 205th Corps commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Taliban seized the Wesh-Chaman crossing and the town's customs area on 14 July and held it despite Afghan claims of a counter-attack.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2021 Taliban offensive (cavac.at mirror): Spin Boldak fell 14 Jul 2021", "note": "The source describes no battle in detail beyond the fall of the post; the Afghan Border Force put up some resistance on 13-14 July. Included on medium-low confidence.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2151, "key": "n2151", "name": "Battle of Kunduz (2021)", "label": "Kunduz", "year": 2021, "month": 8, "day": 6, "date": "6-11 August 2021 (city taken 8 August; airport and 217th Corps base 11 August)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Kunduz (Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.728, "lon": 68.857, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Taliban Kunduz commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Afghan 217th Pamir Corps commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After fighting and mass desertions the Taliban took the city on 8 August, and the airport and the 217th Corps base surrendered on 11 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2021 Taliban offensive (cavac.at mirror)", "note": "The first provincial capital in the north to fall in the 2021 offensive; the same city had been taken in 2015 and attacked in 2016.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2152, "key": "n2152", "name": "Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif (2021)", "label": "Mazar-i-Sharif", "year": 2021, "month": 8, "day": 10, "date": "10-14 August 2021", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.71, "lon": 67.11, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and Jamiat-i Islami and Junbish militias" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and Jamiat-i Islami and Junbish militias", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and Jamiat-i Islami and Junbish militias", "commanders_a": "Taliban northern commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Atta Muhammad Nur (Tajik); Abdul Rashid Dostum (Uzbek)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After a siege and renewed fighting from 10 August the army surrendered and Atta Nur and Dostum fled to Uzbekistan; the Taliban entered the city on 14 August.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2021 Taliban offensive (cavac.at mirror): Mazar-i-Sharif besieged June, fighting intensified 10 Aug, captured 14 Aug", "note": "The last northern stronghold of the anti-Taliban militias; Atta Nur, a leading Tajik Jamiat figure, held out with Dostum's Uzbek militia.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2153, "key": "n2153", "name": "Battle of Panjshir (2021)", "label": "Panjshir", "year": 2021, "month": 8, "day": 23, "date": "23 August to 6 September 2021 (main assault 31 August-6 September)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Panjshir conflict (National Resistance Front, 2021-)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley (Bazarak, Rukha, Paryan), Panjshir Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.31, "lon": 69.5, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "National Resistance Front of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v National Resistance Front of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "National Resistance Front of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Fasihuddin Fitrat (Tajik, Taliban Badakhshan commander); Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada (emir)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Massoud (Tajik); Amrullah Saleh (Tajik); Gen. Yasin Zia", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "After talks broke down on 1 September the Taliban took the valley and its district centres by 6 September, and the NRF leaders fled to the mountains and abroad.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2021 Taliban offensive (cavac.at mirror): Panjshir, talks broke down 1 Sep, Taliban took full control 6 Sep", "note": "The last pocket of resistance after the fall of Kabul; the Taliban force in the valley included many Tajiks from Badakhshan under Fitrat, so both armies were largely Tajik or Pashtun.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2154, "key": "n2154", "name": "Battle of Sheberghan (2021)", "label": "Sheberghan", "year": 2021, "month": 8, "day": 6, "date": "6-7 August 2021", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2021 Taliban offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Sheberghan, Jowzjan Province (Afghanistan)", "lat": 36.667, "lon": 65.75, "loc": "known", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Taliban Jowzjan commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Abdul Rashid Dostum (Uzbek; he fled to Khwaja Du Koh)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "After heavy fighting the Taliban took Sheberghan, capital of Jowzjan and Dostum's home city, and Dostum left for Khwaja Du Koh.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2021 Taliban offensive (cavac.at mirror)", "note": "Dostum's Junbish (Uzbek) force is not Iranian; the entry qualifies through the Taliban (Pashtun-led) and the Afghan army units in the city. The ethnic mix of the Taliban at Sheberghan is not given.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2155, "key": "2021-2021-al-tanf-drone-attack", "name": "2021 Al-Tanf drone attack", "label": "2021 Al-Tanf drone attack", "year": 2021, "month": 10, "day": 20, "date": "20 October 2021", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-United States confrontation in Syria", "theatre": "Syrian Desert", "place": "Al-Tanf garrison, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Syria", "lat": 33.5, "lon": 38.62, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "United States", "Syrian rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "unknown (attributed to the IRGC by the Pentagon)", "commanders_b": "CJTF-OIR garrison; Maghawir al-Thowra", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Explosive drones and rockets launched, according to the Pentagon, at Iran's direction; the launching unit is not identified.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The launchers are not identified; they may have been IRGC-directed militias.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "up to 5 munitions", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "none", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Up to five drones and rockets hit both the US and the FSA areas of the base, but no one was hurt and the damage was not reported, so there is no verdict.", "borderline": "strike operation; attribution: the Pentagon blamed Iran, which may have acted through a proxy", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; attribution: the Pentagon blamed Iran, which may have acted through a proxy.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2021 Al-Tanf drone attack", "note": "Framed as retaliation for Israeli strikes in Syria.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2156, "key": "2021-2021-afghanistan-iran-clashes", "name": "2021 Afghanistan-Iran clashes", "label": "2021 Afghanistan-Iran clashes", "year": 2021, "month": 12, "day": 1, "date": "1 December 2021", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghanistan-Iran border clashes", "theatre": "Sistan border", "place": "Afghanistan-Iran border checkpoints (Dahraes), Nimruz Province and Sistan, Iran", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 61.65, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic Emirate 215 Azam Corps", "commanders_b": "Border Guard Command", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Taliban", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Iranian Border Guard Command posts using heavy weapons and artillery.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Border guards were national conscripts and regulars; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "denied (media reports claimed casualties)", "losses_b": "denied (media reports claimed casualties)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Taliban took the Dahraes and other checkpoints on the Iranian side but withdrew from all of them the same day under a local agreement (status quo ante).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2021 Afghanistan-Iran clashes", "note": "Both governments called it a misunderstanding. 'Taliban' here is the government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2157, "key": "n2157", "name": "Ghwayran prison (Hasakah, 2022)", "label": "Ghwayran prison", "year": 2022, "month": 1, "day": 20, "date": "20-30 January 2022", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war / Islamic State insurgency", "theatre": "", "place": "Ghwayran (al-Sina'a) prison and Ghwayran district, Hasakah, Syria", "lat": 36.48, "lon": 40.77, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Asayish" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces & Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; Asayish and SDF commanders", "commanders_b": "Islamic State field commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF with US and British support retook the prison and its district after ten days of fighting.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Al-Sina'a prison attack' (from memory); press reports (BBC, Al Jazeera, Jan-Feb 2022)", "note": "An Islamic State assault to free its fighters, the largest since 2019; about 500 died, with US air and Bradley support for the SDF.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2158, "key": "n2158", "name": "Panjgur and Noshki (2022)", "label": "Panjgur and Noshki", "year": 2022, "month": 2, "day": 2, "date": "2-4 February 2022", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjgur and Noshki, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 26.97, "lon": 64.09, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Balochistan Liberation Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Frontier Corps and Army" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Balochistan Liberation Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bashir Zeb Baloch (BLA leader)", "commanders_b": "Frontier Corps camp commanders (not named in my sources)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Security forces retook the Frontier Corps camps after about two days of fighting; the Pakistani army reported 12 soldiers and 9 attackers killed, the BLA claimed more than 100 soldiers killed (Wikipedia, Dawn).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Panjgur_and_Naushki_raids (search result; page not fetched); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan (fetched: 2 Feb 2022, 9 militants and 12 soldiers killed); https://www.dawn.com/news/amp/1673010", "note": "The BLA is a Baloch force under Baloch leaders.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2159, "key": "2022-2022-erbil-missile-attacks", "name": "2022 Erbil missile attacks", "label": "2022 Erbil missile attacks", "year": 2022, "month": 3, "day": 13, "date": "13 March 2022, 1:20 a.m.", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel proxy conflict", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "Erbil (near the new US consulate), Kurdistan Region, Iraq", "lat": 36.24, "lon": 43.97, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Israel" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC (claimed responsibility)", "commanders_b": "none (Israel did not comment)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Aerospace Force: 12 Fateh-110 ballistic missiles fired from East Azerbaijan province.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC missile crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "12 Fateh-110 missiles", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "figures conflict: Kurdish officials reported civilian casualties (one injured in most reports); Iranian media claimed Israeli personnel killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The 12 Fateh-110 missiles struck the villa the IRGC called an Israeli 'strategic centre' and the area of the US consulate; there was no interception.", "borderline": "strike operation; the 'Israeli' target is the IRGC's claim (a US official spoke of a suspected Mossad cell); the property belonged to a Kurdish businessman", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; the 'Israeli' target is the IRGC's claim (a US official spoke of a suspected Mossad cell); the property belonged to a Kurdish businessman.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2022 Erbil missile attacks", "note": "Iraq summoned Iran's ambassador and Iraqi and US leaders condemned the attack. Side_b 'Israel' reflects the stated target only.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2160, "key": "n2160", "name": "Operation Claw-Lock", "label": "Operation Claw-Lock", "year": 2022, "month": 4, "day": 18, "date": "17 April 2022 (air and artillery) / 18 April 2022 (ground) - February 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kurdish-Turkish conflict (PKK insurgency)", "theatre": "", "place": "Metina, Zap and Avashin-Basyan regions, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq", "lat": 37.1, "lon": 43.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdistan Workers' Party" ], "allies_a": [ "Kurdistan Democratic Party" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Turkish Armed Forces and Special Forces Command (about 15,000 personnel)", "commanders_b": "PKK (HPG) commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Turkey advanced into the three regions and held new bases there; its ministry declared the first goals met.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Operation Claw-Lock' (fetched 2026-11-01); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock", "note": "The KDP is listed as supporting Turkey, while Baghdad and the Kurdistan government protested. The infobox gives the end as February 2024; fighting in Metina and Zap went on at times after. Claimed casualties are widely different.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2161, "key": "n2161", "name": "Khorog (May 2022)", "label": "Khorog", "year": 2022, "month": 5, "day": 17, "date": "16-18 May 2022", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Gorno-Badakhshan unrest (2021-2022)", "theatre": "", "place": "Khorog, Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan", "lat": 37.4894, "lon": 71.5531, "loc": "known", "country": "Tajikistan", "side_a": [ "Government of Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Pamiri protesters and local armed groups" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Government of Tajikistan v Pamiri protesters and local armed groups", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Government of Tajikistan", "faction_b": "Pamiri protesters and local armed groups", "commanders_a": "Tajik security chiefs", "commanders_b": "Local Pamiri leaders (not identified here)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The security operation of 17-18 May cleared the protest and armed groups from Khorog; dozens were reported killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Press coverage (RFE/RL, Eurasianet, Human Rights Watch 2022) from memory; not fetched", "note": "Much of the violence was against protesters and may be closer to a crackdown than a battle; the authorities spoke of an 'anti-terrorist operation' against armed groups. Included as a named conflict.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pamiris" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2162, "key": "n2162", "name": "Panjshir and Andarab fighting (NRF spring offensive, 2022)", "label": "Panjshir and Andarab fighting", "year": 2022, "month": 5, "day": 5, "date": "5 May to June 2022", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Panjshir conflict (National Resistance Front, 2021-)", "theatre": "", "place": "Panjshir Valley and Andarab Valley, Panjshir and Baghlan provinces (Afghanistan)", "lat": 35.45, "lon": 69.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "National Resistance Front of Afghanistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban v National Resistance Front of Afghanistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Taliban", "faction_b": "National Resistance Front of Afghanistan", "commanders_a": "Taliban Panjshir commanders (unnamed)", "commanders_b": "Ahmad Massoud (Tajik); Ali Nazary (NRF spokesman)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Taliban reinforced the valleys in May and June and the NRF's spring offensive was contained without regaining the valley.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Panjshir conflict (2021-present), recalled from memory; not fetched", "note": "A guerrilla offensive rather than a single battle; casualty claims are contested and sources are partisan. Weak entry.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E", "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2163, "key": "n2163", "name": "Kyrgyz-Tajik border clashes (September 2022)", "label": "Kyrgyz-Tajik border clashes", "year": 2022, "month": 9, "day": 14, "date": "14-20 September 2022", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "Batken region (Kyrgyzstan) and Isfara district (Tajikistan)", "lat": 40.05, "lon": 70.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Kyrgyzstan", "side_a": [ "Tajikistan" ], "side_b": [ "Kyrgyzstan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tajikistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Tajik General Staff (Emomali Rahmon, commander-in-chief)", "commanders_b": "Sadyr Japarov (president), Kamchybek Tashiev", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "A ceasefire ended several days of artillery, armour and drone fighting with about 100 dead in total and no clear territorial change.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2022 Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan clashes' (from memory; not fetched); Reuters and Eurasianet coverage, Sept 2022", "note": "Heavier than April 2021: mortars, tanks, aircraft and Bayraktar drones; reported deaths about 100 in total, the larger share Kyrgyz. The army of Tajikistan on side A.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2164, "key": "2022-september-october-2022-attacks-on-iraqi-kurdistan", "name": "September-October 2022 attacks on Iraqi Kurdistan", "label": "September-October 2022 attacks on Iraqi Kurdistan", "year": 2022, "month": 9, "day": 28, "date": "28 September - 14 November 2022 (main strikes 28 September; artillery from 24 September)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Western Iran clashes (Mahsa Amini protests)", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "KDPI and Komala bases at Koya and elsewhere, Kurdistan Region, Iraq", "lat": 36.08, "lon": 44.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "United States" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels", "commanders_a": "IRGC ground and aerospace forces (not named)", "commanders_b": "KDPI and Komala leaderships", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC missiles, Mohajer and Shahed drones and artillery, with Basij involvement.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "IRGC crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown numbers of missiles and drones", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "1 Mohajer-6 drone shot down by a US F-15 (28 September)", "losses_b": "20 killed, 72 wounded (28 September); 2+ killed (14 November)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The IRGC missile, drone and artillery strikes hit the KDPI and Komala bases, killing about 20 on 28 September and more in October and November.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia September-October 2022 attacks on Iraqi Kurdistan; Western Iran clashes (2016-present)", "note": "Tehran accused the Kurdish groups of stoking the Mahsa Amini protests. The dead included a US citizen and her infant. The US shot down an Iranian drone judged a threat to US forces.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2165, "key": "2023-2023-iran-drone-attacks", "name": "2023 Iran drone attacks", "label": "2023 Iran drone attacks", "year": 2023, "month": 1, "day": 28, "date": "28 January 2023, about 23:30", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel proxy conflict", "theatre": "Central Iran", "place": "Defence Ministry ammunition factory, Imam Khomeini Street, Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.65, "lon": 51.67, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "attributed to Israel (Mossad) by US officials; Israel did not comment", "commanders_b": "Iranian air defence of the Defence Ministry site", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian point air defence at the Defence Ministry factory (Artesh air defence or IRGC; not named).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iranian air-defence crews; composition is nominal.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "3 quadcopter drones", "strength_b": "point air defence", "losses_a": "3 drones (all shot down, by Iran's account)", "losses_b": "minor roof damage (Iranian account)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iran said all three drones were shot down and the damage to the roof was minor, while Israeli sources called the attack 'a tremendous success'; no independent assessment settles it.", "borderline": "strike operation; a covert drone attack launched from inside Iran rather than an air battle", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; a covert drone attack launched from inside Iran rather than an air battle.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2023 Iran drone attacks", "note": "Fires at a Tabriz refinery and explosions at Karaj and Azarshahr the same night are of unclear connection.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2166, "key": "2023-march-2023-northeastern-syria-clashes", "name": "March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes", "label": "March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes", "year": 2023, "month": 3, "day": 23, "date": "23-24 March 2023", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-United States confrontation in Syria", "theatre": "Al-Hasakah and Deir ez-Zor Governorates", "place": "Abu Hajar airfield near Rmelan, and Harabish, Mayadin and the Abu Kamal countryside, Syria", "lat": 36.97, "lon": 41.88, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia", "Syria" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US Central Command", "commanders_b": "Liwa al-Ghaliboun and other IRGC-affiliated militias", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC-affiliated militias using Iranian-made drones; the IRGC appears under 'units involved' and its facilities were the US targets.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "minor", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The attackers were mainly Arabic-speaking militiamen; IRGC personnel at the targeted sites are not counted in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "1 US contractor killed; 25 Americans wounded by 13 April", "losses_b": "8 (Pentagon) to 19 (SOHR) killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "A tit-for-tat exchange: the Iranian-made drone killed a US contractor and wounded others, the US strikes hit IRGC-affiliated sites killing 8-19, and rocket attacks continued, so neither side's strikes plainly prevailed.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iranian forces' direct role uncertain", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iranian forces' direct role uncertain.", "sources": "en.wikipedia March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes; 2023 United States airstrikes in Syria", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2167, "key": "2023-2023-afghanistan-iran-clash", "name": "2023 Afghanistan-Iran clash", "label": "2023 Afghanistan-Iran clash", "year": 2023, "month": 5, "day": 27, "date": "27 May 2023", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Afghanistan-Iran border clashes (Helmand water dispute)", "theatre": "Sistan border", "place": "Sasuli border post, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran, opposite Kang district, Nimruz, Afghanistan", "lat": 31.13, "lon": 61.63, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Islamic Emirate border forces", "commanders_b": "Border Guard Command", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Taliban", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Iranian Border Guard Command and Law Enforcement Force posts.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Border guards were national conscripts and regulars; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "1 killed (Afghan claim); several (Iranian claim)", "losses_b": "1 killed, 2 wounded (Iranian figure; 2 border guards killed in other reports)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "After an exchange of fire each side kept its posts and the border crossing reopened the next day (status quo ante).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2023 Afghanistan-Iran clash", "note": "Each side blamed the other; the clash came amid the dispute over Helmand River water rights. 'Taliban' here is the government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2168, "key": "2023-zahedan-police-station-attack-2023", "name": "Zahedan police station attack (2023)", "label": "Zahedan police station attack (2023)", "year": 2023, "month": 7, "day": 8, "date": "8 July 2023", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Police station in Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 29.5, "lon": 60.86, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Baloch rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Baloch rebels", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Jaish al-Adl", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Police of the Law Enforcement Force at the Zahedan station.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Police in Zahedan were national conscripts and local recruits; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "4", "losses_a": "2 police killed", "losses_b": "4 killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "All four attackers were killed at the scene; two policemen died.", "borderline": "an insurgent raid on a police station without a separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an insurgent raid on a police station without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Jaysh al-Adl; Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2169, "key": "n2169", "name": "Deir ez-Zor (2023 clashes)", "label": "Deir ez-Zor", "year": 2023, "month": 8, "day": 27, "date": "27 August - early September 2023", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war / SDF-Arab tribal conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate east of the Euphrates (Dhiban, Hajin, Basira, Abu Hamam), Syria", "lat": 35.1, "lon": 40.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "side_b": [ "Arab tribal fighters", "pro-government militias" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "commanders_b": "Tribal commanders (Ibrahim al-Hifl, al-Akidat tribe)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The SDF reinforced from Hasakah and retook the towns lost to the tribal fighters by early September.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2023 Deir ez-Zor clashes' (from memory); press reports (Sept 2023)", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. The trigger was the arrest of Ahmad al-Khubayl (Abu Khawla), the Deir ez-Zor Military Council commander. The Kurdish YPG units were the reinforcements.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2170, "key": "n2170", "name": "2023 Chitral cross-border attacks", "label": "2023 Chitral cross-border attacks", "year": 2023, "month": 9, "day": 6, "date": "6-7 September 2023", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Arandu and Chitral border district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)", "lat": 35.3, "lon": 71.6, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army and Chitral Scouts" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Pakistani local commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "commanders_b": "TTP commanders (unnamed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The army and Scouts repulsed the attack on border posts, with ISPR claiming about a dozen militants and four soldiers killed.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2023 Chitral cross-border attacks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chitral_cross-border_attacks", "note": "A large TTP incursion from the Afghan side onto border posts in Chitral; the TTP is Pashtun-led although the area fought over is Khowar-speaking. Minor, with ISPR casualty figures only.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2171, "key": "2023-2023-united-states-airstrikes-in-syria", "name": "2023 United States airstrikes in Syria", "label": "2023 United States airstrikes in Syria", "year": 2023, "month": 10, "day": 26, "date": "26 October, 8 and 12 November 2023", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Gaza war (attacks on US forces in Iraq and Syria)", "theatre": "Deir ez-Zor Governorate", "place": "IRGC-linked sites near Abu Kamal and Mayadin, eastern Syria", "lat": 34.45, "lon": 40.92, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "US Central Command", "commanders_b": "IRGC Quds Force and affiliated groups", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC and IRGC-Quds Force facilities used with affiliated militias (US description).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Arabic" ], "iranian_share": "unknown", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The occupants of the sites are not identified in the sources used.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "two jets per strike (26 October, 8 November)", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "not stated", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "US F-15Es and other aircraft destroyed the targeted IRGC weapons storage, training facility and safe house without loss.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2023 United States airstrikes in Syria", "note": "Retaliation for militia attacks on US bases after 7 October 2023. The March 2023 strikes are under March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2172, "key": "2023-rask-attack-2023", "name": "Rask (attack, 2023)", "label": "Rask (attack, 2023)", "year": 2023, "month": 12, "day": 15, "date": "15 December 2023 (night)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Police headquarters, Rask, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 26.24, "lon": 61.4, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Baloch rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Baloch rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "Jaish al-Adl", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "Police of the Law Enforcement Force at the Rask headquarters.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Police in Sistan and Baluchestan were national conscripts and local recruits; no breakdown in the sources.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "11 police killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jaish al-Adl killed 11 police in the attack, but the sources used do not say whether the station fell or the attackers were driven off.", "borderline": "an insurgent raid on a police station without a separate article", "doubt": "Borderline: an insurgent raid on a police station without a separate article.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Jaysh al-Adl", "note": "Side_a is Jaish al-Adl only because the outcome is unknown. The January 2024 Iran-Pakistan strikes that followed are separate entries.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2173, "key": "2023-sayyida-zaynab-airstrike-december-2023", "name": "Sayyida Zaynab airstrike (December 2023)", "label": "Sayyida Zaynab airstrike (December 2023)", "year": 2023, "month": 12, "day": 25, "date": "25 December 2023", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war (Gaza war)", "theatre": "Damascus area", "place": "Sayyida Zaynab, south of Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.44, "lon": 36.34, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Israeli Air Force (Israel did not comment)", "commanders_b": "IRGC Brig. Gen. Sayyed Razi Mousavi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "The IRGC Quds Force logistics command in Syria (Brig. Gen. Razi Mousavi).", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "An IRGC officer and his staff.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "Brig. Gen. Razi Mousavi killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The missiles struck Mousavi's residence and killed him; there was no defence.", "borderline": "strike operation; a targeted killing rather than a battle; title is descriptive", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; a targeted killing rather than a battle; title is descriptive.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war (casualty list)", "note": "", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2174, "key": "2024-2024-iranian-missile-strikes-in-iraq-and-syria", "name": "2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria", "label": "2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria", "year": 2024, "month": 1, "day": 15, "date": "15-16 January 2024 (night)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel proxy conflict; Iranian response to the Kerman bombings", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan and northwestern Syria", "place": "Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, and Taltita, Idlib Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.31, "lon": 44.13, "loc": "known", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Israel", "Islamic State" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Hossein Salami, Amir Ali Hajizadeh (IRGC)", "commanders_b": "none (no defending force engaged)", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force missile units: 11 Fateh-110 type ballistic missiles fired at Erbil from Kermanshah and West Azerbaijan provinces and 4 Kheibar Shekan missiles at Idlib from Khuzestan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "15 ballistic missiles", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "4 civilians killed (businessman Peshraw Dizayee and three others), 17 injured in Erbil; Idlib casualties unreported", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The missiles struck the chosen villa in Erbil and the Idlib sites without being intercepted, though Iran's claim that these were a Mossad base and Islamic State positions was rejected by Iraq and the KRG.", "borderline": "strike operation; the declared targets (Mossad, Islamic State) were not confirmed and the dead in Erbil were civilians", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; the declared targets (Mossad, Islamic State) were not confirmed and the dead in Erbil were civilians.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria; 2024 Iran-Pakistan conflict", "note": "Iran's declared targets were a 'Mossad headquarters' in Erbil and Islamic State forces in Idlib (revenge for the 3 January Kerman bombings); Iraq recalled its ambassador. SOHR doubted that the Idlib strike used medium-range missiles. Coalition forces shot down three drones near Erbil airport.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2175, "key": "2024-2024-iranian-missile-strikes-in-pakistan", "name": "2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan", "label": "2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan", "year": 2024, "month": 1, "day": 16, "date": "16 January 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2024 Iran-Pakistan conflict (insurgency in Sistan and Baluchestan)", "theatre": "Balochistan", "place": "Koh-e-Sabz, Panjgur District, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 26.97, "lon": 64.09, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Baloch rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Baloch rebels", "commanders_a": "Hossein Salami, Amir Ali Hajizadeh (IRGC)", "commanders_b": "none (no defending force engaged)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force missiles and drones (Pakistan reported three or four drones; Jaish al-Adl claimed six drones and rockets).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "precision missiles and 3-6 drones", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "2 children killed, 3-4 injured (Pakistani figures)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The missiles and drones struck the targeted houses in Koh-e-Sabz without interception; Jaish al-Adl itself said the houses belonged to its members' families.", "borderline": "strike operation; no militant losses confirmed", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; no militant losses confirmed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan; 2024 Iran-Pakistan conflict", "note": "Iran named Jaish al-Adl (a Baloch Sunni militant group) as the target; Pakistan called it a violation of its airspace and expelled the Iranian ambassador. The village lies about 50 km from the border; coordinates are those of Panjgur district.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2176, "key": "2024-operation-marg-bar-sarmachar", "name": "Operation Marg Bar Sarmachar", "label": "Operation Marg Bar Sarmachar", "year": 2024, "month": 1, "day": 18, "date": "18 January 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2024 Iran-Pakistan conflict", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Saravan area, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 27.37, "lon": 62.33, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Pakistan" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Asim Munir, Zaheer Ahmad Babar Sidhu", "commanders_b": "Hossein Salami (IRGC); Iranian Army Air Defence Force", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "Pakistan", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "No Iranian force engaged; the Iranian Army Air Defence Force and IRGC air defence units covered the area (named in the infobox).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "drones (Wing Loong II reported), rockets, loitering munitions, aircraft (JF-17, F-16, J-10C reported, unconfirmed)", "strength_b": "none engaged", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "9 killed, all Pakistani nationals by Iran's account (3 women, 4 children, 2 men); the BLA said its members were among the dead", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Pakistan's drones, rockets and stand-off weapons hit seven sites around Saravan unopposed; Iranian air defences did not engage.", "borderline": "strike operation; the targets were Baloch militants (BLA, BLF) on Iranian soil, not Iranian forces, and no Iranian unit fought: may be better left unscored", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; the targets were Baloch militants (BLA, BLF) on Iranian soil, not Iranian forces, and no Iranian unit fought: may be better left unscored.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2024 Iran-Pakistan conflict; 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan", "note": "Pakistan's retaliation for the 16 January strike; both states agreed to de-escalate on 19 January.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2177, "key": "n2177", "name": "Gwadar Port Authority complex (2024)", "label": "Gwadar Port Authority complex", "year": 2024, "month": 3, "day": 20, "date": "20 March 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan", "theatre": "", "place": "Gwadar Port Authority complex, Gwadar, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 25.12, "lon": 62.33, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Balochistan Liberation Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan security forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Balochistan Liberation Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bashir Zeb Baloch (BLA leader)", "commanders_b": "Pakistani security commanders (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "All eight attackers were killed; two soldiers died (ISPR, Dawn, Al Jazeera).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Gwadar_attack (search result; page not fetched); https://dawn.com/news/1822759; https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/3/20/pakistans-gwadar-port-attacked-eight-armed-fighters-killed", "note": "An armed assault on the compound that houses the Chinese-built port's administration, fought for about 14 hours; Majeed Brigade is the BLA's suicide unit.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2178, "key": "n2178", "name": "Turbat naval base (PNS Siddique, 2024)", "label": "Turbat naval base", "year": 2024, "month": 3, "day": 26, "date": "night of 25-26 March 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan", "theatre": "", "place": "PNS Siddique naval air station, Turbat, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 26.0, "lon": 63.03, "loc": "known", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Balochistan Liberation Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Navy and Frontier Corps" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Balochistan Liberation Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bashir Zeb Baloch (BLA leader)", "commanders_b": "Pakistan Navy base command (not named)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "high", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The infiltration from three sides was stopped and the militants were killed in a clearance operation; one Frontier Corps soldier and four militants died (Wikipedia 'Attack on PNS Siddique', ISPR).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_PNS_Siddique (fetched); https://arynews.tv/security-forces-repulse-attack-on-turbat-naval-base", "note": "the BLA is a Baloch force under Baloch leaders.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "high", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2179, "key": "2024-2024-chabahar-and-rask-clashes", "name": "2024 Chabahar and Rask clashes", "label": "2024 Chabahar and Rask clashes", "year": 2024, "month": 4, "day": 4, "date": "night of 3-4 April 2024 (fighting over 13 hours)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Chabahar, Rask and Sarbaz, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 26.24, "lon": 61.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Baloch rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Baloch rebels", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named (Jaish al-Adl)", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC headquarters garrisons in Rask and Chabahar, a police station and a naval facility, reinforced by Army, Navy and IRGC units.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch", "Turkic" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Garrison and police units in Sistan and Baluchestan are largely Persian-speaking servicemen from across Iran, with some local Baloch.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown (some attackers wore suicide vests)", "losses_a": "16 security personnel killed (11 in early reports)", "losses_b": "18 militants killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jaish al-Adl failed to take the IRGC headquarters, and the Iranian forces held all the attacked posts and freed the hostages after more than 13 hours of fighting.", "borderline": "insurgent raid", "doubt": "Borderline: insurgent raid.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2024 Chabahar and Rask clashes; Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (wikiwand)", "note": "Coordinated attacks on at least two IRGC headquarters, a police station and a naval facility; Jaish al-Adl is a Sunni Baloch militant group.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2180, "key": "2024-april-2024-israeli-strikes-on-iran", "name": "April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran", "label": "April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran", "year": 2024, "month": 4, "day": 19, "date": "19 April 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict", "theatre": "Isfahan", "place": "Shekari (8th Tactical) air base, Isfahan, Iran", "lat": 32.62, "lon": 51.7, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Herzi Halevi, Tomer Bar", "commanders_b": "Iranian air defence (Khatam al-Anbiya Air Defence Base); no named commander", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian air defence units around Isfahan (an S-300PMU2 battery and other sites), which fired at what Iran called small drones.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "at least three air-launched missiles (Blue Sparrow or ROCKS suspected) fired by aircraft outside Iran", "strength_b": "S-300PMU2 battery and local air defences", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "one S-300 radar destroyed; no casualties (Iran)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The missiles destroyed the 30N6E engagement radar of the S-300 battery guarding Isfahan and Natanz (US assessment and satellite imagery), although Iran claimed to have shot down three drones.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran", "note": "Israel's response to True Promise I; Iran downplayed the attack and Israel confirmed it on 5 May 2024.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2181, "key": "2024-israeli-airstrike-on-the-iranian-consulate-in-damascus", "name": "Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus", "label": "Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus", "year": 2024, "month": 4, "day": 1, "date": "1 April 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict (Israeli campaign against the IRGC in Syria)", "theatre": "Syria", "place": "Iranian embassy compound, Mezzeh, Damascus, Syria", "lat": 33.5, "lon": 36.26, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not stated (Israel did not officially claim the attack)", "commanders_b": "Mohammad Reza Zahedi (IRGC Quds Force, killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force command staff for Syria and Lebanon meeting in the consular building; no Iranian unit engaged the attackers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The dead were IRGC officers from Iran, with Iran-backed militiamen and a Hezbollah member.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Israeli aircraft (Iran said F-35s with six missiles)", "strength_b": "none engaged", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "16 killed: 7 IRGC officers (Zahedi, Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi and five others), 5 Iran-backed militiamen, 1 Hezbollah member, 1 Iranian adviser, 2 Syrian civilians", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The missiles destroyed the consular building and killed the target, Quds Force commander Mohammad Reza Zahedi, with his deputy and five other IRGC officers.", "borderline": "strike operation; a targeted killing on a diplomatic compound, with no engagement", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; a targeted killing on a diplomatic compound, with no engagement.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus", "note": "The strike provoked Operation True Promise I. The lead of the article says eight IRGC officers, the infobox seven.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2182, "key": "2024-operation-true-promise-i", "name": "Operation True Promise I", "label": "Operation True Promise I", "year": 2024, "month": 4, "day": 13, "date": "13-14 April 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict (Iran's response to the Israeli strike on its Damascus consulate, 1 April 2024)", "theatre": "Israel and the Golan Heights", "place": "Nevatim and Ramon airbases, Negev, Israel", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 35.01, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "United Kingdom", "France", "Jordan" ], "allies_b": [ "Hezbollah", "Iraqi Shia militias", "Houthis" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Herzi Halevi, Tomer Bar (Israel); Michael Kurilla (US CENTCOM)", "commanders_b": "Hossein Salami (IRGC); Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Fadavi", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force: about 170 Shahed drones, 30+ cruise missiles and 120+ ballistic missiles launched from Iran, with small salvos from allied groups in Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Arrow, David's Sling and Iron Dome; Israeli, US, UK, French and Jordanian aircraft and ships", "strength_b": "about 300-350 drones and missiles", "losses_a": "1 Israeli girl critically injured; C-130, runway and stores damaged at Nevatim", "losses_b": "nearly all drones and missiles shot down", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "About 99% of the drones and missiles were intercepted; the nine ballistic missiles that hit Nevatim and Ramon did only minor damage.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel; Operation True Promise (disambiguation)", "note": "Iran's first direct attack on Israel; code name 'Ya Rasul Allah'. Some Iranian 'damage' footage was later shown to be wildfires in Chile.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2183, "key": "n2183", "name": "Operation Herof (Balochistan, August 2024)", "label": "Operation Herof", "year": 2024, "month": 8, "day": 26, "date": "26-27 August 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan", "theatre": "", "place": "Bela (Lasbela), Musakhel, Kalat and other towns, Balochistan (Pakistan)", "lat": 26.23, "lon": 66.31, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Balochistan Liberation Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Balochistan Liberation Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bashir Zeb Baloch (BLA leader)", "commanders_b": "Pakistani security commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Security forces cleared the FC camp at Bela and the attacked towns within two days, with ISPR reporting 14 security men and 21 militants killed, though the BLA also killed 23 civilians at Musakhel.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Herof (2024), recalled from memory; not fetched", "note": "A coordinated BLA offensive across several districts, with real fighting at the Bela camp.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2184, "key": "2024-2024-gohar-kuh-attack", "name": "2024 Gohar Kuh Attack", "label": "2024 Gohar Kuh Attack", "year": 2024, "month": 10, "day": 26, "date": "26 October 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency", "theatre": "Sistan and Baluchestan", "place": "Gowhar Kuh, Taftan County, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran", "lat": 28.6, "lon": 61.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Baloch rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Baloch rebels v Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Baloch rebels", "faction_b": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "commanders_a": "not named (Jaish al-Adl)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Baloch rebels", "flags": [ "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "A police (FARAJA) detachment of the Gohar Kuh station in two vehicles; some reports call the dead border guards or soldiers.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Baloch" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's police and border guards are recruited nationwide; Persian speakers predominate.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "two vehicles of police officers", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "10 killed, 4 injured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Jaish al-Adl gunmen killed ten police officers in their vehicles and got away.", "borderline": "insurgent ambush on a police convoy", "doubt": "Borderline: insurgent ambush on a police convoy.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2024 Gohar Kuh Attack", "note": "Jaish al-Adl claimed the attack the same day; five officers had been killed at the same station in April 2024.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2185, "key": "2024-operation-days-of-repentance", "name": "Operation Days of Repentance", "label": "Operation Days of Repentance", "year": 2024, "month": 10, "day": 26, "date": "26 October 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict", "theatre": "Tehran, Khuzestan, Ilam, Semnan", "place": "Parchin, Khojir and other military sites, Tehran province, Iran", "lat": 35.52, "lon": 51.77, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Herzi Halevi, Tomer Bar", "commanders_b": "Iranian air defence (Khatam al-Anbiya Air Defence Base); no named commander", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian Army and IRGC air defence units (S-300 batteries at Imam Khomeini Airport and elsewhere, Ghadir radars near Ahvaz and Ilam).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "over 100 aircraft (F-35I, F-15, F-16I)", "strength_b": "national air defence network", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "4 Iranian Army air defence soldiers and 1 civilian killed; S-300 batteries, radars and missile-fuel plants destroyed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Over 100 Israeli aircraft struck their targets, destroying S-300 batteries, radars and solid-fuel mixers at Parchin, Khojir and Shahroud, and all returned safely.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran", "note": "Three waves in the early hours; US officials said Iran's missile production was set back by about a year.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2186, "key": "2024-operation-true-promise-ii", "name": "Operation True Promise II", "label": "Operation True Promise II", "year": 2024, "month": 10, "day": 1, "date": "1 October 2024", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Iran-Israel conflict (Iran's response to the killings of Ismail Haniyeh and Hassan Nasrallah)", "theatre": "Israel", "place": "Nevatim airbase, Tel Nof airbase and Tel Aviv area, Israel", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 35.01, "loc": "known", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "Jordan" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Herzi Halevi, Tomer Bar", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (ordered); Hossein Salami, Amir Ali Hajizadeh (IRGC)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force: about 200 ballistic missiles in at least two waves, launched from near Tabriz, Kashan and Tehran.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Arrow and David's Sling batteries; two US destroyers (about a dozen interceptors)", "strength_b": "about 200 ballistic missiles", "losses_a": "1 Palestinian killed in Jericho by debris, 1 Israeli died of a heart attack, a few injured; hangars and buildings damaged at Nevatim, school in Gedera hit", "losses_b": "missiles expended", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Some two dozen or more missiles hit Nevatim (20-32 impacts) and Tel Nof, but no aircraft were destroyed and damage was limited, so neither Iran's claim of heavy damage nor Israel's of a failed attack is borne out by the independent assessments.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel", "note": "Analysts (Decker Eveleth, Washington Post) counted at least two dozen missiles striking or landing near three military and intelligence targets; the Mossad headquarters was not hit.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2187, "key": "2024-2024-syrian-opposition-offensives", "name": "2024 Syrian opposition offensives", "label": "2024 Syrian opposition offensives", "year": 2024, "month": 11, "day": 27, "date": "27 November - 8 December 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war", "theatre": "Northern and central Syria", "place": "Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Damascus, Syria", "lat": 36.2, "lon": 37.16, "loc": "region", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian rebels" ], "side_b": [ "Syria" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia", "Russia", "Hezbollah" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ahmed al-Sharaa (Abu Mohammad al-Julani, HTS)", "commanders_b": "Bashar al-Assad; IRGC adviser Kioumars Pourhashemi (killed)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Syrian rebels", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Quds Force advisers with the Syrian army around Aleppo; Iran withdrew its commanders and about 4,000 Iranians from 6 December.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The Iranian presence was a cadre of IRGC officers; the Iran-backed militias (Iraqi, Afghan Fatemiyoun) were not under Iranian command as Iranian units.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown", "strength_b": "unknown", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "Syrian army collapsed; IRGC Brig. Gen. Kioumars Pourhashemi killed at Aleppo (about 28 November; another page gives 24 November)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The rebels took Aleppo (30 November), Hama (5 December), Homs and Damascus (8 December), and the Assad government fell.", "borderline": "Iranian forces were only advisers; HTS called its opening offensive 'Deterrence of Aggression'", "doubt": "Borderline: Iranian forces were only advisers; HTS called its opening offensive 'Deterrence of Aggression'.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2024 Syrian opposition offensives", "note": "New entity names: 'Syria' (the Assad government) as the principal on the Iranian side.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2188, "key": "n2188", "name": "Afghanistan-Pakistan border clashes (December 2024)", "label": "Afghanistan-Pakistan border clashes", "year": 2024, "month": 12, "day": 25, "date": "25-28 December 2024 (fighting went on into January 2025)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2024-25 Afghanistan-Pakistan border clashes", "theatre": "", "place": "Durand Line from Dand Aw Patan (Paktia) to Kurram and Bajaur (Afghanistan and Pakistan)", "lat": 33.6, "lon": 70.1, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mullah Muhammad Yaqoob (Taliban defence minister); Qari Fasihuddin (chief of army staff)", "commanders_b": "Pakistani army and Frontier Corps commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The Taliban claimed to have attacked 'several points' and Pakistan claimed six Afghan posts abandoned; neither held captured ground and the exchanges continued without a result.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Afghanistan-Pakistan clashes (2024-present) via kris yotam mirror: https://wiki.krisyotam.com/content/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2026-03/2024_Afghanistan-Pakistan_skirmishes", "note": "The Taliban's retaliation for the Pakistani air strikes on Barmal, Paktika (24-25 December 2024), with cross-border fire at Dand Aw Patan, Kurram and Bajaur. Casualty claims are contradictory.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2189, "key": "n2189", "name": "Manbij (2024)", "label": "Manbij", "year": 2024, "month": 12, "day": 6, "date": "6-11 December 2024", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (fall of the Assad government) / Operation Dawn of Freedom", "theatre": "", "place": "Manbij, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.53, "lon": 37.95, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian National Army", "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Manbij Military Council" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces & Manbij Military Council", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian National Army commanders", "commanders_b": "Mazloum Abdi; Manbij Military Council commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Syrian National Army took Manbij on 9 December and the SDF withdrew east of the Euphrates under a US-brokered arrangement.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched; Manbij captured December 2024) and 'Battle of Manbij (2024)' (from memory); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The SDF is Kurdish-led (YPG/YPJ core, Mazloum Abdi in command) with Arab, Syriac and other units, so the Kurdish share varies by front. Turkish drones and artillery supported the attack.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2190, "key": "n2190", "name": "Tishrin Dam (2024-2025)", "label": "Tishrin Dam", "year": 2024, "month": 12, "day": 10, "date": "10 December 2024 - early 2025 (fighting continued through the winter; ceasefire arrangements February-March 2025)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Syrian civil war (post-Assad) / Operation Dawn of Freedom", "theatre": "", "place": "Tishrin Dam and the Qaraqozak bridge, Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.37, "lon": 38.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syrian National Army", "Turkey" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian National Army commanders", "commanders_b": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "outcome": "B", "result": "W", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Syrian National Army never crossed the Euphrates and the SDF held the dam despite Turkish drone strikes and crowds of civilians on the bridge.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia 'Rojava conflict' (fetched); press reports (Reuters, Al Jazeera, Dec 2024-Mar 2025); from memory; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict", "note": "The result and the end date are the least certain facts here: the front was frozen rather than ended, and the Damascus government took the dam only in the January 2026 offensive.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2191, "key": "n2191", "name": "Noshki (convoy attack, March 2025)", "label": "Noshki", "year": 2025, "month": 3, "day": 16, "date": "16 March 2025", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan", "theatre": "", "place": "near Noshki, on the Quetta-Taftan highway, Balochistan, Pakistan", "lat": 29.55, "lon": 66.02, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Balochistan Liberation Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan Frontier Corps and Army convoy" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Balochistan Liberation Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bashir Zeb Baloch (BLA leader)", "commanders_b": "Frontier Corps convoy escort (not named)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The attackers hit the convoy with a car bomb and gunfire and were then killed or driven off; the army admitted only a handful of dead, the BLA claimed about 90 soldiers killed, and the outcome is not independently settled.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Dawn, ISPR and BLA statements of 16-17 March 2025, from memory (not fetched)", "note": "Weak entry: an ambush and car-bomb attack on a moving convoy, days after the Jaffar Express hijacking (already in the dataset); figures from memory and disputed.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S8" }, { "id": 2192, "key": "2025-operation-glad-tidings-of-victory", "name": "Operation Glad Tidings of Victory", "label": "Operation Glad Tidings of Victory", "year": 2025, "month": 6, "day": 23, "date": "23 June 2025 (about 19:39 local time)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Twelve-Day War", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Al Udeid Air Base, near Doha, Qatar", "lat": 25.12, "lon": 51.3, "loc": "known", "country": "Qatar", "side_a": [ "Gulf states", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "IRGC Aerospace Force (no commander named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force short- and medium-range ballistic missiles (14 by Iran's count).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Qatari and US Patriot batteries", "strength_b": "14 ballistic missiles", "losses_a": "one radome (secure communications terminal) damaged; no casualties", "losses_b": "missiles expended", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Qatar and the US intercepted 13 of the 14 missiles; one hit a radar dome and there were no casualties.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base; Twelve-Day War", "note": "Gulf states: Qatar. Wikipedia article title '2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base'; the Twelve-Day War page renders the name 'Annunciation of Victory'. Iran warned Qatar and the US in advance, and the strike preceded the ceasefire announced the same evening. The list of attacks says US bases in Iraq were also targeted (two drones shot down near the Erbil consulate).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2193, "key": "2025-operation-midnight-hammer", "name": "Operation Midnight Hammer", "label": "Operation Midnight Hammer", "year": 2025, "month": 6, "day": 22, "date": "22 June 2025 (02:10-02:35 Iran time)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Twelve-Day War", "theatre": "Iran", "place": "Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan nuclear sites, Iran", "lat": 34.88, "lon": 50.99, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Anthony J. Cotton, Michael Kurilla, Dan Caine", "commanders_b": "none engaged", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian air defences around Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan (already degraded by Israel), which did not fire.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "7 B-2 bombers (14 GBU-57 MOPs), a submarine (about 30 Tomahawks), about 125 aircraft in all", "strength_b": "none engaged", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "heavy damage to Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan; no casualties reported", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "All 14 GBU-57 bombs and about 30 Tomahawks reached Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan without any Iranian anti-aircraft fire; the IAEA later judged almost all sensitive equipment at Fordow destroyed.", "borderline": "strike operation; no Iranian force engaged", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; no Iranian force engaged.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites; Twelve-Day War", "note": "A leaked early DIA assessment spoke of a delay of months; the Pentagon later gave 1-2 years.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2194, "key": "2025-operation-rising-lion", "name": "Operation Rising Lion", "label": "Operation Rising Lion", "year": 2025, "month": 6, "day": 13, "date": "13-24 June 2025", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Twelve-Day War", "theatre": "Iran", "place": "Natanz, Tehran, Isfahan, Fordow, Tabriz, Kermanshah and other sites, Iran", "lat": 33.72, "lon": 51.73, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel Katz, Eyal Zamir, Tomer Bar", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei; Mohammad Bagheri, Hossein Salami, Gholam Ali Rashid, Amir Ali Hajizadeh (all killed 13 June); then Abdolrahim Mousavi, Mohammad Pakpour", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iran's air defence network (Artesh Air Defence Force and IRGC units under Khatam al-Anbiya), the Air Force (F-14, F-5 and other aircraft, mostly destroyed on the ground) and the IRGC Aerospace Force's missile bases.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "200+ aircraft in the opening waves (330+ munitions on about 100 targets on 13 June); Mossad commando and drone teams", "strength_b": "national air defence network", "losses_a": "2 Hermes drones shot down", "losses_b": "1,060 killed (Iran) or 1,190 (HRANA: 436 civilians, 435 military); about 30 generals and 10 nuclear scientists killed; Israel claimed 200+ missile launchers, F-14s, F-5s and AH-1 helicopters destroyed", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Israeli aircraft and Mossad teams struck Natanz, Isfahan, Arak, missile bases and Tehran for twelve days, won air superiority and lost no manned aircraft.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Twelve-Day War; List of attacks during the Twelve-Day War; Twelve-Day War order of battle", "note": "Includes Operation Red Wedding and Operation Narnia (13 June: the killing of the military chiefs and of nuclear scientists), the strikes on Natanz, the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center and the Arak reactor, the IRIB headquarters (16 June) and Evin prison (23 June, 79 killed), which are not listed separately. Iran's claims of downed F-35s were admitted false in December 2025. The war's result in the infobox is 'inconclusive'; the ceasefire took effect on 24 June.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2195, "key": "2025-operation-true-promise-iii", "name": "Operation True Promise III", "label": "Operation True Promise III", "year": 2025, "month": 6, "day": 13, "date": "13-24 June 2025", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "Twelve-Day War", "theatre": "Israel", "place": "Tel Aviv, Haifa, Beersheba, Bat Yam, Rehovot, Ramat Gan and other cities and bases, Israel", "lat": 32.08, "lon": 34.78, "loc": "region", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "Jordan" ], "allies_b": [ "Houthis" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel Katz, Eyal Zamir, Tomer Bar", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei; Abdolrahim Mousavi, Mohammad Pakpour, Majid Mousavi (IRGC Aerospace Force)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force: about 520-550 ballistic missiles and over 1,000 Shahed drones in some 20 waves.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Arrow, David's Sling, Iron Dome; US THAAD and Navy destroyers; Jordanian and other interceptions", "strength_b": "about 550 ballistic missiles, 1,000+ drones", "losses_a": "31-33 killed (civilians and 1 off-duty soldier) and 3,238 wounded in Israel; Bazan refinery (Haifa), Weizmann Institute, Soroka hospital and homes in Bat Yam, Ramat Gan and Beersheba hit", "losses_b": "missiles and drones expended; launchers lost to Israeli strikes (counted under Rising Lion)", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "Most of the 520-550 ballistic missiles and about 99% of the 1,000+ drones were intercepted; about 25-60 missiles hit the ground, causing heavy damage at a few sites but little at military targets.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Twelve-Day War; Operation True Promise III; List of attacks during the Twelve-Day War", "note": "Israel's cabinet secretary gave 25 of 520 missiles (about 5%) hitting the ground; other counts give 50-60. Notable hits: Bat Yam (9 killed, 15 June), Bazan refinery (3 killed, 16 June), Soroka Medical Center (19 June), Camp Moshe Dayan (Tel Aviv).", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2196, "key": "n2196", "name": "Operation Sarbakaf (Bajaur, 2025)", "label": "Operation Sarbakaf", "year": 2025, "month": 7, "day": 30, "date": "30 July 2025 onward (ongoing at last report)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (War in North-West Pakistan)", "theatre": "", "place": "Mamund (Mamond) Tehsil, Bajaur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)", "lat": 34.72, "lon": 71.45, "loc": "approx", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Pakistan Army, Frontier Corps, Federal Constabulary and pro-government Pashtun tribesmen" ], "side_b": [ "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and Islamic State - Khorasan Province" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Pakistan Army, Frontier Corps, Federal Constabulary and pro-government Pashtun tribesmen v Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Pakistan Army, Frontier Corps, Federal Constabulary and pro-government Pashtun tribesmen", "faction_b": "Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and Islamic State - Khorasan Province", "commanders_a": "Field Marshal Asim Munir (Army chief)", "commanders_b": "Noor Wali Mehsud (TTP emir, Mehsud Pashtun); Shahab al-Muhajir (ISKP, not Iranian)", "outcome": "unknown", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [ "both sides" ], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The offensive was suspended briefly during jirga talks and then resumed; Wikipedia lists about 75 militants and 28 troops killed and the operation as still running.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, Operation Sarbakaf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sarbakaf", "note": "A district-level operation in the Mamund valley that displaced about 100,000 people. Pro-government Pashtun tribal lashkars took part with the army, the militants were Pashtun TTP.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2197, "key": "n2197", "name": "October 2025 Afghanistan-Pakistan clashes", "label": "October 2025 Afghanistan-Pakistan clashes", "year": 2025, "month": 10, "day": 11, "date": "11-19 October 2025 (Qatar-Turkey ceasefire 19 October)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2025 Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict", "theatre": "", "place": "Durand Line: Spin Boldak-Chaman, Kurram, Angoor Adda, Bajaur, Chagai and Zhob sectors (Afghanistan and Pakistan)", "lat": 31.0, "lon": 66.4, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Qari Fasihuddin (chief of army staff); Mullah Muhammad Yaqoob (defence minister)", "commanders_b": "Field Marshal Asim Munir; Khawaja Asif (defence minister)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Both sides claimed to have taken posts and inflicted heavy losses, and the fighting ended in the Doha ceasefire of 19 October without a change of the border.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2025 Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict via kris yotam mirror: https://wiki.krisyotam.com/content/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2026-03/2025_Afghanistan-Pakistan_conflict", "note": "Followed Pakistan's air strikes on Kabul and Paktika (9 October). Pakistan claimed 200 Taliban and TTP dead and 23 of its soldiers killed, the Taliban claimed 58 Pakistani dead and nine of their own; UNAMA counted 37 civilians killed in a week.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2198, "key": "n2198", "name": "Deir Hafer and Maskanah (January 2026)", "label": "Deir Hafer and Maskanah", "year": 2026, "month": 1, "day": 13, "date": "13-17 January 2026", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2026 northeastern Syria offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Deir Hafer and Maskanah, east of Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.1, "lon": 37.9, "loc": "approx", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian army and Operations Command", "commanders_b": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The SDF withdrew from both towns on 17 January under US mediation after four days of fighting and the government took them.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2026 northeastern Syria offensive' (mirror fetched 2026-11-01); https://wiki.krisyotam.com/content/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2026-03/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive", "note": "Fighting also covered the Tishrin Dam and Zubayda area from 14 January.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2199, "key": "n2199", "name": "Kobani (January 2026)", "label": "Kobani", "year": 2026, "month": 1, "day": 20, "date": "20-30 January 2026", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "2026 northeastern Syria offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Kobani (Ayn al-Arab), Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "lat": 36.89, "lon": 38.35, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Arab tribal forces" ], "side_b": [ "YPG and YPJ", "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Asayish" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "YPG and YPJ & Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian army and tribal commanders", "commanders_b": "Mazloum Abdi; YPG and YPJ commanders in Kobani", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Kobani was surrounded and shelled but not entered, and the 30 January agreement left the town under SDF control.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2026 northeastern Syria offensive' (mirror fetched 2026-11-01); Rudaw, 20 Jan 2026; https://wiki.krisyotam.com/content/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2026-03/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive; https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/260120265", "note": "The town was cut off from water and power; the government took over its security directorate on 27 February under the agreement.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2200, "key": "n2200", "name": "Operation Herof 2.0 (Balochistan, 2026)", "label": "Operation Herof 2.0", "year": 2026, "month": 1, "day": 31, "date": "31 January to about 2 February 2026", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "Insurgency in Balochistan", "theatre": "", "place": "Quetta, Gwadar, Mastung, Nushki, Panjgur, Pasni, Kalat and other towns, Balochistan (Pakistan)", "lat": 28.5, "lon": 66.0, "loc": "region", "country": "Pakistan", "side_a": [ "Balochistan Liberation Army" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Balochistan Liberation Army", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Bashir Zeb Baloch (BLA leader)", "commanders_b": "Pakistani security commanders (not named in the sources consulted)", "outcome": "B", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "ISPR said the attacks in about a dozen towns were foiled with 92 militants and 15 troops killed (the BLA claimed 84 Pakistani personnel dead).", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Arab News, 1 February 2026: https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2631312/pakistan; Tribune (Pakistan), 31 January 2026", "note": "The second phase of the BLA's coordinated attacks across Balochistan; casualty figures are from ISPR and the BLA only. Peripheral Baloch entry.", "peoples": [ "Baloch" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "low", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2201, "key": "n2201", "name": "Sheikh Maqsoud (January 2026)", "label": "Sheikh Maqsoud", "year": 2026, "month": 1, "day": 6, "date": "6-10 January 2026", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2026 northeastern Syria offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafiyeh, Aleppo, Syria", "lat": 36.23, "lon": 37.15, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces", "Asayish" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces & Asayish", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian government forces and General Security", "commanders_b": "SDF and Asayish commanders in Aleppo", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Government forces took the Kurdish districts of Aleppo and the SDF withdrew to the northeast under a ceasefire on 10 January.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2026 northeastern Syria offensive' (mirror fetched 2026-11-01); https://wiki.krisyotam.com/content/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2026-03/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive", "note": "The opening of the January 2026 offensive; the defenders were Aleppo's Kurdish fighters.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2202, "key": "n2202", "name": "Tabqa (January 2026)", "label": "Tabqa", "year": 2026, "month": 1, "day": 17, "date": "17-18 January 2026", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2026 northeastern Syria offensive", "theatre": "", "place": "Tabqa, Tabqa Dam and airbase, Raqqa Governorate, Syria", "lat": 35.84, "lon": 38.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Syria", "side_a": [ "Syria", "Arab tribal forces" ], "side_b": [ "Syrian Democratic Forces" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Syrian Democratic Forces", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Syrian army commanders; tribal leaders", "commanders_b": "Mazloum Abdi; SDF commanders", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "a fifth to half", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The government took Tabqa, its dam and airbase on 18 January and the SDF fell back east of the Euphrates.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia '2026 northeastern Syria offensive' (mirror fetched 2026-11-01); https://wiki.krisyotam.com/content/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2026-03/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive", "note": "Raqqa and eastern Deir ez-Zor fell to the government and tribal forces within the next day, largely without a fight.", "peoples": [ "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "both", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "S3" }, { "id": 2203, "key": "n2203", "name": "2026 Afghanistan-Pakistan war: border battles and Operation Ghazab lil Haq", "label": "2026 Afghanistan-Pakistan war: border battles and Operation Ghazab lil Haq", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 26, "date": "26 February to 19 March 2026 (fighting resumed after the Eid pause; fragile truce in April)", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Afghanistan-Pakistan war", "theatre": "", "place": "Durand Line from Kunar and Nangarhar to Paktia, Khost, Paktika and Zhob; air strikes on Kabul and Kandahar (Afghanistan and Pakistan)", "lat": 33.0, "lon": 69.8, "loc": "region", "country": "Afghanistan", "side_a": [ "Taliban" ], "side_b": [ "Pakistan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Taliban", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada (emir); Mullah Muhammad Yaqoob (defence minister)", "commanders_b": "Field Marshal Asim Munir; Khawaja Asif (defence minister)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ind", "main_enemy": "", "flags": [], "persian_force": "", "languages": [], "iranian_share": "most", "iranian_basis": "", "iranian_note": "", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "", "strength_b": "", "losses_a": "", "losses_b": "", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Neither side achieved a verified military result: each claimed captured posts and heavy enemy losses, and a temporary Eid pause from 19 March was followed by renewed fire and failed talks in China in April.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "Wikipedia, 2026 Afghanistan-Pakistan war: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_war; Al Jazeera, 28 April 2026", "note": "Began with Taliban attacks on border posts on 26 February and Pakistan's declaration of 'open war'; Pakistan claimed over 700 Taliban killed and the Taliban claimed over 300 Pakistani soldiers killed. Treated as one entry because named battles inside it are poorly documented.", "peoples": [ "Pashtuns" ], "branch": [ "E" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ind", "src": "S7" }, { "id": 2204, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-bahrain", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on Bahrain", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on Bahrain", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Naval Support Activity Bahrain (Juffair), Isa Air Base, Mina Salman, Sitra and Manama, Bahrain", "lat": 26.21, "lon": 50.61, "loc": "region", "country": "Bahrain", "side_a": [ "Gulf states", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones (132 missiles and 234 drones by 18 March), with drones from the Iraqi group Jaysh al-Ghadab.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Bahraini and US Patriot batteries; US Fifth Fleet", "strength_b": "188+ missiles, 468+ drones (to 6 April)", "losses_a": "3 killed, 51+ injured; 2 US DoD employees wounded; tanker Stena Imperative set ablaze", "losses_b": "missiles and drones expended", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Bahrain reported intercepting 188 missiles and 468 drones by 6 April, though hits damaged P-8 hangars at Isa Air Base, the Bapco refinery and Mina Salman port.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Bahrain", "note": "Gulf states: Bahrain. Strikes continued after the ceasefire (3, 6 and 11 June). The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2205, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-jordan", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on Jordan", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on Jordan", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (renewed July-September; ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Jordan", "place": "Muwaffaq Salti Air Base (Azraq), King Hussein Air Base, Prince Hassan Air Base, Tower 22 and Aqaba, Jordan", "lat": 31.83, "lon": 36.78, "loc": "region", "country": "Jordan", "side_a": [ "Jordan", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "Israel" ], "allies_b": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Jordan", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones, with drones from Iraqi militias (Saraya Awliya al-Dam, Kataib Jund al-Karrar, Rijal al-Bas al-Shadid).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Royal Jordanian Air Force, US Patriot and THAAD units, Israeli and coalition aircraft", "strength_b": "204+ missiles and drones by mid-March, more in June-September", "losses_a": "2-3 US soldiers killed, 29 injured; 1 AN/TPY-2 radar and 1 MQ-9 destroyed; Black Hawks damaged", "losses_b": "missiles and drones expended", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Jordanian, US and Israeli defences intercepted most attacks (108 of 119 in the first week, 79 of 85 in the second), though one AN/TPY-2 radar and an MQ-9 were destroyed and two or three US soldiers killed (17 July).", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Jordan; globalsecurity.org Iran War Day 185 update", "note": "The renewed IRGC salvos of 30-31 August answered a US strike on IRGC mine-rocket launchers on Larak Island (30 August). The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2206, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-kuwait", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on Kuwait", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on Kuwait", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Kuwait International Airport, Ali Al Salem Air Base, Camp Buehring, Mina al-Ahmadi and other sites, Kuwait", "lat": 29.35, "lon": 47.52, "loc": "region", "country": "Kuwait", "side_a": [ "Kuwait", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Kuwait", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones (237 missiles and 445 drones by 10 March); an Iranian Air Force F-5 reportedly completed a bombing run on Camp Buehring (1 March).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Kuwaiti air force and Patriot batteries; US Army garrisons; Italian and Canadian detachments", "strength_b": "237+ missiles, 445+ drones (to 10 March)", "losses_a": "4 Kuwaiti soldiers and 7 civilians killed, 182 injured; US losses at Port Shuaiba and Ali Al Salem; an Italian MQ-9 destroyed", "losses_b": "missiles and drones expended", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kuwaiti and US defences shot down most of the missiles and drones (97 missiles and 283 drones by 1 March alone), though strikes hit the airport radar, the Mina al-Ahmadi refinery, power and desalination plants and the US base at Port Shuaiba (listed separately).", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Kuwait (Kuwait in the 2026 Iran war); 2026 Iranian strikes on Arab countries", "note": "A Kuwaiti F/A-18 shot down three US F-15Es by friendly fire on 2 March. Separately listed: 2026 Port Shuaiba drone attack, 2026 Bubiyan Island raid. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2207, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-oman", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on Oman", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on Oman", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (first port strikes 1 March; ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea", "place": "Duqm, Salalah, Sohar, Bukha and Khasab (Musandam), Oman", "lat": 19.67, "lon": 57.7, "loc": "region", "country": "Oman", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Oman", "United States" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Oman", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iranian drones (Shahed type) and anti-ship weapons; Iran's foreign minister said the units acted independently.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "unknown number of drones", "strength_b": "Omani air defences; US forces", "losses_a": "at least 19 drones shot down", "losses_b": "18 killed, 23 injured (mostly foreign workers and seafarers); fuel tanks at Salalah and Duqm burned; 1 US A-10 lost (3 April)", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iranian drones repeatedly hit the US-used ports of Duqm and Salalah, the Sohar industrial area and ships off Musandam, and only some of them (at least 19) were intercepted.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iran's General Staff denied ordering the strikes, which Mojtaba Khamenei called Israeli false-flag attacks", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iran's General Staff denied ordering the strikes, which Mojtaba Khamenei called Israeli false-flag attacks.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Oman", "note": "Oman had been mediating US-Iran talks. The A-10 shot down off Bukha on 3 April seems to be the same aircraft that the F-15E rescue article lists among Iran's kills. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2208, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-qatar", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on Qatar", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on Qatar", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Al Udeid Air Base, Hamad International Airport, Ras Laffan and Mesaieed, Qatar", "lat": 25.12, "lon": 51.3, "loc": "region", "country": "Qatar", "side_a": [ "Gulf states", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United Kingdom" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones, and two Iranian Air Force Su-24 bombers (2 March) sent against Al Udeid and Ras Laffan.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Qatar Emiri Air Force F-15s, Patriot batteries, RAF Typhoons", "strength_b": "203 missiles and 87 drones (to 18 March), 2 Su-24s", "losses_a": "1 killed, 21 civilians injured; Al Udeid struck; 1 US MQ-9 lost to friendly fire", "losses_b": "2 Su-24s shot down", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Qatari, US and British defences intercepted most of the 203 missiles and 87 drones fired by 18 March and shot down two Iranian Su-24s, though Al Udeid was hit (3 March) and Ras Laffan was badly damaged (listed separately).", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Qatar; 2026 Iranian strikes on Arab countries; 2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base (2026 CAOC report)", "note": "Gulf states: Qatar. An Air & Space Forces Magazine report (June 2026) says Iranian missiles made Al Udeid's Combined Air Operations Center inoperable in the early weeks. The two Su-24s were shot down by Qatari F-15s on 2 March, about two minutes from Qatari territory. Ukraine sent drone experts. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2209, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-saudi-arabia", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on Saudi Arabia", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on Saudi Arabia", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Arabia", "place": "Riyadh, Al-Kharj, Prince Sultan Air Base, Ras Tanura, Shaybah and other sites, Saudi Arabia", "lat": 24.71, "lon": 46.68, "loc": "region", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "side_a": [ "Saudi Arabia", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Saudi Arabia", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones (at least 38 missiles and 435 drones by 18 March), with drones from Iran-backed Iraqi groups.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Royal Saudi Air Force, Saudi and Greek-operated Patriot batteries, US forces", "strength_b": "38+ missiles, 435+ drones (to 18 March)", "losses_a": "2 killed and 12 injured at Al-Kharj; 1 US soldier died of wounds, 29 US troops wounded in one week; US embassy and CIA station in Riyadh hit by drones", "losses_b": "missiles and drones expended", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Saudi and US defences shot down most of the missiles and the 435+ drones; the hits on the US embassy, Ras Tanura and Prince Sultan Air Base (listed separately) were the exceptions.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Saudi Arabia; 2026 Iranian strikes on Arab countries", "note": "Saudi Arabia reportedly struck Iranian launch sites secretly in return (WSJ, 16 May 2026). Separately listed: 2026 Aramco refinery attack, 2026 Prince Sultan Air Base attack. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2210, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-the-kurdistan-region", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on the Kurdistan Region", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on the Kurdistan Region", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war; 2026 Kurdish-Iranian crisis", "theatre": "Iraqi Kurdistan", "place": "Erbil (airport, Harir Air Base, US consulate), Koya, Sulaymaniyah and Kurdish opposition camps, Iraq", "lat": 36.19, "lon": 44.01, "loc": "region", "country": "Iraq", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Kurdish rebels", "Kurdistan Region", "United States" ], "allies_a": [ "Iraqi Shia militias" ], "allies_b": [ "United Kingdom", "France" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran v Kurdish rebels", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "both", "faction_a": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "faction_b": "Kurdish rebels, Kurdistan Region, United States", "commanders_a": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "draw", "result": "U", "scored": false, "not_scored": "Iranians on both sides", "civil": true, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "civ", "main_enemy": "Kurdish rebels", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline", "both sides" ], "persian_force": "IRGC ballistic missiles, Shahed-type and Hadid-110 drones and rockets (alleged F-4 and F-5 sorties), with Iraqi militias of the PMF.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "470+ missile and drone attacks by early April", "strength_b": "Peshmerga, coalition air defences, Iranian Kurdish party camps", "losses_a": "unknown (60 PMF killed by US strikes in Iraq)", "losses_b": "about 20 Kurdish opposition fighters, 8 Peshmerga, 1 Asayish, 1 French soldier (12 March) and 1 US soldier (19 July) killed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "US and British defences intercepted most of the missiles and drones aimed at Erbil and the coalition bases, but the strikes on Kurdish opposition camps, Peshmerga bases and oil and gas fields hit their targets, so the record gives no single verdict.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on the Kurdistan Region; 2026 Kurdish-Iranian crisis; 2026 Kurdish rebellion in Iran", "note": "Kurdish rebels: the PDKI, PAK, Komala and Khabat (Coalition of Political Forces of Iranian Kurdistan). The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians", "Kurds" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "civ", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2211, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strikes-on-the-united-arab-emirates", "name": "2026 Iranian strikes on the United Arab Emirates", "label": "2026 Iranian strikes on the United Arab Emirates", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Al Dhafra Air Base, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Fujairah, Ruwais, Habshan and Al Taweelah, United Arab Emirates", "lat": 24.25, "lon": 54.55, "loc": "region", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "side_a": [ "Gulf states" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "France" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones: by 27 March 378 ballistic missiles, 15 cruise missiles and about 1,835 drones aimed at the UAE.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "UAE air defences and Mirage 2000s; US forces at Al Dhafra; French base Camp de la Paix", "strength_b": "537+ ballistic missiles, 2,256+ drones, 26 cruise missiles (to 9 April)", "losses_a": "13 killed (2 military, 1 contractor, 10 civilians), 224 injured", "losses_b": "missiles and drones expended", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The UAE intercepted or destroyed 537 ballistic missiles, 26 cruise missiles and 2,256 drones by 9 April, though hits shut the Ruwais refinery, burned Fujairah's tanks and badly damaged the EGA smelter at Al Taweelah.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on the United Arab Emirates (United Arab Emirates in the 2026 Iran war); 2026 Iranian strikes on Arab countries", "note": "Gulf states: United Arab Emirates. The UAE reportedly struck Iran in return in coordination with the US and Israel (WSJ; see 2026 Lavan Island attack). The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2212, "key": "2026-operation-epic-fury", "name": "Operation Epic Fury", "label": "Operation Epic Fury", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing; ceasefires 8 April-8 July with breaches)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Iran and the Persian Gulf", "place": "Tehran and military, nuclear, naval and missile sites across Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "Israel" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Pete Hegseth, Dan Caine, Brad Cooper (CENTCOM)", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iran's whole armed forces: Artesh and IRGC air defences under Khatam al-Anbiya, the IRGC Navy and Iranian Navy, the IRGC Aerospace Force's missile bases, the Air Force, with Basij and police.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "three carrier groups, bomber and fighter wings, submarines, 31st and 11th MEUs; about 155 aircraft in the April rescue alone", "strength_b": "national armed forces (about 2,500 ballistic missiles at the start, JPost estimate)", "losses_a": "20-24 US soldiers and 1 contractor killed, 861+ wounded; 98 aircraft lost or damaged (including friendly-fire losses)", "losses_b": "3,468-3,684 Iranians killed in the war by Iranian and HRANA counts (US/Israeli claim: 6,000+ military dead); 155 naval vessels destroyed or damaged (US/Israeli claim), including the corvette Shahid Soleimani and the submarine Fateh", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "US aircraft, missiles and submarines struck over 11,000 targets in Iran by 28 March, including about 130 vessels, sinking much of the Iranian fleet and cutting Iran's missile launch rate by about 90%.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iran war; Operation Epic Fury (redirect); Timeline of the 2026 Iran war; globalsecurity.org Iran War Day 185 update", "note": "The US name for its war on Iran. Separately listed: Sinking of IRIS Dena, Kharg Island, Natanz, Karaj B1 bridge, Strait of Hormuz campaign, F-15E rescue, naval blockade, Project Freedom. Strikes on civilian sites (the Minab school, the Lamerd sports hall, the IUST campus, the Pasteur Institute) are folded in here, not listed. US strikes paused from about 8 April, resumed in July (300+ sites from 7 July), paused in August and resumed with the Larak Island strike of 30 August. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2213, "key": "2026-operation-roaring-lion", "name": "Operation Roaring Lion", "label": "Operation Roaring Lion", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Iran", "place": "Tehran (the Supreme Leader's compound) and sites across Iran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.39, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel Katz, Eyal Zamir", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Iran's air defence network, Air Force (an Iranian Yak-130 was shot down over Tehran by an F-35I on 4 March), IRGC and Basij headquarters.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Israeli Air Force; 50,000 personnel on duty plus 20,000 reservists called up", "strength_b": "national air defence network and Air Force", "losses_a": "40 Israeli soldiers and 1 contractor killed in the war (mostly in Lebanon)", "losses_b": "Ali Khamenei, Ali Larijani, Basij chief Gholamreza Soleimani, intelligence minister Esmaeil Khatib, IRGC intelligence chief Majid Khademi and Alireza Tangsiri among the dead; a Yak-130 shot down", "fame": 3, "result_basis": "The opening Israeli strikes killed Ali Khamenei and many commanders, and the Israeli Air Force kept striking across Iran, killing Ali Larijani (17 March) and IRGC Navy chief Alireza Tangsiri (26 March).", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iran war; Timeline of the 2026 Iran war", "note": "The Israeli name for its part of the war. Separately listed: 2026 South Pars field attack. The assassinations of Khamenei (28 February) and Larijani are folded in here. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2214, "key": "2026-operation-true-promise-iv", "name": "Operation True Promise IV", "label": "Operation True Promise IV", "year": 2026, "month": 2, "day": 28, "date": "from 28 February 2026 (ongoing; fire resumed on 7 June after the April ceasefire)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Israel", "place": "Tel Aviv, Beit Shemesh, Haifa, Dimona, Arad, Ramat Gan and other sites, Israel", "lat": 32.08, "lon": 34.78, "loc": "region", "country": "Israel & Palestine", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States", "Jordan" ], "allies_b": [ "Hezbollah", "Houthis" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel Katz, Eyal Zamir", "commanders_b": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic and cruise missiles and Shahed-type drones: about 650 ballistic missiles at Israel by 8 April, mostly with cluster warheads, launch rates falling from 480 missiles and 720 drones on day one to 40 and 60 by 9 March.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Arrow, David's Sling, Iron Dome; US ships and THAAD", "strength_b": "about 650 ballistic missiles and many drones (to 8 April)", "losses_a": "26-28 killed in Israel (Beit Shemesh shelter, 9 killed on 1 March; Haifa, 4 on 5 April) and 4,292-7,000+ injured; 4 Palestinian women killed at Beit Awwa (18 March); 78 hurt at Dimona (21 March); Bazan refinery (Haifa) hit 19 March", "losses_b": "missiles and launchers lost (counted under Epic Fury and Roaring Lion)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Most of the roughly 650 ballistic missiles fired at Israel by 8 April and nearly all the drones were intercepted; about 66 got through, most with cluster warheads, and damage at military targets was slight.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Israel; 2026 Iran war; 2026 Beit Awwa salon strike", "note": "Iran's name for its whole response (state media: 'Ramadan War'); this entry covers the strikes on Israel, and the strikes on other states are listed separately. The Beit Awwa salon deaths (attributed to an Iranian cluster munition, disputed) are folded in here. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2215, "key": "2026-2026-aramco-refinery-attack", "name": "2026 Aramco refinery attack", "label": "2026 Aramco refinery attack", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 2, "date": "2 March 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Arabia", "place": "Ras Tanura refinery, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia", "lat": 26.64, "lon": 50.16, "loc": "known", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "side_a": [ "Saudi Arabia" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Saudi Arabia", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Two drones (Saudi Arabia blamed Iran).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "Saudi air defences", "strength_b": "2 drones", "losses_a": "minor damage; refinery shut for about a week as a precaution", "losses_b": "2 drones", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Both drones were intercepted on the way, and the debris caused only a small fire that was quickly put out.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iran denied responsibility and blamed Israel", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iran denied responsibility and blamed Israel.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Aramco refinery attack; 2026 Iranian strikes on Saudi Arabia", "note": "The shutdown of Saudi Arabia's largest domestic refinery spiked oil prices. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2216, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strike-on-azerbaijan", "name": "2026 Iranian strike on Azerbaijan", "label": "2026 Iranian strike on Azerbaijan", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 5, "date": "5 March 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Caucasus", "place": "Nakhchivan International Airport and Shakarabad, Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan", "lat": 39.19, "lon": 45.46, "loc": "known", "country": "Azerbaijan", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Azerbaijan" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "cau", "main_enemy": "Azerbaijan", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Two to four one-way attack drones (no unit identified).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "2-4 drones", "strength_b": "Azerbaijani air defences", "losses_a": "1 drone neutralised", "losses_b": "4 civilians injured; airport terminal damaged", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "One drone hit the airport terminal and another landed near a school; Azerbaijan neutralised only one of four.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iran denied the attack and suggested an Israeli false flag", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iran denied the attack and suggested an Israeli false flag.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strike on Azerbaijan (2026 alleged Iranian strikes on Azerbaijan)", "note": "An IRGC-linked Telegram channel justified the strike; Azerbaijan closed its southern airspace and border for four days. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "cau", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2217, "key": "2026-2026-iranian-strike-on-diego-garcia", "name": "2026 Iranian strike on Diego Garcia", "label": "2026 Iranian strike on Diego Garcia", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 20, "date": "20 March 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Indian Ocean", "place": "Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory", "lat": -7.31, "lon": 72.41, "loc": "known", "country": "British Indian Ocean Territory", "side_a": [ "United States", "United Kingdom" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force: at least two Khorramshahr-4 long-range ballistic missiles.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a US warship with SM-3 interceptors", "strength_b": "2 ballistic missiles", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "2 missiles", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "One missile failed in flight and a US Navy SM-3 intercepted the other; neither reached the base.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iran denied the attack", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iran denied the attack.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strike on Diego Garcia; 2026 Iran war", "note": "Reported by the Wall Street Journal from Pentagon sources. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2218, "key": "2026-2026-kharg-island-attack", "name": "2026 Kharg Island attack", "label": "2026 Kharg Island attack", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 13, "date": "13 March 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Kharg Island, Bushehr province, Iran", "lat": 29.25, "lon": 50.31, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Pete Hegseth, Dan Caine, Brad Cooper (CENTCOM)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC and Iranian naval and air defence garrison of Kharg Island (not detailed).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "US Air Force strike aircraft (Iran alleged HIMARS from the UAE, denied)", "strength_b": "island garrison", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "90+ military sites destroyed (CENTCOM); Iran reported no one killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Nearly two hours of US strikes hit more than 90 military sites on the island (air defences, naval base, mine and missile stores), deliberately sparing the oil terminal.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Kharg Island attack; 2026 Kharg Island raid (same event)", "note": "Also titled '2026 Kharg Island raid'; no ground raid took place. The oil terminal kept exporting. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2219, "key": "2026-2026-natanz-strike", "name": "2026 Natanz strike", "label": "2026 Natanz strike", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 21, "date": "21 March 2026 (earlier strikes about 1-2 March)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Iran", "place": "Natanz Nuclear Facility, Isfahan province, Iran", "lat": 33.72, "lon": 51.73, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Pete Hegseth, Dan Caine, Brad Cooper (CENTCOM)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Air defences of the Natanz site (not described in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "US bombers with bunker-buster bombs", "strength_b": "site air defences", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "entrance buildings destroyed; no casualties reported", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "US bunker-buster bombs hit the site; the IAEA confirmed heavy damage to the entrances, leaving the plant inaccessible, though the deep halls may have survived.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Natanz Nuclear Facility; 2026 Iran war", "note": "No separate Wikipedia article; the name is descriptive. Iran answered with a strike near Dimona the same day (78 injured). The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2220, "key": "2026-2026-port-shuaiba-drone-attack", "name": "2026 Port Shuaiba drone attack", "label": "2026 Port Shuaiba drone attack", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 1, "date": "1 March 2026 (about 09:00)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "US tactical operations centre, Port Shuaiba (near Camp Arifjan), Kuwait", "lat": 29.04, "lon": 48.14, "loc": "known", "country": "Kuwait", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "United States" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IRGC Aerospace Force (no commander named)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force: a single one-way attack drone.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "1 drone", "strength_b": "soldiers of the 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command (Army Reserve)", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "6 killed (the first US combat deaths of the war), 30+ wounded", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The drone was not intercepted and destroyed the operations trailer, killing six US soldiers.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Port Shuaiba drone attack; 2026 Iranian strikes on Kuwait", "note": "The site had no counter-drone defences; the Kuwait page describes the weapon as a missile. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2221, "key": "2026-2026-prince-sultan-air-base-attack", "name": "2026 Prince Sultan Air Base attack", "label": "2026 Prince Sultan Air Base attack", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 27, "date": "27 March 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Arabia", "place": "Prince Sultan Air Base, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia", "lat": 24.06, "lon": 47.58, "loc": "known", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "United States", "Saudi Arabia" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic missiles and drones.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "missiles and drones (number not given)", "strength_b": "US and Saudi Patriot defences", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "up to 5 tankers and 1 E-3 damaged or destroyed; 15+ US soldiers injured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Iranian missiles and drones got through and damaged or destroyed US tankers (five refuelling aircraft per the WSJ, at least one KC-135) and an E-3 Sentry on the ground, injuring at least 15 US soldiers.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iran war; 2026 Iranian strikes on Saudi Arabia", "note": "No separate Wikipedia article; the name is descriptive. Earlier salvos at the base (10 and 12 March) were intercepted. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2222, "key": "2026-2026-ras-laffan-attack", "name": "2026 Ras Laffan attack", "label": "2026 Ras Laffan attack", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 18, "date": "18 March 2026 (and a drone attack on 2 March)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar", "lat": 25.91, "lon": 51.55, "loc": "known", "country": "Qatar", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Gulf states" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Ali Khamenei (killed 28 February), then Mojtaba Khamenei; Ahmad Vahidi, Amir Hatami (war infobox)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic missiles (18 March); drones (2 March).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "missiles (number not given)", "strength_b": "Qatari air defences", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "LNG trains damaged; 17% of exports disrupted", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "Iranian missiles caused what QatarEnergy called extensive damage, disrupting 17% of Qatar's LNG exports for an estimated 3-5 years of repairs.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Iranian strikes on Qatar; 2026 South Pars field attack; 2026 Iran war", "note": "Gulf states: Qatar. Iran's retaliation for the South Pars attack. On 2 March two drones struck Ras Laffan and Mesaieed (satellite images showed the main gas plant undamaged) and QatarEnergy halted production. No separate Wikipedia article was found; the name is descriptive. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2223, "key": "2026-2026-south-pars-field-attack", "name": "2026 South Pars field attack", "label": "2026 South Pars field attack", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 18, "date": "18 March 2026 (about 14:10)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "South Pars gas field and Asaluyeh refineries, Bushehr province, Iran", "lat": 27.48, "lon": 52.61, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "United States" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel Katz, Eyal Zamir", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Air defences of the South Pars/Asaluyeh complex (not described in the sources).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "Israeli Air Force", "strength_b": "local air defences", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "two refineries (100 million m3/day) halted; no casualties reported", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The Israeli strikes almost destroyed refinery No. 4 and badly damaged No. 7 at Asaluyeh, cutting about 12% of Iran's gas output.", "borderline": "strike operation", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 South Pars field attack", "note": "Coordinated with and approved by the US (reported); Iran retaliated the same day on Ras Laffan, Saudi and UAE gas sites and the Haifa refinery. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2224, "key": "2026-2026-strait-of-hormuz-campaign", "name": "2026 Strait of Hormuz campaign", "label": "2026 Strait of Hormuz campaign", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 19, "date": "19 March - 17 June 2026", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Strait of Hormuz", "place": "Strait of Hormuz, Bandar Lengeh, Hengam, Qeshm and Bandar Abbas, Iran", "lat": 26.57, "lon": 56.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States", "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Dan Caine, Brad Cooper; Israel Katz", "commanders_b": "Alireza Tangsiri (IRGC Navy, killed 26 March)", "outcome": "draw", "result": "D", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": true, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "borderline", "campaign" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Navy fast-attack craft, mine-layers, drones and coastal missile batteries, with the Iranian Navy.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "US Navy destroyers, A-10s, AH-64 Apaches, strike aircraft; Israeli Air Force", "strength_b": "IRGC Navy and Iranian Navy", "losses_a": "unknown", "losses_b": "many small craft destroyed (CENTCOM: 130 vessels struck by 19 March); 16 boats burned at Bandar Lengeh (Iran says civilian); Tangsiri killed", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "US and Israeli strikes destroyed many IRGC boats, mine-layers and coastal sites and killed the IRGC Navy commander, but Iran kept the strait closed to most shipping until the 17 June memorandum.", "borderline": "a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately", "doubt": "Borderline: a campaign entry: some of the battles inside it are listed separately.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Strait of Hormuz campaign; 2026 Iran war ceasefire", "note": "Iran had closed the strait to 'unfriendly' shipping on 2 March; the IMO counted 46 attacks on ships with 14 seafarers killed by 11 June. Clashes near Bandar Abbas on 25 May. Mine attacks on tankers resumed in September-October 2026. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2225, "key": "2026-2026-interceptions-of-iranian-missiles-in-turkey", "name": "2026 interceptions of Iranian missiles in Turkey", "label": "2026 interceptions of Iranian missiles in Turkey", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 4, "date": "4, 9, 13 and 30 March 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Anatolia", "place": "Dortyol (Hatay), Gaziantep and near Incirlik Air Base, Turkey", "lat": 37.0, "lon": 35.43, "loc": "region", "country": "Turkey", "side_a": [ "Turkey", "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "Spain" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "NATO air and missile defence (no commander named)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "stp", "main_enemy": "Turkey", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Aerospace Force ballistic missiles (four), targets not stated.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "a US destroyer (SM-3), Spanish and other NATO Patriot batteries", "strength_b": "4 ballistic missiles", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "4 missiles shot down", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "All four Iranian ballistic missiles that entered Turkish airspace were shot down by NATO defences, with no casualties.", "borderline": "strike operation; Iran denied involvement and the intended targets are unknown", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; Iran denied involvement and the intended targets are unknown.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 interceptions of Iranian missiles in Turkey", "note": "Turkey did not itself intercept; NATO reinforced Patriot cover at Malatya and in the south. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "stp", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2226, "key": "2026-sinking-of-iris-dena", "name": "Sinking of IRIS Dena", "label": "Sinking of IRIS Dena", "year": 2026, "month": 3, "day": 4, "date": "4 March 2026 (about 05:10 local time)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Indian Ocean", "place": "Off Galle, Sri Lanka (19 nautical miles offshore)", "lat": 6.01, "lon": 79.87, "loc": "known", "country": "Sri Lanka", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "USS Charlotte (commander not named)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [], "persian_force": "The Iranian Navy (Artesh) Moudge-class frigate IRIS Dena, about 136 crew, returning from the MILAN exercise and fleet review in India.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "The crew were regular Iranian Navy sailors recruited nationwide; Persian speakers predominate.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "1 nuclear attack submarine (USS Charlotte)", "strength_b": "1 frigate (about 136 crew)", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "frigate sunk; 104 killed (84 bodies recovered), 32 rescued by the Sri Lanka Navy", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "USS Charlotte's two Mark 48 torpedoes sank the frigate within minutes, without return fire.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Sinking of IRIS Dena; 2026 Iran war", "note": "Reportedly unarmed or lightly armed for the exercise (denied by US Indo-Pacific Command). The timeline's early figure of 87 dead was superseded. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2227, "key": "2026-2026-lavan-island-attack", "name": "2026 Lavan Island attack", "label": "2026 Lavan Island attack", "year": 2026, "month": 4, "day": 8, "date": "8 April 2026 (about 10:00, as the ceasefire was announced)", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Lavan Island refinery, Hormozgan province, Iran", "lat": 26.8, "lon": 53.35, "loc": "known", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "Gulf states" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Gulf states", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Local air defences of Lavan Island (no engagement described).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "aircraft (UAE Mirage 2000s reported)", "strength_b": "local air defences", "losses_a": "none reported", "losses_b": "refinery heavily damaged; no casualties reported", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The strike set the refinery ablaze and crippled its output for months, according to Iran's refining company.", "borderline": "strike operation; the attacker is unconfirmed (the WSJ and Bloomberg named the UAE, which neither confirmed nor denied)", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; the attacker is unconfirmed (the WSJ and Bloomberg named the UAE, which neither confirmed nor denied).", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Lavan Island attack; United Arab Emirates in the 2026 Iran war", "note": "Gulf states: United Arab Emirates. Iran answered with drone and missile attacks on the UAE and Kuwait. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2228, "key": "2026-2026-united-states-f-15e-rescue-operation-in-iran", "name": "2026 United States F-15E rescue operation in Iran", "label": "2026 United States F-15E rescue operation in Iran", "year": 2026, "month": 4, "day": 3, "date": "3-5 April 2026", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Zagros", "place": "Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province and an airstrip near Mahyar (north of Shahreza), Isfahan province, Iran", "lat": 30.7, "lon": 51.6, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [ "Israel" ], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Brig. Gen. Masoud Zare (killed, by Iran's account)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC troops, Iranian Army officers and local Bakhtiari tribesmen with hunting rifles, with air defence teams (a MANPADS downed the F-15E).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The sources name IRGC and Army men and local Bakhtiari (Lur) tribesmen.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "hundreds of special operators (Delta Force, DEVGRU, 160th SOAR, pararescue) and 155 aircraft", "strength_b": "IRGC and Army detachments, tribal levies", "losses_a": "F-15E (3 April) and A-10 shot down; 2 MC-130Js and 4 MH-6/AH-6 helicopters destroyed by US forces; 2 Black Hawks damaged; no US dead", "losses_b": "9 IRGC killed and 8 wounded (infobox; the text gives 3 IRGC and 4 Army officers, including Brig. Gen. Masoud Zare)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "US special forces recovered both crewmen (the second on 5 April) and withdrew as planned, while airstrikes kept the Iranian forces away; Iran had shot down the F-15E and an A-10, and the US blew up two stranded MC-130Js.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 United States F-15E rescue operation in Iran (= 2026 United States pilot rescue operation in Iran)", "note": "The F-15E (494th Fighter Squadron) was the first US manned combat aircraft shot down by an enemy in over 20 years; Iran claimed it foiled the operation. Coordinates are the wreck site; the US forward base was at 32.22 N, 51.90 E. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2229, "key": "2026-2026-united-states-naval-blockade-of-iran", "name": "2026 United States naval blockade of Iran", "label": "2026 United States naval blockade of Iran", "year": 2026, "month": 4, "day": 13, "date": "13 April - 18 June 2026 and from 14 July 2026 (ongoing)", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Gulf of Oman and Persian Gulf", "place": "Gulf of Oman, Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Persian Gulf ports", "lat": 25.3, "lon": 57.5, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Pete Hegseth, Brad Cooper (CENTCOM), Samuel Paparo (INDOPACOM)", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "IRGC Navy drones and small craft (the seizure of MSC Francesca and Epaminondas in retaliation, 22 April).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "US Navy destroyers, 31st and 11th MEUs, aircraft; 10,000+ personnel", "strength_b": "IRGC Navy", "losses_a": "none reported", "losses_b": "Touska disabled and seized; tankers Belma, Lavine and Vela Nova disabled, Kylo sunk (6 September)", "fame": 2, "result_basis": "The US Navy kept Iranian ports closed, turning back 94 vessels by 22 May and disabling or seizing others (Touska, 19 April), while Iranian drone attacks on the blockading ships did no damage.", "borderline": "blockade operation", "doubt": "Borderline: blockade operation.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 United States naval blockade of Iran; criticalthreats.org Iran Update 30 October 2026", "note": "Lifted after the Islamabad Memorandum (17-18 June) and reimposed on 14 July; three Indian sailors were killed in a US strike on a tanker. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2230, "key": "2026-karaj-b1-bridge-attack", "name": "Karaj B1 bridge attack", "label": "Karaj B1 bridge attack", "year": 2026, "month": 4, "day": 2, "date": "2 April 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Tehran region", "place": "B1 bridge, Karaj, Alborz province, Iran", "lat": 35.79, "lon": 51.05, "loc": "approx", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Pete Hegseth, Dan Caine, Brad Cooper (CENTCOM)", "commanders_b": "none engaged", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "No Iranian force engaged; the bridge was undefended.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "2 missiles (a second strike reported)", "strength_b": "none", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "8 killed, 95+ wounded, mostly villagers celebrating Sizdah Be-dar; bridge partly collapsed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Two US missiles brought down part of the unfinished bridge, which the US called a planned supply route for Iranian missiles and drones.", "borderline": "strike operation on infrastructure; no Iranian force engaged and the victims were civilians", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation on infrastructure; no Iranian force engaged and the victims were civilians.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Karaj B1 bridge attack; 2026 Iran war", "note": "Iran's provincial governor denied any military use of the bridge. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2231, "key": "2026-2026-bubiyan-island-raid", "name": "2026 Bubiyan Island raid", "label": "2026 Bubiyan Island raid", "year": 2026, "month": 5, "day": 1, "date": "1 May 2026", "type": "land", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Persian Gulf", "place": "Bubiyan Island, Kuwait", "lat": 29.78, "lon": 48.25, "loc": "approx", "country": "Kuwait", "side_a": [ "Kuwait" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "Navy Captain Mansour Qambari (escaped)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ara", "main_enemy": "Kuwait", "flags": [], "persian_force": "Six IRGC men (two IRGC naval captains, an IRGC naval lieutenant and an IRGC army lieutenant among them) landed from a rented fishing boat.", "languages": [ "Persian" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The captured officers were IRGC men from Iran; their names are Persian.", "composition_confidence": "medium", "strength_a": "Kuwait Armed Forces detachment", "strength_b": "6", "losses_a": "1 wounded", "losses_b": "4 captured", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Kuwaiti forces fought off the six raiders, capturing four while two fled by boat.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Bubiyan Island raid", "note": "During the April ceasefire; Kuwait accused Iran on 12 May, and Iran said the men had strayed after a navigation failure. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ara", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2232, "key": "2026-operation-project-freedom", "name": "Operation Project Freedom", "label": "Operation Project Freedom", "year": 2026, "month": 5, "day": 4, "date": "4-7 May 2026", "type": "sea", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Strait of Hormuz", "place": "Strait of Hormuz and Persian Gulf, with strikes on Bandar Abbas and Qeshm, Iran", "lat": 26.57, "lon": 56.25, "loc": "region", "country": "Iran", "side_a": [ "United States" ], "side_b": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "Donald Trump, Pete Hegseth; planned by CENTCOM", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "United States", "flags": [], "persian_force": "IRGC Navy small boats, anti-ship missiles and drones.", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "recruitment", "iranian_note": "Iran's air defence and naval units are recruited nationwide (conscripts and regulars); Persian and other Iranian-language speakers are the large majority, Azerbaijani Turkic speakers the largest minority.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "US Navy destroyers (Truxtun, Rafael Peralta, Mason) and aircraft", "strength_b": "IRGC Navy", "losses_a": "none (Iran claimed damage to US warships)", "losses_b": "7 small boats sunk (US claim); missile, drone and command sites struck", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "US forces sank seven IRGC small boats and struck launch sites at Bandar Abbas and Qeshm while their destroyers came through unhurt, though Iran hit two merchant ships and the escorts were paused after a day.", "borderline": "", "doubt": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Project Freedom; 2026 Strait of Hormuz campaign", "note": "An escort operation for merchant shipping; Saudi Arabia's refusal of base and airspace access reportedly forced the pause. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2233, "key": "2026-2026-damietta-drone-strike", "name": "2026 Damietta drone strike", "label": "2026 Damietta drone strike", "year": 2026, "month": 7, "day": 29, "date": "29 July 2026", "type": "air", "siege": false, "war": "2026 Iran war", "theatre": "Eastern Mediterranean", "place": "Port of Damietta, Egypt", "lat": 31.47, "lon": 31.76, "loc": "known", "country": "Egypt", "side_a": [ "Islamic Republic of Iran" ], "side_b": [ "Egypt", "United States" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "A", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "not named", "commanders_b": "not named", "outcome": "A", "result": "W", "scored": false, "not_scored": "strike operation", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "ane", "main_enemy": "Egypt", "flags": [ "strike", "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Drones (no unit identified; attributed to Iran by the US).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "unknown", "iranian_note": "The IRGC is recruited across Iran with Persian as its working language; going by Iran's population its men are mostly speakers of Persian and other Iranian languages, with Azerbaijani Turkic as the largest minority (roughly a sixth).", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "drones (number not given)", "strength_b": "none engaged", "losses_a": "none", "losses_b": "fires on a gasification vessel and a storage vessel; no casualties", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "The drones set fire to two vessels, including a US-owned LNG storage tanker, without being stopped.", "borderline": "strike operation; unclaimed, attributed to Iran by the US and denied by Iran and the Houthis", "doubt": "A strike operation (air, missile or drone attacks): listed and mapped but not scored, because its result is judged by damage claims rather than by a held field. Borderline: strike operation; unclaimed, attributed to Iran by the US and denied by Iran and the Houthis.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 2026 Damietta drone strike", "note": "Iranian state TV had named Damietta as a possible target two days earlier. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "ane", "src": "v2" }, { "id": 2234, "key": "2026-siege-of-ali-al-taher", "name": "Siege of Ali al-Taher", "label": "Siege of Ali al-Taher", "year": 2026, "month": 7, "day": null, "date": "about early July - 10 September 2026", "type": "land", "siege": true, "war": "2026 Lebanon war (2026 Iran war)", "theatre": "Southern Lebanon", "place": "Ali al-Taher ridge, near Nabatieh, Lebanon", "lat": 33.37, "lon": 35.5, "loc": "approx", "country": "Lebanon", "side_a": [ "Israel" ], "side_b": [ "Hezbollah" ], "allies_a": [], "allies_b": [ "Persia" ], "persian_state": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "persian_role": "principal", "pside": "B", "faction_a": "", "faction_b": "", "commanders_a": "IDF 36th Division", "commanders_b": "Hezbollah Radwan Force and Badr Unit (no commander named)", "outcome": "A", "result": "L", "scored": true, "not_scored": "", "civil": false, "traditional": false, "umbrella": false, "opponent_group": "wes", "main_enemy": "Israel", "flags": [ "borderline" ], "persian_force": "Several dozen IRGC officers reportedly serving as advisers in the underground command centre (media estimates).", "languages": [ "Persian", "Turkic", "Kurdish", "Lur and Bakhtiari" ], "iranian_share": "majority", "iranian_basis": "sources", "iranian_note": "The Iranian presence was a cadre of IRGC officers; the fighting force was Hezbollah.", "composition_confidence": "low", "strength_a": "36th Division (Oz Brigade, Egoz, Yahalom)", "strength_b": "Hezbollah garrison with IRGC advisers", "losses_a": "5 killed, 21 wounded", "losses_b": "20+ Hezbollah killed; 20-40 fighters and several dozen IRGC officers reportedly trapped, fate unconfirmed", "fame": 1, "result_basis": "Israel encircled the ridge, declared operational control of the complex on 3 September and blew up its tunnels on 10 September.", "borderline": "IRGC presence reported by media and unconfirmed", "doubt": "Borderline: IRGC presence reported by media and unconfirmed.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Ali al-Taher", "note": "Arabic-speaking Hezbollah did the fighting; the Iranian role rests on media estimates. The war was ongoing on 31 October 2026.", "peoples": [ "Persians" ], "branch": [ "W" ], "how": "leader", "qbasis": "Islamic Republic of Iran: an Iranian-led state", "confidence": "medium", "uncertain": false, "cat": "wes", "src": "v2" } ]