[ { "id": "1821-mani", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-03-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Mani", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Maniots under Petros Mavromichalis", "battle": "Vergas; Diros; Polytsaravo", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Messenian Senate / Peloponnesian Senate, then the provisional governments", "event": "Mani declared the revolt on 17/29 March 1821 and was never retaken: Ibrahim was beaten at Vergas (June 1826) and at Pyrgos Dirou and Polytsaravo, which ended his hopes of occupying Mani.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Petros Mavromichalis declared war at Areopoli on 17 March 1821 (Julian) = 29 March (Gregorian). End: Mani passes to de_jure with the 1832 settlement (see 1832-kingdom-de-jure).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Mani 17 March, Julian); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (Battle of Vergas 24 June 1826); lychnos.org '1821 Independence Milestones' (Diros, Polytsaravo)", "note": "Vergas is dated 24 June 1826 in the en.wikipedia timeline without a calendar (if Julian, 6 July 1826).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-kalamata-messenia", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1825-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Messenia (revolution-held, 1821-1825)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Mavromichalis, Kolokotronis, Papaflessas and the Messenian revolutionaries", "battle": "Sphacteria; Maniaki", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Messenian Senate (Kalamata), then the Peloponnesian Senate and the provisional governments", "event": "Kalamata was the first town taken (23 March/4 April 1821). Modon and Koroni were never taken and became Ibrahim's base: he landed at Methoni on 26 February 1825, took Navarino in May and burned Kalamata.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Kalamata taken 23 March 1821 (Julian, per Greek tradition; en.wikipedia gives 23 March without a calendar) = 4 April (Gregorian). End: lost in stages to Ibrahim between his landing at Methoni (26 Feb 1825) and the fall of Navarino (11 May 1825) and of Kalamata/Tripolitsa (June 1825); month only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Kalamata 23 March 1821; Ibrahim landed Feb 1825); en.wikipedia Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt (landing at Modon 26 Feb 1825); greece2021.gr timeline 'Ibrahim in the Peloponnese'; en.wikipedia Massacres in the Greek War of Independence (Kalamata burned)", "note": "Extent of Greek control between the fortresses is approximate. Ibrahim held Messenia from mid-1825 until the evacuation of Sept-Oct 1828 (see 1828-peloponnese-evacuated).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-navarino", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-08-19", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1825-05-11", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Navarino (Pylos): Neokastro and Old Navarino", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Maniot and Messenian forces (siege under Konstantinos Pierrakos Mavromichalis)", "battle": "Siege of Navarino (1821); Sphacteria (1825)", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Besieged from March 1821, the Ottoman garrison capitulated in the first week of August 1821 (gates opened 7/19 Aug) and was massacred. Ibrahim retook Navarino on 11 May 1825 after the Battle of Sphacteria.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: the gates opened on 7 August (Julian) = 19 August 1821 (Gregorian), per en.wikipedia. End: Ibrahim took Neokastro on 11 May 1825 (calendar not stated in en.wikipedia New Navarino fortress; if Julian, 23 May 1825).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Navarino massacre (7 Aug O.S. / 19 Aug N.S. 1821); en.wikipedia New Navarino fortress (11 May 1825); en.wikipedia Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt (Sphacteria 1825)", "note": "Sources disagree on the calendar of the 1825 date.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-arcadia", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1825-06-22", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Arcadia (revolution-held, 1821-1825)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Kolokotronis and the Peloponnesian chieftains", "battle": "Valtetsi; Doliana; Vervena; Trench (Grana)", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Peloponnesian Senate", "event": "Victories at Valtetsi, Doliana and Vervena gave the Greeks control of most of the center and south of the Peloponnese in 1821. Ibrahim took and razed Tripolitsa in June 1825.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: siege camps around Tripolitsa from April 1821 (month only). End: Ibrahim retook Tripolitsa on 22 June 1825 (en.wikipedia timeline, calendar not stated; greece2021.gr: June 1825).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa; en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (22 June 1825); greece2021.gr timeline 'Ibrahim in the Peloponnese'", "note": "Kolokotronis kept guerrilla bands in the Arcadian mountains during 1825-1828, so parts of the interior were contested rather than held by Ibrahim; extent approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-tripolitsa", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-10-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1825-06-22", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Tripolitsa (Tripoli town)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Kolokotronis", "battle": "Siege of Tripolitsa", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The Ottoman capital of the Morea fell on 23 Sept/5 Oct 1821 after a siege from April 1821; Ibrahim retook and destroyed it in June 1825.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Greeks entered on 23 September (Julian) = 5 October 1821 (Gregorian); en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa gives both dates without explaining them, the en.wikipedia timeline gives 11 Sep. End: 22 June 1825 (calendar not stated).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (23 Sep 1821, N.S. 5 Oct); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history", "note": "The en.wikipedia timeline's '11 Sep 1821' disagrees with all other sources.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-achaea-elis", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1825-12-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Achaea and Elis (revolution-held, 1821-1825)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Germanos of Patras, Achaean notables", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Achaean Directorate, then the Peloponnesian Senate", "event": "The rising began around Kalavryta and Patras in late March 1821; the Ottomans recaptured the town of Patras on 3 April 1821 and held Patras and Rio until October 1828. The north-west came under Ibrahim's control in 1825.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: the traditional declaration at Agia Lavra on 25 March (Julian) = 6 April 1821; Kalavryta was besieged from 21 March (Julian). End: by the end of 1825 most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control (month approximate).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Kalavryta besieged 21 March; Patras recaptured by the Ottomans 3 April 1821; most of the Peloponnese under Egyptian control by the end of 1825); lychnos.org (Greeks controlled the countryside by the end of March 1821)", "note": "End date and extent of Egyptian control in Achaea and Elis are approximate; the mountain districts (Kalavryta) were contested.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-laconia", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1825-12-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Laconia outside Mani (revolution-held, 1821-1825)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Laconian and Maniot revolutionaries", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Peloponnesian Senate", "event": "Laconia rose with the rest of the Peloponnese in spring 1821; the lowlands fell under Ibrahim's control after 1825.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: spring 1821 (month only). End: approximate; Ibrahim's forces dominated the Laconian lowlands from late 1825 (no exact date found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (countryside held by end of March 1821; most of the Peloponnese under Egyptian control by end 1825); lychnos.org", "note": "No fetched source gives the date Ibrahim took Mystras/Sparta; end date approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-monemvasia", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-08-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Monemvasia fortress", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Garrison under Tzannetakis Grigorakis after the surrender", "battle": "Siege of Monemvasia (1821)", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Besieged from March/April 1821, the Ottoman garrison surrendered on 23 July 1821, the first major fortress to fall.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Surrender on 23 July 1821 (en.wikipedia Siege of Monemvasia, calendar not stated; taken as Julian = 4 August Gregorian). End: passes to de_jure in 1832.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Monemvasia (1821) (siege from 15 March or after 25 March; surrender 23 July 1821)", "note": "No fetched source records Monemvasia being retaken by Ibrahim; treated as held throughout. If 23 July is Gregorian, start = 1821-07-23.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-argolis", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Argolis (revolution-held)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Provisional governments", "battle": "Dervenakia (1822); Mills of Lerna (1825)", "basis": "Greek Revolution; seat of the provisional governments (Argos, Nafplio, Kranidi)", "event": "Held for most of the war. Dramali's army overran the Argos plain in July 1822 and was destroyed at Dervenakia (26 July 1822, calendar not stated; = 7 Aug if Julian); Ibrahim was stopped at the Mills of Lerna (June 1825) before Nafplio.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: spring 1821 (month only). End: passes to de_jure in 1832.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (Dervenakia 26 July 1822); fhw.gr Chronos 1821-1833, War index (operations against Dramali secured most of the Peloponnese in summer 1822); greece2021.gr (Mills, after June 1825); lychnos.org", "note": "The brief Ottoman presence in the Argos plain in July 1822 and Ibrahim's raids in 1825-26 are not modeled as separate events.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1822-nafplio", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1822-12-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nafplio and Palamidi", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Staikos Staikopoulos (Kolokotronis' forces)", "battle": "Siege of Nafplio (1821-1822)", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Greek forces under Staikos Staikopoulos took Palamidi on 30 Nov/12 Dec 1822 and the town surrendered. Nafplio became the seat of the revolutionary government on 18 January 1823 and was the capital until 1834; it was never retaken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Palamidi stormed on 30 November 1822, St Andrew's day (Julian church calendar) = 12 December 1822 (Gregorian). End: de_jure 1832.", "sources": "castleroute.culture.gov.gr Palamidi (30 November 1822, St Andrew's day); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (seat of government 18 Jan 1823); en.wikipedia First Hellenic Republic", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1822-acrocorinth-a", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1822-01-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1822-07-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Acrocorinth and Corinth town (first Greek tenure)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Revolutionary forces", "battle": "Dervenakia", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Acrocorinth surrendered on 14 Jan 1822; Dramali's army took Corinth in July 1822 on its way to Argos.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Ottoman garrison surrendered 14 January 1822 (en.wikipedia, calendar not stated; taken as Julian = 26 Jan). End: abandoned on Dramali's advance in July 1822 (month only; no exact date in the fetched sources).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Acrocorinth surrendered 14 Jan 1822); fhw.gr Chronos War page 07 (Dramali's advance, late June/July 1822)", "note": "Corinthia outside the citadel: see 1821-corinthia.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-corinthia", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Corinthia outside Corinth and Acrocorinth", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Dervenakia", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Peloponnesian Senate", "event": "Revolution-held except for the passage of Dramali's army in July-August 1822 (destroyed at Dervenakia); the Ottoman remnant held Corinth and Acrocorinth until 1823.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: spring 1821 (Corinth was under siege by August 1821). End: de_jure 1832.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa (Corinth under siege, August 1821); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (Dervenakia 26 July 1822); fhw.gr War index", "note": "Dramali's brief presence in 1822 is not modeled as a gap.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1823-acrocorinth-b", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1823-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Acrocorinth and Corinth town (second Greek tenure)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Revolutionary forces", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The Ottoman garrison left in Acrocorinth by Dramali's army surrendered again in 1823; Corinth then stayed Greek.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: year only. The garrison left by Dramali capitulated again in late 1823; no fetched source gives the day.", "sources": "UNVERIFIED: standard histories (e.g. Dakin, The Greek Struggle for Independence); not confirmed in the fetched sources", "note": "Check the date of the second surrender (late 1823) before drawing.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-peloponnese-evacuated", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-10-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Peloponnese evacuated by Ibrahim (1828)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek government of Kapodistrias; French expeditionary corps (General Maison) with the Greek government's consent", "battle": "Navarino (20 October 1827); Morea expedition (1828)", "basis": "Convention of Alexandria (6 August 1828, Codrington and Muhammad Ali) on the Egyptian evacuation; Ibrahim accepted on 7 September, effective 9 September 1828", "event": "After Navarino and the landing of Maison's corps (Navarino Bay 29-31 Aug 1828, Petalidi 22 Sept), the Egyptians evacuated the Morea; the Ottoman-held fortresses were taken by the French in October 1828 and the whole Peloponnese passed to the Greek government.", "signed": "1828-08-06", "in_force": "1828-09-09", "handover": "1828-09-16 / 1828-11-05 (in stages)", "date_note": "Start: Ibrahim sailed on 5 October 1828 with the last Egyptian transport (the first Egyptian division left on 16 Sept); the last Turks and Egyptians had left the Morea by 5 November 1828. Dates from French accounts, Gregorian.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition (Alexandria convention 6 Aug 1828; evacuation 7/9 Sept to 5 Oct; Morea clear 5 Nov 1828); en.wikipedia Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt (capitulation 1 Oct 1828)", "note": "French troops (an occupation brigade under Schneider, then Guéhéneuc) stayed in the Peloponnese with the Greek government's consent until August 1833: not an occupation.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-patras", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-10-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Patras (town and castle)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "French 3rd brigade (Maison's corps), on behalf of the Allies; then the Greek government", "battle": "Morea expedition", "basis": "Capitulation of the Pasha of Patras to the French Morea expedition", "event": "Ottoman since the recapture of 3 April 1821; the French 3rd brigade landed on 4 October 1828 and the Pasha signed the capitulation on 5 October.", "signed": "1828-10-05", "in_force": "1828-10-05", "handover": "1828-10-05", "date_note": "Capitulation signed on 5 October 1828 (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Patras recaptured by the Ottomans 3 April 1821)", "note": "French troops with Greek consent until 1833.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-rio", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-10-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Castle of the Morea (Rio)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "French expeditionary corps (Maison); then the Greek government", "battle": "Siege of the Castle of the Morea (1828)", "basis": "Surrender to the French Morea expedition", "event": "Last Ottoman fortress in the Peloponnese; surrendered after a breach on 30 October 1828.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1828-10-30", "date_note": "Bombardment opened and the aghas surrendered on 30 October 1828 (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-navarino", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-10-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Navarino (Pylos) fortresses", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "French expeditionary corps (Higonet); then the Greek government", "battle": "Morea expedition", "basis": "Surrender of the Egyptian/Ottoman garrison to the French", "event": "Held by Ibrahim since May 1825; handed to the French in October 1828.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1828-10", "date_note": "General Higonet marched on 6 October 1828 and the fort surrendered after a breach; the exact day is not given (about 6-7 October 1828, Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition; en.wikipedia New Navarino fortress (handed to Maison's troops in October 1828)", "note": "French garrison with Greek consent until 1833.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-methoni", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-10-07", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Methoni (Modon)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "French expeditionary corps; then the Greek government", "battle": "Morea expedition", "basis": "Surrender to the French", "event": "Ottoman throughout the war and Ibrahim's landing place (26 Feb 1825); taken by the French on 7 October 1828.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1828-10-07", "date_note": "The French appeared on 7 October 1828 and took the fort at the gate the same day on the same terms as Navarino (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition; en.wikipedia Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt", "note": "French garrison with Greek consent until 1833.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-koroni", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-10-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Koroni", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "French expeditionary corps (Sébastiani); then the Greek government", "battle": "Morea expedition", "basis": "Surrender to the French", "event": "Ottoman throughout the war; entered by the French on 9 October 1828.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1828-10-09", "date_note": "Sébastiani appeared on 7 October and the French entered on 9 October 1828 (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-eastern-roumeli", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1826-08-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Eastern Roumeli (revolution-held, 1821-1826)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Athanasios Diakos, Odysseas Androutsos, Ioannis Gouras and the armatoles", "battle": "Alamana; Gravia; Vasilika", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, then the provisional governments", "event": "Phocis and Boeotia rose in late March 1821 (Julian). Control was contested: Omer Vrioni won at Alamana (23-24 April 1821) and retook Livadeia (10 June 1821), but was checked at Gravia and left Attica in September 1821 after Vasilika; Dramali passed through in July 1822 and burned Thebes; in 1823 neither side gained full control. After Missolonghi (April 1826) Kiutahi reconquered the region.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Salona rose on 27 March (Julian) = 8 April 1821; Livadeia was taken by Diakos on 31 March (Julian) = 12 April; Thebes about 2 April (Julian). End: Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kiutahi) occupied Eastern Roumeli after the fall of Missolonghi; month approximate (he was in Athens by August 1826).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Phocis 24 Mar, Salona 27 Mar, Livadeia 31 Mar, Thebes c. 2 Apr; Livadeia retaken by Vrioni 10 Jun 1821; Vasilika); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (Alamana 23-24 Apr 1821); fhw.gr Chronos War pages 06-07 (Dramali burned Thebes 1 July 1822; 1823 campaigns; Ottoman control of central Greece after Missolonghi)", "note": "The en.wikipedia dates for 1821 are given in the Julian calendar in that article's chronology; Vrioni's dates (Alamana, Livadeia) are uncalendared. Extent approximate: this was a contested zone, not a front.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-athens-a", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1821-08-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Athens town (first Greek tenure, 1821)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Attic insurgents", "battle": "Siege of the Acropolis (1821-1822)", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The Athenians rose and took the town without a fight in late April 1821 and besieged the Acropolis; Vrioni relieved it in July 1821.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Greeks took the town on 25 April 1821 (ancientathens3d; en.wikipedia gives 28 April and 25 April for the start of the siege), probably Julian = 7 or 10 May (month given). End: Omer Vrioni and Omer Bey of Karystos entered Athens on 20 July 1821 (calendar not stated; taken as Julian = 1 August).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1821-1822); ancientathens3d.com 'Ottoman Athens 1458-1833'", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-athens-attica-b", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-09-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1826-08-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Athens and Attica (1821-1826)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Androutsos, Gouras", "battle": "Vasilika (1821); Chaidari (1826)", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece", "event": "After Vrioni's departure the Greeks held Attica; Kiutahi (Reşid Mehmed Pasha) took the town in summer 1826 and besieged the Acropolis.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Vrioni left Attica in September 1821 and the siege of the Acropolis resumed (month only). End: Kiutahi took the town in August 1826; the siege of the Acropolis began on 25 August 1826 (Julian per en.wikipedia) = 6 September (Gregorian). Month only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1821-1822); lychnos.org (Turks abandoned Attica, September 1821); en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1826-1827) (siege from 25 Aug 1826 O.S.); ancientathens3d.com", "note": "Megaris (West Attica) is included by assumption; no fetched source describes it separately.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1822-acropolis", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1822-06-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1827-06-05", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Acropolis of Athens", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Gouras (garrison commander from 1823), later Fabvier's reinforcements", "battle": "Siege of the Acropolis (1821-1822); Siege of the Acropolis (1826-1827); Arachova; Kamatero; Phaleron (Analatos)", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The Ottoman garrison capitulated in June 1822 (Dramali did not retake it). Besieged by Kiutahi from August 1826; after the relief army was routed at Phaleron (24 April/6 May 1827) the garrison surrendered on 24 May/5 June 1827, leaving the Ottomans in control of all Roumeli.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: capitulation on 10 June 1822 (fhw.gr) or 9 June 1822 (en.wikipedia, Old Style) = 22 or 21 June (Gregorian). End: surrender on 24 May 1827 (Old Style) = 5 June 1827 (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1821-1822) (9 June 1822 O.S.); fhw.gr Chronos War page 07 (10 June 1822); en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1826-1827) (25 Aug 1826 - 24 May 1827 O.S.; Phaleron 24 April); protothema.gr (surrender 24 May 1827); fhw.gr War index", "note": "The two sources differ by one day on the 1822 capitulation (9 vs 10 June Julian).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1826-karaiskakis-parnassus", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1826-11-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1827-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Parnassus area recovered by Karaiskakis (1826-1827)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Georgios Karaiskakis", "battle": "Arachova", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Karaiskakis' winter campaign of 1826-27 temporarily recovered parts of the Parnassus region behind Kiutahi's lines.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Greek victory at Arachova, November 1826 (calendar not stated). End: after the defeat at Phaleron (6 May 1827 Gregorian) and the fall of the Acropolis (5 June 1827); month approximate.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1826-1827) (Arachova, November 1826); fhw.gr War index (the Acropolis' fall in 1827 gave the Ottomans control of all Roumeli)", "note": "Extent and duration are approximate; no fetched source maps Karaiskakis' gains.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-western-roumeli", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-06-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1825-04-27", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Roumeli (revolution-held, 1821-1825)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Markos Botsaris and the armatoles of Aetolia-Acarnania", "battle": "Peta (1822); first and second sieges of Missolonghi (1822-23, 1823)", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Senate of Western Continental Greece", "event": "Western Roumeli rose in May-June 1821. Ottoman offensives in 1822-23 failed before Missolonghi (second siege ended December 1823). In 1825 Kiutahi broke through at Makrynoros and overran the region except Missolonghi and Anatoliko.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Missolonghi rose on 25 May 1821 (en.wikipedia, calendar not stated); month given as June to cover the rising of Vrachori and Acarnania. End: Kiutahi took Makrynoros at the end of March 1825 and began the siege of Missolonghi on 15 April 1825 (Old Style) = 27 April (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Missolonghi 25 May 1821; second siege ended Dec 1823); fhw.gr Chronos War page 06 (Makrynoros end of March 1825; siege from end of April 1825); en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi (15 April 1825, O.S.)", "note": "Contested zone. Evrytania (Karpenisi, Agrafa) is left out: it was a battleground (Botsaris fell attacking the Ottoman camp at Karpenisi in 1823) and no fetched source shows it held by the revolution. Extent approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-missolonghi", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-06-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1826-04-23", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Missolonghi", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Garrison of Missolonghi", "battle": "Third siege of Missolonghi", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Senate of Western Continental Greece", "event": "Besieged by Kiutahi from 15/27 April 1825 and by Ibrahim from early 1826; Vasiladi fell on 9 March 1826, Dolmas and Poros on 12 March; the town fell after the exodus of 10/11 (22/23) April 1826.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: rising of 25 May 1821 (calendar not stated). End: exodus on the night of 10/11 April 1826 (Old Style) = 22/23 April (Gregorian); Ibrahim's page gives 24 April 1826.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi (10 April [N.S. 22 April] 1826; Vasiladi 9 March 1826); fhw.gr Chronos War page 06 (night of 10/11 April 1826); en.wikipedia Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt (24 April 1826)", "note": "Vasiladi and Dolmas dates in en.wikipedia are presumably Old Style like the rest of that article.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-anatoliko", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-06-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1826-03-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Anatoliko (Aitoliko)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Third siege of Missolonghi", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The island town surrendered when the Ottomans controlled the lagoon in early 1826.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "End: Anatoliko surrendered during the blockade of February-March 1826 (fhw.gr: by February; en.wikipedia: during the March events); no exact day.", "sources": "fhw.gr Chronos War page 06; en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-akarnania-vonitsa", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1829-03-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Acarnania recovered (Vonitsa, Xiromero, Karvasaras, Valtos)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Richard Church; Souliote corps under Athanasios Koutsonikas", "battle": "Koronisia (1829)", "basis": "Greek government of Kapodistrias (campaign of Sir Richard Church and Augustinos Kapodistrias)", "event": "Church's campaign in Western Greece recovered Acarnania; Vonitsa castle surrendered in March 1829 and the Souliotes blocked Reşid Pasha at Koronisia (5 March 1829).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Vonitsa 'became Greek again' on 5 March 1829 (en.wikipedia Battle of Koronisia; calendar not stated; if Julian, 17 March); castleroute.culture.gov.gr: the castle surrendered in March 1829. Church's forces were in Acarnania from late 1828 (no exact date found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Koronisia (1829); castleroute.culture.gov.gr Vonitsa (castle surrendered March 1829; Aetolia-Acarnania incorporated by the 1832 treaty); en.wikipedia Richard Church (partisan war in western Greece)", "note": "This area lay outside the 1830 (Aspropotamos-Spercheios) award but stayed in Greek hands 1829-1832; Kapodistrias asked for Acarnania to be included, and it became de_jure Greek only with the 1832 settlement.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-nafpaktos-antirrio", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1829-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nafpaktos (Lepanto) and Antirrio (Castle of Roumeli)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Western Greece (Augustinos Kapodistrias)", "battle": "", "basis": "Surrender of the Ottoman garrison to the Greek forces", "event": "Lepanto, Ottoman throughout the war, was recovered in spring 1829.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Sources disagree: en.wikipedia Nafpaktos says it became part of Greece in March 1829; en.wikipedia Morea expedition says it was recaptured in April 1829. Month only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Nafpaktos (March 1829); en.wikipedia Morea expedition (April 1829)", "note": "The fate of Antirrio is assumed to follow Nafpaktos; no fetched source dates it separately.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-missolonghi-aetolia", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1829-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Missolonghi, Aitoliko and Aetolia recovered", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Western Greece (Augustinos Kapodistrias)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek government of Kapodistrias", "event": "Missolonghi and Anatoliko were retaken in May 1829, completing the recovery of Western Roumeli.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Missolonghi recaptured in May 1829 (en.wikipedia Morea expedition); day not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition (Messolonghi recaptured May 1829)", "note": "Agrinio and the area north of lakes Trichonida/Lysimachia lay outside the 1830 award; held de facto until 1832.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-evrytania", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1829-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Evrytania and Agrafa (Greek authority 1829-1832)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek government of Kapodistrias", "event": "Evrytania lay north of the 1830 line; its status in 1829-1832 is not documented in the fetched sources.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Year only: no fetched source dates the establishment of Greek authority in Evrytania.", "sources": "No direct source; inferred from the recovery of Western and Eastern Roumeli in 1829 (en.wikipedia Morea expedition; en.wikipedia Battle of Petra) and its inclusion in the 1832 kingdom", "note": "UNVERIFIED: check whether Karpenisi and the Agrafa were under Greek or Ottoman control between 1829 and 1832 before drawing.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-livadeia-salona", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-11-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Boeotia and Phocis recovered (Livadeia, Salona)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Demetrios Ypsilantis (army of Eastern Greece)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek government of Kapodistrias", "event": "Ypsilantis took Livadeia in early November 1828; a counter-attack by Mahmud Pasha from Euboea was repulsed in January 1829.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Livadeia taken in early November 1828 (en.wikipedia Morea expedition; Gregorian). The date for Salona and Phocis is not given.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition (Livadeia early Nov 1828; Mahmud Pasha repulsed Jan 1829)", "note": "Extent approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-thebes", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1829-05-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Thebes and eastern Boeotia", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Demetrios Ypsilantis", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek government of Kapodistrias", "event": "Thebes was recaptured on 21 May 1829.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Thebes recaptured 21 May 1829 (en.wikipedia Morea expedition; presumably Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Morea expedition", "note": "lamia.gr chronology: Ottoman authority remained in parts of Attica, Boeotia, Euboea and Phthiotis until 1832-33 (probably the districts bordering Attica and the Euripus, e.g. Tanagra/Oropos); extent approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-petra-capitulation", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1829-09-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eastern Roumeli from Livadeia to the Spercheios (Petra capitulation)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Northern limit: the Spercheios river to its mouth in the Malian Gulf; Lamia (north bank) stayed Ottoman.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Demetrios Ypsilantis, Georgios Dyovouniotis, Nikolaos Kriezotis", "battle": "Petra", "basis": "Capitulation/truce after the Battle of Petra: the Ottomans surrendered all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece", "event": "Aslan Bey and Osman Aga, marching from Athens towards Thrace, were stopped at Petra between Livadeia and Thebes; the last battle of the war, fought after the Treaty of Adrianople (14 Sept 1829).", "signed": "1829-09-25", "in_force": "1829-09-25", "handover": "", "date_note": "The Battle of Petra was fought on 12 September 1829 (en.wikipedia, evidently Julian = 24 September Gregorian); the Ottoman force capitulated on 25 September 1829 (Gregorian; the truce was agreed the day after the battle).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Petra (12 Sept 1829; capitulation 25 Sept 1829; lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios); 200years.mfa.gr (Adrianople 2/14 Sept 1829)", "note": "Athens (Acropolis garrison), Euboea and Lamia remained Ottoman until 1833. Whether the Ypati (Patratziki) district on the south bank was handed over in 1829 is unclear (it was disputed in 1832, see 1833-lamia-handover).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-spetses", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Spetses", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Spetsiot shipowners (Bouboulina)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "One of the three naval islands (with Hydra and Psara); held throughout the war.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Spetses raised the flag on 3 April 1821 (Julian) = 15 April (Gregorian): traditional date, not confirmed in the fetched sources. End: de_jure 1832.", "sources": "lychnos.org (Hydra, Spetses and Psara gave the Greeks control of the sea, early 1821); en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Hydra and Spetses as naval bases); date: standard chronologies (unverified here)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-hydra", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Hydra", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Hydriot shipowners (Kountouriotis, Miaoulis)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Main naval base of the revolution; held throughout.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Hydra joined on 16 April 1821 (Julian) = 28 April (Gregorian): traditional date, not confirmed in the fetched sources. End: de_jure 1832.", "sources": "lychnos.org; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; date: standard chronologies (unverified here)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-psara", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1824-07-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Psara", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Psariot shipowners (Kanaris, Papanikolis)", "battle": "Destruction of Psara", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha's fleet captured and destroyed the island; it stayed deserted and Ottoman until the Greek Navy took it on 21 October 1912.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Psara joined on 10 April 1821 (en.wikipedia, calendar not stated; taken as Julian = 22 April). End: destroyed on 20-21 June 1824 (Old Style) = 2-3 July 1824 (Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Destruction of Psara (10 April 1821; 20-21 June (2-3 July N.S.) 1824; 1912); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (21 June 1824)", "note": "Psara was not included in the 1830 or 1832 settlements (Kapodistrias asked for it); its refugees founded Nea Psara in Euboea.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-kasos", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1824-06-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kasos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Kasiot shipowners", "battle": "Kasos massacre", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The semi-autonomous island joined the revolution and raided the coasts; Muhammad Ali's fleet destroyed it in June 1824. It stayed Ottoman (Italian 1912, Greek 1947).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: year only (no date in the fetched sources). End: the Egyptian landing behind Agia Marina on the night of 19/20 June 1824 (en.wikipedia Kasos Massacre, Gregorian; the en.wikipedia timeline gives 7-8 June, i.e. Julian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Kasos Massacre (fleet off Kasos 2 June, landing night of 19 June 1824); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (7-8 June 1824); en.wikipedia Massacres in the Greek War of Independence (27 May 1824, calendar not stated)", "note": "Three different dates appear in the sources (27 May, 7-8 June, 19-20 June 1824); 7-8 June Julian = 19-20 June Gregorian reconciles two of them.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-samos", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1830-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Samos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Lykourgos Logothetis", "battle": "Samos (1824); Gerontas (1824)", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Samian autonomous administration under Lykourgos Logothetis; part of the Eastern Sporades province of the Greek state 1828-1830", "event": "Samos rose in 1821, beat off Ottoman and Egyptian landing attempts (Battle of Samos, 5-17 Aug 1824, Julian) and held out to the end of the war; excluded from Greece in 1830 and 1832, it kept its own regime until the Principality was imposed in 1834 (batch GB2).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: 1821 (month not given in the fetched sources; the rising under Lykourgos Logothetis was in spring 1821). End: year only; the 3 February 1830 protocol excluded Samos, and First Hellenic Republic shows the 'Military-Political System of Samos' as a successor state from 1830.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Principality of Samos; en.wikipedia Battle of Samos (5 Aug 1824, Julian); en.wikipedia First Hellenic Republic (Samos part of the Eastern Sporades province 1828-1830); en.wikipedia London Protocol (1830) (Samos not included)", "note": "1830-1834 (Samian self-rule outside the Greek state) is not de_facto Greek; leave it to GB2.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-cyclades", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Cyclades", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Aegean provinces of the provisional governments", "event": "The Cyclades were part of the revolutionary state throughout and were included in every Great-Power award (1828, 1829, 1830, 1832).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Year only: the islands joined in stages in spring and summer 1821; the Catholic communities (Syros, parts of Tinos and Naxos) were reluctant. No fetched source gives dates.", "sources": "fhw.gr War index (the revolution had taken root in the Aegean islands by 1822); en.wikipedia London Protocol (1829) (Cyclades included); en.wikipedia Aspropotamos-Spercheios line (Cyclades incl. Amorgos); lamia.gr chronology (Nov 1828 protocol: Peloponnese and Cyclades)", "note": "Start date approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-saronic", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Saronic islands and Troizinia", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Held throughout. The government moved to Aegina on 11 November 1826 and Kapodistrias governed from Aegina in 1828; the 1827 assembly met at Troezen and the ambassadors' conference at Poros (Dec 1828).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month approximate.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (government to Aegina 11 Nov 1826); en.wikipedia First Hellenic Republic (Troezen 1827); solarspell mirror of en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Poros protocol 21 Dec 1828)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-northern-sporades", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1832-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Northern Sporades and Skyros", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Refuge and base for the Thessalian and Macedonian fighters; included in the 1830 and 1832 settlements.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Year only: no fetched source dates their adhesion.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Aspropotamos-Spercheios line (Northern Sporades and Skyros included 1830); 200years.mfa.gr (Sporades included 1830)", "note": "Start approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-euboea-countryside", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1823-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Euboea countryside (revolt, 1821-1823)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Angelis Govios, Nikolaos Kriezotis; later Fabvier", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Euboea rose in 1821 but Chalkis and Karystos were never taken; the island stayed Ottoman until 1833 (Mahmud Pasha still attacked Boeotia from Euboea in January 1829).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Both dates approximate: the rising of 1821 under Angelis Govios and Kriezotis did not break Ottoman resistance; the revolutionaries repeatedly failed against Chalkis and Karystos in 1823-1824.", "sources": "archaeology.wiki (Chalkida article: 1821 rising under Govios, Kriezotis and Fabvier did not break Ottoman resistance); fhw.gr Chronos War page 07 (failed attacks on Chalkis and Karystos 1823-24); en.wikipedia Morea expedition (Mahmud Pasha from Euboea, Jan 1829)", "note": "Extent and duration of rebel control in Euboea are poorly documented in the fetched sources; draw faintly or omit.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1822-chios", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1822-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1822-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Chios (1822 rising)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Lykourgos Logothetis, Antonios Bournias", "battle": "Chios massacre", "basis": "Greek Revolution (Samian expedition)", "event": "Short-lived rising crushed in April 1822; Kanaris destroyed the Ottoman flagship on 18 June 1822. Chios stayed Ottoman until 1912.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The rising followed the landing of Samian forces under Logothetis in March 1822; the Ottoman fleet arrived on 11 April 1822 (en.wikipedia, calendar not stated) and the massacre followed. Months only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Ottoman fleet at Chios 11 April 1822; flagship destroyed 18 June 1822); en.wikipedia Massacres in the Greek War of Independence", "note": "A second expedition under Fabvier (late 1827 - early 1828) held parts of the island for some months; not confirmed in the fetched sources, so not recorded as an event.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-dodecanese-islands", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1832-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Eastern Aegean islands of the revolutionary state (Patmos, Leros, Kalymnos, Astypalaia)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Eastern Sporades province (1828-1830)", "event": "These islands joined the revolutionary administration and were returned to Ottoman rule under the 1830/1832 settlements (the 1830 award stopped at Amorgos).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Years only; no fetched source gives dates.", "sources": "UNVERIFIED in the fetched sources; inferred from en.wikipedia First Hellenic Republic (Eastern Sporades province 1828-1830) and en.wikipedia Aspropotamos-Spercheios line (Cyclades included up to Amorgos)", "note": "UNVERIFIED: confirm which Dodecanese islands were in the provisional state and when Ottoman authority returned (1830 or 1832) before drawing.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-crete", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-06-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1824-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Crete (revolt, 1821-1824)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Sfakians and Cretan revolutionaries", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution; Cretan provisional administration (commissioner Emmanouil Tombazis, 1823)", "event": "The Christians drove the Muslims into the fortified north-coast towns; Muhammad Ali's forces landed in 1822 and crushed the revolt by 1824.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: June 1821 (the Heraklion massacre of 24 June 1821 followed the outbreak); month approximate. End: year only; the Egyptian forces (fleet at Souda 28 May 1822) suppressed the revolt by 1824 (sources disagree on 1824 or 1825 for Ibrahim's role).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman Crete (24 June 1821; Muslims driven into the fortified towns; Egyptian intervention); en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Egyptian fleet at Souda 28 May 1822); en.wikipedia Gramvousa (Tombazis 1823); solarspell mirror of en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (1824 Egyptian army landed)", "note": "The requested page 'Cretan revolt (1821-1828)' could not be fetched (url_not_found). Extent and dates approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1825-gramvousa", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1825-08-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1828-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Gramvousa fort (Imeri Gramvousa)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Cretans disguised as Turks took the fort; besieged for over two years, it became a pirate base until Mavrokordatos' expedition with British and French ships (1828). Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed there on 5 January 1828.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: captured on 9 August 1825 (en.wikipedia, calendar not stated; taken as Julian = 21 August). End: year only; after the Allied anti-piracy expedition of early 1828 the fort came under British control.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Gramvousa; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Gramvousa 9 Aug 1825; Kissamos also captured)", "note": "When the fort was finally handed to the Ottoman/Egyptian authorities (c. 1830-31) is not in the fetched sources.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-crete-frangokastello", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1828-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1828-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Sfakia and Frangokastello (1828 revolt)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Hatzimichalis Dalianis", "battle": "Frangokastello", "basis": "Greek government of Kapodistrias (expedition to revive the Cretan revolt)", "event": "The attempt to revive the revolt in Crete failed at Frangokastello in May 1828. Crete was excluded from Greece in 1830 and administered for Egypt by Mustafa Naili Pasha until 1840.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Dalianis took Frangokastello in March 1828; Mustafa Naili Pasha arrived on 13 May 1828 and the castle fell after several days (calendar not stated). Months only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Hatzimichalis Dalianis (5 Jan 1828; March 1828; 13 May 1828); en.wikipedia Ottoman Crete (1830 settlement; Mustafa Naili Pasha); en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Frangokastello, March 1828)", "note": "The en.wikipedia infobox gives Dalianis' death as 17 March 1828, which conflicts with the May siege in the text. Cretan resistance in the mountains continued into 1829-30; not modeled.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1821-chalkidiki", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1821-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1821-11-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Chalkidiki rising (Kassandra, Mount Athos)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Insurgent lines across the Potidaea (Kassandra) isthmus; extent beyond Kassandra and Athos uncertain.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Emmanouil Pappas", "battle": "Kassandra (1821); Rentina pass", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "Emmanouil Pappas raised Chalkidiki and Athos; the rebels failed to hold the Rentina pass in June and were crushed at Kassandra on 30 October 1821.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Polygyros rose on 17 May 1821 (calendar not stated; = 29 May if Julian). End: Ottoman victory at Kassandra on 30 October 1821 (calendar not stated; = 11 Nov if Julian); Sithonia, Mount Athos and Thasos then surrendered on terms (dates not found).", "sources": "solarspell mirror of en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Polygyros 17 May 1821; Rentina June 1821; Kassandra 30 Oct 1821; Sithonia, Athos, Thasos surrendered on terms); en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1822-naoussa-olympus", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1822-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1822-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Naoussa, Vermio and Olympus rising (1822)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Anastasios Karatasos, Aggelis Gatsos, Zafeirakis Theodosiou", "battle": "Naoussa (1822); Kolindros; Kastania", "basis": "Greek Revolution", "event": "The rising in western Macedonia ended with the sack of Naoussa in April 1822, ending the revolution in Macedonia.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The armatoles chose Naoussa, Kastania and Siatista as bases at the beginning of 1822; Mehmed Emin (Ebu Lubut) won at Kolindros and Kastania in March 1822 and entered Naoussa on 6 April (en.wikipedia Massacres) or 9 April 1822 (en.wikipedia timeline); calendars not stated. Months only.", "sources": "solarspell mirror of en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (beginning of 1822 bases; March 1822 Kolindros and Kastania; April 1822 Naoussa); en.wikipedia Massacres in the Greek War of Independence (14 March arrival; 6 April 1822); en.wikipedia Timeline of modern Greek history (9 April 1822)", "note": "The revolution held little ground outside the towns and mountain villages; draw faintly.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1828-11-protocol-morea-cyclades", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1828-11-16", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1829-03-22", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Morea and Cyclades under the Powers' guarantee (London Protocol of 16 Nov 1828)", "confidence": "good", "line": "No land line north of the Isthmus of Corinth: the protocol covered the Peloponnese and the islands only.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "London Protocol of 4/16 November 1828 (Britain, France, Russia)", "event": "The Powers placed the Peloponnese and the Cyclades provisionally under their guarantee, limiting the new state to them, which alarmed Kapodistrias.", "signed": "1828-11-16", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "London Protocol of 4/16 November 1828; superseded by the protocol of 22 March 1829.", "sources": "lamia.gr chronology (xronologio 2013): '4/16 Nov 1828: a London protocol limits the new state to the Peloponnese and the Cyclades'", "note": "A provisional guarantee rather than a frontier award; include only if the film shows the diplomatic sequence. The Poros conference of the ambassadors (protocol of 21 Dec 1828) proposed a larger state (Arta-Volos, the Cyclades and Sporades, Samos and perhaps Crete) but was a recommendation, not an award.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1829-03-22-arta-volos-protocol", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1829-03-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1830-02-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Autonomous Greece, Arta-Volos line (London Protocol of 22 March 1829)", "confidence": "good", "line": "From the Gulf of Arta to the Pagasetic Gulf: in Özkan's quotation of the protocol, 'a line that would advance from the Gulf of Arta to the passes of Macrinoros on the one side, and on the other to Mount Othrys, near the entrance of the Gulf of Volos'. Arta and Volos outside. See 1832-kingdom-de-jure for the demarcated course of the same line.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "London Protocol of 22 March 1829 (Aberdeen, Polignac, Lieven): an autonomous tributary state under Ottoman suzerainty, with a hereditary Christian prince and a tribute of 1.5 million piasters; accepted by the Porte in the Treaty of Adrianople, Art. 10", "event": "First Great-Power frontier for Greece: autonomy within the Arta-Volos line; never carried out.", "signed": "1829-03-22", "in_force": "1829-09-14", "handover": "", "date_note": "Protocol of 10/22 March 1829; accepted by the Porte in Art. 10 of the Treaty of Adrianople (2/14 September 1829); superseded by the protocol of 3 February 1830.", "sources": "en.wikipedia London Protocol (1829); 200years.mfa.gr International Treaties and Protocols (10/22 March 1829; Adrianople 2/14 Sept 1829 Art. 10); Özkan, 'The Final Phase of the Greek Revolution', in Stamatopoulos (ed.), European Revolutions and the Ottoman Balkans (2020), ch. 6 (academia.edu 19704198)", "note": "Included: the Peloponnese, Continental Greece and the Cyclades; excluded: Crete, Samos and the other Aegean islands then under Greek control (en.wikipedia). The fetched sources do not say whether Euboea and the Northern Sporades were in the 1829 award. Ottoman suzerainty means this was autonomy, not sovereignty.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1830-02-03-aspropotamos-spercheios", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1830-02-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-07-21", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Independent Greece, Aspropotamos-Spercheios line (London Protocol of 3 Feb 1830)", "confidence": "good", "line": "From the mouth of the Achelous (Aspropotamos) up the river, then east through a series of lakes (identified with Lysimachia and Trichonida; the protocol names the lakes of Angelokastro, Vrachori and Saurovitza), to Mount Artotina, then along the crest of the Axos and of Mount Oeta, reaching the Malian Gulf (Gulf of Zitouni) at the mouth of the Spercheios, passing south of Zitouni (Lamia), which stayed Ottoman. (The lake and Axos/Kalouri names are recalled from the French text of the protocol; the fetched sources confirm only the Achelous mouth, the lakes, Artotina, the Oeta ridge and the Spercheios mouth.)", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "London Protocol of 3 February 1830 (Aberdeen, Montmorency-Laval, Lieven): Greece an independent sovereign state; second protocol of the same day chose Leopold of Saxe-Coburg as sovereign", "event": "The first act recognizing Greek independence gave it a smaller frontier than 1829. The Sultan accepted; Kapodistrias accepted on condition that the Ottomans evacuate Attica and Euboea; Leopold renounced the throne over the frontier. Never carried out: replaced by the Arta-Volos line in 1832.", "signed": "1830-02-03", "in_force": "1830-04-08", "handover": "", "date_note": "Protocol of 22 January / 3 February 1830; notified to the Porte and to Greece on 27 March / 8 April 1830. Superseded by the Arrangement of Constantinople of 9/21 July 1832 (and, for the Lamia district, the London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832).", "sources": "en.wikipedia London Protocol (1830); en.wikipedia Aspropotamos-Spercheios line (Achelous mouth, Artotina, Oeta ridge, Spercheios mouth, south of Zitouni; Euboea, Northern Sporades, Skyros, Cyclades incl. Amorgos); en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece (two rivers, a series of lakes and mountain summits); 200years.mfa.gr (Acheloos-Spercheios; Sporades and Euboea included; delivered to the Porte 8 April 1830)", "note": "Excluded: Crete, Samos (and Psara, Kasos, Chios, Astypalaia and the other eastern islands); on the mainland Acarnania, Agrinio, Evrytania and Phthiotis north of the Oeta. Greece held Acarnania, Aetolia north of the lakes and (from 1829) the land to the Spercheios de facto throughout 1830-32 (see the 1829 de_facto events). The Porte's acceptance of the protocol (April 1830) could be read as making the area within the line de_jure from 1830; per the brief it is coded as awarded. The MFA copy of the French text (mfa.gr .doc) could not be read; verify the quoted course against it.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1831-09-26-arta-volos-protocol", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1831-09-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1832-07-21", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Arta-Volos line restored (London Protocol of 26 Sept 1831)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Ambracian Gulf - Pagasetic Gulf (Arta-Volos) line, as in 1829; see 1832-kingdom-de-jure for the demarcated course.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "London Protocol of 14/26 September 1831 (Britain, France, Russia)", "event": "The Powers, noting the drawbacks of the Achelous-Spercheios line, proposed again the Ambracian-Pagasetic line.", "signed": "1831-09-26", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Protocol of 14/26 September 1831; replaced by the treaty settlement of 21 July / 30 August 1832.", "sources": "lamia.gr chronology (14/26 Sep 1831; the Porte did not accept it); en.wikipedia London Protocol (1830) (protocol of 14/26 September 1831 extended the border; 'Turkey accepted these terms')", "note": "Sources disagree: en.wikipedia says Turkey accepted these terms, the lamia.gr chronology says the Porte did not, and the line was only agreed with the Porte at Constantinople in July 1832.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1832-kingdom-de-jure", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1832-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Kingdom of Greece, Arta-Volos line (1832 settlement): areas already in Greek hands", "confidence": "good", "line": "Arta-Volos (Ambracian-Pagasetic) line, set by the Arrangement of Constantinople (9/21 July 1832) and, for the Lamia (Zitouni) and Ypati (Patratziki) districts, by the London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832; demarcated in autumn 1832 by a commission (General A. de Scalon for Russia, Colonel J. Barthélemy for France, Colonel George Baker for Britain; the Ottoman commissioner Hüseyin Bey of Vonitsa, who met them at Preveza in late August 1832, withdrew); about 137 miles long, marked by 95 stone pyramids; survey and maps revised until spring 1835. Course west to east: from the Gulf of Arta at the foot of Mount Makrynoros, the Makrynoros pass going to Greece (a stream called Karitsa served as the boundary; the islet of Vouvala in the gulf was disputed in 1842); along the mountain crests of Valtos and the Agrafa (markers at Zacharaki Vrisi, the meeting of three ranges, moved from Mount Veluchi/Tymfristos, and at Graditza), then along Mount Othrys to the Gulf of Volos near its entrance. Arta and Volos stayed Ottoman. In present-day terms the line is close to the boundary between the Western Greece and Central Greece regions and the Epirus and Thessaly regions (Aetolia-Acarnania vs Preveza and Arta; Evrytania vs Karditsa; Phthiotis vs Karditsa, Larissa and Magnesia), except that Domokos municipality (now Phthiotis), north of the Othrys crest, stayed Ottoman until 1881 (Domokos exception not confirmed in the fetched sources).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of London (7 May 1832, the Powers and Bavaria: Otto king, Arta-Volos frontier); Arrangement (Treaty) of Constantinople, 9/21 July 1832 (the Powers and the Porte; indemnity 40 million piasters); London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832; Ottoman acceptance 14/26 December 1832", "event": "The Kingdom of Greece came into being with the Arta-Volos frontier; Acarnania, Aetolia, Evrytania and the land to the Spercheios, held de facto since 1829 but outside the 1830 award, became Greek by right. King Otto landed at Nafplio in January (Julian) 1833 with Bavarian troops, who then took over the Ottoman-held districts (see 1833 events).", "signed": "1832-07-21", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "no handover needed for these areas (already held)", "date_note": "Start = the London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832, which ratified the Constantinople arrangement and completed the frontier; the Porte formally accepted the demarcated borders on 14/26 December 1832. Alternative start: the signature of the Arrangement with the Porte, 9/21 July 1832.", "sources": "en.wikipedia London Conference of 1832; en.wikipedia Treaty of Constantinople (1832); 200years.mfa.gr (Constantinople 9/21 July 1832, Lamia referred to London; London Protocol 18/30 Aug 1832 gave the Lamia region to Greece); lamia.gr chronology (commission Sep-Nov 1832; Ottoman acceptance 14/26 Dec 1832); Özkan 2020 (commission, Makrynoros, Zacharaki Vrisi, Graditza, 137 miles, 95 pyramids, Karitsa, Vouvala); Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, plates 10-11 'Boundary between Greece and Turkey 21 July 1832' (maproom.org); castleroute.culture.gov.gr Vonitsa", "note": "Excluded: Crete (to Egyptian administration), Samos (principality 1834, GB2), Psara, Chios, Kasos and the Dodecanese, the Ionian Islands (British protectorate until 1864). The MFA's English text of the Constantinople treaty (mfa.gr .doc) could not be read; verify the exact wording of the line against it or Hertslet.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1832-attica-awarded-pending", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1832-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1833-04-12", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Mainland Attica, awarded but still Ottoman-held (1832-1833)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Arrangement of Constantinople (21 July 1832) and London Protocol (30 August 1832)", "event": "Attica was Greek by treaty but the Ottoman garrison held the Acropolis until April 1833.", "signed": "1832-07-21", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "1833-04-12", "date_note": "From the entry into force of the 1832 settlement to the Ottoman evacuation of the Acropolis.", "sources": "see 1833-attica-handover", "note": "Attica was also within the 1830 award (1830-02-03-aspropotamos-spercheios).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1833-attica-handover", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1833-04-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Athens, the Acropolis and mainland Attica", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Bavarian battalion under Lt-Col Herbst (left Nafplio 28 February 1833); Major Paligen received the fortress; Christophoros Neezer garrison commander", "battle": "", "basis": "Arrangement of Constantinople (21 July 1832) and London Protocol (30 August 1832); Regency order of 16 February 1833 (Julian) to occupy all positions within the borders of the Kingdom; Royal Decree of 22 February 1833 (Julian) = 6 March 1833 placing Attica, Boeotia, Euboea and Phthiotis under the full sovereignty of the Kingdom", "event": "Osman Aga's garrison of about 250 men, which had refused to leave without orders from Constantinople, lowered the Ottoman flag on 31 March (Julian) 1833; the Ottoman governor (Egiup Aga) left for Chalkis. Athens had been Ottoman since 1826-27.", "signed": "1832-07-21", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "1833-04-12", "date_note": "The Turkish garrison left the Acropolis on 31 March 1833 (Greek sources, Julian) = 12 April 1833 (Gregorian); St Clair gives 'April 1833', which fits the Gregorian reading. The Greek flag was raised on 1/13 April 1833.", "sources": "protothema.gr 'I apochorisi ton Tourkon apo tin Athina to 1833' (31 March 1833; Osman Aga; Herbst; Paligen; Neezer; Regency decree 16 Feb 1833); ancientathens3d.com (31 March 1833); St Clair, Who Saved the Parthenon? (Open Book Publishers 2022), ch. 15 ('by April 1833, when the Greek state took over from the Ottoman army'); lamia.gr chronology (Royal Decree 22 Feb 1833)", "note": "Neither web source states the calendar of 31 March; Julian is assumed (Greek usage, and consistent with St Clair and with the Lamia dating, see 1833-lamia-handover). Athens became the capital on 18 September 1834.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1832-euboea-awarded-pending", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1832-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1833-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Euboea, awarded but still Ottoman-held (1832-1833)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Arrangement of Constantinople (21 July 1832) and London Protocol (30 August 1832)", "event": "Euboea was Greek by treaty but Ottoman troops stayed until April 1833.", "signed": "1832-07-21", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "1833-04", "date_note": "End = handover (Chalkis 7 April 1833, calendar uncertain).", "sources": "see 1833-euboea-handover", "note": "Euboea was also within the 1830 award.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1833-euboea-handover", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1833-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Euboea (Chalkis, Karystos)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Representative of King Otto and Bavarian/Greek troops", "battle": "", "basis": "Arrangement of Constantinople (21 July 1832) and London Protocol (30 August 1832); Royal Decree of 22 February 1833 (Julian)", "event": "The Ottomans handed the island over only to Otto's representative in 1833; the local agas had demanded unpaid wages before withdrawing. A Muslim community remained in Chalkis until 1881.", "signed": "1832-07-21", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "1833-04-07 (Chalkis; probably Julian = 1833-04-19)", "date_note": "Chalkis was 'liberated on 7 April 1833' (odigostoupoliti.eu, calendar not stated; = 19 April 1833 if Julian, as Greek sources normally are). The date for Karystos is not in the fetched sources. Month given.", "sources": "odigostoupoliti.eu 'Chalkida. Ston porthmo tou Evripou' (7 April 1833); archaeology.wiki Chalkida article (handed over only to Otto's representative in 1833); protothema.gr (agas' wage demands); skroutz listing of 'O echthros entos ton teichon: I mousoulmaniki koinotita tis Chalkidas (1833-1881)'", "note": "Calendar of 7 April uncertain; Karystos handover date not found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1832-lamia-awarded-pending", "batch": "GB1", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1832-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1833-04-09", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Lamia (Zitouni) and Ypati districts, awarded but still Ottoman-held (1832-1833)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Between the Spercheios (south) and the Othrys crest (north, the 1832 frontier).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832", "event": "Zitouni (Izdin) and Patratziki (Ypati, Ottoman Padracık) were the main points of dispute in 1832 and went to Greece.", "signed": "1832-08-30", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "1833-04-09", "date_note": "The Constantinople arrangement (21 July 1832) left the Zitouni district open; the London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832 gave it to Greece.", "sources": "see 1833-lamia-handover", "note": "This district was also in the 1829 award but outside the 1830 award.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1833-lamia-handover", "batch": "GB1", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1833-04-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Lamia (Zitouni), Ypati and Phthiotis north of the Spercheios", "confidence": "good", "line": "Between the Spercheios and the Othrys crest (1832 frontier).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Interior and Church minister Iakovakis Rizos-Neroulos with Bavarian Lt-Col Albert", "battle": "", "basis": "London Protocol of 18/30 August 1832; Royal Decree of 22 February 1833 (Julian) placing Phthiotis under full sovereignty", "event": "No formal handover took place: the Ottoman commander left through the north gate and the Greek civil and military authorities moved in; most Muslim families had already left for Larissa.", "signed": "1832-08-30", "in_force": "1832-08-30", "handover": "1833-04-09", "date_note": "The Turkish commander left and Lamia was taken over on 28 March 1833, which the source calls Holy Tuesday with Easter on 2 April: Orthodox Easter 1833 fell on 2 April Julian, so 28 March is Julian = Tuesday 9 April 1833 (Gregorian). Greek and Bavarian troops had taken the fortress of Agios Loukas in late March (Julian).", "sources": "lamia.gr chronology (xronologio 2013) (28 March 1833, Holy Tuesday; Rizos-Neroulos; Albert; Royal Decree 22 Feb 1833; London Protocol 18/30 Aug 1832); allovergreece.com Kastro Lamias (liberated 1832-33); Özkan 2020 (Izdin and Padracık to Greece by the 30 August 1832 treaty); 200years.mfa.gr", "note": "Whether the Ypati district was still Ottoman-held until 1833 or had passed to Greece in 1829 is not clear; it is grouped here with Lamia.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1854-epirus-arta-peta", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1854-01-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1854-05-12", "end_precision": "day", "name": "South Epirus insurgent zone 1854 (Arta, Peta, Pente Pigadia, Radovizi)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No defined line. The insurgents held the villages around Arta and Peta (their headquarters) and Pente Pigadia. en.wikipedia says Karaiskakis 'captured' Arta with 2,500 irregulars and that Ottoman troops (1,600 men plus 3,000 reinforcements with heavy artillery) later retook it; the date, and whether the castle of Arta fell, are not given. In 1854 all of this lay north of the 1832 frontier (Gulf of Arta between Kopraina and Menidi), i.e. in Ottoman territory.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Irregulars and volunteers under Spyridon Karaiskakis (a Greek Army lieutenant), Kitsos Tzavelas and Theodoros Grivas (a Greek general), with officers who had resigned from the Greek Army to join (Nikolaos Zervas, Notis Botsaris, Athanasios Koutsonikas, Kitsos Tzavelas, Lambros Zikos). Not the Greek Army as such: unofficial, covertly supported by the Greek state.", "battle": "Peta (13 April 1854); Plaka; Voulgareli, Skoulikaria and Kleidi (12 May 1854)", "basis": "Insurrection during the Crimean War (Russo-Ottoman war of 1853–56), encouraged by King Otto's government; no Greek declaration of war.", "event": "Revolt began around Peta on 30 January 1854; Peta was the rebels' headquarters. A 6,000-strong Ottoman force with British and French artillery support attacked Peta on 13 April and Tzavelas withdrew behind the Greek border; after Voulgareli, Skoulikaria and Kleidi (12 May) the Epirotes retreated into Greece. The Anglo-French blockade of Piraeus cut off supplies and forced the Greek government to recall its officers.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia gives 30 January 1854 for the start (Karaiskakis's speeches in villages east of Arta, Peta region) and 12 May for the battle of Kleidi, after which the Epirotes withdrew behind the Greek border; the article does not say whether these dates are Julian or Gregorian.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus revolt of 1854; en.wikipedia Greek Volunteer Legion (the Greek government sponsored the uprisings of early 1854).", "note": "Show as an unofficial insurgent zone, not as Greek state control: the Greek state did not enter the war, and its officers took part only after resigning. en.wikipedia flags the claim of Greek state support with 'citation needed'.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1854-epirus-metsovo", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1854-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1854-03-27", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Metsovo (Grivas, March 1854)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Town only: held by Grivas's volunteers for a few weeks.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Volunteers under General Theodoros Grivas. Unofficial.", "battle": "Metsovo (March 1854)", "basis": "1854 insurrection (Crimean War).", "event": "Grivas took Metsovo in early March 1854 (his men looted it); Ottoman troops from Ioannina retook it after three days of fighting; 400 houses were burned. Grivas retreated on 27 March.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: captured 'in early March 1854', Grivas retreated on 27 March after repeated Ottoman attacks supported by Albanian irregulars. The Metsovo Museum timeline gives March 1854 for the three-day fight in which Ottoman forces from Ioannina drove Grivas out. Neither says which calendar it uses.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus revolt of 1854; metsovomuseum.gr timeline '1854'.", "note": "", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1854-epirus-north-west", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1854-02-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1854-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Insurgent districts of central and northern Epirus 1854 (Paramythia, Souli, Tsamantas, Chimarra)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line; en.wikipedia lists these places as 'under full rebel control' without dates or limits.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Local insurgents and irregulars; unofficial.", "battle": "", "basis": "1854 insurrection (Crimean War).", "event": "Reported rebel control of Paramythia, Souli, Tsamantas, Chimarra and some villages around Ioannina.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "No dates in the sources; spring 1854, ending with the general collapse of the revolt in May 1854. Month values are estimates from the overall chronology.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus revolt of 1854.", "note": "Weakly sourced; treat as a faint, approximate extent at most.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1854-thessaly-insurgents", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1854-02-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1854-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Thessalian insurgent districts 1854", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Not determinable from the sources seen. en.wikipedia (Epirus revolt of 1854) says only that the revolt was 'in full swing' in parts of Thessaly. The standard accounts associate General Christodoulos Hatzipetros with the Thessalian rising and the area of Kalambaka, but the places and dates could not be verified.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Irregulars led by Greek officers (Hatzipetros, unverified); unofficial.", "battle": "", "basis": "1854 insurrection (Crimean War).", "event": "Rising in parts of Thessaly in 1854; fighters from Thessaly and Magnesia also joined the Olympus rising in Macedonia.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Months are estimates from the overall chronology of the 1854 risings (Epirus January–May, Macedonia April–June); no Thessaly-specific dates were found.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus revolt of 1854; en.wikipedia 1854 Macedonian rebellion; en.wikipedia Greek Volunteer Legion.", "note": "Placeholder with no reliable extent: needs a Greek source (e.g. Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous vol. 13, or Hellenic Army General Staff) before drawing.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1854-macedonia-olympus-pindus", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1854-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1854-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Tempe, southern Pieria and the western Pindus (Grevena) 1854", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line: Olympus chieftains with fighters from Greece, Thessaly and Magnesia took the Vale of Tempe and parts of Pieria; Theodoros Ziakas, after defeating the Ottomans at Karpero (May 1854), took the western Pindus, attacked the Grevena area and dug in at Spilaio.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Irregular bands (Olympus chieftains, Theodoros Ziakas) with fighters from the Greek kingdom; unofficial.", "battle": "Karpero (May 1854)", "basis": "1854 Macedonian rebellion (Crimean War).", "event": "Rising in Tempe and Pieria; Ziakas's victory at Karpero; armistice on 31 May under Anglo-French diplomatic pressure; withdrawal into Greece in June 1854.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: April to June 1854; the rebels repulsed an Ottoman offensive on 28 May and an armistice was agreed on 31 May; the chieftains left for Greece in June.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1854 Macedonian rebellion.", "note": "", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1854-chalkidiki-athos", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1854-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1854-05-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sithonia and Mount Athos (Karatasos, 1854)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line: landing on Sithonia, failed attack on the Ottoman camp at Ormylia, retreat to Athos and brief capture of Karyes.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "About 500 irregulars under Tsamis (Dimitrios) Karatasos, a former aide-de-camp of King Otto; unofficial.", "battle": "Ormylia (22 April 1854)", "basis": "1854 Macedonian rebellion.", "event": "Karatasos's landing on Sithonia; brief hold on Karyes; defeat on 28 May 1854.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: landing in April 1854, attack on Ormylia on 22 April, retreat to Athos in mid-May, defeat on 28 May and withdrawal to Dafni; the rebels were taken back to Athens on the French ship Solon (date not given).", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1854 Macedonian rebellion.", "note": "The monks of Athos did not support the revolt.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1854-piraeus-occupation", "batch": "GB2", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1854-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1857-02-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Piraeus (Anglo-French occupation, Crimean War)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No defined line. The occupying troops held the port and town of Piraeus, the port of Athens, with camps in Piraeus; the sources seen do not say that Athens itself was garrisoned. The Anglo-French navy also blockaded Piraeus and other Greek ports.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "France and the United Kingdom", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Anglo-French intervention to force Greek neutrality in the Crimean War after the 1854 incursions into Ottoman Epirus, Thessaly and Macedonia.", "event": "Anglo-French squadron blockaded Piraeus and landed troops; King Otto had to recall his officers and declare neutrality; the Kriezis government was replaced by one under Alexandros Mavrokordatos (with Kallergis as minister of war) acceptable to the British and French legations. Cholera spread from the occupation troops to Athens in 1854. The occupation lasted until 1857.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The sources seen give only '1854–1857' (Metsovo Museum timeline: occupied and blockaded 1854 to 1857; the Lausanne Project: troops deployed in April 1854; a letter from Greece of 2 June 1854 (Julian) is the earliest French military mail). The standard accounts give a landing in May 1854 and an evacuation in February 1857; the days could not be verified. Greek dates of the time are Julian (12 days behind).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus revolt of 1854 (blockade of Piraeus); en.wikipedia Kingdom of Greece ('During the Crimean War the British occupied Piraeus'); en.wikipedia Greek Volunteer Legion; metsovomuseum.gr timeline 1854; thelausanneproject.com 'The Foreigner in Piraeus' (2025); efo.gr philatelic exhibit 'Greece French Military Mail' (Arvanitis); skai.gr article on the 1854 cholera and Mavrokordatos.", "note": "The sources disagree on the occupier: en.wikipedia Kingdom of Greece names only the British, the efo.gr exhibit only the French, the others both. the exact landing and departure days are not in the sources read.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1864-ionian-corfu-paxoi", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1864-06-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Corfu and Paxoi with their dependencies (neutralized)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "Islands only. Treaty of London of 29 March 1864, Art. II: Corfu and Paxo, 'after their union to the Hellenic Kingdom', shall enjoy 'the advantages of perpetual neutrality', and Greece undertakes to maintain it. (The Treaty of 14 November 1863, Art. II, had given perpetual neutrality to all the Ionian Islands; a Protocol of 25 January 1864 restricted it to Corfu and Paxo and their dependencies.) The fortifications of Corfu were to be demolished, and the UK kept the use of the port of Corfu.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of London of 29 March 1864 (Great Britain, France, Russia and Greece), following the Treaty of 14 November 1863 among the Powers and the Ionian Parliament's vote for union (19 October 1863).", "event": "Britain gave up the protectorate (1815–1864); the islands became three Greek provinces.", "signed": "1864-03-29", "in_force": "", "handover": "1864-05-28 (Protocol at Corfu ending the British Protectorate; proclamation of the Lord High Commissioner) / 1864-06-02 (= 21 May Julian: the Greek authorities took over and the British departed)", "date_note": "Union with Greece on 21 May 1864 (Julian) = 2 June 1864 (Gregorian). en.wikipedia (Treaty of London 1864, infobox of the United States of the Ionian Islands) gives '21 May 1864', the Julian date; the body of the United States of the Ionian Islands article gives 2 June 1864 for the formal union and 28 May for the Lord High Commissioner's proclamation. Holland: a Protocol signed at Corfu on 28 May 1864 recorded the end of the British Protectorate.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1864); en.wikipedia United States of the Ionian Islands; T. E. Holland, The European Concert in the Eastern Question (1885), ch. 2 (en.wikisource), for the 1863 and 1864 treaty texts and the Corfu protocol of 28 May 1864; en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece.", "note": "Ratification date not found (Holland: ratifications of the 1863 treaty were to be exchanged within six weeks). Sources disagree on the parties: en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1864) lists Greece, Prussia, Russia and the UK; the United States of the Ionian Islands article lists the UK, Greece, France and Russia. en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece gives '2 May 1864' as the signature date, which conflicts with 29 March. Neutrality matters later (e.g. the 1916 Allied occupation of Corfu, the 1923 Italian occupation).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1864-ionian-other-islands", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1864-06-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Lefkada, Ithaca, Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Kythira and their dependencies", "confidence": "good", "line": "Islands only. The United States of the Ionian Islands consisted of Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura (Lefkada), Ithaca, Cephalonia, Zante and Cerigo (Kythira) with 'the smaller islets'. The small islands named here are listed from their present attachment and are not named in the sources seen.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of London of 29 March 1864.", "event": "Union of the Ionian Islands with Greece.", "signed": "1864-03-29", "in_force": "", "handover": "1864-05-28 (Protocol at Corfu) / 1864-06-02 (Greek takeover)", "date_note": "As for Corfu: 21 May 1864 Julian = 2 June 1864 Gregorian.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1864); en.wikipedia United States of the Ionian Islands; Holland (1885) ch. 2.", "note": "Not verified: whether all the Echinades, Atokos and Arkoudi were Ionian dependencies, and whether Elafonisos (Cervi) was Ionian (Britain claimed Cervi and Sapienza as Ionian in 1850; they probably stayed Greek, so they are not counted in 1864). The mainland dependencies of the Venetian period had long gone (Parga was sold to Ali Pasha in 1819).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1878-greek-army-thessaly", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1878-02-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1878-02-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Southern Thessaly up to Domokos (Greek Army, February 1878)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From the 1832 frontier on the Othrys northwards to Domokos; the exact ground held is not described in the sources seen.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek regular army under General Skarlatos Soutsos (official, ordered by the government).", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek government decision (Koumoundouros) to send the army into Ottoman Thessaly at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, to protect the Thessalian rebels.", "event": "The army entered Ottoman Thessaly and within two days liberated villages up to Domokos; it withdrew within days or weeks under Great Power pressure.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Crossing on 21 January 1878 (Julian) = 2 February 1878 (Gregorian): skai.gr 'on this day, 21 January' and en.wikipedia 1878 Macedonian rebellion ('2 February 1878'). The withdrawal date was not found: en.wikipedia says the forces 'returned to their bases shortly after' because of Great Power intervention (and San Stefano, 3 March 1878).", "sources": "skai.gr 'Σαν σήμερα 21 Ιανουαρίου' (1878 entry); en.wikipedia 1878 Macedonian rebellion; en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1878 ('in February 1878 groups of irregulars entered Thessaly and Epirus').", "note": "Sources disagree on formality: en.wikipedia says 'Greece declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 February 1878'; skai.gr says the army invaded 'without a declaration of war'. Extent and end day need a Greek military history (Hellenic Army General Staff) before drawing.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1878-thessaly-insurgents", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1878-02-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1878-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Western Thessaly insurgent districts 1878 (Agrafa, Mouzaki)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line: Thanassis Ziakas's Agrafa band rose at Vounista, Granitsa and Mesenikolas; a committee of Greek officers, sent secretly, had its headquarters at Loutro (Karditsa).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Irregulars, with a committee of Greek officers sent secretly; at Mouzaki Lieutenants Georgios Alexandris and Takis Stournaris led the Greeks, 'with cover support from the Greek Army'. Semi-official at most.", "battle": "Mouzaki (4 May 1878)", "basis": "Thessalian revolt of 1878 during the Russo-Turkish War.", "event": "Rising in the Agrafa; victory at Mouzaki (the Ottoman commander Moussa Gkeka captured); suppression soon after.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia (Battle of Mouzaki): by early March 1878 the bands had risen; battle of Mouzaki on 4 May 1878 (calendar not stated). End month estimated: the Ottomans 'soon' suppressed the rising and the Powers pressed Greece to stop supporting it.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Mouzaki.", "note": "Other 1878 Thessalian foci (e.g. Pelion) are not in the sources seen.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1878-epirus-insurgents", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1878-02-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1878-03-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Epirus insurgent districts, February–March 1878 (Tzoumerka, north of Preveza, Radovizi)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Irregulars (Epirote unit under Hristos Mitsios at Plaka); the Greek government had stopped Spyromilios and Botsaris from leading it. Unofficial.", "battle": "Plaka (1878)", "basis": "Epirus revolt of 1878.", "event": "First areas to join: Tzoumerka, the region north of Preveza and Radovizi; declaration of union at Botsi on 12 March 1878; retreat.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: irregulars crossed in February 1878; on 12 March 1878 representatives at Botsi declared the union of Epirus with Greece, after which Ottoman troops arrived by sea and the revolutionaries retreated to the Greek border.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1878.", "note": "en.wikipedia places Tzoumerka 'west of Arta', which seems to be a slip (it lies north-east); Botsi is not identified.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1878-agioi-saranta-delvino", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1878-02-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1878-03-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Agioi Saranta–Delvino (Epirote volunteers, 1878)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line: the volunteers held Agioi Saranta town, Vurgut, Delvino, Gjashta, Lekuresi and the St George monastery.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "About 150 Epirotes under Minoas Lappas and Georgios Stephanou, joined by about 700 volunteers, mostly refugees from Corfu. Unofficial.", "battle": "Lekuresi (1878)", "basis": "Epirus revolt of 1878.", "event": "Landing at Agioi Saranta; positions held until 6,000 Ottoman regulars and Albanian irregulars marched from Ioannina; 20 villages of the Delvino region were burned in reprisal.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Dates approximate. en.wikipedia says the revolt ended 'At March 4', which conflicts with the 12 March Botsi declaration and is probably an error.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1878; en.wikipedia Battle of Lëkurës (search result, not fetched).", "note": "Faint at most: an insurgent landing, not Greek state control.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1878-macedonia-olympus-vourinos", "batch": "GB2", "status": "rising", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1878-02-18", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1878-07-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Olympus (Litochoro) and Vourinos risings 1878", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Irregulars (Kosmas Doumpiotis at Olympus, Anastasios Pichion at Vourinos). Unofficial.", "battle": "", "basis": "1878 Macedonian rebellion.", "event": "Risings at Litochoro (destroyed 4 March) and Vourinos.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: Provisional Government of Macedonia formed on 18 February 1878 at Vourinos; the Olympus revolt began at Litochoro on 19 February and Litochoro was destroyed on 4 March 1878; the infobox ends the rebellion on 13 July 1878 (the text speaks of the winter). Calendar not stated.", "sources": "en.wikipedia 1878 Macedonian rebellion.", "note": "Outside the brief's Epirus and Thessaly focus; included for completeness, with Litochoro as the only firmly held point (19 February – 4 March 1878).", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'rising'." }, { "id": "1880-berlin-conference-award", "batch": "GB2", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1880-07-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1881-05-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Thessaly and southern Epirus (1880 Berlin Conference line, Kalamas–Olympus)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "As described in the US dispatch on the Conference (FRUS 1880): starts at the northern branch of the Kalamas delta and follows the river north to 'Poadhoniani' (unidentified); turns north-east through Kalpaki (Kalbaki), splitting Zagori, so that Greece gets the valleys of the Zagoritikos and Metsovitikos with Metsovo and Ioannina; follows the watershed north of the Salamvrias (Peneus), i.e. the Peneus–Aliakmon divide (Kamvounia), touching the 'Demirkapón' and 'Tahapka' peaks; crosses the Olympus range at its highest peak ('Mount Ilias'); and runs east to the Aegean at the mouth of the Mavrolongos river. de.wikipedia: the French proposal adopted 'ran from the mouth of the Mavrolongos to that of the Kalamas'. About 22,000 km² and about 300,000 inhabitants (FRUS).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Berlin Conference of 16 June – 1 July 1880 (the six Powers), under Art. 24 of the Treaty of Berlin (13 July 1878) and Protocol 13 of the Congress of Berlin (5 July 1878).", "event": "The Powers adopted unanimously the French line drawn on the recommendation of the British technical delegate General Sir Lintorn Simmons; Greece accepted it and the Porte refused it. Greece mobilized; in April 1881 the Powers offered a smaller line, which became the 1881 settlement (about two-thirds of the Berlin award, per Lord Granville).", "signed": "1880-07-01", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The Conference opened on 16 June 1880 and its last sitting was on 1 July 1880, when the ambassadors signed the final act / collective note (de.wikipedia, FRUS). It was presented to Greece and Turkey by the collective note of 15 July 1880; the Porte objected on 26 July. The Powers gave up the line on 7 April 1881 (offer of a reduced line) and it was superseded by the Convention of 24 May 1881 (Powers–Porte); 24 May 1881 is used as the end.", "sources": "FRUS 1880, doc. 281 (history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1880/d281); de.wikipedia Berliner Konferenz 1880; Hansard (Lords) 30 June 1881 'Address for a paper'; Holland (1885) ch. 2 (en.wikisource), for the 1880–81 chronology; 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greece' (en.wikisource): the line 'would have given Greece Thessaly and southern Epirus, extending to the river Kalamas'.", "note": "Protocol 13 of 1878 only suggested a line following 'the valley of the Selmyrias (the ancient Peneus)' on the Aegean side and 'that of the Calamas' on the Ionian side; it was a recommendation, not an award. The Olympus/Kamvounia crest belongs to this 1880 line; the 1881 line ran further south, leaving Elassona and the Meluna pass Ottoman. The Thessaly part became de_jure in 1881 (event 1881-thessaly-arta); the rest (Ioannina, Metsovo, Preveza, Elassona, Thesprotia) lapsed in 1881. 'Poadhoniani', 'Demirkapón' and 'Tahapka' are as transcribed in the dispatch; they are not identified.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1881-thessaly-arta", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1881-07-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Thessaly and the Arta district (1881 line)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Article I of the Convention of 24 May 1881 (Powers–Porte), taken over by the Greek–Ottoman Convention of 2 July 1881 (Holland's text, summarized in order from east to west): from a point near the defile of Karalik-Dervend, 'between the mouth of the Salamvrias and Platamona' (about 4 km south of Platamon), west along a mountain crest between Krania and Avarnitza; between Nezeros and Analipsis to the summit of Mount Godaman; then along the Olympus crest to the summit of Kokkinopetra; west along the crest between Ligara and Derveni-Melona (the Meluna pass, left Ottoman) to the summit of Mount Kritiri; to the right bank of the Xeraghis (Xerias) and along the watershed south-west to the heights north of Zarko (the line passes north of Zarkos); north-west along the watershed towards Diminitza, then west, leaving Elevtherokhorion (Eleftherochori) to Turkey; along the watershed by Flamouristi, Gavronon and Georgitza to the summit of Mount Kratchovo; south along the crest by the summits of Zygos, Dokini and Peristeri; down the stream that 'carries off by the shortest way the rainfall' of Peristeri to the River Arta (Arachthos), passing near Kalarrhytes and Mikalitzi (left Ottoman); then the thalweg of the Arachthos to its mouth in the Gulf of Arta. 'This delimitation will be fixed on the spot by a Commission composed of the Delegates of the Six Powers'. Elassona and the Meluna pass, Metsovo, Kalarrytes and Syrrako, Ioannina and Preveza remained Ottoman.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Convention of Constantinople of 2 July 1881 (Greece–Ottoman Empire, signed by Andreas Koundouriotis and Mahmud Server Pasha and ratified the same day), executing the Convention of 24 May 1881 between the six mediating Powers and the Porte (ratified 14 June 1881), under Art. 24 of the Treaty of Berlin.", "event": "Peaceful transfer of Thessaly (apart from Elassona) and the Arta district; Greek troops crossed on 6 July 1881; Chilil Pasha handed over Larissa and the mayor Etem Effendi gave up the keys of the city. About 13,400 km² and about 300,000 people (poimin.gr); Lord Granville in the Lords: 'more or less 5,000 square miles', about two-thirds of the Berlin award.", "signed": "1881-07-02", "in_force": "1881-07-02", "handover": "1881-07-06 to c. 1881-11 (in sections; Larissa 31 August 1881, calendar not stated)", "date_note": "Start = 6 July 1881, when Greek troops crossed the old frontier (Holland). The territory was then handed over 'section by section' under officers of the Powers, under an Act annexed to the Convention, to be finished within five months (Hansard, 30 June 1881), i.e. by about November–December 1881. The only town date found: Larissa was handed over on 31 August 1881 (poimin.gr; calendar not stated; if Julian, 12 September Gregorian), the army under Skarlatos Soutsos coming from the Othrys via Trikala. Dates for Arta, Volos, Trikala, Karditsa and the other towns were not found. Delimitation protocol: 28 November 1881.", "sources": "Holland, The European Concert in the Eastern Question (1885), ch. 2, on en.wikisource (Article I text, 6 July 1881 crossing, 28 November 1881 protocol, 1882 dispute); en.wikipedia Convention of Constantinople (1881); en.wikipedia Congress of Berlin; Hansard (Lords) 30 June 1881; poimin.gr (Larissa, 31 August 1881); 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greece' (the boundary 'traced in 1881' from the Aegean near Platamona to the mouth of the river Arta).", "note": "From 4 December 1897 this area is reduced by the strips ceded to the Ottoman Empire (event 1897-frontier-rectification-strips); the four points disputed in 1881–82 are in event 1881-82-disputed-frontier-points. The Olympus/Kamvounia crest of the 1880 line does not apply here. The el.wikipedia URL given for the convention returned 'not found', and the Greek MFA text of the convention (web.archive.org copy of mfa.gr 1881_constantinople_convention.doc) was blocked by the permission system, so the zone-by-zone handover dates are still missing. Where Holland's text (as summarized) says the line turns west 'about 18 km short of Diminitza', check the original.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1881-punta", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1881-07-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Punta (Aktio) at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta", "confidence": "good", "line": "Convention of 24 May 1881, Art. II: Punta and its territory are ceded to Greece; the forts covering the entrance of the Gulf of Arta on both the Preveza and the Punta sides to be disarmed within three months and kept disarmed in peacetime; free navigation of the gulf. Under the 1832 arrangement the fort of Punta had stayed Ottoman with a surrounding radius of 'not less than half an hour, nor more than an hour'.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Convention of 24 May 1881, Art. II; Convention of Constantinople of 2 July 1881.", "event": "The Ottoman enclave of Punta, on the Acarnanian shore of the Preveza strait, passed to Greece.", "signed": "1881-07-02", "in_force": "1881-07-02", "handover": "1881 (date not found)", "date_note": "Handover date not found; within the 1881 section-by-section transfer (6 July 1881 onwards).", "sources": "Holland (1885) ch. 2 (en.wikisource): texts of the 1832 arrangement and of the 1881 Convention, Art. II.", "note": "A small enclave of 1832–1881 that the map can easily miss.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1881-82-disputed-frontier-points", "batch": "GB2", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1882-11-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1897-12-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "The four points disputed in 1881–82 (Karalik-Dervend, Nezeros/Analipsis, Kritzovali, Gounitza)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Small strips along the 1881 line where the Turks signed the Delimitation Commission's final protocol (28 November 1881) 'under reserve', objecting to giving them up: Karalik-Dervend, Nezeros (or Analypsis), Kritzovali and Gounitza. After fighting near Karalik-Dervend in August 1882, a protocol of 9 November 1882 settled the matter by 'accepting the frontier as it had been laid down by the international Commission', so the points went to Greece.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Karalik-Dervend (August 1882)", "basis": "Final protocol of the Delimitation Commission, Constantinople, 28 November 1881; Greek–Ottoman protocol of 9 November 1882.", "event": "Dispute over four points of the 1881 line; Greek–Ottoman fighting at Karalik-Dervend in August 1882; armistice 6 September 1882; settlement 9 November 1882.", "signed": "1882-11-09", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = protocol of 9 November 1882 (armistice of 6 September 1882 after the August fighting); the actual handover date was not found. End: some or all of these heights were probably among the strategic points returned to the Ottomans in 1897 (not verified); if not, end should be null.", "sources": "Holland (1885) ch. 2 (en.wikisource).", "note": "Kritzovali and Gounitza could not be located. Who held these points between July 1881 and November 1882 is not stated (probably Ottoman troops, given the fighting).", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_jure' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1897-crete-vassos-expedition", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1897-02-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1897-05-09", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Crete outside the towns (Vassos's expeditionary corps)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line. Vassos landed at Kolymbari, set up his headquarters at Platanias–Alikianos, and declared that he would not enter the four cities where the European fleets were present but intended 'to occupy the rest of Crete'. Voukolies was taken on 19 February 1897 by about 600 Cretan rebels, volunteers and Greek soldiers. The corps did not approach Chania and 'accomplished little'.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "About 1,500 men (two battalions) of the Greek Army under Colonel Timoleon Vassos. Official.", "battle": "Voukolies (19 February 1897)", "basis": "Greek government decision (Deligiannis) to send the army to annex Crete; Vassos proclaimed the union of Crete with Greece on landing.", "event": "Landing and proclamation of union; the Powers' ultimatum (18 February / 2 March 1897), the blockade from 21 March and the Powers' proclamation of Cretan autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty (20 March 1897) followed; Vassos was recalled in May.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Landing date varies: en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897): 14 February (2 February Julian) at Platanias; en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1897–1898): 16 February at Kolymbari; Foundation of the Hellenic World (fhw.gr, Julian dates): 3 February = 15 February Gregorian, at Kolymbari Bay. 15 February is used. End: Vassos returned to Greece with the volunteers on 9 May 1897 (en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1897–1898); fhw.gr chronos 1833–1897 foreign policy, fact 08.", "note": "International troops of five Powers (Germany sent none) occupied the main Cretan towns from late March–April 1897.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-epirus-first-advance", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1897-04-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1897-04-29", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek advance across the Arachthos to Philippiada and Pente Pigadia (April 1897)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From the Arachthos at Arta north-west to Philippiada and north to Pente Pigadia.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus under Colonel Thrasyvoulos Manos. Official.", "battle": "Arta bridge (18 April 1897); Pente Pigadia (April 1897)", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897 (war declared 18 April 1897).", "event": "The Greek Army crossed into Ottoman Epirus, took Philippiada and Pente Pigadia, and was thrown back to Arta at the end of April.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "1911 Britannica (Gregorian dates): the Turks bombarded Arta from 18 April for three days and withdrew towards Philippiada on the night of 21 April; on 23 April Colonel Manos occupied Philippiada and advanced to Pente Pigadia; on 28–29 April the advanced force near 'Homopulos' was attacked and driven back towards Arta. en.wikipedia: Manos captured Pente Pigadia about 23 April. istorikathemata.com (Julian dates, presumably): Ottoman victory at Pente Pigadia on 11 April (= 23 April Gregorian), Greeks fell back to Koumoutzades. End 29 April is approximate.", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greco-Turkish War, 1897' (en.wikisource); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); istorikathemata.com 'Ο ατυχής ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897' (2016).", "note": "The sources disagree on whether the fight at Pente Pigadia around 23 April was a Greek capture or an Ottoman victory.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-epirus-second-advance", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1897-05-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1897-05-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Second Greek incursion towards Preveza (May 1897)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line. On 12 May the Greeks began a new incursion and tried to cut off Preveza; fighting at Strevina on 13–14 May and an attack on Gribovo (Grimbovo) repulsed; retreat ordered on the night of 15 May; Epirote volunteers landed at the mouth of the Louros and were routed. At the armistice of 19 May Greek troops were still, if only just, on Ottoman soil in Epirus.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus (Manos) and Epirote volunteers. Official.", "battle": "Gribovo / Strevina (13–14 May 1897)", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897.", "event": "Failed attempt to cut off Preveza; heavy Greek casualties; retreat.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Gregorian dates from the 1911 Britannica and en.wikipedia; istorikathemata gives 2 May (Julian = 14 May) for the repulse at Grimbovo and 7 May (Julian = 19 May) for the armistice. End = night of 15 May, when the retreat was ordered; the small foothold still held at the armistice was presumably given up by the peace (date not found).", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greco-Turkish War, 1897'; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); istorikathemata.com (2016).", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-grevena-villages", "batch": "GB2", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1897-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1897-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Villages of the Grevena district entered by Greek forces in 1897", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No line: en.wikipedia lists the villages Gkrintades (now Aimilianos), Kipoureio, Pigaditsa, Plesia (now Melissi), Sitovo and Zalovo as entered 'without major difficulties', and Baltinon (now Kallithea), where local Aromanian fighters resisted.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "'Greek forces' (en.wikipedia); probably irregular bands with some army officers, since about 2,600 Greek irregulars had crossed into Ottoman Macedonia on 24 March 1897. Officialness unclear.", "battle": "", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897.", "event": "Greek incursion into the Grevena district; Aromanian resistance at Baltinon.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "No dates given; presumably April–May 1897, before the armistice of 20 May. Months are estimates.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897).", "note": "en.wikipedia puts this in its Epirus section, but the villages are in the Grevena district (West Macedonia). Confirm against a Greek source before drawing.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-ottoman-occupation-tyrnavos", "batch": "GB2", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1897-04-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1898-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Frontier zone and Tyrnavos (Ottoman occupation 1897–98)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From the 1881 line (Meluna pass) south to Tyrnavos and Deleria.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Ottoman Empire (army of Edhem Pasha)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Mati (21–22 April 1897)", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897.", "event": "After the Greek defeat at Mati the Greek Army withdrew from the frontier and Tyrnavos.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "1911 Britannica (Gregorian): Edhem Pasha ordered the general advance from Elassona on 18 April; the Meluna pass was occupied on 19 April; fighting at Mati on 21–22 April; the Turkish left column reached Deliler on 23 April. fhw.gr: Tyrnavos taken 12 April (Julian) = 24 April. tirnavospress.gr (Julian, presumably): Ottomans descended from Meluna towards Mati on 8 April (= 20 April); Deleria and Mousalar occupied on the night of 11 April (= 23 April). End: see 1897-ottoman-occupation-larissa.", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greco-Turkish War, 1897'; fhw.gr; tirnavospress.gr 'Ο ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897 σε θεσσαλικό έδαφος'; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897) (fighting outside Tyrnavos on 21–22 April).", "note": "Greek irregulars crossed the frontier on 9–10 April and Greek regulars took part in fighting on 16–17 April (1911 Britannica), but no Greek-held ground across the Thessalian frontier is described.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-ottoman-occupation-larissa", "batch": "GB2", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1897-04-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1898-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Larissa and the eastern Thessalian plain (Ottoman occupation 1897–98)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "The Larissa plain north of Farsala and west of Velestino; the dates for Agia and Tempi were not found.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Ottoman Empire", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Mati (21–22 April 1897)", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897; evacuation under the Treaty of Constantinople (4 December 1897) once the indemnity was secured.", "event": "General Greek retreat from Larissa to Farsala; Ottoman entry into Larissa.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1898-05 (Ottoman evacuation of Thessaly)", "date_note": "Larissa was abandoned by the Greek Army on 24/25 April (istorikathemata: 13 April Julian = 25 April; fhw.gr: taken on Easter Day, 13 April Julian = 25 April); the Turkish commander-in-chief entered on 27 April (1911 Britannica; en.wikipedia 'Larissa fell on 27 April'; istorikathemata: Edhem entered two days after the abandonment). Evacuation: fhw.gr 'Ottoman troops did not withdraw from Thessaly until May 1898'; tirnavospress.gr 'end of April or early May 1898' (calendar not stated); gaiaelliniki.gr 'until February 1898'. End = May 1898 (month only).", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greco-Turkish War, 1897'; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); istorikathemata.com (2016); fhw.gr; tirnavospress.gr; gaiaelliniki.gr (2021).", "note": "The day of the evacuation (and whether it was staged town by town) is not pinned down; the sources disagree (February vs April/May vs May 1898).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-ottoman-occupation-west-thessaly", "batch": "GB2", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1897-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1898-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Western Thessaly: Trikala, Kalambaka, Karditsa (Ottoman occupation 1897–98)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "The Greek part of western Thessaly, from the 1881 line to the Agrafa.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Ottoman Empire", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897.", "event": "Ottoman occupation of western Thessaly after the Greek retreat.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1898-05", "date_note": "The Ottoman entry dates for Trikala, Kalambaka and Karditsa were not found in any source seen; they were given up when the Greek Army fell back from Larissa to Farsala and Domokos (late April – May 1897). Start = May 1897 (estimate; could be late April). End as for Larissa.", "sources": "Inference from the chronology in the 1911 Britannica and en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); FHW and tirnavospress for the evacuation.", "note": "Needs town dates from a Greek source.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-ottoman-occupation-velestino-volos-farsala", "batch": "GB2", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1897-05-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1898-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Velestino, Volos, Farsala and Magnesia (Ottoman occupation 1897–98)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "South-eastern Thessaly down to Almyros and the Othrys.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Ottoman Empire", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Velestino (27–30 April and 5 May 1897); Farsala (5–6 May 1897)", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897.", "event": "After Farsala and Velestino the Greek Army fell back to Domokos; the Ottomans entered Volos without damage.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1898-05", "date_note": "1911 Britannica: on 5 May the Greeks were driven from their positions before Farsala and Velestino was abandoned that evening (Smolenskis retiring to Almyros); on 6 May the army withdrew from Farsala to Domokos. en.wikipedia and fhw.gr (26 April Julian): Volos fell on 8 May. Almyros was left when Smolenskis went to Thermopylae (he arrived on 18 May); its occupation date was not found. End as for Larissa.", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greco-Turkish War, 1897'; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); fhw.gr; istorikathemata.com; tirnavospress.gr.", "note": "Magnesia south of Volos (Pelion, Almyros) is included on the assumption that all of Thessaly was occupied; dates there were not found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-ottoman-occupation-domokos-othrys", "batch": "GB2", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1897-05-18", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1898-05-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Domokos, the Othrys passes and the approaches to Lamia (part of Phthiotis)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Front at the armistice (approx.): the Ottoman vanguard at the outposts of Palioukoulia, Kamilovrysi and Taratsa just outside Lamia, the Greek Army at Lamia and Thermopylae. From Domokos south over the Othrys by the Furka pass (Derven Furka, now Kalamaki) to Taratsa.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Ottoman Empire", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Domokos (17 May 1897)", "basis": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897; armistice of 20 May 1897 after the intervention of Tsar Nicholas II.", "event": "Domokos was the last battle; the Ottoman army crossed the Othrys and stopped just north of Lamia; Smolenskis was ordered to hold Thermopylae.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1898-05", "date_note": "Battle of Domokos on 17 May 1897; the Greeks left Domokos during the night of 17/18 May and the Furka pass the following night (1911 Britannica). gaiaelliniki.gr (Julian, apparently): fighting at Derven Furka on 6 May (= 18 May); on 7 May (= 19 May) the Ottoman vanguard reached the outposts of Palioukoulia, Kamilovrysi and Taratsa, and the Turks camped at Taratsa. Ceasefire 19 May in Epirus and 20 May in Thessaly (en.wikipedia). End as for Larissa (May 1898); when the Ottomans left the ground south of the 1832 line was not found.", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greco-Turkish War, 1897'; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); en.wikipedia Battle of Domokos; gaiaelliniki.gr 'Ο ατυχής ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897 και η μάχη του Δομοκού' (2021); fhw.gr.", "note": "Disagreement: en.wikipedia Battle of Domokos says Edhem Pasha advanced about 40 km and 'captured' the Thermopylae pass; the other sources say the Greeks held Thermopylae and the Ottomans stopped at Taratsa outside Lamia. Taratsa = Roditsa and Derven Furka = Kalamaki are given by gaiaelliniki; coordinates are approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1897-frontier-rectification-strips", "batch": "GB2", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1881-07-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1897-12-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Frontier strips of Thessaly returned to the Ottoman Empire in 1897", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Not pinned down. The treaty gave the Ottomans 'some strategical points on the frontier possessing no geographical importance' (1911 Britannica), 'small changes in the pre-war border line in favour of the Ottomans' (en.wikipedia). tirnavospress.gr: the Ottomans gained strategic heights, not inhabited areas, except the village of Koutsoufliani west of Elassona; Greece evacuated the area 'between Olympus and the Kamvounia'. Area ceded: 152 square miles (about 394 km²) (1911 Britannica, 'Greece', area section). Likely candidates, not verified: the 1881–82 disputed points (Karalik-Dervend, Nezeros/Analipsis, Kritzovali, Gounitza), the Meluna–Kritiri heights, the heights north of Zarkos.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Domokos (17 May 1897)", "basis": "Treaty of Constantinople of 4 December 1897 (Greece–Ottoman Empire), after the Great Powers' mediation; Greece also paid an indemnity of 4,000,000 Turkish pounds and accepted the International Financial Commission.", "event": "Greece ceded strategic frontier points in Thessaly to the Ottoman Empire.", "signed": "1897-12-04", "in_force": "", "handover": "In fact never handed back after the 1897 occupation; the new line was marked out after the treaty (details not found)", "date_note": "Greek de jure from the 1881 cession (or 1882 for the disputed points) until the Treaty of Constantinople, signed 22 November 1897 (Julian) = 4 December 1897 (in.gr). The preliminary peace was signed in September 1897 (en.wikipedia: 20 September; usually given as 18 September; not verified). Held by the Ottoman army since April 1897 and kept by it at the evacuation of May 1898.", "sources": "1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica 'Greece' (en.wikisource): 'some strategical points on the frontier' and 152 sq. m.; en.wikipedia Treaty of Constantinople (1897); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897) (infobox: 'Small parts of Thessaly ceded'); tirnavospress.gr; in.gr (22 November 2020) on the treaty.", "note": "The main gap in the research: the treaty's Article 1 and the 1898 delimitation protocol must be found to draw the strips (try the treaty text in Martens, Nouveau Recueil Général, 2e série, t. 28, or Hellenic Army General Staff). Koutsoufliani's present name was not found. The 1897 losses were recovered in 1912 (next batch).", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_jure' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1898-cretan-state", "batch": "GB2", "status": "autonomous", "status_research": "autonomous", "start": "1898-12-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1908-10-07", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Cretan State (under Prince George and Zaimis)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "The whole island. The Powers kept troops in the main towns (international occupation since March–April 1897) and their flags on the Souda fortress islet.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty proclaimed by the Powers on 20 March 1897; Cretan State set up under the four protecting Powers (Britain, France, Italy, Russia) with Prince George of Greece as High Commissioner (1898–1906), then Alexandros Zaimis (1906–).", "event": "The Admirals' Council was dissolved on 26 December 1898; the Theriso revolt began on 23 March 1905; Prince George was replaced by Zaimis in September 1906, after which the withdrawal of the foreign troops began; a constitution followed in February 1907.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Prince George arrived as High Commissioner on 9 December (Julian) = 21 December 1898 (Gregorian) (en.wikipedia Cretan State; the same article also says '13 December' in one place). The Ottoman troops had been expelled in November 1898 after the Powers' ultimatum of 17 October 1898 (30 days). End = the Cretan Assembly's declaration of union on 7 October 1908 (24 September Julian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Cretan State; en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1897–1898).", "note": "The occupation sectors (in the standard accounts: British at Heraklion, French in Lasithi, Russian at Rethymno, Italian in the Chania district, with Chania town shared) are not given in the sources seen. Brief: show faintly.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1908-crete-union-declared", "batch": "GB2", "status": "autonomous", "status_research": "autonomous", "start": "1908-10-07", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1912-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Crete after the declaration of union (self-governing, union not accepted by Greece)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "The whole island; the Powers' flags stayed on the Souda fortress until 14 February 1913.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Unilateral declaration of union (enosis) by the Cretan Assembly, not recognized by Greece or the Powers until 1912–13.", "event": "Crete governed itself in the name of the King of the Hellenes; the international troops left in 1909; Venizelos became Greek prime minister in 1910.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: declaration of union by the Cretan deputies on 24 September (Julian) = 7 October 1908 (en.wikipedia Cretan State infobox), after the Young Turk Revolution of July 1908. Withdrawal of the international troops: July 1909 in the standard accounts (not verified; en.wikipedia says only that the withdrawal began after September 1906). End: in October 1912, with the First Balkan War, Greece admitted the Cretan deputies to its parliament and sent Stephanos Dragoumis as governor-general (en.wikipedia gives no day; often given as 1/14 October 1912, not verified). In May 1912 the Cretan deputies had been kept out of the Greek parliament by the police.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Cretan State; en.wikipedia Kingdom of Greece.", "note": "For the next batch: the Great Powers lowered their flags at Souda on 14 February 1913; the Treaty of London (30 May 1913) ended the Sultan's rights; the formal union ceremony was on 1 December 1913 at the Firka fortress in Chania.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1834-principality-of-samos", "batch": "GB2", "status": "autonomous", "status_research": "autonomous", "start": "1834-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1913-03-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Principality of Samos", "confidence": "good", "line": "The island of Samos. Ikaria was part of the same metropolitan district but not, as far as the sources seen say, of the principality.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Tributary principality under Ottoman suzerainty set up after the London Protocol and the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 left Samos to the Ottoman Empire.", "event": "Autonomous principality with Christian princes appointed by the Porte, from Stefanos Vogoridis (1834–1850) to Grigorios Vegleris (April–August 1912).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: 1834 (en.wikipedia infobox and lead; the officeholders table gives Stefanos Vogoridis from January 1833, and the firman setting up the principality is usually dated December 1832; year only). End: on 11/24 November 1912 the Samian parliament declared union with Greece after Themistoklis Sofoulis landed and the Ottoman garrison withdrew; the union took effect on 2 March 1913 (en.wikipedia, citation needed); en.wikipedia Kingdom of Greece says the island was not occupied by Greek forces until 13 March 1913 and was securely Greek by 16 March.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Principality of Samos; en.wikipedia Kingdom of Greece.", "note": "Whether Fournoi or other islets belonged to the principality was not checked. Brief: show faintly. The union of 1912–13 belongs to the next batch. In July 1912 Ikaria rose and formed a short-lived Free State (not covered here).", "editorial": "The principality's government declared union on 24 Nov 1912 but Samos stayed self-governing until the Greek landing of 13 Mar 1913 (GB3)." }, { "id": "1912-icaria-free-state", "batch": "GB3", "status": "autonomous", "status_research": "autonomous", "start": "1912-07-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1912-11-17", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Free State of Icaria", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Ikarian insurgents (Ioannis Malachias)", "battle": "", "basis": "Local uprising; independence proclaimed until the Greek Navy took over", "event": "Ikarians expelled the Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a Free State, ended when Greece occupied the island on 4 November 1912 (Julian).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Revolt 16-18 July 1912 (Ottoman administrator surrendered 18 July); FOTW gives the Free State as 17-7-1912 to 4-11-1912 without calendar; these are Greek (Julian) dates, converted +13 days. If the sources meant Gregorian, start 1912-07-17 and end 1912-11-04.", "sources": "fotw.info/flags/gr-ai-ik.html; thecollector.com 'How one tiny island took on the Ottoman Empire'; Hellenic Navy (averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034) for 4 November", "note": "Starts before this batch's period (October 1912). Greek-populated entity outside the Greek state, comparable to Samos and Crete; show faintly. (Julian 17 July – 4 November 1912)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-ikaria", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Ikaria", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation in the First Balkan War at the invitation of the Free State", "event": "Greek forces took over Ikaria from the Free State of Icaria.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Hellenic Navy and FOTW give 4 November 1912, calendar not stated; Greek naval dates of 1912 are Julian, so 4 Nov Julian = 17 Nov Gregorian. FOTW adds 'union with Greece June 1913'.", "sources": "Hellenic Navy, 'Liberation of the North Aegean islands' (averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034): Mount Athos and Ikaria 'on November 2 and 4 respectively'; fotw.info gr-ai-ik", "note": "(Julian 4 November 1912). Becomes de_jure with the Great Powers' decision of 13 February 1914 (see 1914-aegean-islands-de-jure).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-crete-greek-administration", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-12-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Crete", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek government (Governor-General Stephanos Dragoumis)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek administration of the autonomous island, then cession by the Ottoman Sultan 'to their Majesties the Allied Sovereigns' in the Treaty of London (30 May 1913)", "event": "Greece administered Crete from October 1912; the Ottoman Empire ceded it to the Balkan allies on 30 May 1913 and recognized Greek sovereignty on 14 November 1913.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: Greek governor and Cretan deputies in the Greek parliament from 1/14 October 1912 (brief; standard histories). End: formal union ceremony, see 1913-crete-union.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1913) (quote: 'cedes to their Majesties the Allied Sovereigns the island of Crete'); en.wikipedia Treaty of Athens; batch brief", "note": "(Julian 1 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-crete-union", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1913-12-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Crete", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of London (30 May 1913): Ottoman cession of Crete to the Allied Sovereigns; Treaty of Athens (14 November 1913): Ottoman recognition of Greek sovereignty over Crete", "event": "Formal union of Crete with Greece; Greek flag raised at the Firkas fortress in Chania in the presence of King Constantine and Venizelos.", "signed": "1913-05-30 (Treaty of London); 1913-11-14 (Treaty of Athens)", "in_force": "1913-11-14 (Treaty of Athens; ratification date not found)", "handover": "1913-12-14 (Greek flag raised at Firkas, Chania)", "date_note": "The flag was raised at Firkas on '1 December 1913'. Greece was still on the Julian calendar and Greek sources (and the annual commemoration on 1 December) use the Julian date, so 1 Dec Julian = 14 Dec 1913 Gregorian. Some English sources give 1 December as if Gregorian. If you prefer the treaty date, use 1913-11-14.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1913); en.wikipedia Treaty of Athens (Ottomans acknowledged 'Greek sovereignty on the island of' Crete); batch brief (flag raised 1 December 1913)", "note": "(Julian 1 December 1913).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-samos", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Samos", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army and navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Greek forces landed on Samos and had removed the Ottoman garrison by 16 March 1913.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: attacked 13 March 1913, secured by 16 March (Gregorian); sansimera: 'liberated 2 March 1913' (Julian = 15 March).", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War; sansimera.gr articles/840; in.gr 2019-10-05 'Α΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος'", "note": "(Julian 28 February – 2 March 1913). De jure from the Great Powers' decision of 13 February 1914.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-elassona-deskati", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-19", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Elassona and Deskati (north of the 1881 line)", "confidence": "good", "line": "From the 1881 Greek–Ottoman border north to the Sarantaporo pass and the Kamvounia range.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly (Crown Prince Constantine)", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Greece declared war 5/18 October 1912; the Army of Thessaly crossed the border the same day and took Elassona and Deskati on 6/19 October.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Army of Thessaly crossed the border 5/18 October 1912; Ottoman units at Elassona and Deskati driven back on 6 October 1912 (Julian) = 19 October Gregorian.", "sources": "stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη Σαρανταπόρου (9-10 Οκτ 1912)' (border crossed 5 Oct; 'στις 6 Οκτωβρίου, τα εγκαταστημένα στην Ελασσόνα και Δεσκάτη τμήματα του εχθρού'); sansimera.gr articles/840 (Elassona 6 October)", "note": "(Julian 6 October 1912). De jure from 1913-08-30, see 1913-macedonia-de-jure.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-sarantaporo-servia", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sarantaporo pass and Servia", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly", "battle": "Sarantaporo", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "After the Battle of Sarantaporo the Ottomans abandoned the pass in the night of 9/10 October; Greek forces entered Servia.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle of Sarantaporo 9-10 October 1912 Julian = 22-23 October Gregorian; Servia entered on the afternoon of 10 October Julian = 23 October; the 4th Division took the Aliakmon bridge intact on 10 October.", "sources": "stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη Σαρανταπόρου'; sansimera.gr articles/840 ('Σέρβια 10 Οκτωβρίου, entered in the afternoon'); en.wikipedia First Balkan War (Sarantaporo, undated)", "note": "(Julian 9-10 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-kozani", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kozani", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Cavalry Brigade (Army of Thessaly)", "battle": "Sarantaporo", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Kozani was taken by parts of the Cavalry Brigade.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "11 October 1912 Julian = 24 October Gregorian.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/840; in.gr 2019-10-05", "note": "(Julian 11 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-grevena-siatista", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Grevena and Siatista", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly (Evzone detachment)", "battle": "Sarantaporo", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Greek detachments occupied the Grevena and Siatista area after Kozani.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only. Stratistoria mentions an Evzone detachment assigned to 'the area of Grevena' after the liberation of Kozani (i.e. after 11/24 October 1912). No day was found in the sources read; local commemorations (not verified) put both in the second half of October 1912 (Julian).", "sources": "stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών' (Evzone detachment to 'την περιοχή Γρεβενών')", "note": "Day not found; do not use a precise day.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-eordaia-amyntaio", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eordaia and Amyntaio (Sorovich)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 5th Division; later the Center Group of the Greek Army", "battle": "Sorovich (Greek defeat); Vevi (15 November 1912, Greek defeat)", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Advance of the 5th Division to Sorovich, its defeat and retreat, and reoccupation in November 1912.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The 5th Division was in the Amyntaio–Xyno Nero area on the afternoon of 18 October 1912 Julian (= 31 October). It was then routed at Sorovich (late October 1912; exact days not in the pages read) and fell back; by the evening of 6 November Julian (= 19 November) the Center Group again held the line Xyno Nero – Amyntaio – Arnissa.", "sources": "stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών' (disposition of 18 October) and 'Απελευθέρωση Φλώρινας' (line Xyno Nero–Amyntaio–Arnissa on 6 November); en.wikipedia First Balkan War (Vevi 15 November 1912 N.S. / 2 November O.S., Greek 5th Division forced to retreat)", "note": "Short interruption of control after Sorovich (about late Oct – mid Nov 1912 Gregorian) not dated precisely.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-katerini", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Pieria (Katerini)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly", "battle": "Sarantaporo", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Katerini liberated.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "16 October 1912 Julian = 29 October Gregorian.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/840; in.gr 2019-10-05", "note": "(Julian 16 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-veria-naousa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Imathia (Veria, Naousa)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly", "battle": "Sarantaporo", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Veria and the Imathia plain taken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Veria 16 October 1912 Julian (= 29 October) per sansimera; stratistoria says the Cavalry Brigade reached Veria only on the afternoon of 18 October Julian (= 31 October). Naousa: no date found (same days).", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/840; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών'", "note": "(Julian 16-18 October 1912). Sources disagree by two days.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-edessa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Edessa (Vodena) and western Pella", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Edessa taken ('κατέλαβε την Έδεσσα').", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "18 October 1912 Julian = 31 October Gregorian (title of a Nea tis Pellas article seen in search results; stratistoria confirms the capture without date).", "sources": "neapellas.gr '18 Οκτωβρίου 1912: η Απελευθέρωση της Έδεσσας' (title in search results; page itself could not be read); stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών'", "note": "(Julian 18 October 1912). Almopia: no date found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-giannitsa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Giannitsa and eastern Pella", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly", "battle": "Giannitsa", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Greek victory at Giannitsa opened the road to Thessaloniki; the army crossed the Loudias on 20 October (Julian).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle 19-20 October 1912 Julian = 1-2 November Gregorian (en.wikipedia: 2 November N.S. / 20 October O.S.).", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών (19-20 Οκτ 1912)'; sansimera.gr articles/840", "note": "(Julian 19-20 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-thessaloniki", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Thessaloniki", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "Bulgarian troops (a Bulgarian division entered the city after the Greek surrender and stayed until the Greek–Bulgarian clash of late June 1913)", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Thessaly (Crown Prince Constantine)", "battle": "Giannitsa", "basis": "Capitulation of the Ottoman garrison to the Greek Army", "event": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha surrendered Thessaloniki and its garrison to the Greek Army.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1912-11-09 (Hasan Tahsin Pasha surrendered the city)", "date_note": "Surrender protocol signed on 26 October 1912 Julian (= 8 November, late evening); en.wikipedia gives the surrender of the city and its 26,000-man garrison as 9 November N.S. / 27 October O.S., the day the Greek Army entered.", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War; sansimera.gr articles/840 ('26 Οκτωβρίου 1912' surrender signed)", "note": "(Julian 26-27 October 1912). Bulgarian co-presence in the city from about 10 November 1912 to the expulsion of the Bulgarian garrison on 17-18 June 1913 Julian (30 June – 1 July Gregorian): these dates are from standard histories, not from the pages read; treat as approx.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-chalkidiki", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Chalkidiki (without Mount Athos)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Giannitsa", "basis": "Military occupation after the surrender of Thessaloniki", "event": "Chalkidiki came under Greek control after the fall of Thessaloniki.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only: the Ottoman capitulation at Thessaloniki covered the region; no dates for the Greek entry into the Chalkidiki towns were found.", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War (surrender of Thessaloniki); no specific source for Chalkidiki", "note": "Extent and date approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-mount-athos", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Mount Athos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval landing, First Balkan War", "event": "Greek naval forces took Mount Athos.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Hellenic Navy: liberated on 2 November 1912 (Julian) = 15 November Gregorian.", "sources": "Hellenic Navy, averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034 ('Mount Athos ... on November 2')", "note": "(Julian 2 November 1912). END LEFT OPEN: the Treaty of London (1913) is usually summarized as leaving the title to the Aegean islands and to the peninsula of Mount Athos to the Great Powers (its Art. 5; not verified in the page read). Greek sovereignty over Athos was not settled by any treaty in this batch; the recognition at Lausanne is the record '1924-mount-athos'.", "editorial": "Greek-held from Nov 1912; Greek sovereignty (with the monastic autonomy) recognized at Lausanne (in force 6 Aug 1924)." }, { "id": "1912-florina", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Florina", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Center Group, Cavalry)", "battle": "Vevi (15 November 1912, Greek defeat); Ottoman withdrawal after the Serbs took Monastir", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Florina liberated after the Ottoman retreat from Monastir.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Cavalry entered on the afternoon of 7 November 1912 Julian (= 20 November); the commander-in-chief entered on 8 November Julian (= 21 November).", "sources": "stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Απελευθέρωση Φλώρινας (8 Νοε 1912)' ('Την επομένη, 8 Νοεμβρίου 1912, μπήκε στην Φλώρινα'); sansimera.gr articles/840 (7 November); en.wikipedia First Balkan War (Vevi)", "note": "(Julian 7-8 November 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-kastoria", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kastoria", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Kastoria liberated.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "sansimera gives 10 November 1912 (Julian) = 23 November; the town's own commemoration is on 11 November (Julian) = 24 November.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/840; in.gr 2019-10-05", "note": "(Julian 10/11 November 1912). One-day disagreement between sources.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-philippiada-louros", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-11-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Philippiada and the Louros valley", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus (Konstantinos Sapountzakis)", "battle": "Gribovo (Ottoman counter-attack repulsed)", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "The Army of Epirus advanced from Arta and took Philippiada.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War says Philippiada was captured '30 September (N.S.) / 12 October (O.S.)', which is inconsistent; 12 October Julian = 25 October Gregorian is used. The Army of Epirus crossed the Arta border on 5/18 October 1912.", "sources": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War; en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani (Gribovo)", "note": "(Julian 12 October 1912). Coordinates of Gribovo are approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-preveza", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-11-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Preveza", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus", "battle": "Nicopolis", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "After the Battle of Nicopolis, Greek forces entered Preveza.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Preveza liberated 21 October 1912 Julian = 3 November Gregorian. en.wikipedia First Balkan War writes '8 October (N.S.) / 21 October (O.S.)', which is a mis-conversion; Battle of Bizani article gives 'October 21, 1912'.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/840 (21 October); en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani; en.wikipedia First Balkan War", "note": "(Julian 21 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-chimarra", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-18", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-04-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Chimarra", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Major Spyros Spyromilios with local insurgents and about 200 Cretan volunteers", "battle": "Chimarra revolt", "basis": "Local uprising with a Greek officer and a landing from Corfu", "event": "The Ottoman garrison was expelled; the area remained under Greek control until the end of the Balkan Wars despite Albanian attacks after 28 November 1912.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Revolt 18 November [O.S. 5 November] 1912. End: the Greek Army's evacuation of Northern Epirus was completed on 28 April 1914; Spyromilios' local force then joined the Autonomous Republic.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Himara revolt of 1912; en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus; en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani ('November 5, 1912')", "note": "(Julian 5 November 1912). Exact extent of the Chimarra enclave not given.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-metsovo", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-11-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Metsovo", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek forces (detachment from Thessaly)", "battle": "Driskos (fighting on the Metsovo–Ioannina road, late November – December 1912; Lorentzos Mavilis killed)", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Metsovo captured; the Ottomans held the Driskos heights east of Ioannina.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "sansimera: Metsovo captured 10 November 1912 (Julian) = 23 November. Not cross-checked; local sources may give an earlier date.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/840; in.gr 2019-10-05", "note": "(Julian 10 November 1912). The Driskos dates are from general knowledge, not from a page read; approx.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-epirus-front-bizani", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-12-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-03-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Southern Epirus up to the Bizani front (Dec 1912 – Mar 1913)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Front line from west to east: Ionian coast area of Parga/Margariti (extent in Thesprotia not established) – south of Ioannina at Bizani and Manoliasa – Driskos heights – Metsovo. Ioannina, Bizani and the Driskos ridge stayed Ottoman until 6 March 1913.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus", "battle": "Pente Pigadia; Driskos; Bizani", "basis": "Front line, First Balkan War", "event": "Snapshot of the Epirus front before the fall of Ioannina.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: first Greek attack on the Bizani fortress area 14 December 1912 (Gregorian; Julian 1-3 December); second attack 20 January 1913 (Julian 7-10 January); the front held until the final assault of 5 March 1913.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Απελευθέρωση Ιωαννίνων' (attacks 1-3 December 1912 and 7-10 January 1913)", "note": "Front line snapshot; Thesprotia extent not established.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-korytsa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-12-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-03-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Korytsa district", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (from western Macedonia)", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Greek troops entered Korytsa, cutting Ioannina's last supply route.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "7 December 1912 Julian = 20 December Gregorian (Battle of Bizani article: 'December 20, 1912'; sansimera '7 Δεκεμβρίου'). en.wikipedia First Balkan War says 20 November 1912, which is an error. End: the Greek Army left Korytsa during the evacuation of March 1914 (day not found); by 22-27 March 1914 Epirote irregulars were fighting the Albanian gendarmerie for the town.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani; sansimera.gr articles/840; en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (fighting at Korytsa, 22-27 March 1914)", "note": "(Julian 7 December 1912). Exact extent of the Greek-held Korytsa district (Pogradets probably not included) not established.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-ioannina", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-11-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Ioannina", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus (Crown Prince Constantine)", "battle": "Bizani", "basis": "Capitulation of the Ottoman garrison", "event": "Esad Pasha surrendered Ioannina and the forts; Greek troops entered on 7 March 1913.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-03-06/07 (surrender of Ioannina and the forts)", "date_note": "Assault began 5 March 1913 [O.S. 20 February]; Esad Pasha agreed to unconditional surrender at 23:00 on 6 March [O.S. 21 February] (stratistoria: protocol signed at 04:30 of 21 February Julian at Emin Aga Han); Greek troops paraded into the city on 7 March 1913.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani; en.wikipedia First Balkan War; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Απελευθέρωση Ιωαννίνων – Παράδοση Οχυρού Μπιζάνι (21 Φεβ 1913)'; sansimera.gr articles/840", "note": "(Julian 20-22 February 1913). Konitsa: no separate date found. Emin Aga Han coordinates approx.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-thesprotia", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1913-11-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Thesprotia (Chameria)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Epirus", "battle": "Bizani", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Thesprotia came under Greek control by the end of the Epirus campaign.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Taken in stages between November 1912 and March 1913; no dates found in the sources read. The month of the fall of Ioannina is used as the latest likely date.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (Greek forces held most of Epirus by war's end); en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1913) (Chameria assigned to Greece)", "note": "Dates not found; approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-argyrokastro-delvino", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-16", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-04-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Argyrokastro and Delvino", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Bizani", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "After Ioannina, Greek troops advanced north and entered Argyrokastro and Delvino.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Entered on 16 March 1913 [O.S. 3 March]. End: Greek evacuation of Northern Epirus began in March 1914 and ended on 28 April 1914 (per-town dates not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani; en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (evacuation ended 28 April 1914)", "note": "(Julian 3 March 1913). The Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) assigned this area to Albania.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-tepeleni", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-04-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Tepeleni", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Bizani", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Tepeleni taken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Taken 'the next day' after Argyrokastro and Delvino, i.e. 17 March 1913 (Julian 4 March). End as for the rest of Northern Epirus.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani", "note": "(Julian 4 March 1913).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-premeti-kolonia", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1914-04-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Premeti and Kolonia (Leskoviki, Erseka)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Premeti and Kolonia came under Greek control.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "No date found for Premeti or Leskoviki; Greek forces held the whole line Ceraunian mountains – Lake Prespa by the end of the war, so March 1913 is the latest likely month (Kolonia may have been taken from Korytsa in December 1912).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani (furthest extent); en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (Kolonia, Colonel Kontoulis)", "note": "Dates not found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-agioi-saranta", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1914-04-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Agioi Saranta", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army/navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Agioi Saranta came under Greek control.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "No date found; presumably with Delvino (16 March 1913).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (Greek Navy blockaded Agioi Saranta 9 March 1914, i.e. after the Greek withdrawal from the port)", "note": "Date not found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-northern-epirus-extent", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-03-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-04-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Northern Epirus, Greek-held extent (Mar 1913 – Apr 1914)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Northern limit: from the Ceraunian (Akrokeraunia) mountains above Chimarra on the Ionian coast, east via Tepeleni and the Aoos gorge, north of Premeti and Frasheri, to Moschopolis and north of Korytsa, ending at Lake Prespa, where Serbian-held territory began. Southern limit: the Protocol of Florence line (= present Greece–Albania border).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Bizani", "basis": "Military occupation; assigned to Albania by the Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913)", "event": "Greek-held Northern Epirus at the end of the First Balkan War, until the evacuation of spring 1914.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1914-03 to 1914-04-28 (Greek withdrawal)", "date_note": "Envelope of the town events above. Evacuation: the Great Powers' ambassadors asked Greece on 21 February 1914 to evacuate; the slow withdrawal began in March 1914 and ended on 28 April 1914.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani ('a line from the Ceraunian mountains ... to Lake Prespa'); en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (21 February 1914 request, evacuation March – 28 April 1914)", "note": "Line between the named points is approximate; the exact course is not given in the sources.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-lemnos", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Lemnos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy (Pavlos Kountouriotis)", "battle": "Capture of Lemnos", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Greek forces landed on Lemnos; Moudros became the fleet's anchorage.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Fleet sailed 18 October [O.S. 5 October]; arrived off Myrina 19 October; landing at Moudros Bay 21 October [O.S. 8 October]; flag raised over the capital 22 October [O.S. 9 October]. en.wikipedia First Balkan War says fighting went on until 27 October.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Lemnos; en.wikipedia First Balkan War; Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034 (6-8 October Julian); sansimera.gr articles/840 (8 October)", "note": "(Julian 8 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-thasos", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Thasos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Thasos taken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Hellenic Navy: 18 October 1912 (Julian) = 31 October. sansimera/in.gr give 8 October (Julian) = 21 October, probably copying the Lemnos date. The navy date is used.", "sources": "Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; sansimera.gr articles/840; en.wikipedia First Balkan War (among islands seized by mid-November 1912)", "note": "(Julian 18 October 1912). Sources disagree (8 vs 18 October Julian).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-agios-efstratios", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Agios Efstratios", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Agios Efstratios taken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "18 October 1912 Julian = 31 October Gregorian (Hellenic Navy and sansimera agree).", "sources": "Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; sansimera.gr articles/840", "note": "(Julian 18 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-imbros", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-10-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-09-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Imbros", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War; assigned back to the Ottoman Empire by the Great Powers on 13 February 1914, never carried out", "event": "Imbros taken by the Greek Navy; it stayed under Greek naval administration despite the 1914 decision.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start 18 October 1912 Julian (Hellenic Navy, sansimera) = 31 October. The end date is from a later research batch: en.wikipedia Imbros: 'Between November 1912 and September 1923, Imbros, together with Tenedos, were under the administration of the Greek navy.' The Greek administration did NOT leave after the Great Powers' decision of February 1914, because the Ottomans did not accept that decision and the question stayed open into the First World War.", "sources": "Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; en.wikipedia Imbros; en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece ('Imbros, Tenedos, and Kastellorizo are returned to the Ottoman Empire', 13 February 1914); en.wikipedia Treaty of Athens", "note": "(Julian 18 October 1912). From 1915 the island was also an Allied (British, French, ANZAC) base for the Gallipoli campaign, with a British airstrip; whether the Greek government consented is not stated (Greece was neutral). Later batches: Sèvres awarded it to Greece (1920); Lausanne made it Turkish.", "editorial": "Handed over with Tenedos in September 1923 (Lausanne, Protocol XV)." }, { "id": "1912-samothrace", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Samothrace", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Samothrace taken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "19 October 1912 Julian = 1 November Gregorian (Hellenic Navy and sansimera agree).", "sources": "Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; sansimera.gr articles/840", "note": "(Julian 19 October 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-psara", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Psara and Antipsara", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Psara taken.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Hellenic Navy: 21 October 1912 Julian (= 3 November); sansimera: 22 October Julian (= 4 November).", "sources": "Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; sansimera.gr articles/840", "note": "(Julian 21/22 October 1912). One-day disagreement.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-tenedos", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-09-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Tenedos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek naval occupation, First Balkan War; assigned back to the Ottoman Empire by the Great Powers on 13 February 1914, never carried out", "event": "Tenedos taken by the Greek Navy; it stayed under Greek administration despite the 1914 decision.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start disputed: Hellenic Navy 24 October 1912 (Julian) = 6 November; sansimera 18 October (Julian) = 31 October; en.wikipedia Tenedos 'on 20 October 1912, Tenedos was the first island of the north Aegean that came under the control of the Greek Navy' (inconsistent with Lemnos, 21 October). The end date (from a later research batch) is disputed: en.wikipedia Tenedos 'Greek administration of the island lasted until 12 November 1922'; en.wikipedia Imbros gives November 1912 – September 1923 for both islands.", "sources": "Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; sansimera.gr articles/840; en.wikipedia Tenedos; en.wikipedia Imbros; en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece", "note": "(Julian 24 October 1912, navy). British supply base and airstrip in the First World War.", "editorial": "Greek administration lasted until the island was handed over under the Lausanne settlement (Protocol XV), September 1923; GB3's 12 Nov 1922 is the Mudanya period, not the handover." }, { "id": "1912-lesbos", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Lesbos", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy and army", "battle": "Battle of Lesbos (1912)", "basis": "Greek naval and military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Mytilene taken on 21 November 1912; the interior fully controlled after the Ottoman surrender of 21/22 December.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Landing at Mytilene 07:00, 21 November [O.S. 8 November] 1912, town occupied the same day; Ottoman garrison surrendered 21/22 December 1912 (infobox 21 December; en.wikipedia First Balkan War 22 December). sansimera '7 December' (Julian = 20 December) refers to the end of resistance.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Lesbos (1912); en.wikipedia First Balkan War; Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034; sansimera.gr articles/840", "note": "(Julian 8 November – 8/9 December 1912).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1912-chios", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1912-11-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-02-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Chios and Oinousses", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy and army", "battle": "Battle of Chios (1912)", "basis": "Greek naval and military occupation, First Balkan War", "event": "Chios town taken on 25 November 1912; the whole island after the surrender at Pityous on 3 January 1913.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Landing at Kontari 24 November [O.S. 11 November] 1912; Chios town entered 08:00, 25 November [O.S. 12 November]; last Ottoman forces surrendered 3 January 1913 [O.S. 21 December 1912]. en.wikipedia First Balkan War says landing 27 November (disagrees).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Chios (1912); en.wikipedia First Balkan War; Hellenic Navy averof.hellenicnavy.gr/?p=8034 (landing 10 November, garrison captured 20 December, Julian); sansimera.gr articles/840 (21 December)", "note": "(Julian 11 November – 21 December 1912). Kontari coordinates approx.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1914-aegean-islands-de-jure", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1914-02-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Northern and eastern Aegean islands (1914 award)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Elli (16 December 1912); Lemnos (18 January 1913)", "basis": "Decision of the Great Powers of 13 February 1914, under Art. 5 of the Treaty of London (1913) and the Treaty of Athens (1913), which left the islands' fate to the Powers. All Greek-occupied islands to Greece except Imbros, Tenedos and Kastellorizo; linked to the Greek evacuation of Northern Epirus", "event": "The Great Powers assigned the occupied islands to Greece; the Ottomans did not accept this, which led to a naval race until the First World War.", "signed": "1914-02-13", "in_force": "1914-02-13 (Great-Power decision; the Ottoman Empire refused it)", "handover": "", "date_note": "Decision of the six Great Powers communicated 13 February 1914 (Julian 31 January). Thasos and Samothrace are assumed to be included (they were Greek-occupied and are not among the exceptions).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece ('Protocol of Florence (13 February 1914): The Great Powers assign the islands of the eastern Aegean (apart from the Italian-occupied Dodecanese) to Greece. Imbros, Tenedos, and Kastellorizo are returned to the Ottoman Empire'); en.wikipedia Treaty of Athens (in February 1914 the Powers awarded all except Imbros and Tenedos; the Ottomans refused); en.wikipedia Capture of Lemnos", "note": "De jure in the brief's sense (recognized by the Great Powers), but Ottoman recognition came only at Lausanne (1923). Lemnos (Moudros) was used as an Allied base from 1915 with the consent of the Venizelos government (not an occupation).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-kastellorizo", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-08-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1915-12-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kastellorizo", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek provisional governor sent from Samos", "battle": "", "basis": "Local revolt and Greek provisional governor; assigned back to the Ottoman Empire by the Great Powers (February 1914)", "event": "Kastellorizo under a Greek-appointed provisional governor.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "On 14 March 1913 the inhabitants imprisoned the Ottoman governor and proclaimed a provisional government; in August 1913 the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor with gendarmes (day not given). It is not clear whether Greek administration continued after the Great Powers decided in early 1914 to return the island to the Ottomans; the French takeover of 28 December 1915 is used as the end.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Kastellorizo; en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece", "note": "Extent of Greek control 1914-15 uncertain.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-greek-bulgarian-line-june", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-06-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-07-02", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held Macedonia on the eve of the Second Balkan War (line of contact, June 1913)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Bulgarian 2nd Army line on 16/29 June 1913 ran from Lake Dojran south-east through Kilkis, Lachanas and Serres to the Pangaion hills and the Aegean; the Greek line faced it from the Gulf of Orfanos (Strymonian Gulf) to the Gevgeli area. Greek–Bulgarian clashes at Nigrita (19 February 1913 Julian) and Pangaion (10-17 May 1913 Julian) preceded the war.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Front line", "event": "Line of contact between the Greek and Bulgarian armies when the Second Balkan War began.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Snapshot at the Bulgarian surprise attack of the night 16/17 June 1913 Julian (29/30 June Gregorian); the Greek general counter-attack began 19 June Julian (2 July Gregorian).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas (Bulgarian line of 16 June; Greek line from the Gulf of Orphanos to the Gevgeli area); stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Β΄ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος' (Nigrita 19 February, Pangaion 10-17 May 1913)", "note": "Front line snapshot; course between the named points approximate. Dates in en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas are Julian (O.S.).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-kilkis-lachanas", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kilkis and Lachanas", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (King Constantine)", "battle": "Kilkis–Lachanas", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek victory over the Bulgarian 2nd Army.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle 19-21 June 1913 Julian = 2-4 July Gregorian; Kilkis fell on the morning of 21 June (Julian), Lachanas broken through by 16:00 the same day.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas; en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη του Κιλκίς (20 – 21 Ιουν 1913)'", "note": "(Julian 19-21 June 1913).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-nigrita", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nigrita (Visaltia)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 7th Division", "battle": "Kilkis–Lachanas", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "The Greek 7th Division took Nigrita, which the Bulgarians destroyed before leaving.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "20 June 1913 Julian = 3 July Gregorian.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas; sansimera.gr articles/639 (Serres; Nigrita 20 June 1913)", "note": "(Julian 20 June 1913).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-gevgeli", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-07-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Gevgeli (now North Macedonia)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Kilkis–Lachanas", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War (the Bulgarians had evicted the Serbs)", "event": "Greek forces retook Gevgeli from the Bulgarians; it was Serbian under the Greek–Serbian line.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-07 (to Serbia; day not found)", "date_note": "Captured 20 June 1913 Julian (= 3 July); the town was left to Serbia under the Greek–Serbian agreement (end day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas ('Gevgelija captured' 20 June)", "note": "(Julian 20 June 1913). End date not found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-doiran", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Doiran (south shore and Dojran town)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Doiran (1913)", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek forces took Doiran but could not cut off the Bulgarian retreat through the Strymon pass.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle of Doiran 23 June 1913 Julian = 6 July Gregorian; en.wikipedia Second Balkan War text says the Greeks captured Dojran on 5 July (calendar not stated). The town of Dojran passed to Serbia (day not found); the Greek part became de jure with Bucharest.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas (Dojran 5 July); stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Β΄ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος' ('μάχες της Δοϊράνης (23 Ιουνίου)')", "note": "(Julian 23 June 1913). Sources disagree by one day; the Dojran (North Macedonia) part ended when handed to Serbia (date unknown).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-sidirokastro", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sidirokastro (Demir Hisar)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Demir Hisar (Sidirokastro)", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek forces took Sidirokastro after the Bulgarians burned it and massacred inhabitants.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle of 26-27 June 1913 Julian = 9-10 July Gregorian.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/639; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Β΄ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος' (Sidirokastro 26 June); en.wikipedia Second Balkan War (Demir Hisar burned)", "note": "(Julian 26-27 June 1913). Rupel coordinates approx.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-serres", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Serres", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 7th Division / cavalry", "battle": "Kilkis–Lachanas", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek forces entered Serres after the retreating Bulgarians had burned it.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Bulgarians burned the town center on 28 June 1913 (Julian) = 11 July; official liberation 29 June Julian = 12 July Gregorian.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/639 'Η Απελευθέρωση των Σερρών' (29 June; burning 28 June); en.wikipedia Second Balkan War ('On 28 June ... burned down the major city of Serres'); stratistoria 1913-drama (7th Division ordered on 28 June to free Serres, Drama, Sidirokastro)", "note": "(Julian 29 June 1913). sansimera also prints '31 October 1913' for the cavalry entry, evidently a typo.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-kavala", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kavala (mainland)", "confidence": "good", "line": "East limit: the Nestos river.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy, then Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek Navy took Kavala; the army landed there and advanced into Western Thrace.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Three Greek warships landed detachments at Kavala on 26 June 1913 Julian = 9 July Gregorian; a division landed there on 6 July Julian = 19 July.", "sources": "sansimera.gr articles/636 'Η Απελευθέρωση της Καβάλας' ('Στις 26 Ιουνίου 1913 τρία πλοία του ελληνικού στόλου αποβίβασαν αγήματα στην Καβάλα'); stratistoria 'Β΄ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος' (26 June; landing 6 July); en.wikipedia Second Balkan War", "note": "(Julian 26 June 1913). Kavala had been Bulgarian-held since October/November 1912.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-drama", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Drama", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 7th Division", "battle": "Alistrati ambush", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek units entered Drama the day after the Bulgarian massacre at Doxato.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "1 July 1913 Julian = 14 July Gregorian.", "sources": "stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Απελευθέρωση της Δράμας (1 Ιουλ 1913)'; several local sources in search results ('1η Ιουλίου 1913: Η απελευθέρωση της Δράμας')", "note": "(Julian 1 July 1913).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-nevrokop", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-19", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Nevrokop area, now Bulgaria", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War; left to Bulgaria by the Treaty of Bucharest", "event": "Greek forces took Nevrokop.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-08 (to Bulgaria; day not found)", "date_note": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War: 'On 19 July, the Greeks captured Nevrokop' (calendar not stated; taken as Gregorian, = 6 July Julian; the 7th Division was ordered towards Nevrokop on 29 June Julian). End: Greek withdrawal to the Bucharest line in August 1913 (day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; stratistoria.wordpress.com 1913-drama (order of 29 June)", "note": "Extent beyond the town approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-upper-strymon", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1913-08-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Upper Strymon valley (Petrich, Melnik, Sveti Vrach), now Bulgaria", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Kresna Gorge", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War; left to Bulgaria by the Treaty of Bucharest", "event": "Greek advance up the Strymon into present-day Bulgaria.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-08 (to Bulgaria; day not found)", "date_note": "Month only: after Sidirokastro (9-10 July) the Greeks made contact with the Serbs on 11 July and pushed up the Strymon; they reached the Kresna gorge about 21-24 July (Battle of Kresna Gorge 21-31 July [O.S. 8-18 July]). End: withdrawal after Bucharest (August 1913; day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War (11 July, Strymon); en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas (Greeks reached Kresna Gorge 24 July, calendar unclear); en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge", "note": "Days not found; the Greek–Serbian junction and western extent (Strumica valley, now North Macedonia) not established.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-kresna-simitli", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Kresna gorge north to Simitli and the approaches of Gorna Dzhumaya, now Bulgaria", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Kresna Gorge", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek breakthrough of the Kresna pass to Simitli; the advance was stopped before Gorna Dzhumaya.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-08 (to Bulgaria; day not found)", "date_note": "Krupnik captured 25 July, Simitli 26 July (Gregorian: these fall before the armistice of 31 July = 18 July Julian). In the night of 27-28 July the Bulgarians were pushed back to Gorna Dzhumaya; on 28 July the Greeks took the line Cherovo – Hill 1378 and the Bulgarians began to abandon the town in the evening, but the Greeks never entered it. End: withdrawal after Bucharest (August 1913; day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge; en.wikipedia Second Balkan War ('On 28 July, the Bulgarian army ... was forced to abandon Gorna Dzhumaya')", "note": "en.wikipedia sources disagree on whether Gorna Dzhumaya was abandoned (Second Balkan War) or held to the end (Kresna Gorge: 'remained under Bulgarian control at the end of the war'). Treat the town as not Greek-held.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-dedeagatch", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dedeağaç (Alexandroupoli) and the lower Evros to Kornofolia", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Navy (Kountouriotis) landing parties", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War; left to Bulgaria by the Treaty of Bucharest", "event": "The landing at Dedeağaç cut Bulgaria off from the Aegean.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-08 (Greek evacuation; day not found)", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: amphibious landing took Dedeağaç on 25 July 1913; Greek local sources put the naval force at Kornofolia by 12 or 14 July Julian (= 25 or 27 July). End: Greek withdrawal from Western Thrace, due on 5 August Julian (= 18 August) under the Bucharest settlement, with a Bulgarian request to prolong the Greek presence to 18 August Julian (= 31 August); day of departure not found.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; sitalkisking.blogspot.com 2018/02 and 2020/09 (Kornofolia 12/14 July; handover due 5 August, extension to 18 August)", "note": "(Julian c. 11-12 July 1913). Soufli itself passed to Bulgaria under the Bulgarian–Ottoman settlement.", "editorial": "m:Alexandroupolis;[m:Soufliou;&box:25,40.5,27,41.14]" }, { "id": "1913-xanthi", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Xanthi (lowland) and Porto Lagos", "confidence": "approx", "line": "West limit: the Nestos river.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 13th Division (crossed the Nestos)", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "The Greek Army crossed the Nestos and took Xanthi and Porto Lagos without a fight.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-08 (Greek evacuation; day not found)", "date_note": "en.wikipedia: entered Xanthi 26 July 1913 (Gregorian; = 13 July Julian, as in sansimera); stratistoria gives 12 July Julian (= 25 July). End: Greek withdrawal from Western Thrace in August 1913 (see 1913-dedeagatch); Ottoman-backed irregulars reached Xanthi and Komotini on 31 August 1913 (reader comment on a Greek history blog, unverified).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge; sansimera.gr articles/1350 ('ο ελληνικός στρατός κατέλαβε την πόλη στις 13 Ιουλίου 1913'); stratistoria 'Β΄ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος' (12 July); sitalkisking.blogspot.com 2018/02", "note": "(Julian 12/13 July 1913).", "editorial": "See 1913-dedeagatch." }, { "id": "1913-komotini", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Komotini and the Rhodope lowland", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation, Second Balkan War", "event": "Greek forces entered Komotini without Bulgarian opposition.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1913-08 (Greek evacuation; day not found)", "date_note": "27 July 1913 Gregorian (en.wikipedia: 'the next day Komotini' after Xanthi) = 14 July Julian (Greek sources). End: August 1913 (see 1913-dedeagatch).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge; stratistoria and sitalkisking.blogspot.com (14 July Julian)", "note": "(Julian 14 July 1913). After the Greek withdrawal the area passed to the Muslim 'Provisional Government of Western Thrace' (Ottoman-backed, Aug/Sept – Oct 1913) and then to Bulgaria (October 1913): not Greek, not recorded as an event.", "editorial": "See 1913-dedeagatch." }, { "id": "1913-armistice-front", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1913-07-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-10", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek front at the armistice of 31 July 1913", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From west to east: Greek–Serbian junction in the Pehčevo/Berovo sector (now North Macedonia) – Cherovo – Hill 1378 – south of Gorna Dzhumaya (Bulgarian-held) – Predela pass and the Mehomia sector (Greek attacks; Mehomia not taken) – Nevrokop (Greek) – Nestos – then in Western Thrace a line of posts north of Xanthi and Komotini to Kornofolia on the Evros, with Dedeağaç held from the sea.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army", "battle": "Kresna Gorge", "basis": "Front line at the armistice", "event": "On 29 July the Bulgarians cut the Greek line of retreat through Berovo and Strumica; by 30 July their attacks subsided and the Greeks held their positions at Pehčevo and Mehomia; the armistice froze the front.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Five-day armistice agreed at Bucharest on 30 July, in force 31 July 1913 (Julian 18 July); Treaty of Bucharest 10 August (Julian 28 July). en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge wrongly calls the 31 July event the signing of the treaty.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge; en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; stratistoria 'Β΄ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος' (armistice 18 July Julian)", "note": "Front line snapshot. The positions of Cherovo and Hill 1378 could not be located; Greek presence in the Strumica–Berovo–Pehčevo area (now North Macedonia) is implied but its extent is not established.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1913-macedonia-de-jure", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1913-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Western and Central Macedonia (1913 Greek–Serbian line)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Northern line = present Greece–North Macedonia border from the tripoint with Albania in Lake Prespa east over Kaimaktsalan (Voras), Tzena, across the Vardar between Evzonoi and Bogorodica (Gevgeli to Serbia), through Lake Doiran (Dojran town to Serbia), to the western Beles, where the 1913 Serbian–Bulgarian line (Vardar–Strymon watershed) met the Greek border. The rest of the present Greece–North Macedonia border along Beles east to Tumba was Greek–Bulgarian in 1913-1919 (Strumica valley Bulgarian). The Greek–Serbian line was agreed in the Greek–Serbian treaty of alliance (1 June 1913, Julian 19 May) and confirmed at Bucharest.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Sarantaporo; Giannitsa; Kilkis–Lachanas", "basis": "Treaty of London (30 May 1913); Greek–Serbian treaty (1 June 1913); Treaty of Bucharest (10 August 1913); Treaty of Athens (14 November 1913)", "event": "The Macedonian conquests became Greek under the Balkan peace settlement; the Ottoman Empire recognized them in the Treaty of Athens.", "signed": "1913-08-10 (Bucharest; 28 July Julian); 1913-06-01 (Greek–Serbian treaty); 1913-11-14 (Athens)", "in_force": "1913-08-30 (Bucharest ratifications exchanged)", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Bucharest (30 August 1913). Alternatives: Treaty of London (30 May 1913, Ottoman cession west of the Enos–Midia line to the allies jointly; ratification not found) or Treaty of Athens (14 November 1913, Ottoman recognition of the cession to Greece).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of Bucharest (1913) (signed 'July 28/August 10, 1913', ratifications exchanged 30 August 1913); en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece (Greek–Serbian treaty 1 June 1913, border now Greece–North Macedonia); en.wikipedia Treaty of Athens; en.wikipedia Treaty of London (1913)", "note": "Later minor rectifications of the Greek–Yugoslav border not checked. The Lake Prespa tripoint and the Beles junction coordinates are approximate.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-eastern-macedonia-de-jure", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1913-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Eastern Macedonia to the Nestos (Bucharest line)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Treaty of Bucharest: the Greek–Bulgarian frontier was 'drawn from the crest of Belasica to the mouth of the Mesta (Nestos), on the Aegean Sea'. Course: Beles crest from the 1913 Serbo-Bulgarian junction (west of the present tripoint) east to Tumba; then the present Greece–Bulgaria border across the Strymon at the Rupel/Kulata gorge, along Orvilos (Ali Botush) and the Rhodope crest north of Kato Nevrokopi to the Nestos; then down the Nestos to its mouth. West of the Nestos Greek, east of it (Xanthi, Rhodope, Evros) Bulgarian.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Kilkis–Lachanas; Doiran; Kresna Gorge", "basis": "Treaty of Bucharest (10 August 1913; Julian 28 July), Greek–Bulgarian frontier; France and Germany secured Kavala for Greece", "event": "Bulgaria recognized Greek sovereignty over Serres, Drama and Kavala.", "signed": "1913-08-10", "in_force": "1913-08-30", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Bucharest (30 August 1913).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of Bucharest (1913); fhw.gr chronos 13 'Treaty of Bucharest' ('The Greco-Bulgarian border was fixed on the Serbian-Bulgarian borders in Beles mountain ... at the mouth of River Nestos'); en.wikipedia Second Balkan War", "note": "The treaty text (Art. V) could not be read (oocities.org copy failed). Whether the 1913 line followed the Nestos over its whole Greek course (so that any part of Drama regional unit east of the river, in Paranesti municipality, was Bulgarian) is not verified. The Beles section between the 1913 Serbo-Bulgarian junction and Tumba is now the Greece–North Macedonia border.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1913-epirus-de-jure", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1913-11-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Southern Epirus (Protocol of Florence line)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Northern line = the Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) Greek–Albanian frontier, essentially the present Greece–Albania border: from the Ionian coast at Cape Stylos opposite Corfu (Konispoli to Albania, Filiates and Sagiada to Greece), over the Mourgana range, leaving the Drinos valley (Dropoli, Argyrokastro) to Albania and Pogoni to Greece (Kakavia), over Nemercka, crossing the Aoos below Leskoviki (Leskoviki and Kolonia to Albania, Konitsa to Greece), along the Grammos crest, leaving Bilishti/Kapeshtitsa (Devoll) to Albania and the Kastoria and Florina villages to Greece, to Lake Prespa.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Bizani", "basis": "Treaty of London (30 May 1913); Treaty of Athens (14 November 1913); Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913, Great Powers' commission)", "event": "Ioannina, Preveza and Thesprotia became Greek; the Powers drew the Greek–Albanian line at Florence and assigned Northern Epirus to Albania.", "signed": "1913-11-14 (Athens); 1913-12-17 (Florence)", "in_force": "1913-11-14 (ratification not found)", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = Treaty of Athens (14 November 1913, Julian 1 November; ratification date not found), the Ottoman cession of Epirus to Greece. The northern line was fixed by the Great Powers only on 17 December 1913 and accepted by Greece in February 1914 (evacuation of the north completed 28 April 1914).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of Athens; en.wikipedia Territorial evolution of Greece ('Treaty of Florence (17 December 1913): The Great Powers assign Northern Epirus to Albania, and order Greek troops to leave'); en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus", "note": "The en.wikipedia 'Protocol of Florence' page was not found, so the protocol text was not read; the line description is the present border, which the final delimitation of 1922-1925 fixed with minor local changes. Confidence 'good', not 'exact'.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1914-northern-epirus-autonomous", "batch": "GB3", "status": "autonomous", "status_research": "autonomous", "start": "1914-02-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1914-10-27", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Southern limit: the Protocol of Florence line. Northern limit roughly the 1913 Greek-held limit (Chimarra – Tepeleni – Premeti), with Korytsa contested.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Provisional Government of Northern Epirus", "battle": "Fighting at Cepo (c. 7 March 1914), Korytsa (22-27 March 1914); armistice 7 May 1914", "basis": "Declaration of autonomy by the Panepirotic Council (Georgios Christakis-Zografos); Protocol of Corfu (17 May 1914): autonomy of the provinces of Korytsa and Argyrokastro under nominal Albanian sovereignty (Prince Wied), Greek co-official, Chimarra's privileges renewed, guaranteed by the Great Powers (International Control Commission)", "event": "Greek-populated Northern Epirus resisted incorporation into Albania and won autonomy at Corfu; the Protocol was never fully applied after Wied left on 3 September 1914 and was annulled in 1921.", "signed": "1914-05-17 (Protocol of Corfu)", "in_force": "Protocol approved by the Great Powers on 1 June (Protocol of Corfu article) or 18 June 1914 in Athens (Autonomous Republic article); by the Albanian government on 23 June 1914", "handover": "", "date_note": "Declared 28 February 1914 at Argyrokastro (en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic); a Greek source (himara.gr) gives 17 February 1914 (Julian = 2 March); en.wikipedia Northern Epirus says 'March 1914'. End: Greek Army re-entry on 27 October 1914 (Julian 14 October), after which the provisional government ceased to exist.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus; en.wikipedia Protocol of Corfu; en.wikipedia Northern Epirus; himara.gr 'The three liberations of Northern Epirus' ('κήρυξαν στίς 17 Φεβρουαρίου 1914, στό Ἀργυροκάστρο, τήν Αὐτονομία')", "note": "Sources disagree on the declaration date (28 Feb vs 17 Feb Julian = 2 Mar vs 'March') and on the Great Powers' approval (1 vs 18 June). Show faintly.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1914-northern-epirus-greek-argyrokastro", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1914-10-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1916-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Northern Epirus: prefecture of Argyrokastro (1914-16)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (V Army Corps); royal government", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek re-occupation with Allied consent (agreement among the Allies of October 1914); union with Greece declared March 1916, revoked under Great-Power pressure", "event": "Greek administration of Northern Epirus: Northern Epirus elected 16 deputies to the Greek parliament in the December 1915 elections; in March 1916 Greece declared union and set up the prefectures of Argyrokastro and Korytsa; Italy took over in August–October 1916.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: V Army Corps entered on 27 October 1914 (Julian 14 October, himara.gr). End, in stages: Italian occupation began 23 August 1916 (en.wikipedia Balkan Front); Italians took Tepeleni on 30 August 1916 and landed at Agioi Saranta on 2 October 1916 (en.wikipedia Greece during WWI); Italians entered Argyrokastro in September 1916 (en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic); Greek Army left Northern Epirus on 10 October 1916 (himara.gr; probably Julian = 23 October). dcstamps gives 10 August 1916, probably wrong.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus; en.wikipedia Protocol of Corfu; en.wikipedia Northern Epirus (occupation 'from October 1914'; annexation March 1916; Italy 1916-17); en.wikipedia Greece during World War I; en.wikipedia Balkan Front (WWI); himara.gr; dcstamps.com", "note": "The brief mentions '1916 elections': the sources read give the December 1915 general election. Tepeleni area ends 1916-08-30. Possible Italian move into Greek Epirus (Ioannina) in June 1917 not verified, not recorded.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1914-northern-epirus-greek-korytsa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1914-10-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1916-08-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Northern Epirus: prefecture of Korytsa (1914-16)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army; royal government", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek re-occupation with Allied consent; union declared March 1916", "event": "Greek administration of the Korytsa district until the Bulgarian advance of August 1916.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: 'On October 27, 1914, the Greek army re-entered the area' (Autonomous Province of Korytsa article). End: on 18 August 1916 the Bulgarian army occupied Korytsa and ejected the Greek garrison.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë / Autonomous Province of Korçë; en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus", "note": "Whether Kolonia (Erseka, Leskoviki) was lost at the same time is not stated.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1916-italy-northern-epirus", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-08-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1920-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Northern Epirus: Argyrokastro prefecture under Italy", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Italian military occupation with the permission of the Allied command, against the will of the Greek (royal) government", "event": "Italian troops evicted the Greek Army from Northern Epirus (Argyrokastro prefecture).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start 23 August 1916 (en.wikipedia Balkan Front); completed by October 1916 (Tepeleni 30 August, Agioi Saranta landing 2 October, Greek Army out by 10/23 October 1916). End outside this batch: the Italians left southern Albania in 1920 (later batch).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Balkan Front (World War I) ('Italy, with the permission of Allied command, occupied Northern Epirus on August 23, 1916'); en.wikipedia Greece during World War I; en.wikipedia Protocol of Corfu ('Italian troops evicted the Greek army from the area' in the second half of 1916); en.wikipedia National Schism; en.wikipedia Northern Epirus ('In 1917, Greece lost control of the rest of Northern Epirus to Italy')", "note": "Territory held de facto by Greece, not sovereign. Sources disagree on dates (August vs September vs October 1916; en.wikipedia Northern Epirus even says 1917).", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1916-bulgaria-korytsa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-08-18", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1916-11-29", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Korytsa under Bulgarian occupation", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Bulgaria", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Bulgarian offensive of August 1916 (Florina/Chegan offensive)", "basis": "Bulgarian military occupation (Central Powers' offensive of August 1916)", "event": "The Bulgarians took Korytsa from its Greek garrison.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Bulgarian army occupied Korytsa and ejected the Greek garrison on 18 August 1916; French troops entered on 29 November 1916.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Province of Korçë", "note": "Territory held de facto by Greece, not sovereign.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1916-france-korytsa", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-11-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1920-06-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Korytsa under French occupation (Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korytsa)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "France", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "French military occupation; Greek administration not restored", "event": "France replaced the Bulgarians in Korytsa and set up an Albanian autonomous province under French protection.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "French troops entered Korytsa on 29 November 1916; Colonel Descoins proclaimed the autonomous republic on 10 December 1916 for Korytsa, Bilishti, Kolonia, Opar and Gora; the French army left on 15 June 1920 (outside this batch).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Province of Korçë; en.wikipedia Northern Epirus ('the French Army occupied the area around Korçë in 1916, and established the Republic of Korçë')", "note": "Not against a Greek garrison (it had already been ejected) but it prevented the return of Greek administration; occupier recorded for the map.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1915-thessaloniki-entente", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1915-10-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Entente zone in Macedonia (Salonika front, rear)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Grew from the fortified camp of Thessaloniki and the Axios railway (October–December 1915) to all Greek Macedonia west of the Strymon behind the Allied front by 1916.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Entente (France, Britain; later Serbia, Italy, Russia)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied (Armée d'Orient, British Salonika Army; later Serbian, Italian, Russian) presence invited by Venizelos but formally protested by the Greek government", "event": "The Entente landed at Thessaloniki to support Serbia and kept the city as the base of the Macedonian front.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Allied ships arrived 30 September; Venizelos gave the green light and landing began (en.wikipedia Greece during WWI: 2 October; en.wikipedia Macedonian front: first troops landed 5 October 1915). End: the unified Venizelos government (late June 1917, after Constantine's abdication on 11/12 June) consented; Greece declared war on 30 June 1917.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greece during World War I ('the Greek government replied with a protest but no further actions'); en.wikipedia Macedonian front", "note": "BORDERLINE CASE for the brief: consent by the prime minister, formal protest by the government; after August/October 1916 the National Defense government consented (see 1916-national-defense-macedonia). Show as Allied presence rather than enemy occupation. Greek civil administration continued.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1915-milos-allied", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1915-11-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Milos (Allied naval base)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Entente (France, Britain)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied seizure to pressure the neutral royal government", "event": "The Allies occupied Milos.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Allies occupied Milos on 21 November 1915. End: consent of the unified Greek government, late June 1917 (approx).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greece during World War I ('on 21 November the Allies occupied Milos')", "note": "Extent (whole island or the bay) not stated; Greek civil administration presumably continued.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1915-lesbos-allied-base", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1915-12-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Lesbos (Allied base)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Entente (France, Britain)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied seizure without the consent of the royal government", "event": "The Allies seized Lesbos as a base.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Allies seized Lesbos on 28 December 1915 'for use as a base of operations'. From September–October 1916 the island adhered to the National Defense government, which consented to the Allied presence; end set at the unification of June 1917 (approx).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greece during World War I", "note": "Greek civil administration continued; may be shown as a note rather than an occupation.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1915-kastellorizo-french", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1915-12-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-03-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kastellorizo (French occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "France", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "French occupation at the request of the inhabitants; a Greek Evzone landing attempted the same day was blocked by the French", "event": "France occupied Kastellorizo and blocked a Greek landing the same day; Ottoman batteries shelled the island in 1917.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1921-03-01 (to Italy)", "date_note": "French occupation 28 December 1915; Italian navy took over from the French on 1 March 1921 (outside this batch).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Kastellorizo", "note": "Kastellorizo was not Greek sovereign territory (assigned to the Ottomans in February 1914); recorded as occupied because Greece held it de facto in 1913 and tried to land troops. Sèvres later assigned it to Italy.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1916-corfu-french", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-01-11", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Corfu (French occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "France (Entente); Serbian army and government in exile on the island", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "French seizure, against the protests of the royal government, to shelter the evacuated Serbian army and government", "event": "French troops took over Corfu as a refuge for the Serbian army.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Seized by French troops on 11 January 1916 (the day after the Allied decision of 10 January). End: consent of the unified Greek government, late June 1917 (approx); Allied and Serbian presence continued to 1918-19 with consent.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greece during World War I ('the Greek island of Corfu, which was seized by French troops on the next day'); en.wikipedia Movement of National Defence says 'In December 1915 the French, with the permission of Venizelos, occupied Corfu' (disagrees on date and consent)", "note": "Sources disagree on date (December 1915 vs 11 January 1916) and on consent (Venizelos was then out of office).", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1916-rupel", "batch": "GB3", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-05-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1918-09-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Rupel pass and Fort Rupel", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany and Bulgaria", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Fort Rupel surrender", "basis": "German–Bulgarian occupation, surrendered on the orders of the royal government without resistance", "event": "The royal government in Athens permitted the surrender of Fort Rupel to German–Bulgarian forces.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Surrender date disputed: 23 May 1916 (en.wikipedia Fort Rupel), 25 May (en.wikipedia National Schism), 26 May (slpress.gr), 27 May 'surrendered and the garrison withdrew' (en.wikipedia Greece during WWI). End: Bulgarian armistice signed 29 September, in force at noon 30 September 1918; actual evacuation date not found.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Fort Rupel; en.wikipedia Greece during World War I; en.wikipedia National Schism; slpress.gr 'Η παράδοση του Ρούπελ'", "note": "Against the will of the Greek state? The royal government ordered the surrender but Greece did not invite the occupation; treated as occupied. Coordinates approx.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1916-eastern-macedonia-bulgarian", "batch": "GB3", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-08-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1918-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Eastern Macedonia east of the Strymon (Bulgarian occupation 1916-18)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "West limit: the Strymon (Strymonas) from the Rupel gorge to the sea, which was the front; small British bridgeheads on the east bank from autumn 1916 not mapped. East limit: the Nestos (the 1913 border). Thasos was NOT occupied (Greek troops from Kavala escaped there).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Bulgaria (with German units)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Bulgarian Strymon offensive (August 1916); Vardar offensive / Dobro Pole (15 September 1918)", "basis": "Bulgarian (with German units) military occupation; the Greek Army had been ordered not to resist", "event": "The Bulgarians occupied Greek territory between the Strymon and the Nestos (the 'second Bulgarian occupation') until the armistice of 1918.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1918-10 (Bulgarian evacuation; days not found)", "date_note": "The Bulgarian offensive began on 17 August 1916; 'By 22 August, eastern Macedonia was effectively under Bulgarian occupation', though the Greek 5th Division stayed in Drama and the 16th Regiment in Serres for some weeks. End: Armistice of Salonica, signed 29 September 1918 (Julian 16 September), ceasefire noon 30 September; Bulgaria then evacuated the area in early October 1918 (days of the Greek re-entry into Serres, Drama and Kavala not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Macedonian front ('they easily conquered all Greek territory east of the river Struma'; armistice 29 September; ceasefire noon 30 September 1918); en.wikipedia Greece during World War I; ergasia-press.gr ('μεταξύ των ποταμών Στρυμώνα και Νέστου (Νομοί Σερρών, Δράμας, Καβάλας)', August 1916 – September 1918, 16/29 September 1918); kavalapost.gr (August 1916 – September 1918)", "note": "No Greek occupation of Bulgarian or Serbian territory after the September 1918 breakthrough was found in the sources read; one Greek division went through Bulgaria by rail with the Allied Army of the Danube (October–November 1918), which was transit, not occupation.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1916-kavala", "batch": "GB3", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-09-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1918-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Kavala town and forts", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Bulgaria and Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Bulgarian–German occupation", "event": "Kavala fell after the surrender of the Greek IV Army Corps, interned at Görlitz until the end of the war; part of the garrison escaped to Thasos.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only. Allies blockaded Kavala harbor from 23 August 1916; the Greek 6th Division reached Kavala on 4 September; the Bulgarians then encircled the town and took the ring of forts; the Greek IV Army Corps (Hatzopoulos) surrendered and was taken by train to Görlitz in Germany (mid-September 1916; exact day not found). End: early October 1918 (day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greece during World War I; en.wikipedia Ioannis Hatzopoulos", "note": "Days not found.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1916-florina-bulgarian", "batch": "GB3", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-08-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1916-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Florina area (Bulgarian offensive of August 1916)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Bulgarian advance stopped near Lake Ostrovo (Vegoritida) and on the Voras/Kaimaktsalan massif.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Bulgaria", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Florina (Chegan) offensive; Kaimaktsalan; Allied counter-offensive of September 1916", "basis": "Bulgarian military occupation", "event": "Short Bulgarian occupation of the Florina area.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Bulgarian offensive began 17 August 1916 (en.wikipedia Macedonian front); Florina fell in its first days (day not verified). The Allies counter-attacked from 12 September 1916 and retook Florina later that month (day not verified).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Macedonian front (offensive of 17 August; counter-attack from 12 September 1916); slpress.gr (Florina among occupied areas)", "note": "Dates and extent approximate; the front then ran just north of the Greek–Serbian border towards Monastir (taken by the Allies on 19 November 1916).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1916-skra-salient", "batch": "GB3", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1916-08-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1918-05-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Skra salient (Kilkis regional unit)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Bulgaria (with German support)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Skra-di-Legen", "basis": "Bulgarian (Central Powers) front positions inside Greek territory", "event": "Greek (and French) forces took the heavily fortified Skra salient on 30 May 1918.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start not established (Bulgarian front positions on Greek soil from 1916). End: Battle of Skra-di-Legen, 30 May 1918.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Macedonian front ('On 30 May 1918, the Allies launched an offensive on the heavily fortified Skra salient'); en.wikipedia Greece during World War I", "note": "Small area; start date and extent approximate. Coordinates approx.", "editorial": "The research gives only the year of the start (1916); drawn from the Bulgarian offensive of 17 Aug 1916 (approximate)." }, { "id": "1916-national-defence-macedonia", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1916-08-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Macedonia under the National Defense government (Thessaloniki)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "South limit: an Allied-imposed neutral zone between the Venizelist north and royalist Thessaly (from about December 1916); its course was not found in the sources read.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Provisional Government of National Defense", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek sovereignty unchanged; a rival Greek government (Provisional Government of National Defense: Venizelos, Danglis, Kountouriotis), recognized by France and Britain at the end of 1916", "event": "Two Greek governments: the Venizelist government in Thessaloniki controlled Greek Macedonia under Allied protection, the royal government the south.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Coup in Thessaloniki 30 August 1916 (Julian 17 August); Venizelos arrived 9 October 1916 (en.wikipedia Greece during WWI) or 24 September/7 October (Movement of National Defense article); provisional government formed 28 September/11 October 1916. End: Constantine abdicated 11 June 1917 (National Schism; 29 May Julian) and Venizelos took over in Athens in late June 1917 (day not in the sources read).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Movement of National Defence; en.wikipedia National Schism ('the National Defence Army attacked the Royalist Army at Katerini aiming to capture Thessaly', November 1916); en.wikipedia Greece during World War I", "note": "two Greek governments. Not a change of sovereignty; for the map, a hatch or tint for 'National Defence' areas. Eastern Macedonia east of the Strymon was Bulgarian-occupied in the same period.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_jure' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1916-national-defence-islands", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1916-09-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Aegean islands under the National Defense government", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Provisional Government of National Defense", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek sovereignty unchanged; adherence to the Provisional Government of National Defense", "event": "Two Greek governments: Crete and the eastern Aegean islands joined the Thessaloniki government.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only: uprisings at Chania, Heraklion and Samos within a few days of Venizelos leaving Athens (late September 1916); Crete, Samos, Mytilene and Chios 'promptly declared their support'; 'soon the revolutionary government had control of all the islands in the Aegean Sea except for the Cyclades'.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greece during World War I; en.wikipedia National Schism; en.wikipedia Movement of National Defence", "note": "two Greek governments. Which smaller islands joined and when is not established.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'de_jure' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1917-thessaly-french", "batch": "GB3", "status": "note", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1917-06-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1917-06-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Thessaly and the Isthmus of Corinth (June 1917)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "France (Entente), with Venizelist forces", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied (French) military occupation against the royal government, to force Constantine's abdication (and secure the harvest)", "event": "French troops occupied Thessaly and the Isthmus; King Constantine abdicated and Venizelos took over the whole country.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only: 'In June 1917 the French captured Thessaly'; 'the Venizelists and the Allies occupied Thessaly and Isthmus of Corinth, dividing the country'; this preceded the abdication of 11/12 June 1917. End: consent of the unified Venizelos government in late June 1917.", "sources": "en.wikipedia National Schism ('In June 1917, the French captured Thessaly'); en.wikipedia Macedonian front; en.wikipedia Balkan Front (WWI); en.wikipedia Movement of National Defence says the Venizelist state took Thessaly 'early in 1917' (disagrees)", "note": "Very short. The Allied landing at Piraeus/Athens of 1 December 1916 (Noemvriana), repulsed the same day, and the Allied blockade (from 6 June 1916 partial; 106 days from December 1916) are not territorial changes and are not recorded.", "editorial": "Status changed from 'occupied' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1919-ukraine-odessa", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-01-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1919-04-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Odessa (Allied-held city)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": true, "joint_with": "France (Army of the Danube / Armee d'Orient), Russian Volunteer Army (c. 4,000 at Odessa), Polish (c. 3,000) and Romanian (c. 2,500) contingents; German 7th Division awaiting repatriation", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Army Corps (Lt-Gen. Konstantinos Nider): 2nd and XIII Divisions, under French command (Gen. d'Anselme, Odessa; C-in-C Franchet d'Esperey)", "battle": "end: Odessa Operation (1919), Soviet/Grigoriev offensive", "basis": "Allied (French-led) intervention in southern Russia after the Armistice of 1918; Greek participation agreed with France", "event": "Greek troops landed at Odessa from 20 January 1919 and formed almost half of the Allied garrison (the French about a third); the Allies evacuated the city 3-7 April 1919, Greek XIII Division units covering the retreat west to the Dniester.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = arrival of the first Greek ground units (3,600 men of the 34th Regiment, XIII Division) at Odessa on 20 January 1919 (Stefanidis); newgreektv gives 7 January, the Julian date. French troops had landed in late December 1918. End: Paris ordered the withdrawal on 1 April; the Allied evacuation ran 3-7 April 1919 (en.wikipedia); the Greek XIII Division regiments reached Odessa from the front on 6 April and crossed the Dniester into Bessarabia about 11 April (Stefanidis). (Julian 7 January - 24 March 1919.)", "sources": "Stefanidis, 'Greece and the Allied intervention in southern Russia' (Balkan Studies, imxa.gr/files/bsfiles/55/4_Ioannis Stefanidis.pdf; Gregorian dates, citing the Hellenic Army General Staff history); en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention; newgreektv.com 'When Greeks fought in the Ukraine' (dates evidently Julian); en.wikipedia I Army Corps (Greece)", "note": "After Odessa the Greek units held positions on the west bank of the Dniester in Bessarabia (then held by Romania, with its consent) until relieved by Romanian units; the evacuation of the expeditionary force was completed by 17 July 1919 (Stefanidis, footnote citing the General Staff history; fhw.gr says 'summer of 1919'); much of it went on to Smyrna. That stay is not Greek control and is not recorded as an event. Total Greek strength in Ukraine c. 23,351 men (Stefanidis). (Julian 7 January - 24 March 1919.)", "editorial": "Kept as information about the Greek forces' operations, not drawn on the map: Greek troops served under French command in the Allied intervention of 1919, and Greece held no land of its own there. Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1919-ukraine-odessa-front-berezovka-serbka", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-03-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1919-03-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Allied perimeter north-east of Odessa (Berezovka - Serbka front)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Allied front of March 1919 covering Odessa from the north-east: forward at Berezovka (c. 60 km NE of Odessa, lost 16 or 18 March), then the Serbka line (village of Serbka, between Berezovka and Odessa; coordinates not established), abandoned on 31 March. The wider Allied perimeter of January-February 1919 included Tiraspol (now Moldova) and a strip reaching the Dnieper (Kherson, Nikolaev).", "joint": true, "joint_with": "France (incl. French artillery and tanks at Berezovka), Russian Volunteer Army", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Army Corps (Lt-Gen. Konstantinos Nider): 2nd and XIII Divisions, under French command (Gen. d'Anselme, Odessa; C-in-C Franchet d'Esperey)", "battle": "end: Battle of Berezovka (March 1919), Serbka", "basis": "Allied intervention in southern Russia", "event": "Greek and French troops held the front north-east of Odessa in March 1919; Berezovka was lost in mid-March and the Serbka line abandoned on 31 March, after which the Allies fell back on Odessa.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: Greek units were on the Berezovka front before it broke on the evening of 18 March (Stefanidis; en.wikipedia dates the fall of Berezovka to 16 March). The 3rd Regiment arrived at Odessa on 12 March and went to the front; Serbka was lost on 26 March, retaken on 27 March, the 5/42 Evzone Regiment (Plastiras) relieved the 3rd Regiment on 28 March, and the Serbka line was abandoned on 31 March 1919 (Stefanidis).", "sources": "Stefanidis, 'Greece and the Allied intervention in southern Russia' (Balkan Studies, imxa.gr/files/bsfiles/55/4_Ioannis Stefanidis.pdf; Gregorian dates, citing the Hellenic Army General Staff history); en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention", "note": "Draw faintly as a sector of the Odessa perimeter; dates of the perimeter's extension (talks with Petliura's delegates, January-February 1919) are not given in the sources.", "editorial": "Kept as information about the Greek forces' operations, not drawn on the map: Greek troops served under French command in the Allied intervention of 1919, and Greece held no land of its own there. Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1919-ukraine-kherson", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-02-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1919-03-10", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kherson (Allied garrison)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": true, "joint_with": "France (c. 150 French soldiers, French naval guns), some Russian officers", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Army Corps (Lt-Gen. Konstantinos Nider): 2nd and XIII Divisions, under French command (Gen. d'Anselme, Odessa; C-in-C Franchet d'Esperey); c. 700 men of the 7th Regiment at the time of the attack", "battle": "end: Grigoriev's attack on Kherson (7-10 March 1919)", "basis": "Allied intervention in southern Russia; town ceded by agreement with the Ukrainian Directorate's delegates", "event": "Greek troops formed most of the Allied garrison of Kherson (c. 700 Greeks, c. 150 French); after the attack of 7 March they withdrew into the old citadel and the town was evacuated by sea on 10 March 1919.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: Kherson and Nikolaev were handed over peacefully by Petliura's delegates to Gen. d'Anselme in early 1919 (en.wikipedia, no date). Greek troops were in Kherson by 1 March 1919 (Stefanidis: Lt Matthios at the Kherson railway station on 1 March); the 34th Regiment was the only Greek unit in the region for 38 days after 20 January, so other Greek units (2nd Division) arrived from about late February. End: Grigoriev attacked on 7 March; the Greek defenders decided on 9 March to evacuate and the Allied force left by sea in the early hours of 10 March 1919 (Stefanidis; en.wikipedia). (Julian 25 February.)", "sources": "Stefanidis, 'Greece and the Allied intervention in southern Russia' (Balkan Studies, imxa.gr/files/bsfiles/55/4_Ioannis Stefanidis.pdf; Gregorian dates, citing the Hellenic Army General Staff history); en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention; newgreektv.com 'When Greeks fought in the Ukraine' (dates evidently Julian)", "note": "newgreektv dates the relief of the Kherson garrison by the 1st Regiment to '25 February', probably Julian (= 10 March Gregorian) or confused; not used for the start. (Julian 25 February.)", "editorial": "Kept as information about the Greek forces' operations, not drawn on the map: Greek troops served under French command in the Allied intervention of 1919, and Greece held no land of its own there. Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1919-ukraine-nikolaev", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-03-01", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1919-03-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nikolaev (Allied garrison)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": true, "joint_with": "France (two weak French companies); the German 15th Division (c. 12,000 men awaiting repatriation, of doubtful loyalty) was also in the city", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Army Corps (Lt-Gen. Konstantinos Nider): 2nd and XIII Divisions, under French command (Gen. d'Anselme, Odessa; C-in-C Franchet d'Esperey)", "battle": "end: Grigoriev's offensive (March 1919)", "basis": "Allied intervention in southern Russia; city ceded by agreement with the Ukrainian Directorate's delegates", "event": "Nikolaev was held by about 500 Greeks and two French companies; it was evacuated 14-16 March 1919.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: a Greek garrison (c. 500 men) was in the city by early March (en.wikipedia, Grigoriev's attack after 7 March); arrival not dated in the sources, possibly late February. End: lost on 14 March 1919 (Stefanidis); en.wikipedia says the evacuation took place 14-16 March without incident. (Julian 1 March.)", "sources": "Stefanidis, 'Greece and the Allied intervention in southern Russia' (Balkan Studies, imxa.gr/files/bsfiles/55/4_Ioannis Stefanidis.pdf; Gregorian dates, citing the Hellenic Army General Staff history); en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention", "note": "(Julian 1 March.)", "editorial": "Kept as information about the Greek forces' operations, not drawn on the map: Greek troops served under French command in the Allied intervention of 1919, and Greece held no land of its own there. Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1919-crimea-sevastopol", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "note", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1919-04-29", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sevastopol (Allied garrison)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": true, "joint_with": "France (French navy and troops), Britain (Royal Navy battleships from 21 April), Russian Volunteer Army", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Army Corps (Lt-Gen. Konstantinos Nider): 2nd and XIII Divisions, under French command (Gen. d'Anselme, Odessa; C-in-C Franchet d'Esperey)", "battle": "end: Soviet advance into Crimea (April 1919)", "basis": "Allied intervention in southern Russia", "event": "Greek infantry of the XIII Division helped hold Sevastopol with the French until the Allied evacuation of 23-29 April 1919.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: Greek units of the 2nd Regiment, XIII Division, were based in Sevastopol in early April 1919 (Stefanidis); by mid-April about 2,000 Greek and 2,400 French troops were in the city. The Bolsheviks reached the city on 14 April; truce 17-25 April; evacuation ordered 21 April, embarkation from 23 April, ended 28 April (en.wikipedia); the city was handed over on 29 April 1919 (Stefanidis). newgreektv: the 2nd Regiment 'remained in the Crimea until 14 April 1919' (Julian = 27 April). (Julian 16 April for the end.)", "sources": "Stefanidis, 'Greece and the Allied intervention in southern Russia' (Balkan Studies, imxa.gr/files/bsfiles/55/4_Ioannis Stefanidis.pdf; Gregorian dates, citing the Hellenic Army General Staff history); en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention; newgreektv.com 'When Greeks fought in the Ukraine' (dates evidently Julian)", "note": "Naval only before this: the Greek destroyer Panther was at Sevastopol from 26 November 1918 to 8 March 1919 (Stefanidis). Greek warships (battleship Limnos) also lay off Feodosia in April 1919; no Greek ground control there is documented. (Julian = 27 April) (Julian 16 April for the end.)", "editorial": "Kept as information about the Greek forces' operations, not drawn on the map: Greek troops served under French command in the Allied intervention of 1919, and Greece held no land of its own there. Status changed from 'de_facto' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1919-smyrna", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-09", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Smyrna", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: landing at Smyrna; end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "About 13,000-20,000 Greek troops (1st Division, Col. Nikolaos Zafeiriou) landed under Allied naval cover on 15 May 1919 and took the city. On 14 May Allied detachments had taken posts nearby (British: Karaburun and Uzunada; French: Vourla and Phocaea; Greek: Yenikale fort). Greek troops left on 9 September 1922, when the Turkish army entered.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Landing 15 May 1919 (Julian 2 May). Greek civil administration under High Commissioner Aristeidis Stergiadis from 19/21 May 1919 (en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna: four days after the landing; Treaty of Sèvres article: 21 May). End: the Greek headquarters and authorities left on 8-9 September 1922 and Turkish cavalry entered on the morning of 9 September (c. 10:00, timeturk); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War also says the Greek authorities left 'two days before', which conflicts. (Julian 27 August 1922.)", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); timeturk.com '9 Eylul ve Izmir'in kurtulusu'; en.wikipedia Treaty of Sevres", "note": "Smyrna stayed the seat of the Greek High Commission throughout. On 30 July 1922 the Greek government proclaimed a protectorate/autonomous administration for the zone (Treaty of Sèvres article infobox). A small British force entered after the Greek departure (Occupation of Smyrna). (Julian 2 May) (Julian 27 August 1922.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-seferihisar", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-16", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Seferihisar", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 16 May 1919 (KTB). End month only: no 1922 date found; the surrounding places were evacuated 9-16 September 1922 (Smyrna 9th, Vourla 12th, Krini 16th).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-vourla", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-12", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Vourla (and the isthmus of the Erythrae peninsula)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied by Greek troops 17 May 1919 (KTB; Metin; Guclu); a French detachment had landed on 14 May 1919 (KTB: Phocaea, Karaburun, Vourla, Yenikale taken by British, French and Greek troops together). Retaken by the Turks 12 September 1922 (Yeni Asir).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-krini", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-16", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Krini and Alatsata", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "Krini was the last port of the Smyrna zone held by the Greek Army; the final embarkation there was on 16 September 1922.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 17 May 1919 (KTB; Metin); Guclu gives 20 May. Alatsata retaken by the Turks 15 September, Krini 16 September 1922 (Yeni Asir); en.wikipedia 'Great Offensive': the last Greek troops left Krini on 16 September 1922.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); en.wikipedia Great Offensive; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-karaburun", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Karaburun peninsula", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "Britain (detachment landed 14 May 1919; how long it stayed is not established)", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "British post from 14 May 1919 (KTB; en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna); the date Greek troops took over is not established, Karaburun being one of the counties of the Greek-administered zone (Occupation of Smyrna). End month only: no 1922 date found (after Smyrna 9 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-phocaea", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-10", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Phocaea", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "France (detachment landed 14 May 1919; how long it stayed is not established)", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "French post from 14 May 1919 (KTB; en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna); Greek administration of 'Palea Phocaea' county thereafter (Occupation of Smyrna), date of the Greek takeover not established. Retaken by the Turks 10 September 1922 (Yeni Asir).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-menemen", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-09", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Menemen", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 21 May 1919 (KTB, occupier not named there; Metin; Guclu). Retaken by the Turks 9 September 1922 (Yeni Asir; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-torbali", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Torbalı", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 20 May 1919 (KTB). End month only: no 1922 date found (between Bayındır 4 September and Smyrna 9 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-ayasoluk", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Ayasoluk", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 22 May 1919 (KTB; Metin). Retaken by the Turks 8 September 1922 (Yeni Asir; Sabah). Ayasoluk was under the direct control of the Smyrna High Commission (Occupation of Smyrna).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-bayindir", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bayındır", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 25 May 1919 (KTB; Guclu gives 29 May). Retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (Yeni Asir; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-nif", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nif", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "KTB records the occupation of 'Akhisar ile Nif' on 5 June 1919 (Nif = Nif); ATBD 115 lists Nif among the places the Greeks held in June 1919. Retaken by the Turks 8 September 1922 (Yeni Asir).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 115 (MSB, Milne line documents; preface p. VII; docs 4236-4242); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-magnesia", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Magnesia", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 26 May 1919 (KTB); Metin gives 25 May. Retaken by the Turks 8 September 1922 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War; Yeni Asir; Sabah; CYDD).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; CYDD PDF (cydd.org.tr) on the Great Offensive", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-kasaba", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-07", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kasaba", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 29 May 1919 (KTB; Metin; Guclu). Retaken by the Turks 7 September 1922 (Yeni Asir; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-ahmetli", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Ahmetli", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 4 June 1919 (Metin). End month only: no 1922 date found (between Salihli 5 September and Kasaba 7 September).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-tire", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Tire", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 28 May 1919 (KTB; Metin); Guclu gives 29 May. Retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (Yeni Asir); Sabah gives 5 September.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-odemis", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Ödemiş", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 1 June 1919 (KTB; Metin); first armed clash of the war near Ödemiş on 28 May 1919 (en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna). Retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (Yeni Asir; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "Kiraz and Beydağ districts (east of Ödemiş) are not recorded separately; they lay at the edge of the zone in 1919 (see Milne line) and were presumably Greek-held from the 1920 offensive.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-aidin-first", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1919-06-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Aydın (first occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Battle of Aydın (27 June - early July 1919)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 27 May 1919 (KTB; Metin; Guclu). Retaken by Turkish nationalist forces on 30 June 1919 (KTB); en.wikipedia dates the Battle of Aydın to 27 June 1919 and says Turkish irregulars retook the town in July.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-aidin-second", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-07", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Aydın (from July 1919)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Aydın; end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: the Greek Army returned to Aydın in early July 1919 (the exact date is not given in the sources consulted); on 12 November 1919 the Allied Council agreed that 'the Greeks would remain at Aidin but would not be authorized to advance further' (FRUS). Retaken by the Turks 7 September 1922 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War and Great Offensive, with Germencik and Scala Nova; Yeni Asir; Sabah; CYDD).", "sources": "FRUS 1919, Paris Peace Conference vol. IX, doc. 6 (Council of Heads of Delegations, 12 Nov. 1919); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); en.wikipedia Great Offensive; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; CYDD PDF (cydd.org.tr) on the Great Offensive", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-nazilli-first", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1919-06-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nazilli (first occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 4 June 1919 (KTB); Metin gives 3 June. Retaken by Turkish nationalist forces on 20 June 1919 (KTB). Nazilli then stayed outside the Greek zone until 3 July 1920.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-pergamon-first", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1919-06-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Pergamon (first occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Pergamon (15-16 June 1919)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 12 June 1919 (Metin); retaken by Turkish nationalist forces 15 June 1919 (KTB).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-pergamon", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Pergamon", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Reoccupied 20 June 1919 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 14 September 1922 (Yeni Asir).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-dikili", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dikili", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 13 June 1919 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 14 September 1922 (Yeni Asir).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-kydonies", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-05-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kydonies", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 29 May 1919 (KTB; Metin; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi); Guclu gives 28 May. Retaken by the Turks 15 September 1922 (Yeni Asir).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "The Kydonies Division was formed here and joined the Army of Asia Minor in February 1920 (en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-06-front-greek-zone", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-06-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1919-06-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held zone, June 1919 (before the setbacks at Nazilli and Aydın)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Front line, north to south (outer Greek posts): Aegean coast north of Kydonies (39.32 N 26.69 E) - Pergamon (39.121, 27.180; held 12-15 June and again from 20 June) - east of Menemen and Magnesia (38.614, 27.429) - Kasaba (38.495, 27.700) - Ahmetli (38.519, 27.938) - Ödemiş (38.228, 27.970) - Nazilli (37.913, 28.320; the eastern point, along the Smyrna-Aydın railway) - back west along the Maeander valley (north bank) to Aydın (37.848, 27.845) - Germencik - Aegean coast between Ayasoluk (Greek) and Scala Nova (Italian). South of the Maeander and at Scala Nova and Sokia lay the Italian occupation zone.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: landing at Smyrna and occupation of the hinterland; end: Nazilli, Pergamon, Aydın (June 1919)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "Within three weeks of the landing the Greek Army held the coast from Kydonies to Ayasoluk and the railway valleys inland to Magnesia, Kasaba, Ödemiş, Aydın and Nazilli.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Snapshot: 4 June 1919 (Nazilli and Ahmetli taken) to 20 June 1919 (Nazilli lost). Within this window Pergamon was taken on 12 June, lost on 15 June and retaken on 20 June; Aydın was lost on 30 June and regained in early July. See the town events for exact days.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; FRUS 1919, Paris Peace Conference vol. IX, doc. 6 (Council of Heads of Delegations, 12 Nov. 1919)", "note": "Allied posts of 14 May 1919: British at Karaburun and Uzunada, French at Vourla and Phocaea (KTB; Greek landing at Smyrna). The Turkish fronts facing the zone in 1919: Kydonies, Pergamon-Soma, Akhisar, Salihli, Ödemiş and Aydın-Nazilli (Atatürk Ansiklopedisi).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-milne-line-zone", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1920-06-22", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek zone within the Milne line (1919-1920)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Milne line as given in ATBD 115 (preface, p. VII; Turkish text translated): starting from a point on the sea coast ['seven miles north-east of Aidin', as printed: the place name is evidently garbled: the first named points lie north and north-east of Kydonies and Pergamon, so the start must be on the Gulf of Adramyttion coast north-east of Kydonies, south of Burhaniye] - Hacı Osman - Yaylacık Dağı - Madra Dağı - Kesnaten Dağı - summit of Akmaz Dağı - Döşeme village - the ridges between the Ürgüt and Menteşe streams - the junction of the Kaikos and the Cumalı stream - west of Tuğlacık - the Sarıtaş peaks - Özpekkaya - Karasilli - Yenice - Tepecik - Tatarköy - Yeni Çiftlik - Papazlı - south-east of Belen Dağı - Kestelli - Yarışlı - Sart (38.488, 28.040) - Bucak - Çaylı - Bademiye, to the southern boundary of the sanjak of Smyrna. South of that the source gives no course; the Greek line continued to the Maeander near Aydın and ran 'along the north bank of the river', leaving 'a triangle between the river, the railroad and the Greek line, which included Aidin' (FRUS, 12 Nov. 1919); the Greek-Italian line south of it had been 'fixed by agreement between M. Venizelos and the Italian Government' (FRUS). Most villages on the line are not located here (coordinates not established); the points list gives towns on each side.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from 22 June 1920)", "basis": "Demarcation line fixed by the Allied Supreme Council on the report of Gen. G. Milne (autumn 1919) between the Greek occupation zone and Ottoman territory; Greek-Italian line by Venizelos-Italian agreement", "event": "From summer 1919 to June 1920 the Greek Army stayed behind a demarcation line confirmed by the Allies (the Milne line), with fighting along it (e.g. Turkish repulse of Greek attacks on the Soma and Salihli fronts, 18 January 1920, KTB).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start month only: the Greek zone reached roughly this extent in the operations of July 1919 (en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor: the line reached then 'formed the boundary of the Greek-controlled Smyrna Zone until June 1920'). The line was drawn by Gen. George Milne for the Supreme Council and notified to the Ottoman War Minister Cemal Paşa on 3 November 1919 (KTB); on 15 November 1919 the Ottoman government had not yet accepted it (ATBD 115, doc. 4242); on 12 November 1919 the Council of Heads of Delegations agreed that the Greeks would stay at Aydın but not advance further (FRUS). Greek troops were not to cross it except in pursuit, and then not more than 3 km (en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna). End: the Greek general offensive from the Milne line began on 22 June 1920 (KTB; Metin); en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna says the Greek divisions crossed it on 22 July 1920, which conflicts with the dated captures of 22-24 June 1920.", "sources": "Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 115 (MSB, Milne line documents; preface p. VII; docs 4236-4242); T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); FRUS 1919, Paris Peace Conference vol. IX, doc. 6 (Council of Heads of Delegations, 12 Nov. 1919); en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor (some dates Julian); en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna; Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr)", "note": "Places on the line identified with present villages only where certain. ATBD 115 also records Greek posts near Salihli abandoned on 20 October 1919 (doc. 4239), Greek troops pushed back to the ridges north of Küçükören (15 Oct. 1919, doc. 4237) and Güre as a place Milne allowed the Greeks to occupy (doc. 4236). Atatürk Ansiklopedisi says by mid-1920 the occupation reached a line from Prusa through Uşak to Denizli (i.e. after the summer offensive).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-sevres-smyrna-zone", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1920-08-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-07-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Smyrna zone (Sèvres Art. 66)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Treaty of Sèvres, Article 66 (text as transcribed in consecutive extracts from the treaty PDF; check against the official text): 'The geographical limits of the territory adjacent to the city of Smyrna will be laid down as follows: From the mouth of the river which flows into the Aegean Sea about 5 kilometres north of Skalanova, eastwards, the course of this river upstream; then south-eastwards, the course of the southern branch of this river; then south-eastwards, to the western point of the crest of the Gumush Dagh; A line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Chinar K, and east of Akche Ova; thence north-eastwards, this crest line; thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Ayasoluk to Deirmendik about 1 kilometre west of Balachik station, a line to be fixed on the ground leaving the road and railway from Sokia to Balachik station entirely in Turkish territory; thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the southern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna, a line to be fixed on the ground; thence to a point to be chosen in the neighbourhood of Bos Dagh situated about 15 kilometres north-east of Odemish, the southern and eastern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna; thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Manisa to Alashehr about 6 kilometres west of Salihli, a line to be fixed on the ground; thence northwards to Geurenez Dagh, a line to be fixed on the ground passing east of Mermer Geul [and] west of Kemer, crossing the Kum Chai approximately south of Akshalan, and then following the watershed west of Kavakalan; thence north-westwards to a point to be chosen on the boundary between the Cazas of Kirkagach and Ak Hissar about 18 kilometres east of Kirkagach and 20 kilometres north of Ak Hissar, a line to be fixed on the ground; thence westwards to its junction with the boundary of the Caza of Soma, the southern boundary of the Caza of Kirkagach, thence westwards to its junction with the boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna, the southern boundary of the Caza of Soma; thence northwards to its junction with the boundary of the vilayet of Smyrna, the north-eastern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna; thence westwards to a point to be chosen in the neighbourhood of Charpajik (Tepe), the northern boundary of the vilayet of Smyrna; thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the ground about 4 kilometres southwest of Keuiluje, a line to be fixed on the ground; thence westwards to a point to be selected on the ground between Cape Dahlina and Kemer Iskele, a line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Kemer and Kemer Iskele together with the road joining these places.' Reading on present maps: the southern limit starts on the coast a few km north of Scala Nova (Scala Nova, left outside) and runs roughly along the southern edge of present Ayasoluk district (Ayasoluk inside) to the Smyrna-Aydın railway just west of Balachik station (probably Ortaklar, Germencik; the Sokia branch left to Turkey); then north to the old Smyrna-Aydın sanjak boundary (roughly the present Smyrna-Aydın provincial boundary) and along it east and north to the Boz Dağ range c. 15 km NE of Ödemiş; then north to the Magnesia-Philadelphia railway c. 6 km west of Salihli (near Sart; Salihli outside); then north passing east of Lake Marmara (Mermer Geul; Gölmarmara inside) to a point c. 18 km east of Kırkağaç and 20 km north of Akhisar (Akhisar inside); then west along the southern boundaries of the old kazas of Kırkağaç and Soma (both outside) to the Smyrna sanjak boundary, north along it (Pergamon inside) to the vilayet boundary, west along the vilayet boundary to Charpajik Tepe, north to a point 4 km SW of Keuiluje and west to the Gulf of Adramyttion coast between Cape Dahlina and Kemer Iskele, leaving Kemer (probably Burhaniye, formerly Kemer) and its landing-place outside: Kydonies inside, Burhaniye outside. Gumush Dagh, Chinar K., Akche Ova, Deirmendik, Geurenez Dagh, Kemer (near Lake Marmara), Akshalan, Kavakalan, Charpajik Tepe, Keuiluje and Cape Dahlina are not identified here.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greece (administration under Arts. 69-70); sovereignty formally Turkish", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Sèvres (Treaty of Peace with Turkey), Part III, Section IV 'Smyrna', Arts. 65-83: Art. 66 boundary; Art. 67 boundary commission (Britain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey) to fix the line on the ground; Art. 69 Turkish sovereignty retained but its exercise transferred to Greece, Turkish flag on an outer fort; Art. 70 Greek administration; Art. 72 local parliament; Art. 83 after five years the local parliament could ask the League of Nations Council for definitive incorporation into Greece (plebiscite possible)", "event": "The Treaty of Sèvres placed Smyrna and a defined hinterland under Greek administration, with possible incorporation into Greece after five years; the zone was smaller than the area the Greek Army actually held after the summer 1920 offensive.", "signed": "1920-08-10", "in_force": "never (not ratified)", "handover": "", "date_note": "Awarded from signature (10 August 1920). The treaty was never ratified by Greece, the Ottoman Empire or the four principal Allied Powers (en.wikipedia), so the award never came into force. End: superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne, signed 24 July 1923 (in force 6 August 1924), which left the whole area to Turkey. (Julian 28 July 1920.)", "sources": "Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Sevres 10 Aug. 1920, Part III Section IV (Smyrna), Arts. 65-83 (text PDF fransamaltingvongeusau.com/documents/dl1/h1/1.1.18.pdf; Wikisource page could not be fetched); en.wikipedia Treaty of Sevres; en.wikipedia Occupation of Smyrna", "note": "Draw as an awarded outline over the de_facto zone. The area was held de facto by the Greek Army until 9-16 September 1922 (see the de_facto events). The boundary commission of Art. 67 never fixed the line on the ground, so the 'line to be fixed on the ground' stretches are approximate; confidence 'good' refers to the defined course, not to field demarcation. (Julian 28 July 1920.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-akhisar", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Akhisar", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 22 June 1920 at 18:00 (Metin). Retaken by the Turks 6 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "KTB also lists an occupation of 'Akhisar ile Nif' on 5 June 1919 and a 'reoccupation' of Akhisar on 22 June 1919. Akhisar lay outside the Milne line (the 'Akhisar front' was Turkish in 1919-20) and Metin dates its occupation to 22 June 1920, so the KTB 1919 entries are probably misdated (cf. KTB's entry for Philadelphia dated 21 June 1919 in the 1920 block) or record a short-lived entry; not used.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-saruhanli-golmarmara", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Saruhanlı and Gölmarmara", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Gölmarmara occupied 22 June 1920 at 09:30, Saruhanlı the same day (Metin). End month only: no 1922 date found (between Akhisar 6 September and Magnesia 8 September).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-salihli", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-05", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Salihli", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 24 June 1920 (Metin); KTB gives 23 June. Retaken by the Turks 5 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-philadelphia", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-05", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Philadelphia and Sarıgöl", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Philadelphia occupied 24 June 1920 by Greek forces coming from Salihli (Metin; KTB prints '21 Haziran 1919' inside its 1920 entries). Retaken by the Turks 5 September 1922 at 17:00 (Metin; Yeni Asır; Sabah). Sarıgöl was retaken by the Turks on 4 September 1922 (Metin); its occupation date is not recorded separately.", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-kirkagac", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-12", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kırkağaç", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 24 June 1920 at 10:30 (Metin). Retaken by the Turks 12 September 1922 (Yeni Asır).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-soma", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Soma", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied on the evening of 24 June 1920 (Metin). Retaken by the Turks 13 September 1922 (Yeni Asır).", "sources": "Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-bigadic", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bigadiç", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 25 June 1920; retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (both KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-kula", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kula and Selendi", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Kula occupied 28 June 1920 (KTB); retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (Metin). Selendi retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (Metin).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-savastepe", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Savaştepe", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 29 June 1920 (KTB). End month only: no 1922 date found (Balıkesir was retaken by the Turks on 6 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-sindirgi", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sındırgı", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 29 June 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-burhaniye", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Burhaniye (and Gömeç)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Burhaniye occupied 29 June 1920 (KTB); retaken by the Turks 8 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-esme", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eşme", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 29 June 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-balikesir", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-06-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Balıkesir", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Greek forces entered Balıkesir on 30 June 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 6 September 1922 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War; Yeni Asır; Sabah; CYDD).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; CYDD PDF (cydd.org.tr) on the Great Offensive", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-adramyttion", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-09", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Adramyttion (and Havran)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Adramyttion occupied 1 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 9 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-mihalic", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Mihaliç", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 2 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 14 September 1922 (Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-kirmasti", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Kirmasti", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 2 July 1920 (KTB, as 'Kirmasti'). End month only: no 1922 date found (Prusa 10 September, Mihaliç 14 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-susurluk", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Susurluk", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 2 July 1920 (KTB). End month only: no 1922 date found (Balıkesir 6 September, Panormos 17 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-panormos", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-17", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Panormos", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Greek landing at Panormos 2 July 1920 (KTB; politikam). Retaken by the Turks 17 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; politikam).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); politikam.com (the date of the Turkish recapture of Panormos); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-artaki-kyzikos", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Artaki and the Kyzikos peninsula", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "Artaki and Kyzikos, with Biga, were the last places in Asia Minor held by the Greek Army (18 September 1922).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Greek landing at Artaki reported on 2 July 1920 (KTB). The last Greek troops left Artaki on 18 September 1922 (en.wikipedia 'Battle of Dumlupınar' and 'Great Offensive': III Corps left Artaki; Atatürk Ansiklopedisi: last Greek units at Artaki and on the Kyzikos peninsula, 18 September; Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupinar; en.wikipedia Great Offensive; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "Whether the Marmara islands (present Marmara district) were Greek-held is not established in the sources consulted.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-biga-peninsula", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Biga peninsula (Biga, Ayvacık, Ezine, Bayramiç, Lapseki)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Ayvacık, Biga, Lapseki, Ezine and Bayramiç occupied 4 July 1920 (KTB; TÜBA has Çanakkale occupied by 8 July). Biga was evacuated with Artaki on 18 September 1922 (en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar and Great Offensive); for Ayvacık, Ezine, Bayramiç and Lapseki no 1922 date was found (September 1922).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); TUBA, Tarih serisi ch. 6 (tuba.gov.tr ... 978-625-8352-65-8_ch06.pdf); en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupinar; en.wikipedia Great Offensive", "note": "This area is part of Asia Minor; the Allied Straits zone (Çanakkale, Dardanelles) is a separate matter and may be covered in the Thrace batch.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-gonen", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Gönen", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 6 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 6 September 1922 (KTB; Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-balya", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-07", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Balya", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 7 July 1920 (KTB). End month only: no 1922 date found.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-buldan", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Buldan", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 5 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (KTB; Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-nazilli", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-05", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nazilli (second occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Reoccupied 3 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 5 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-prusa", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-10", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Prusa", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 8 July 1920 (KTB); Güçlü gives 9 July. Retaken by the Turks 10 September 1922 (Yeni Asır); a study of a British eyewitness account dates the recapture to 10-11 September 1922 and the city commemorates 11 September; Güçlü gives 12 September. (Julian 25 June 1920 - 28 August 1922.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yucel Guclu, TTK article on the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia (ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13-Yucel-Turkce.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; avesis.uludag.edu.tr 'The Liberation of Bursa ... British Eyewitness 10-11 September 1922'", "note": "(Julian 25 June 1920 - 28 August 1922.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-mudanya", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-11", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Mudanya", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: taken in the July 1920 advance on Prusa (Prusa 8 July); no exact date found. Fell on 11 September 1922 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War, with Kios); Yeni Asır gives 12 September.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-kios", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-11", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kios (and Pazarköy)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: taken in the July 1920 advance on Prusa; no exact date found. Fell on 11 September 1922 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War); Yeni Asır gives 10 September and KTB 12 September.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-adranos", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-10", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Adranos (and the Prusa uplands)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Adranos occupied 10 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 10 September 1922 (Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-nicaea-first", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1920-09-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nicaea (first occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 12 July 1920; retaken by Turkish nationalist forces 30 September 1920 (both KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-gordes", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-05", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Gördes", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 14 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 5 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah; KTB lists Gördes under both 31 August and 5 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-demirci", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Demirci", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 21 July 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (KTB, which lists Demirci under both 4 and 5 September).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-usak", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-08-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Uşak", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 29 August 1920 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 1 September 1922 (Metin; Yeni Asır; Sabah; CYDD); timeturk says Turkish troops entered Uşak on 2 September. (Julian 16 August 1920.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; CYDD PDF (cydd.org.tr) on the Great Offensive; timeturk.com '9 Eylul ve Izmir'in kurtulusu'", "note": "The Greek I Corps (southern group) was based on Uşak in 1920-21 (en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor; First and Second İnönü: Greek advances from Prusa and Uşak). (Julian 16 August 1920.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-simav", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-09-02", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Simav", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 2 September 1920 and reoccupied 3 November 1920 (KTB), so it was lost for a time in between (probably in the Turkish attack at Gediz, 24 October 1920; not dated). Retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (Yeni Asır); KTB gives 5 September.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-gediz-first", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-09-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1920-10-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Gediz (first occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Gediz (24 Oct. 1920)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 5 September 1920; Turkish nationalist forces entered on 24 October 1920 (KTB). The Ataturk Ansiklopedisi describes the Gediz battle of 24 October 1920 as a Greek success, which conflicts; Gediz was in any case Greek-held again by 1922 (retaken by the Turks 1 September 1922, KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-yalova", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-09-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-07-19", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Yalova and the Armutlu peninsula", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Turkish advance after the evacuation of Nicomedia (June-July 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "KTB records the occupation of Yalova on 5 September 1920 without naming the occupier (TÜBA lists Yalova among the places occupied by the Greeks in July 1920), and Turkish forces entering Yalova on 19 July 1921. Extent on the peninsula not established.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); TUBA, Tarih serisi ch. 6 (tuba.gov.tr ... 978-625-8352-65-8_ch06.pdf)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-inegol-yenisehir", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-10-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "İnegöl and Yenişehir", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek advance of October 1920; end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 27 October 1920 (KTB; TÜBA: the Greeks reached İnegöl and Yenişehir, about 40 km from Bilecik). İnegöl retaken by the Turks 6 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah); no separate 1922 date found for Yenişehir.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); TUBA, Tarih serisi ch. 6 (tuba.gov.tr ... 978-625-8352-65-8_ch06.pdf); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-dursunbey", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dursunbey", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive of 1920 (from the Milne line, 22 June 1920); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Year only for the start: the date of occupation was not found (it lies between Balıkesir and Simav, both taken in 1920). Retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah).", "sources": "Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-autumn-front", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-10-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-01-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held Asia Minor, autumn 1920 (after Uşak, İnegöl and Yenişehir)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Front, north to south: Sea of Marmara east of Yalova (40.655, 29.276) and the Armutlu peninsula (the Nicomedia peninsula to the north-east was under British occupation from 6 July 1920, KTB) - west shore of the lake of Nicaea, east of Pazarköy and Kios (Nicaea itself Turkish) - Yenişehir (40.264, 29.653) - İnegöl (40.078, 29.510), c. 40 km short of Bilecik - south through the uplands east of Adranos (39.903, 28.987), west of Tavşanlı - Simav (39.088, 28.979) - west of Gediz (39.003, 29.414) - east of Uşak (38.682, 29.408) - south via Eşme (38.400, 28.970) to Buldan (38.045, 28.830) - the Maeander at Nazilli (37.913, 28.320) - west along the north bank of the Maeander past Aydın (37.848, 27.845) to the coast north of Scala Nova. The Biga peninsula and the Marmara coast from Panormos to Mudanya were Greek-held behind the front. The Turkish side: Nicaea, Bilecik, Tavşanlı, Kütahya, Gediz, Denizli.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek summer offensive 1920, Battle of Gediz (Oct. 1920); end: First Battle of İnönü (Jan. 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "The summer offensive of June-August 1920 extended Greek control over all of western and most of north-western Anatolia, from the Marmara and the Biga peninsula to Uşak and the Maeander.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Snapshot from 27 October 1920 (Yenişehir and İnegöl occupied) to 6 January 1921 (Greek advance from Prusa and Uşak towards Eskişehir and Afyon Karahisar: First İnönü). Gediz changed hands on 24 October and Simav on 3 November 1920. Atatürk Ansiklopedisi summarizes the 1920 result as a line from Prusa through Uşak to Denizli (Denizli itself was not taken).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); TUBA, Tarih serisi ch. 6 (tuba.gov.tr ... 978-625-8352-65-8_ch06.pdf); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor (some dates Julian); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)", "note": "In late December 1920 (Julian) a gap of about 160 km separated the Greek I Corps in the south (Uşak) from III Corps near Prusa (en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor), so the front between Adranos and Simav was a thin screen.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-01-first-inonu-bilecik-bozuyuk", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-01-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-01-11", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bilecik and Bozüyük (First İnönü advance)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "First Battle of İnönü (6-11 January 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The Greek Army advanced on 6 January 1921 from Prusa and Uşak; Bilecik and Bozüyük were occupied on 9 January (KTB); the Greeks reached İnönü on 9 January, attacked on 10 January and began withdrawing on 11 January (Ataturk Ansiklopedisi; KTB). End = start of the withdrawal; the exact day each town was left is not given. (Julian 27-29 December 1920.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)", "note": "(Julian 27-29 December 1920.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-03-second-inonu-advance", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-03-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-04-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bilecik, Bozüyük, Söğüt and Pazaryeri (Second İnönü advance)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "Second Battle of İnönü (23 March - 1 April 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The Greek offensive from Prusa and Uşak began on 23 March 1921; Söğüt was occupied on 26 March (KTB) and by 30 March the Greeks held Yenişehir, Pazarcık, Bozüyük, Bilecik and Dumlupınar (Ataturk Ansiklopedisi). After the Turkish counter-attack of 31 March they withdrew in the night of 31 March / 1 April to their original positions (Ataturk Ansiklopedisi; en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor dates the start '10 March', the Julian date).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor (some dates Julian); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-03-adapazari", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-03-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Adapazarı (March 1921)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "Second Battle of İnönü (March 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "KTB records the occupation of 'Adapazarı and Söğüt' by the Greeks on 26 March 1921. End month only and uncertain: not recorded; probably given up in the general withdrawal after Second İnönü (from 1 April 1921), at the latest with the evacuation of Nicomedia (28 June 1921).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "Single source; the route of the force that reached Adapazarı is not given. Treat as uncertain.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-03-afyon-karahisar-first", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-03-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Afyon Karahisar (first occupation)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "Second Battle of İnönü / Battle of Aslıhanlar-Dumlupınar (March-April 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 27 March 1921 (KTB; en.wikipedia Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir: 'in March'). After Second İnönü the Greek southern group took Dumlupınar and Afyon Karahisar and reached the Çay-Bolvadin line, and a Turkish attack at Aslıhanlar failed (Ataturk Ansiklopedisi). End month only and uncertain: the date the Greeks left Afyon Karahisar is not given; KTB records a 'second' occupation on 13 July 1921, so the town was given up in between, probably in April 1921.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Battle of Kutahya-Eskisehir; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-04-civril", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-04-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-08-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Çivril", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Greek southern advance (March-April 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 1 April 1921; retaken by the Turks 31 August 1922 (both KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-04-nicomedia", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-04-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-06-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nicomedia and the Nicomedia peninsula", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Greek evacuation of the Nicomedia peninsula (June 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "British troops occupied Nicomedia on 6 July 1920; Greek troops took over Nicomedia on 28 April 1921 when the British left, and Turkish forces entered on 28 June 1921 (all KTB). Extent on the peninsula not established.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "Whether Greek units served in the British-held Nicomedia area before April 1921 is not established in the sources consulted (en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar speaks loosely of a Greek line from Nicomedia to Eskişehir and Karahisar).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-afyon-karahisar", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-08-27", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Afyon Karahisar (1921-1922)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied for the second time on 13 July 1921 (KTB). On 27 August 1922 the Greek I Corps ordered at 10:30 the evacuation of the town (en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar) and the Turkish army entered at 17:00 (AKÜ SBD; KTB; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War). (Julian 30 June 1921 - 14 August 1922.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupinar; Afyon Kocatepe Univ. SBD article (sbd.aku.edu.tr/X2/98109.pdf; Ataturk's Nutuk and Fevzi Cakmak on the 1921-22 front); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)", "note": "In 1922 Afyon Karahisar formed the eastern salient of the Greek front (I Corps, Trikoupis), with Dumlupınar on the railway c. 48 km to the west (en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar). (Julian 30 June 1921 - 14 August 1922.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-kutahya", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kütahya", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Kütahya occupied 17 July 1921 (KTB; en.wikipedia Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir: 'in July'). Captured by the Turkish army on the evening of 30 August 1922 (en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar); KTB gives 31 August. (Julian 4 July 1921.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Battle of Kutahya-Eskisehir; en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupinar", "note": "(Julian 4 July 1921.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-seyitgazi", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Seyitgazi", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 17 July 1921; retaken by the Turks 1 September 1922 (both KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-emet", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-17", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Emet", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 17 July 1921 (KTB). Retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (KTB; Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-tavsanli", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Tavşanlı", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: no occupation date found; Tavşanlı lay outside the Greek front of autumn 1920 and was taken in the July 1921 offensive (Kütahya 17 July). Retaken by the Turks 3 September 1922 (KTB; Yeni Asır).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-gediz", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Gediz (1921-1922)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: the date of the Greek return after 24 October 1920 is not given (probably the July 1921 offensive). Retaken by the Turks 1 September 1922 (KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-eskisehir", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-19", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-02", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eskişehir (Dorylaion)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Greek troops entered Eskişehir on the evening of 19 July 1921 (KTB, which also has an entry for 20 July). Retaken by the Turks 2 September 1922 (KTB; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War; CYDD). (Julian 6 July 1921 - 20 August 1922.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); CYDD PDF (cydd.org.tr) on the Great Offensive; en.wikipedia Battle of Kutahya-Eskisehir", "note": "(Julian 6 July 1921 - 20 August 1922.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-bozuyuk-pazaryeri", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-05", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bozüyük and Pazaryeri", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Pazaryeri taken 13 July and Bozüyük 15 July 1921 (KTB). Bozüyük retaken by the Turks 4 September, Pazaryeri 5 September 1922 (KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-bilecik", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bilecik", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: KTB says the Greeks moved towards Bilecik on 13 July 1921; exact day not found. Retaken by the Turks 6 September 1922 (KTB; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War); Yeni Asır gives 5 September.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-sogut", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Söğüt", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: retaken in the July 1921 offensive (exact day not found). Retaken by the Turks 4 September 1922 (KTB).", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-nicaea", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1922-08-26", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Nicaea (1921-1922)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Year only for the start: Nicaea was Turkish from 30 September 1920 and the date of the Greek return is not given; in 1922 the left (northern) flank of the Greek front rested north and south of the lake of Nicaea (AKÜ SBD), and KTB dates the Turkish recapture of Nicaea to 26 August 1922.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Afyon Kocatepe Univ. SBD article (sbd.aku.edu.tr/X2/98109.pdf; Ataturk's Nutuk and Fevzi Cakmak on the 1921-22 front)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-08-sandikli", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-08-07", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-09-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sandıklı", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: advance to the Sakarya (August 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Occupied 7 August 1921 (KTB). KTB dates its recapture to 12 September 1922, which is doubtful: after the Sakarya the Greek right flank rested on the Kamalar and Ahır mountains south-west of Afyon Karahisar (Fevzi Çakmak in AKÜ SBD), and the Turkish offensive of 26 August 1922 was launched from that sector, so Sandıklı was probably Turkish again from September 1921. End date unresolved.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Afyon Kocatepe Univ. SBD article (sbd.aku.edu.tr/X2/98109.pdf; Ataturk's Nutuk and Fevzi Cakmak on the 1921-22 front)", "note": "", "editorial": "End date unresolved in the research: KTB's 12 Sep 1922 is doubtful, since the Greek right flank rested on the Kamalar and Ahır mountains south-west of Afyon Karahisar after the Sakarya. Drawn until the withdrawal of 24 Sep 1921." }, { "id": "1921-08-sivrihisar", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-08-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1921-09-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sivrihisar", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: advance to the Sakarya; end: Battle of the Sakarya (retreat)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only for the start: taken on the Greek march to the Sakarya (operations from 13/14 August 1921; KTB: Greek advance towards the Sakarya positions on 13 August). Retaken by the Turks on 20 September 1921 (en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-08-aziziye", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-08-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1921-09-22", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Aziziye", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Battle of the Sakarya (retreat)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only and uncertain start (summer 1921; not dated). Retaken by the Turks on 22 September 1921 (en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-bolvadin-cay", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1921-09-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bolvadin and Çay", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir; end: Battle of the Sakarya (retreat)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only and uncertain start: the Greek southern group reached the Çay-Bolvadin line after Second İnönü in spring 1921 (Ataturk Ansiklopedisi) and again after the capture of Afyon Karahisar on 13 July 1921; the dates of entry are not given. Retaken by the Turks on 24 September 1921 (en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-sokia-scala-nova", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1922-09-07", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Sokia and Scala Nova (former Italian zone)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Occupation, from late 1919 Army of Asia Minor)", "battle": "end: Battle of Dumlupınar and the Greek retreat, 26 Aug - 18 Sept 1922", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Year only for the start: Italy began evacuating its occupation zone in south-western Anatolia in July 1921 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War); the date Greek troops took over Sokia and Scala Nova is not given. Sokia was retaken by the Turks on 6 September and Scala Nova on 7 September 1922 (Yeni Asır; Sabah; en.wikipedia 'Great Offensive' for Scala Nova, 7 September).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; en.wikipedia Great Offensive", "note": "Güçlü lists Scala Nova among places the Greeks held by the end of June 1919, which conflicts with the Italian occupation of Scala Nova and with Sèvres Art. 66 leaving it outside the Smyrna zone; not used.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-07-front", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-07-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-08-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held Asia Minor, late July 1921 (after Kütahya-Eskişehir)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Front, north to south: Gulf of Kios (40.432, 29.157; Nicomedia evacuated 28 June and Yalova lost 19 July 1921) - the lake of Nicaea - Bilecik (40.142, 29.979) - Söğüt (40.018, 30.181) - east of Eskişehir (39.777, 30.521) - Seyitgazi (39.445, 30.694) - east of Afyon Karahisar (38.757, 30.538), with forward posts towards Çay and Bolvadin - south-west to the upper Maeander at Çivril (38.301, 29.739) - down the Maeander (north bank) past Buldan (38.045, 28.830), Nazilli (37.913, 28.320) and Aydın (37.848, 27.845) to the coast north of Scala Nova. The Turkish army had withdrawn east of the Sakarya (completed 25 July 1921, KTB).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Asia Minor (I, II and III Corps; C-in-C Anastasios Papoulas)", "battle": "start: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir (10-24 July 1921); end: advance to the Sakarya", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "The July 1921 offensive took Afyon Karahisar (13 July), Kütahya (17 July) and Eskişehir (19 July); the Turks withdrew east of the Sakarya.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Snapshot from 25 July 1921 (Turkish withdrawal east of the Sakarya completed, KTB) to 13 August 1921 (Greek advance towards the Sakarya, KTB; operations began 1 August Julian = 14 August, en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor). Sandıklı was taken on 7 August 1921.", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Battle of Kutahya-Eskisehir; en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor (some dates Julian); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)", "note": "The exact course between Afyon Karahisar and Çivril and the status of Nicaea in July 1921 are not established.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-09-sakarya-furthest-advance", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-08-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-09-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held Asia Minor at the furthest advance (Sakarya, late August - mid-September 1921)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "At the furthest advance the Greek Army held a salient east of the Sakarya: from the Eskişehir front east along the Porsuk/Sakarya valleys to the Sakarya bend, across the river south of the Gök (Ilıca?) stream, and in an arc west and south of Polatlı (39.584, 32.147; Turkish headquarters, not taken) over the heights south of Polatlı including Mount Çal (Çal Dağı, in Greek hands by 2 September; coordinates not established) to west of Haymana (39.433, 32.497; not taken, 40 km south of Ankara); some Greek units came within 50 km of Ankara. Behind the salient: Sivrihisar (39.450, 31.537), and on the southern flank Aziziye (39.020, 31.150), Bolvadin (38.711, 31.049) and Çay (38.592, 31.027). West of Afyon Karahisar the front was as in July 1921 (Sandıklı added).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Asia Minor (I Corps Kontoulis, II Corps Prince Andrew, III Corps Polymenakos, southern group Trikoupis)", "battle": "Battle of the Sakarya (23 Aug. - 13 Sept. 1921)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "The Greek Army marched east from the Eskişehir-Afyon Karahisar line, crossed the Sakarya and fought the 21-day Battle of the Sakarya less than 100 km from Ankara; it then withdrew to the line it had held a month earlier.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle 23 August - 13 September 1921 (Julian 10-31 August); first contact on 23 August south of the Gök river, general Greek attack 26 August, Mount Çal taken by 2 September, Turkish counter-attack 8 September; the Greeks broke off on 14 September and withdrew across the Sakarya (en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya; KTB: Turkish forces crossed to the west bank on 14 September, Greek forces withdrew towards Eskişehir on 18 September).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor (some dates Julian); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr)", "note": "The line inside the Sakarya bend is the least certain part of this file; draw it as an approximate salient. Turkish recaptures during the Greek withdrawal: Sivrihisar 20 Sept., Aziziye 22 Sept., Bolvadin and Çay 24 Sept. 1921. (Julian 10-31 August)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1921-1922-winter-line", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1921-09-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-08-26", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held Asia Minor, September 1921 - August 1922 (Eskişehir-Afyon Karahisar line)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Front, north to south (c. 700-713 km in all, en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar): the Sea of Marmara near Kios (40.432, 29.157), the Greek left flank lying north and south of the lake of Nicaea (AKÜ SBD) - Nicaea (40.429, 29.721) - Bilecik (40.142, 29.979) - Söğüt (40.018, 30.181) - east of Eskişehir (39.777, 30.521; III Corps at Eskişehir), the left of the main sector on 'Bozdağı' (Fevzi Çakmak; location not identified here) - Seyitgazi (39.445, 30.694) - Döğer (II Corps area, village in İhsaniye district; coordinates not established) - the fortified line of 90-100 km east and south of Afyon Karahisar (38.757, 30.538; I Corps), its right on the Kamalar and Ahır mountains south-west of Afyon Karahisar (Çakmak) - west and south-west to the upper Maeander at Çivril (38.301, 29.739) - along the Maeander past Buldan (38.045, 28.830), Nazilli (37.913, 28.320) and Aydın (37.848, 27.845) - Sokia (37.751, 27.410) and Scala Nova (37.858, 27.261) on the coast after the Italian evacuation (the Greek right flank rested on the Maeander, AKÜ SBD).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Asia Minor (C-in-C Papoulas, from May 1922 Hatzianestis; I Corps Trikoupis at Afyon Karahisar, II Corps Digenis, III Corps Soumilas at Eskişehir)", "battle": "start: Battle of the Sakarya (Greek withdrawal); end: Battle of Dumlupınar (26-30 Aug. 1922)", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "For eleven months the Greek Army held a long front from the Marmara to the Maeander, with a salient around Eskişehir and Afyon Karahisar.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "From the end of the Greek withdrawal after the Sakarya (last Turkish recaptures 24 September 1921; the Greeks went back to 'the June-July line, around Eskişehir in the north and Afyonkarahisar in the south', en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor) to the start of the Turkish offensive at 05:00-05:30 on 26 August 1922 (KTB; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi). (Julian 11 September 1921 - 13 August 1922.)", "sources": "Afyon Kocatepe Univ. SBD article (sbd.aku.edu.tr/X2/98109.pdf; Ataturk's Nutuk and Fevzi Cakmak on the 1921-22 front); en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupinar; en.wikipedia Army of Asia Minor (some dates Julian); en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya; T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)", "note": "Corps positions per en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar (I Corps Kara Hisar, II Corps 'Gazligöl', III Corps Eskişehir) and AKÜ SBD (4-5 divisions east and south of Afyon Karahisar, 3 at Eskişehir and Seyitgazi, 3 at Döğer, about 2 near Kios and the lake of Nicaea). The course between Afyon Karahisar and Çivril is the least certain stretch. (Julian 11 September 1921 - 13 August 1922.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1922-retreat-sequence", "batch": "GB4a", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1922-08-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek retreat from Asia Minor (26 August - 18 September 1922)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Shrinking area; the town events give each end date. Recapture / evacuation sequence (Gregorian): 26 Aug Nicaea (KTB); 27 Aug Afyon Karahisar; 30 Aug Kütahya (evening; KTB 31 Aug), 31 Aug Çivril; 1 Sept Uşak, Gediz, Seyitgazi; 2 Sept Eskişehir; 3 Sept Ödemiş, Emet, Tavşanlı, Eşme, Sındırgı, Dursunbey, Bigadiç, Selendi; 4 Sept Tire, Bayındır, Buldan, Simav, Kula, Sarıgöl, Bozüyük, Söğüt, Demirci; 5 Sept Nazilli, Philadelphia, Salihli, Gördes, Pazaryeri; 6 Sept Akhisar, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Sokia, Gönen, İnegöl; 7 Sept Aydın, Germencik, Scala Nova, Kasaba; 8 Sept Magnesia, Nif, Ayasoluk, Burhaniye; 9 Sept Smyrna, Menemen, Adramyttion; 10 Sept Prusa, Phocaea, Adranos; 11 Sept Kios and Mudanya; 12 Sept Vourla, Kırkağaç; 13 Sept Soma; 14 Sept Pergamon, Dikili, Mihaliç; 15 Sept Kydonies, Alatsata; 16 Sept Krini (last Greek troops left the Smyrna zone); 17 Sept Panormos; 18 Sept Artaki, the Kyzikos peninsula and Biga (last Greek troops left Anatolia).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army of Asia Minor", "battle": "Great Offensive (Battle of Dumlupınar, 26-30 Aug. 1922) and pursuit", "basis": "Greek military occupation of western Asia Minor: landing at Smyrna authorized by the Allied Supreme Council (6 May 1919), zone extended by the Greek Army; Greek High Commission of Smyrna (Stergiadis) as administration; no sovereignty (Sèvres never in force)", "event": "The Turkish offensive broke the Greek front south and east of Afyon Karahisar on 26-27 August 1922; the Greek Army retreated to the coast and was evacuated from Asia Minor, the last troops leaving Krini on 16 September and Artaki and Biga on 18 September 1922.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Dates from KTB, Yeni Asır, Sabah, Metin, en.wikipedia (Greco-Turkish War, Battle of Dumlupınar, Great Offensive). Disagreements: Uşak 1 Sept (most) or 2 Sept (timeturk); Tire 4 or 5 Sept; Bilecik 5 (Yeni Asır) or 6 Sept (KTB, en.wikipedia); Prusa 10, 11 or 12 Sept; Kios 10, 11 or 12 Sept; Mudanya 11 or 12 Sept; Kütahya 30 or 31 Aug. (Julian 13 August - 5 September 1922.)", "sources": "T.C. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 'Kuva-yi Milliye Kronolojisi' (yakegm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/1009); Yeni Asir, Erkin Usman, 'Ege ve Izmir'in kurtulusu' (9 Sept. 2010) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Sabah, Erdal Safak, 'Ege'de Eylul' (10 Sept. 2012) - list of the dates of the Turkish recapture, 1922; Omer Metin, chapter on Philadelphia, 1920-22, in Milli Mucadelede Manisa (Manisa Buyuksehir Bel. 2020), makale.isam.org.tr bitstream 14127483; CYDD PDF (cydd.org.tr) on the Great Offensive; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922); en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupinar; en.wikipedia Great Offensive; Ataturk Ansiklopedisi, 'Milli Mucadelede Bati Cephesi' (ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr); Afyon Kocatepe Univ. SBD article (sbd.aku.edu.tr/X2/98109.pdf; Ataturk's Nutuk and Fevzi Cakmak on the 1921-22 front)", "note": "The Armistice of Mudanya (signed 11 October 1922; Greece acceded 14 October; in force 15 October) concerned Eastern Thrace and the Straits and is left to the Thrace batch. Lausanne (24 July 1923) confirmed Turkish sovereignty over the whole area. (Julian 13 August - 5 September 1922.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-interallied-thrace", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1919-10-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1920-06-02", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Inter-Allied Thrace (Western Thrace under French-led Allied administration)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Western Thrace as Bulgaria held it 1913/1915-1919: west = the Nestos from the sea up to the Greek-Bulgarian frontier of 1913; north = the Greek-Bulgarian frontier of Neuilly (the present border); east = the Evros from the Bulgarian frontier to the Aegean, including the Karaağaç suburb on the right bank; south = the Aegean. Samothrace (Greek since 1912) is not part of it.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "France (General Charles Antoine Charpy) for the Allied Powers", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied decision after the Armistice of Salonica (29 September 1918), under which Bulgaria kept Western Thrace until the Allies ordered its evacuation in autumn 1919; Treaty of Neuilly (27 November 1919) Bulgaria renounced the territory in favor of the Allied Powers.", "event": "Bulgarian troops and officials evacuated Western Thrace in autumn 1919; Allied (mainly French) troops took over and General Charpy governed it from Komotini until he handed it to the Greek Army in May 1920.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1920-05-27/06-02 (handover to the Greek Army; Old Style 14-20 May 1920)", "date_note": "Start: October 1919 (HAGS army.gr: 'October 1919: the French General Charles Antoine Charpy took political and military command of Thrace, based in Komotini'). dcstamps gives 10 October 1919 (Charpy assumes military control at Komotini) and 22 October 1919 (Charpy appointed Governor); the Greek compilation on elisme.gr gives 4 October 1919 for the entry of Entente troops into Xanthi. The calendar of these day dates is not stated (they may be Old Style, i.e. 17 Oct / 23 Oct / 4 Nov Gregorian). End: the Greek takeover, 14-20 May 1920 as given in Greek sources, here read as Old Style = 27 May - 2 June 1920 Gregorian (see 1920-komotini).", "sources": "army.gr/en/?p=58120 and ?p=44441 (Hellenic Army General Staff, 'Liberation of West Thrace'); dcstamps.com 'Western Thrace, Inter Allied Occupation (1919-1920)'; elisme.gr dossier 'Apeleftherosi Thrakis' (Greek press of May 1920); Gyudurov, ebox.nbu.bg/hist14 (Bulgarian: about 20,000 Bulgarians left in autumn 1919 and 20,000 more under the inter-Allied administration); en.wikipedia Western Thrace ('under temporary management of the Entente led by French General Charles Antoine Charpy').", "note": "Not a Greek status: recorded so that the map can show Western Thrace as Allied-administered (neutral color) between the Bulgarian departure and the Greek entry. The en.wikipedia page 'Interallied Thrace' named in the task does not exist (url_not_found). Whether Greek units took part in the Allied occupation (e.g. in the Xanthi area) is not stated in the sources found; the HAGS page names a 'Xanthi Division' already in May 1920, which hints at a Greek presence in Xanthi before the takeover, but this is not confirmed. TUBA ch10 mentions a 'French zone' still existing at Karaağaç on 22 July 1920.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-neuilly-western-thrace", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1919-11-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Thrace ceded by Bulgaria to the Allied Powers (Neuilly)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Bulgaria's new southern frontier = the present Greek-Bulgarian border from the Nestos to the Evros (and the Bulgarian-Turkish border); everything south of it between the Nestos and the Evros was renounced.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (27 November 1919): Bulgaria ceded Western Thrace to the Entente (Principal Allied and Associated Powers), who undertook to ensure Bulgaria's economic outlet to the Aegean; the Entente then gave it to Greece (San Remo, April 1920; Thrace treaty of Sevres, 10 August 1920).", "event": "Bulgaria renounced Western Thrace in favor of the Allied Powers, losing its direct outlet to the Aegean.", "signed": "1919-11-27", "in_force": "1920-08-09 (not verified in the fetched sources)", "handover": "", "date_note": "Signed 27 November 1919. Entry into force 9 August 1920 is the standard date but was not found in the pages fetched (en.wikipedia gives only 'Ratification by Bulgaria and four Principal Allied Powers'). End: the Allied title passed to Greece when the Sevres Thrace treaty came into force with Lausanne (6 August 1924).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (signed 27 November 1919 at the Hotel de Ville of Neuilly; Western Thrace ceded to the Entente, then awarded to Greece at San Remo); en.wikipedia Western Thrace ('ceded to the Entente in December 1919' - disagrees on the month); Gyudurov (Bulgarian): Neuilly placed Western Thrace under Allied administration.", "note": "Not a Greek status; legal step in the chain Bulgaria -> Allied Powers -> Greece. The article number (Art. 48 in the standard text) was not confirmed in the fetched pages. en.wikipedia Western Thrace says 'ceded to the Entente in December 1919', which disagrees with the signature date.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-western-thrace-award", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "note", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1920-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Thrace (San Remo decision and Thrace treaty of Sevres)", "confidence": "good", "line": "As 1919-interallied-thrace, without the Karaağaç triangle (recorded separately as 1920-karagatch-award because that part of the award was superseded at Lausanne).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Decision of the Supreme Allied Council at San Remo (April 1920) to give Western Thrace to Greece and let the Greek Army replace the Allied troops; Treaty between the Principal Allied Powers and Greece relative to Thrace (Sevres, 10 August 1920), transferring to Greece the territory ceded by Bulgaria at Neuilly; Lausanne Protocol XVI (24 July 1923) put it into force and restricted its Article 1 by Article 2(2) of the Lausanne peace treaty (the Karaağaç cession).", "event": "The Allied Powers assigned Western Thrace to Greece; Greece occupied it in May 1920 and the transfer treaty, signed in August 1920, entered into force in August 1924.", "signed": "1920-08-10 (Treaty between the Principal Allied Powers and Greece relative to Thrace, Sevres)", "in_force": "1924-08-06 (with Lausanne; UK treaty record: ratifications UK 10 July 1924, Dominions/India/Italy 6 August 1924, France 30 August 1924, Japan none listed)", "handover": "1920-05-27/06-02 (de facto, see the town events)", "date_note": "Start: 'late April 1920' (en.wikipedia Western Thrace: San Remo conference; the conference sat 19-26 April 1920). The Thrace treaty was signed at Sevres on 10 August 1920 but came into force only when its ratifications were deposited together with those of Lausanne (Protocol XVI of Lausanne), i.e. 6 August 1924; on that day this award ends and becomes de_jure (1924-western-thrace-de-jure).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Thrace ('In late April 1920, as per the San Remo conference ... Western Thrace was given to Greece'); army.gr ?p=58120 ('April 1920: the San Remo Conference authorised the Hellenic Army to replace the allied troops'); fhw.gr chronos 13 foreign_policy/institutions/07 ('A separate treaty concerning Thrace ratified the annexation of western Thrace to Greece'); api.parliament.uk/uk-treaties/treaties/6814 (Treaty between the Allied Powers and Greece Relative to Thrace, signed 10 August 1920, Treaty Series 013/1921, ratifications 1924); mfa.gov.tr Lausanne Protocol XVI.", "note": "This award was carried out (not superseded), so it overlaps the de_facto events of May 1920 and turns into de_jure on 6 August 1924. Shown as 'awarded' only because the title was a signed but unratified treaty from 1920 to 1924; the film may simply ignore it under the de_facto layer.", "editorial": "The award was carried out: Greek administration from May 1920 and the Thrace treaty in force from 6 August 1924. Kept as a note; the land is drawn as held from 1920 and as recognized from 1924. Status changed from 'awarded' to 'note'." }, { "id": "1920-xanthi", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Xanthi district (Western Thrace west part)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Between the Nestos (west) and the Xanthi-Rhodope regional-unit boundary (east); north = Greek-Bulgarian border.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army Corps of National Defense, Maj. Gen. Emmanouil Zymvrakakis)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation authorized by the San Remo decision (April 1920), replacing the inter-Allied administration", "event": "The Greek Army took over the Xanthi district from the Allied administration.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "No date found for the Greek takeover of Xanthi itself. The Greek move into Western Thrace culminated on 14 May 1920 (as given, probably Old Style = 27 May Gregorian), when the Serres Division, coming from the west, entered Komotini, so Xanthi was Greek-held by then at the latest. Allied (Entente) troops had entered Xanthi on 4 October 1919 (elisme.gr; calendar not stated). End: de_jure from 6 August 1924.", "sources": "army.gr ?p=58120 and ?p=44441 (HAGS); elisme.gr dossier (4 October 1919 Allied entry into Xanthi).", "note": "Possibly earlier: the HAGS page mentions a Greek 'Xanthi Division' whose XV Infantry Regiment landed at Alexandroupoli on 14 May 1920 (OS), which suggests Greek troops were stationed in Xanthi during the inter-Allied period; not confirmed. Xanthi's local liberation day (4 October) refers to the 1919 Allied entry.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-komotini", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-05-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Komotini district (Rhodope)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army: Serres Division (Army Corps of National Defense, Maj. Gen. Emmanouil Zymvrakakis); Greek gendarmerie", "battle": "", "basis": "San Remo decision (April 1920); handover by the inter-Allied administration", "event": "The Serres Division entered Komotini, seat of the inter-Allied administration, which General Charpy handed over to the Greek Army.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1920-05-27 (OS 14 May): General Charpy and General Zymvrakakis at Komotini (dcstamps photo dated 14 May 1920)", "date_note": "Sources: 'In the morning of 14 May 1920, the Serres Division entered Komotini' (HAGS); the Greek newspaper Makedonia (issues of 14-17 May 1920, compiled on elisme.gr) gives about 09:00 on 14 May, after Greek gendarmerie units. Neither states the calendar. Greece used the Old Style in 1920 and the Greek-derived dates for the July 1920 advance are Old Style (dcstamps: Greek HQ in Adrianople 12 July = 25 July Gregorian in Turkish sources), so 14 May is read here as Old Style = 27 May 1920 Gregorian. If the source date is already Gregorian, start = 1920-05-14. End: de_jure from 6 August 1924.", "sources": "army.gr ?p=58120, ?p=44441 (HAGS); elisme.gr 'Apeleftherosi Thrakis' dossier (Makedonia, 14-17 May 1920); dcstamps.com Western Thrace Inter-Allied page; greekcitytimes.com 14 May 2020 (centenary).", "note": "(Julian 14 May 1920 - calendar inferred, see date_note.) Komotini commemorates its liberation on 14 May.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-alexandroupoli-feres", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-05-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dedeağaç / Alexandroupoli and the lower Evros (Feres)", "confidence": "good", "line": "East boundary = the Evros from about Kipi to the sea.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army: XV Infantry Regiment of the Xanthi Division", "battle": "", "basis": "San Remo decision (April 1920)", "event": "Greek troops landed at Dedeağaç and relieved the French garrison; the town was later renamed Alexandroupolis after King Alexander's visit in July 1920.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1920-05-27 (OS 14 May), French troops relieved", "date_note": "Dedeağaç: occupied at 06:00 on 14 May 1920 by the XV Infantry Regiment (Xanthi Division), landed from the sea, replacing French troops; Feres (Feredjik) at 18:00 the same day (HAGS; Makedonia). Read as Old Style 14 May = 27 May 1920 Gregorian (see 1920-komotini). End: de_jure from 6 August 1924.", "sources": "army.gr ?p=58120 ('the XV Infantry Regiment of the Xanthi Division disembarked in Alexandroupoli'); elisme.gr dossier (Dedeağaç 06:00, Feredjik 18:00, 14 May 1920); TUBA ch10 (King Alexander visited Dedeağaç after Raidestos in July 1920; the town was renamed Alexandroupolis).", "note": "(Julian 14 May 1920 - calendar inferred.)", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-soufli-didymoteicho", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-05-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1924-08-06", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Middle and upper Evros valley (Soufli, Didymoteicho, the later Orestiada district)", "confidence": "good", "line": "East = the Evros up to the Arda confluence near Adrianople, then the Bulgarian frontier of Neuilly; the Karaağaç triangle across the Arda is recorded separately.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (IX Infantry Division in the north, per HAGS for Karaağaç)", "battle": "", "basis": "San Remo decision (April 1920)", "event": "Greek troops moved up the Evros railway, taking Soufli, Didymoteicho and Kuleli Burgas.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Makedonia of 16 May 1920: the towns were occupied 'successively Feredjik, Soufli and Didymoteicho ... from this morning' (Pythio/Kuleli Burgas also listed); on 14 May Didymoteicho had 'not yet been announced'. So 15 or 16 May 1920 as printed; read as Old Style = 28-29 May 1920 Gregorian. HAGS: occupation of Western Thrace completed on 20 May 1920 (OS) = 2 June Gregorian. End: de_jure from 6 August 1924.", "sources": "elisme.gr dossier (Makedonia, 14 and 16 May 1920); army.gr ?p=58120 (completion 20 May 1920).", "note": "(Julian 15/16 May 1920 - calendar inferred.) The exact day for Soufli versus Didymoteicho is not separable from the sources (same communique).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-karagatch", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-05-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-09-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Karaağaç triangle (Adrianople suburb west of the Evros, with Bosnaköy)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Lausanne Art. 2(2) (the line that later made it Turkish): from the confluence of the Arda and the Evros 'upstream along the Arda, up to a point on that river to be determined on the spot in the immediate neighbourhood of the village of Tchorek-Keuy: the course of the Arda; thence in a south-easterly direction up to a point on the Maritza, 1 kilometre below Bosna-Keuy: a roughly straight line leaving in Turkish territory the village of Bosna-Keuy'. So the triangle is bounded by the Evros (north and east), the last stretch of the Arda (north-west) and that straight line (south-west); it is the part of present Adrianople Merkez west of the Evros. From the present boundary data the straight line runs from about 41.653 N 26.490 E (Arda) to about 41.610 N 26.595 E (Evros).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army: IX Infantry Division", "battle": "", "basis": "Part of Western Thrace (Bulgarian 1915-1919 under the Bulgarian-Ottoman convention of 1915); Greek occupation under the San Remo decision; stayed Greek under the Armistice of Mudanya (Greek withdrawal only from east of the Evros); ceded to Turkey by Lausanne Art. 2(2), in place of war reparations.", "event": "Greek troops took Karaağaç, the Adrianople railway suburb, completing the occupation of Western Thrace; renamed Orestias; ceded to Turkey at Lausanne and handed over on 15 September 1923.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1923-09-15 (to Turkey)", "date_note": "Start: occupied by the IX Infantry Division on 16 May 1920 (HAGS); 'at midnight of the 15th [16th?]' (Makedonia); read as Old Style = night of 28/29 May 1920 Gregorian. End: handed over to Turkey on 15 September 1923 (Lausanne Protocol XV, para I: 'shall be handed over to the Turkish authorities on the 15th September, 1923, at the latest', provided Greece had been notified of the Turkish ratification; the Turkish Grand National Assembly ratified on 23 August 1923; the Adrianople Governorship publication 'Edirne isgal altinda' confirms that Karaağaç was evacuated on 15 September 1923).", "sources": "army.gr ?p=58120 ('the occupation of Karaağaç by the IX Infantry Division followed (16 May)'); elisme.gr dossier; en.wikipedia Karaagac, Edirne ('When Greece held the town (1920-1923), Karaagac was renamed Orestias'; 41 39 20 N 26 31 30 E; with Bosnaköy one of the two Turkish settlements on the right bank of the Evros); en.wikipedia Treaty of Lausanne ('The major issue of the war reparations ... was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede Karaagac to Turkey'); Lausanne Art. 2(2) (rastko.rs text); Protocol XV (mfa.gov.tr); edirnevdb.gib.gov.tr 'Edirne isgal altinda' (15 Eylul 1923).", "note": "(Julian 16 May 1920 - calendar inferred.) TUBA ch10 (citing The Times of 24 July 1920) speaks of a 'French zone' at Karaağaç shelled on 22 July 1920, so a French detachment (probably at the railway station) may have stayed there after the Greek entry. Lausanne left the village of Tchorek-Keuy to a population test by the Boundary Commission (its present identity was not established). The Greek inhabitants left for Greece and founded Nea Orestiada across the river.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-karagatch-award", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1920-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1923-07-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Karaağaç triangle (Thrace treaty award, superseded)", "confidence": "good", "line": "As 1920-karagatch.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "San Remo decision (April 1920) and Thrace treaty of Sevres (10 August 1920), superseded by Lausanne Art. 2(2) and Protocol XVI", "event": "Karaağaç was part of the Western Thrace awarded to Greece; at Lausanne Greece gave it up in exchange for Turkey dropping its claim to war reparations.", "signed": "1920-08-10", "in_force": "never for this part", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: San Remo decision, late April 1920 (signed as part of the Thrace treaty, 10 August 1920). End: Lausanne signed 24 July 1923, Art. 2(2) gave the triangle to Turkey and Protocol XVI restricted Art. 1 of the Thrace treaty accordingly (in force 6 August 1924; actual handover 15 September 1923).", "sources": "mfa.gov.tr Lausanne Protocol XVI para 3 ('the application of Article 1 of the Sevres treaty on Thrace is restricted under Article 2(2)'); en.wikipedia Treaty of Lausanne; en.wikipedia Western Thrace ('Karaagach and its environs became part of Turkey after the Treaty of Lausanne').", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1924-western-thrace-de-jure", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1924-08-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Western Thrace (Lausanne frontier)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "East: Lausanne Art. 2(2): 'From the mouth of the River Rezvaya, to the River Maritza, the point of junction of the three frontiers of Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece: the southern frontier of Bulgaria as at present demarcated. Thence to the confluence of the Arda and the Maritza: the course of the Maritza; then upstream along the Arda ... the course of the Arda; thence in a south-easterly direction up to a point on the Maritza, 1 kilometre below Bosna-Keuy ... thence to the Aegean Sea: the course of the Maritza.' Art. 6: in waterways the frontier is the median line of the waterway or its principal branch. North: Neuilly frontier with Bulgaria (present border). West: the Nestos (Greek since 1913 on the west bank).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria -> Allied Powers); Treaty between the Principal Allied Powers and Greece relative to Thrace (Sevres, 10 August 1920); Treaty of Lausanne Art. 2(2) (frontier with Turkey) and Protocol XVI (24 July 1923)", "event": "With the Lausanne ratifications the Thrace treaty came into force and Western Thrace became Greek in law; Lausanne exempted its Muslim population from the population exchange.", "signed": "1920-08-10 (Thrace treaty); 1923-07-24 (Lausanne)", "in_force": "1924-08-06", "handover": "1920-05/06 (de facto)", "date_note": "Greek sovereignty became de jure when the Thrace treaty of Sevres (10 August 1920) entered into force with the Treaty of Lausanne (Protocol XVI: ratifications deposited together with those of Lausanne), 6 August 1924. The Greek-Turkish frontier articles (Lausanne Arts. 1, 2(2), 5-11) came into force between Greece and Turkey as soon as both had deposited ratifications (Art. 143), possibly earlier; the Greek deposit date was not found. One Turkish source (makale.isam.org.tr) gives 16 August 1924 for Lausanne's entry into force (disagrees with 6 August).", "sources": "mfa.gov.tr Lausanne Protocol XVI; rastko.rs text of the Treaty of Lausanne (Arts. 2, 6, 143); en.wikipedia Treaty of Lausanne (in force 6 August 1924; Muslims of Western Thrace, about 129,120 in 1923, excluded from the exchange); army.gr ?p=60862 (Lausanne 'became effective on 6 August 1924'); api.parliament.uk treaty 6814.", "note": "Alternative readings: some would date de jure Greek rule from the formal Allied handover of May 1920 or from the Greek annexation proclaimed on 20 May 1920 (OS; dcstamps 'Greece officially annexed Western Thrace'); the brief's rule (treaty in force) gives 6 August 1924.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-eastern-thrace-railway-joint", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1919-01-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1920-07-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek garrisons on the Thracian railway under the Allied occupation (1919-1920)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "No zone is described: the sources give Greek detachments at stations along the Constantinople-Adrianople railway (Hadımköy, Çatalca, Çorlu, Muratlı, Lüleburgaz, Uzunköprü) after the French withdrew from them; Ottoman civil administration remained.", "joint": true, "joint_with": "Allied (mainly French, Armee d'Orient) occupation forces; Constantinople itself under Allied occupation; Ottoman civil administration in place", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army detachments", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied occupation of the Thracian railway after the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918); Greek units replaced French ones", "event": "Greek troops took over railway stations in Eastern Thrace from the French in January 1919 (footnoted strengths 18-24 January: Lüleburgaz 9 officers and 300 men, Çatalca 170 men and 5 officers, Uzunköprü 95, Hadımköy 50, Muratlı 49).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "TUBA ch10: 'Greek forces began settling in the places the French vacated on 14 January 1919' (another passage: entered 18 January, numbers raised until 24 January 1919); Belleten 3737: 'Hadimkoy station ... was occupied by the Greek army on 14 January 1919'; TUBA ch03: on 14 March 1920 Greek units at Lüleburgaz were moved by train toward Hadımköy. End: absorbed into the full occupation from 20 July 1920.", "sources": "tuba.gov.tr TUBA-978-625-8352-72-6 ch10 and ch03 (Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10: Edirne-Kirklareli-Tekirdag); belleten.gov.tr full text 3737.", "note": "The troop figures in TUBA ch10 are not explicitly labeled Greek. Draw as points (small garrisons), not as an area.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-rodosto-marmara", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Raidestos and the Marmara side of Eastern Thrace, up to the Allied zone of Constantinople", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Eastern limit (approx): the zone of Constantinople stayed under Allied occupation. Greek sources say the Greek frontier reached 'Chatalja (Metrai)' (pemptousia) / 'as far as Chatalja' (fhw.gr); the Sevres treaty line (see 1920-sevres-eastern-thrace) runs 10-25 km west of the Çatalca lines (Black Sea near Podima - west of Istranca - 1 km west of Sinekli station - Marmara 1 km SW of Kalikratia). Whether Greek troops stood on the treaty line or on the Çatalca lines (Lake Durusu/Terkos - Çatalca - Buyukcekmece lake) is not established: draw the Sevres line and mark the strip up to the Çatalca lines as uncertain.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Thrace), supported by British warships", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation with Allied consent (British naval support), ahead of the Treaty of Sevres; Greek civil administration (Governor-General of Thrace at Adrianople)", "event": "Greek troops landed on the Marmara coast at Eregli and Raidestos and moved inland against Cafer Tayyar's 1st Corps; the whole of Eastern Thrace outside the Allied zone was taken within five days.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "20 July 1920: Greek landings on the Raidestos shore, at Eregli (taken 11:45) and Sultankoy, Raidestos taken 13:00 (Greek HQ report in TUBA ch10; TUBA ch03 gives Raidestos occupied 20 July 1920; TUBA ch10 elsewhere 21 July). Greek forces entered Muratlı before Raidestos (TUBA ch03). Belleten 3737: the occupation began on the morning of 20 July with the bombardment of Eregli. The Times, 2 August 1920: no resistance from the Bulgarian border to Çatalca. End: Mudanya in force (15 October 1922), then evacuation (1922-eastern-thrace-evacuation). Greek sources would give these dates Old Style (7 July 1920).", "sources": "TUBA ch02, ch03, ch10 (tuba.gov.tr, vol. 10 Edirne-Kirklareli-Tekirdag); belleten.gov.tr 3737; pemptousia.gr pdf 338729 (Governor-General in Adrianople and four nomarchs; borders reached Çatalca/Metrai but not Constantinople); fhw.gr chronos 13 institutions/07 ('as far as Chatalja'); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (the Greeks had moved into Eastern Thrace 'apart from Constantinople and its region').", "note": "TUBA ch03: Raidestos was taken under Turkish (TBMM) administration on 13 November 1922. Allied (British) troops held the Constantinople zone and the Nicomedia peninsula throughout.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-adrianople", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Adrianople and the lower Evros valley east of the river", "confidence": "good", "line": "West: the Evros; north: the Bulgarian-Turkish frontier of 1915 (present border).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Thrace), crossing the Evros from Western Thrace", "battle": "Kuleli Burgas bridgehead and Uzunköprü (22-25 July 1920, minor)", "basis": "Greek military occupation (Allied-sanctioned) ahead of Sevres; Greek civil administration", "event": "Greek troops crossed the Evros at Kuleli Burgas and entered Adrianople on 25 July 1920, which became the seat of the Greek Governor-General of Thrace.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Adrianople occupied on 25 July 1920 (Adrianople Governorship 'Edirne isgal altinda'; TUBA ch10: occupation of the whole region completed the same day). Greek-derived dcstamps: Greek HQ in Adrianople on 12 July 1920 (Old Style = 25 July), King Alexander in the city the next day (26 July). From 22 July Turkish artillery fought the Greek bridgeheads at Kuleli Burgas (about 35 km south of Adrianople) and Karaağaç; Uzunköprü and Karaağaç were the only places with resistance (TUBA ch10). On 25 July Cafer Tayyar's 1st Corps (about 10,000-15,000 soldiers and civilians) crossed into Bulgaria. End: Mudanya in force (15 October 1922; Turkish sources 14 October).", "sources": "edirnevdb.gib.gov.tr/kultur/pdf/edirne_isgal_altinda.pdf; TUBA ch10; belleten 3737; dcstamps.com 'Thrace, Greek Occupation (1920-1922)'; pemptousia.gr 338729.", "note": "Turkish troops entered Adrianople on 25 November 1922 (Adrianople isgal altinda). March 1922: the Paris conference of Allied foreign ministers proposed returning Eastern Thrace to Turkey except Adrianople and Saranta Ekklisies; Ankara refused (not an award to Greece, not recorded as an event).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-kirk-kilisse", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Saranta Ekklisies and the Strandzha side", "confidence": "good", "line": "North: Bulgarian-Turkish frontier (present); east: the Black Sea coast up to the Sevres line near Podima (the Constantinople part of the coast is in 1920-rodosto-marmara).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Army of Thrace)", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek military occupation ahead of Sevres; Greek civil administration (prefecture of Saranta Ekklisies)", "event": "Greek troops occupied Saranta Ekklisies on 25 July 1920, completing the occupation of Eastern Thrace in five days.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "TUBA ch02: the Greek occupation started from Raidestos on 20 July 1920 and was completed with the occupation of Saranta Ekklisies on 25 July 1920. TUBA ch10: Saranta Ekklisies and Babaeski reported occupied in late July; Lüleburgaz and Çorlu among the towns taken before civil administration was set up. End: Mudanya in force (15 October 1922). Saranta Ekklisies celebrated its recapture on 10 November 1922 (TUBA ch02).", "sources": "tuba.gov.tr TUBA-978-625-8352-72-6 ch02 (Saranta Ekklisies) and ch10.", "note": "The Greek prefecture names (Adrianople, Saranta Ekklisies, Raidestos, Gallipoli) are the standard ones; pemptousia only says 'four nomarchs' without naming them.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-gallipoli", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1920-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Gallipoli peninsula, within the Allied-held Straits zone", "confidence": "approx", "line": "The whole peninsula south of the Bolayir isthmus; under Sevres part of the European Zone of the Straits (Art. 179: 'From Karachali on the Gulf of Xeros north-eastwards ... the crest of the Kuru Dagh ... cutting the road from Rodosto to Malgara 3 kilometres west of Ainarjik ... to a point on the road from Muradli to Rodosto about 1 kilometre south of Muradli ... thence east-north-eastwards to Yeni Keui ... at a minimum distance of 2 kilometres north of the railway from Chorlu to Chatalja; thence north-north-eastwards to a point west of Istranja ... thence to the Black Sea'), i.e. also the Marmara coast of Raidestos and Silivri.", "joint": true, "joint_with": "Allied (British, French) forces holding the Dardanelles forts and the Straits zone under the Armistice of Mudros", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek administration", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek civil administration (prefecture of Gallipoli) in the Allied-controlled zone of the Straits; Greek sovereignty awarded by Sevres Art. 84 subject to the Straits regime (Art. 84 para 4, Art. 178-179)", "event": "The Gallipoli peninsula came under Greek civil administration with Eastern Thrace, while the Allies kept their troops at the Dardanelles.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Month only: the peninsula was part of the Greek administration of Eastern Thrace set up after the July 1920 occupation; no day found for the Greek entry into Gallipoli town. End: Mudanya in force; eurohoops (Greek, Old Style dates) says the residents of the Gallipoli peninsula were the last to leave in October 1922.", "sources": "net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html (Sevres Arts. 84, 179); eurohoops.net/el 527661 (last to leave were the residents of the Kallipoli peninsula); pemptousia.gr 338729 (four nomarchs).", "note": "Low confidence on the extent of Greek control: the existence of a Greek prefecture of Gallipoli is the standard account but was not confirmed in the fetched pages; the Allied (British) presence at the Dardanelles is well known (Çanakkale crisis, September 1922), but its exact posts on the peninsula were not checked.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1922-eastern-thrace-evacuation", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1922-10-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-10-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eastern Thrace during the Greek evacuation (Mudanya)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Mudanya: Greek troops 'to withdraw from Eastern Thrace as far as the Maritza', i.e. behind the Evros; Karaağaç on the right bank stayed Greek (see 1920-karagatch). From 31 October 1922 the Greek Army stood on the Evros line from the Bulgarian frontier to the sea (the present Greek-Turkish border plus Karaağaç).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (General K. Nider) and Greek civil administration, under Allied supervision", "battle": "Dumlupınar (26-30 August 1922) - the defeat in Asia Minor that led to the loss of Eastern Thrace without a battle there", "basis": "Armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922): Greek troops to evacuate Eastern Thrace to the Evros within 15 days; Turkish civil authority to take over 30 days after the Greek troops left; at most 8,000 Turkish gendarmes in East Thrace until the peace; Allied troops to stay until the peace treaty", "event": "Under the Mudanya armistice the Greek Army withdrew behind the Evros between 15 and 31 October 1922, followed by about 250,000 Greek refugees; the civil administration was handed to the Allies by 12 November.", "signed": "1922-10-11", "in_force": "1922-10-15", "handover": "1922-10-15/11-12 (army out by 31 October; civil administration to Allied missions by 12 November)", "date_note": "Mudanya signed 11 October 1922 by the Allies and Turkey (Greece did not sign there); Greece acceded on 13 or 14 October (en.wikipedia gives both); in force 15 October 1922 (en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War; Turkish sources 14 October). Greek Army: withdrawal order by General K. Nider on 30 September (OS) = 13 October; withdrawal west of the Evros from 2 to 18 October 1922 OS = 15 to 31 October Gregorian (eurohoops, which gives Mudanya as '28 September (11 October New Style)', so its dates are Old Style). Greek civil authorities left 'by the end of October' (OS, about 12 November Gregorian); fhw.gr: on 12 November 1922 the Greeks surrendered the administration of Eastern Thrace to the Allies, who handed it to the Turks. The town-by-town order of the Greek departure is not known.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Armistice of Mudanya; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) (in force 15 October 1922); fhw.gr chronos 13 institutions/10 (12 November 1922; 250,000 refugees); eurohoops.net/el 527661 (Old Style dates of the withdrawal, about 45,000 men in five divisions); edirnevdb 'Edirne isgal altinda' (in force 14 October 1922).", "note": "(Julian 2-18 October 1922.) eurohoops wrongly says the armistice ceded the 'Karagach triangle'; Karaağaç was ceded only at Lausanne. The film can show Eastern Thrace fading out between 15 October and 12 November.", "editorial": "The Greek Army stood on the Evros line from 31 Oct 1922 (Gregorian; 18 Oct Julian); the Allied missions then handed Eastern Thrace to Turkey." }, { "id": "1922-eastern-thrace-allied-interim", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1922-10-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-11-25", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eastern Thrace under Allied missions before the Turkish takeover", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Allied (British, French, Italian) missions", "battle": "", "basis": "Armistice of Mudanya", "event": "The Allies held Eastern Thrace briefly and passed it to Turkish administration town by town in November 1922.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Allied missions took over from the Greek authorities in late October - 12 November 1922 and handed the towns to Ankara's officials: Saranta Ekklisies 10 November (TUBA ch02), Raidestos 13 November (TUBA ch03), Adrianople 25 November 1922 (Turkish troops entered; Adrianople isgal altinda). Mudanya: Allied troops to hand the area to Turkish forces within one month at most.", "sources": "fhw.gr chronos 13 institutions/10; TUBA ch02, ch03; edirnevdb 'Edirne isgal altinda'.", "note": "Not a Greek status: lets the map show Eastern Thrace as neutral between the Greek departure and the Turkish arrival.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-sevres-eastern-thrace", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1920-08-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-07-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eastern Thrace (Treaty of Sevres, Arts. 27 and 84)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Sevres Art. 27 I(2), frontier of Turkey with Greece: 'From a point to be chosen on the Black Sea near the mouth of the Biyuk Dere, situated about 7 kilometres north-west of Podima, south-westwards to the most north-westerly point of the limit of the basin of the Istranja Dere (about 8 kilometres northwest of Istranja), a line to be fixed on the ground passing through Kapilja Dagh and Uchbunar Tepe; thence south-south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Chorlu to Chatalja about 1 kilometre west of the railway station of Sinekli, a line following as far as possible the western limit of the basin of the Istranja Dere; thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen between Fener and Kurfali on the watershed between the basins of those rivers which flow into Biyuk Chekmeje Geul, on the north-east, and the basin of those rivers which flow direct into the Sea of Marmora on the south-west, a line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Sinekli; thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Sea of Marmora about 1 kilometre south-west of Kalikratia, a line following as far as possible this watershed.' Art. 84: 'Turkey renounces in favour of Greece all rights and title over the territories of the former Turkish Empire in Europe situated outside the frontiers of Turkey as laid down by the present Treaty. The islands of the Sea of Marmora are not included in the transfer of sovereignty.' The line runs about 10-25 km west of the Çatalca lines, although secondary sources say 'up to the Chatalja line'.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Sevres (10 August 1920), Art. 27 I(2) and Art. 84; Greek sovereignty over the European Straits zone outside Turkey subject to the freedom-of-the-Straits obligations (Art. 84 para 4, Arts. 178-179)", "event": "Sevres gave Greece all of Eastern Thrace up to a line some 30-40 km from Constantinople, including Adrianople and the Gallipoli peninsula; the treaty never came into force and Lausanne returned the area to Turkey.", "signed": "1920-08-10", "in_force": "never", "handover": "", "date_note": "Signed 10 August 1920 (fhw.gr: 28 July / 10 August 1920). Never ratified by the Ottoman Empire or Greece, never in force. End: superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne, signed 24 July 1923 (Greece accepted the Evros frontier by signing); Lausanne came into force on 6 August 1924 (use that if the atlas prefers legal supersession).", "sources": "net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html (text of Arts. 27, 84, 179); en.wikipedia Treaty of Sevres ('Eastern Thrace (up to the Chatalja line)'; Greece never ratified; superseded by Lausanne); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War ('ceding to Greece Thrace, up to the Chatalja lines'; Turkey kept Constantinople, the Marmara islands and 'a tiny strip of European territory'; never ratified); fhw.gr institutions/07.", "note": "Positions of Podima, Istranja, Sinekli and Kalikratia are my identifications with present villages (Yalikoy, Binkilic, Sinekli, Mimarsinan) and approximate coordinates; Kapilja Dagh, Uchbunar Tepe, Fener and Kurfali were not located. The Marmara islands stayed Turkish.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-sevres-imbros-tenedos", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1920-08-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-07-24", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Imbros and Tenedos (Sevres Art. 84)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Sevres Art. 84 para 3: 'Turkey further renounces in favour of Greece all her rights and title over the islands of Imbros and Tenedos'; both islands also in the demilitarized Zone of the Straits (Art. 178)", "event": "Sevres awarded Imbros and Tenedos to Greece; Lausanne returned them to Turkey.", "signed": "1920-08-10", "in_force": "never", "handover": "", "date_note": "Sevres signed 10 August 1920, never in force. End: Lausanne signed 24 July 1923 (Art. 12 excepts Imbros, Tenedos and the Rabbit Islands from the islands confirmed to Greece; Art. 14: 'The islands of Imbros and Tenedos, remaining under Turkish sovereignty, shall enjoy a special administrative organisation'); in force 6 August 1924.", "sources": "net.lib.byu.edu Sevres text (Art. 84, Art. 178); en.wikipedia Imbros ('granted the island to Greece'); rastko.rs Lausanne text (Arts. 12, 14); makale.isam.org.tr (Lausanne negotiations on Imbros and Tenedos).", "note": "Overlaps the de_facto events 1918-1923-imbros-greek and 1918-1923-tenedos-greek.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1919-venizelos-tittoni", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1919-07-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1920-07-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Dodecanese except Rhodes (Venizelos-Tittoni agreement)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Venizelos-Tittoni agreement (Paris Peace Conference): Italy to 'transfer the Dodecanese to Greece, except for the island of Rhodes'; Rhodes to stay Italian until Britain ceded Cyprus to Greece, then a referendum; Italy to support Greek claims in Northern Epirus, Greece to support Italy over Avlona and Albania and in Aydın/Menteshe", "event": "Italy secretly promised the Dodecanese (except Rhodes) to Greece; it renounced the promise in mid-1920 and renewed it at Sevres.", "signed": "1919-07-29", "in_force": "never (secret, non-binding)", "handover": "", "date_note": "Signed 29 July 1919 (en.wikipedia Italian occupation of Adalia; en.wikipedia Venizelos-Tittoni gives only 'July 1919'). End: Foreign Minister Carlo Sforza's secret note renouncing it - July 1920 (en.wikipedia Venizelos-Tittoni) or June 1920 (en.wikipedia Italian occupation of Adalia); replaced by the Italo-Greek treaty of 10 August 1920 (next event).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Venizelos-Tittoni agreement; en.wikipedia Italian occupation of Adalia ('signed on 29 July 1919 by Tittoni and Venizelos'; Italy 'renounced Antalya and the islands of Dodecanese except for Rhodes'; Sforza denounced it in June 1920); hephaestus.nup.ac.cy (promise 'with the possible exception of Rhodes').", "note": "Island list = Lausanne Art. 15 list (Stampalia, Rhodes, Calki, Scarpanto, Casos, Piscopis, Misiros, Calimnos, Leros, Patmos, Lipsos, Simi, Cos 'and the islets dependent thereon') minus Rhodes. Kastellorizo was French-held from 1915 and passed to Italy only in 1921; whether the 1919/1920 texts covered it was not found. The Dodecanese were under Italian occupation throughout (no Greek control).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1920-italo-greek-dodecanese", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "awarded", "status_research": "awarded", "start": "1920-08-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-10-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dodecanese except Rhodes (Italo-Greek treaty of Sevres)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Italo-Greek treaty signed at Sevres on 10 August 1920 (renewing the Venizelos-Tittoni terms); the Treaty of Sevres itself gave the Dodecanese to Italy", "event": "Italy agreed to cede the Dodecanese except Rhodes to Greece, with a later plebiscite for Rhodes; it never did and denounced the treaty in 1922.", "signed": "1920-08-10", "in_force": "never", "handover": "", "date_note": "Signed at Sevres on 10 August 1920 (fhw.gr: 'By a special Greco-Italian treaty, the Dodecanese islands, except Rhodes, were ceded by the Italians to Greece'; Rhodes to decide its fate 'after the elapse of fifteen years'). Never carried out ('remained a dead letter', hephaestus). End: denunciation by Italy - 8 October 1922 as given in the task, not confirmed in the sources found; en.wikipedia Venizelos-Tittoni says 'Italy formally renounced it in August 1922'. Legally superseded by Lausanne Art. 15 (24 July 1923), by which Turkey ceded the islands to Italy.", "sources": "fhw.gr chronos 13 foreign_policy/institutions/07; hephaestus.nup.ac.cy ('Greek-Italian Treaty of Sevres' repeated the promise, which 'remained a dead letter'); en.wikipedia Venizelos-Tittoni agreement (formal renunciation August 1922); dodecaneso.org (Lausanne: 'all Turkish titles and rights to the Dodecanese were transferred to Italy', Castellorizo included).", "note": "Denunciation date unresolved: 8 October 1922 (task) vs August 1922 (en.wikipedia).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1924-lausanne-aegean-islands", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1924-08-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Northern and eastern Aegean islands (confirmed by Lausanne Art. 12)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Art. 12: 'The decision taken on the 13 February 1914 by the Conference of London, in virtue of Articles 5 of the Treaty of London of the 17-30 May 1913 and 15 of the Treaty of Athens of the 1-14 November 1913, which decision was communicated to the Greek Government on the 13 February 1914, regarding the sovereignty of Greece over the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean, other than the islands of Imbros, Tenedos and Rabbit Islands, particularly the islands of Lemnos, Samothrace, Mytilene, Chios, Samos and Nikaria, is confirmed, subject to the provisions of the present Treaty respecting the islands placed under the sovereignty of Italy which form the subject of Article 15. Except where a provision to the contrary is contained in the present Treaty, the islands situated at less than three miles from the Asiatic coast remain under Turkish sovereignty.'", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Lausanne Art. 12 (Turkish recognition of the 1914 Great-Power decision); Art. 13: no naval base or fortification on Mytilene, Chios, Samos and Nikaria, and Greek military aircraft forbidden to fly over the Anatolian coast; Straits Convention: Samothrace, Lemnos, Imbros, Tenedos and the Rabbit Islands demilitarized", "event": "Turkey recognized Greek sovereignty over the Aegean islands taken in 1912, except Imbros, Tenedos and the Rabbit Islands.", "signed": "1923-07-24", "in_force": "1924-08-06", "handover": "", "date_note": "Lausanne signed 24 July 1923, in force 6 August 1924. Confirmation only: the same islands are already de_jure from 13 February 1914 in GB3 (1914-aegean-islands-de-jure); no change on the map. Sevres Art. 84 para 3 had confirmed the same decision in 1920 (never in force).", "sources": "rastko.rs text of the Treaty of Lausanne (Arts. 12, 13); makale.isam.org.tr (Straits Convention Art. 4); en.wikipedia Treaty of Lausanne (Arts. 6 and 12).", "note": "Thasos is not named in Art. 12 but is covered by the 1914 decision ('particularly' list is not exhaustive). Art. 6: islands within three miles of a coast belong to the coastal state.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1923-lausanne-summary", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1923-07-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Treaty of Lausanne: what Greece gave up and kept", "confidence": "good", "line": "Greek-Turkish frontier = Lausanne Art. 2(2) (the Evros, with the Karaağaç triangle to Turkey); traced on the 1:1,000,000 maps attached to the treaty (Art. 4) and on the ground by a Boundary Commission (Art. 5). Convention respecting the Thracian frontier (same day): demilitarized zones of about 30 km on both sides; the Greek zone runs from Cape Makri (village excluded) north, roughly parallel to the Evros, to Tahtali and the Bulgarian frontier about 15 km west of Kuchuk-Derbend.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) with Protocol XV (Karaağaç, Imbros, Tenedos), Protocol XVI (Sevres Thrace and minorities treaties) and the Convention respecting the Thracian frontier", "event": "Lausanne replaced Sevres: Greece kept Western Thrace and the 1914 islands but gave up Eastern Thrace, Karaağaç, Imbros and Tenedos and its claims in Asia Minor.", "signed": "1923-07-24", "in_force": "1924-08-06", "handover": "Karaağaç 1923-09-15; Imbros and Tenedos 1923-09", "date_note": "Signed 24 July 1923; Turkey ratified 23 August 1923; all others by 16 July 1924; in force 6 August 1924 (en.wikipedia; HAGS). makale.isam.org.tr gives 16 August 1924 (disagrees). Art. 143: between Greece and Turkey, Arts. 1, 2(2) and 5-11 entered into force as soon as both had deposited ratifications, even before the general proces-verbal.", "sources": "rastko.rs Lausanne text; mfa.gov.tr Protocols XV and XVI and Convention III; en.wikipedia Treaty of Lausanne; army.gr ?p=60862.", "note": "Context event for the film caption; the area changes are in the individual events. The 1913 titles (Macedonia, Epirus, Crete, the islands) were not reopened: Art. 12 confirms the 1913-14 instruments for the islands and Art. 16 has Turkey renounce all territory outside its new frontiers.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1924-mount-athos", "batch": "GB4b", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "note", "start": "1924-08-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Mount Athos (Agion Oros)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek since 1912-13 (GB3); minorities treaty of Sevres via Lausanne Protocol XVI", "event": "Greek sovereignty over Athos was not touched at Lausanne; the minorities treaty that came into force with it guaranteed the rights of its non-Greek monasteries.", "signed": "1920-08-10", "in_force": "1924-08-06", "handover": "", "date_note": "No change of status in 1918-1924. Lausanne does not mention Athos (checked in the full rastko.rs text). The Sevres treaty for the protection of minorities in Greece (10 August 1920), put into force by Lausanne Protocol XVI on 6 August 1924, contains (in the standard text, Art. 13 - not verified here) Greece's undertaking to respect the traditional rights of the non-Greek monastic communities of Mount Athos.", "sources": "rastko.rs Lausanne text (no mention of Athos); mfa.gov.tr Protocol XVI (puts the Sevres minorities treaty into force, abrogating its Art. 7 para 2 and Art. 15).", "note": "Recorded only because the task asks; no map change.", "editorial": "Greek sovereignty over Mount Athos, with its autonomy, was recognized at Lausanne (in force 6 August 1924); the research recorded it as a note, which left Athos undrawn from 1924. Drawn as part of the recognized state from that date. Status changed from 'note' to 'de_jure'." }, { "id": "1923-corfu-italian-occupation", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1923-08-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1923-09-27", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Corfu (Italian occupation 1923)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Whole island of Corfu. The sources fetched speak only of 'Corfu'; they do not say whether Paxoi or the Diapontia islets (Othonoi, Ereikoussa, Mathraki) were also occupied, so treat those as NOT occupied unless another source says otherwise.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Bombardment of Corfu (31 Aug 1923)", "basis": "Decision of the Conference of Ambassadors (terms announced 8 Sep 1923, accepted by Greece 8 Sep and Italy 9 Sep; on 14 Sep the Conference told Mussolini to evacuate by 27 Sep; 26 Sep indemnity of 50,000,000 lire awarded to Italy)", "event": "After the murder of General Enrico Tellini and his staff on Greek territory near Kakavia on 27 Aug 1923 and the Italian ultimatum of 29 Aug, an Italian squadron bombarded Corfu town and landed 5,000-10,000 troops on 31 Aug 1923. The Italians evacuated on 27 Sep 1923.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1923-09-27 (Italian flag lowered, Italian troops evacuated)", "date_note": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Corfu incident", "note": "Gregorian dates (Greece had already switched calendar on 1 Mar 1923).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1925-petrich-greek-advance", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1925-10-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1925-10-29", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Petrich border zone (Greek advance into Bulgaria, Oct 1925)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "The sources fetched name no village other than Petrich and give no depth in km. Greek troops crossed the border on 22 Oct 1925 to occupy Petrich (about 8-10 km north of the border on the Beles crest); the League ordered a ceasefire 'hours before the Greek army was due to attack Petrich', so the Greek line lay between the frontier and the outskirts of Petrich. Greek-side press claimed Petrich was taken; Bulgarian sources say it held. Draw a shallow strip (up to ~10 km deep) along the frontier from the Beles crest south-west of Petrich to the Strymon valley at Kulata, stopping short of Petrich town.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (III and IV Corps ordered to the border), government of Theodoros Pangalos", "battle": "Incident at Petrich ('War of the Stray Dog')", "basis": "Military occupation in a border war; League of Nations ruling (ceasefire, Greek withdrawal, £45,000 compensation to Bulgaria) accepted by both states", "event": "Border shooting at Demir Kapia on Beles on 18 Oct 1925; Greek 48-hour ultimatum; Greek troops entered Bulgaria on 22 Oct to occupy Petrich and nearby villages; fighting with Bulgarian troops and IMRO chetas; League-ordered ceasefire and withdrawal; status quo ante.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "Greek withdrawal observed by French, Italian and British military attachés sent by the League", "date_note": "Entry 22 Oct 1925 (en.wikipedia). End = last day of the conflict in the Wikipedia infobox (19-29 Oct 1925); no source fetched gives the exact day the withdrawal was completed. Recalled (not verified here): the League Council met in Paris on 26 Oct and demanded withdrawal orders within 24 h and withdrawal within 60 h; check Barros, The Greek-Bulgarian Incident of 1925 (1964).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Incident at Petrich (infobox 19-29 Oct 1925; ~20,000 Greek v. ~10,000 Bulgarian troops); warhistoryonline.com 'Stray dog sparked war' ('occupied the town of Petrich and nearby villages'); balkanhistory.org 'War of the stray dog' (says the League intervened BEFORE Greek troops crossed, contradicting the others)", "note": "Sources disagree whether Petrich itself was entered. Villages occupied are not named in any source fetched.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-italian-advance-thesprotia-north-kalamas", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1940-10-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1940-11-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Thesprotia north of the Kalamas (Italian advance 1940)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From the 1940 Greek-Albanian border (Konispoli - Filiates sector) south to the Kalamas (Thyamis) river, which Greek covering units withdrew behind on the first day of the war.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (Siena Division, Ciamuria corps)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Elaia-Kalamas", "basis": "Italian invasion from Albania (Greco-Italian War)", "event": "Italy invaded on 28 Oct 1940; Greek covering units were forced south of the Kalamas on the first day; the Siena Division was directed on Filiates.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "End month only: Greek forces stood again on the Kalamas along its whole length on 13 Nov 1940 and the counter-offensive began on 14 Nov; the day the Italians were cleared from Filiates and the border area is not in the sources fetched (protothema.gr says all Greek territory up to the border was freed by 26 Nov 1940).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Italian War; en.protothema.gr (25 Nov 2025) 'November 22 1940 ... Koritsa'", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-italian-bridgehead-igoumenitsa-margariti", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1940-11-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1940-11-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Igoumenitsa - Margariti bridgehead south of the Kalamas (Nov 1940)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Coastal strip south of the lower Kalamas from the river to Igoumenitsa and inland to Margariti, the deepest Italian point (7 Nov 1940).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Elaia-Kalamas", "basis": "Italian invasion", "event": "Igoumenitsa captured 6 Nov 1940; Margariti reached 7 Nov; Italians pushed back behind the Kalamas by 13 Nov.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Italians crossed the Kalamas on the night of 4/5 Nov; end = 'by 13 November the Greek forces once again stood at the Kalamas river along its entire length' (date by which the bridgehead was gone).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Italian War", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-italian-advance-pogoni-kalpaki", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1940-10-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1940-11-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Pogoni / Kakavia - Kalpaki corridor (Italian advance 1940)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From the border at Kakavia south-east along the Ioannina road to the Greek Elaia-Kalpaki position, which held (main Italian assault from 2 Nov repulsed; Italians pulled back on 8 Nov).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (Ferrara and Centauro divisions)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Elaia-Kalamas (Kalpaki)", "basis": "Italian invasion", "event": "Greek covering forces fell back to the Kalpaki line by the night of 29/30 Oct; Italian contact 1 Nov; main assault 2 Nov repulsed; Italian pull-back 8 Nov.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "End month only: cleared in the Greek counter-offensive of 14-23 Nov 1940; exact day not in the sources fetched.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Italian War", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-italian-konitsa", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1940-11-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1940-11-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Konitsa (Italian capture, Nov 1940)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Konitsa town and the Aoos valley between the border at the Perati bridge and Konitsa.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Italian invasion", "event": "'On 1 November, the Italians managed to capture Konitsa.'", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Captured 1 Nov 1940; retaken in mid-November (exact day not in the sources fetched).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Italian War", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-italian-pindus-julia", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1940-10-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1940-11-13", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Northern Pindus (Julia Division thrust, Oct-Nov 1940)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "A narrow tongue from the border at Grammos south-east along the upper Sarantaporos and Aoos valleys through Samarina and Distrato to Vovousa (captured 2 Nov), about 30 km short of Metsovo, which was never reached.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (3rd Alpine Division Julia)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Pindus", "basis": "Italian invasion", "event": "The Julia Division advanced over the Pindus towards Metsovo, took Vovousa on 2 Nov, was surrounded and driven back to roughly its start line within a week.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Most villages retaken 3-4 Nov (Julia surrounded by 3 Nov); by 13 Nov the Greeks had reoccupied the Grammos and Smolikas ranges (end date = 'by').", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Italian War", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-korytsa", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-11-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Korytsa and the Korytsa plateau", "confidence": "good", "line": "Whole Korytsa plateau, controlling the Devoll valley approaches; entire plateau held by 27 Nov 1940.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek III Corps / Western Macedonia Army Section (9th Division entered Korytsa)", "battle": "Battle of Morava-Ivan / Battle of Korytsa", "basis": "Military occupation in war (Greco-Italian War)", "event": "Offensive from 14 Nov 1940; Morava summit taken 19-21 Nov; Italians withdrew to the Devoll valley and the 9th Division took Korytsa on 22 Nov; whole plateau by 27 Nov.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "End = Italian re-entry into Korytsa on 14 Apr 1941 (Greek retreat ordered 12 Apr). Morava/Ivan point is approximate.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Macedonia Army Section; en.wikipedia Battle of Korçë; en.wikipedia Battle of Morava-Ivan; Kathimerini 23 Nov 1940 headline via fhw.gr ('Korytsa was taken yesterday'); en.wikipedia April 1941 Italian offensive in Epirus (Korytsa taken 14 April)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-devoll-bilisht", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-11-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Devoll (Bilishti) district", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Between the Greek border at Kapeshtitsa and the Korytsa plateau.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek III Corps", "battle": "Battle of Morava-Ivan", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start month only: taken in the Morava-Ivan battle (14-23 Nov 1940); exact day not in the sources fetched. End: Italians took Bilishti on 15 Apr 1941.", "sources": "en.wikipedia April 1941 Italian offensive in Epirus (Bilishti 15 April)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-kolonia-erseka-leskoviki", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-11-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1941-04-17", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kolonia (Erseka, Leskoviki)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army (Epirus and W. Macedonia sections)", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start month only (Greek counter-offensive of mid/late Nov 1940; days not in sources fetched). End: Erseka fell to the Italians on 17 Apr 1941 after Greek resistance; Leskoviki was an Italian objective in the following days (Ponte Perati, 18-22 Apr).", "sources": "en.wikipedia April 1941 Italian offensive in Epirus; en.wikipedia Battle of Ponte Perati", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-moschopolis", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-11-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Moschopolis", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 10th Division", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Taken 24 Nov 1940 (10th Division; Kathimerini of 25 Nov reports it). End: Greek withdrawal from the northern sector after the GHQ order of 12 Apr 1941 (Korytsa re-entered by the Italians 14 Apr); exact day not found.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Macedonia Army Section; Kathimerini 25 Nov 1940 via fhw.gr", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-pogradets", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-11-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Pogradets and the Kamia massif", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Town of Pogradets on Lake Ohrid and the heights to its north-west (Kamia massif), where III Corps stood through the winter.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 13th Division (III Corps)", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Entered 30 Nov 1940 by the 13th Division after the Italians evacuated it (Kathimerini 1 Dec). End: withdrawal after 12 Apr 1941 (exact day not found; Korytsa fell 14 Apr).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Macedonia Army Section; Kathimerini 1 Dec 1940 via fhw.gr", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-premeti", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-12-04", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Premeti", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek II Corps", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Taken 4 Dec 1940 'after a raging battle' (Kathimerini 5 Dec). End: re-taken by the Italians in their April advance (between Klisura on 17 Apr and the border on 21 Apr); exact day not found.", "sources": "Kathimerini 5 Dec 1940 via fhw.gr; en.wikipedia Battle of Ponte Perati (Premeti among positions recaptured)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-agioi-saranta", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-12-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Agioi Saranta ('Porto Edda' to the Italians)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Coastal district from the Greek border to Agioi Saranta, incl. Konispoli and Finiki (Finiki/Konispoli taken in the same advance; exact days not found).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Corps", "battle": "Battle of Agioi Saranta", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Taken 6 Dec 1940 by I Corps (en.wikipedia 'Battle of Himara'; himara.gr). End: April 1941 withdrawal (exact day not found; himara.gr gives the Italian return as '8 October 1941', evidently an error for April 1941).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Himara; himara.gr almanac 'liberation of Saranda'; Kathimerini 7 Dec 1940 via fhw.gr", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-delvino", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-12-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Delvino", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Corps", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Day approximate: abandoned by the Italians and entered at about the same time as Agioi Saranta (Kathimerini 7 Dec 1940: 'Argyrokastro and Delvino abandoned by the Italian army'). End: April 1941 withdrawal.", "sources": "Kathimerini 7 Dec 1940 via fhw.gr; himara.gr", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-argyrokastro", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-12-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Argyrokastro and the Drinos valley", "confidence": "good", "line": "Drinos valley from the Greek border at Kakavia north to the Greek line short of Tepeleni.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek I Corps", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "Held for about five months.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Entered 8 Dec 1940 (Kathimerini 9 Dec; en.wikipedia 'Battle of Himara'). End: April 1941 withdrawal; the Italian XXV Corps crossed into Greece on 21 Apr, so Argyrokastro was given up shortly before (exact day not found).", "sources": "Kathimerini 9 Dec 1940 via fhw.gr; en.wikipedia Battle of Himara; greekcitytimes.com 8 Dec 2021", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-chimarra", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-12-22", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Chimarra coast", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Coast from Lukovo/Porto Palermo north to beyond Chimarra; inland the Kuç saddle giving access to the Shushitsa valley.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek 3rd Division (I Corps)", "battle": "Battle of Chimarra", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Battle 13-22 Dec 1940; the Italians abandoned the town and the Greeks entered on the morning of 22 Dec (Kathimerini 24 Dec says 'yesterday', i.e. 23 Dec: minor disagreement). End: April 1941 withdrawal (exact day not found). Kuç coordinates approximate.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Himara; Kathimerini 24 Dec 1940 via fhw.gr", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-greek-klisura", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1941-01-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-17", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Klisura and the Trebeshina - Tepeleni front", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Klisura gorge and the heights north and north-west of it: Bubesi and height 802 (2 Feb 1941), Mount Shendeli and heights 1647, 1260, 1178 of Trebeshina (13 Feb 1941); the advance stopped short of Tepeleni.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek II Corps (5th Cretan Division, 15th Division)", "battle": "Capture of Klisura Pass; Battle of Trebeshina", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Pass taken 10 Jan 1941 (operation 6-11 Jan; Kathimerini 11 Jan). Bubesi 2 Feb; Trebeshina heights 13 Feb 1941. End: Klisura fell to the Italians 17 Apr 1941.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Klisura Pass; en.wikipedia 15th Infantry Division (Greece); Kathimerini 11 Jan 1941 via fhw.gr; en.wikipedia April 1941 Italian offensive in Epirus", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1940-greek-ostravitsa-tomoros", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1940-12-12", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Ostravitsa - southern Tomoros sector", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Mountain sector linking II and III Corps: Mount Ostravitsa (taken 12 Dec 1940) and up to the southern approaches of Mount Tomoros (Dec 1940).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Cavalry Division (OMK)", "battle": "", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Ostravitsa taken 12 Dec 1940 by the Cavalry Division (OMK); Tomoros reached later in December. End: April 1941 withdrawal (exact day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Western Macedonia Army Section", "note": "Municipalities marked (?) are inferred from geography, not stated in sources.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-greek-held-southern-albania-front-line", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1941-02-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-12", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek-held southern Albania at its greatest extent (Feb - mid-Apr 1941)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "FRONT LINE held from mid-February to mid-April 1941 (stable through the Italian spring offensive of 9-24 Mar 1941), from the Adriatic to Lake Ohrid: Adriatic coast north of Chimarra -> Kuç saddle (head of the Shushitsa valley; Greek forces about 16 km from Avlona) -> heights south and east of Tepeleni (town Italian) -> Mount Shendeli -> Trebeshina ridge (heights 1647/1260/1178) and Hill 731 (Mount Trebeshina, 'about 20 km north of Klisura', between the Osum and the Aoos) -> Bubesi -> across the Osum valley in Skrapar -> southern slopes of Mount Tomoros -> Mount Ostravitsa -> Devoll valley -> Kamia massif -> west shore of Lake Ohrid north of Pogradets. Coordinates below are approximate positions of the named features, not surveyed front positions.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek Army: I Corps (coast/Drinos), II Corps (Klisura-Tomoros: 17th, 5th, 1st, 15th, 11th Divisions in March), III Corps/W. Macedonia Army Section (Korytsa-Pogradets)", "battle": "Italian spring offensive (Battle of Hill 731), 9-24 Mar 1941", "basis": "Military occupation in war", "event": "The front stabilized from 6 Jan / Feb 1941; the Italian spring offensive between the Osum and the Aoos (main blow on a 32 km front, Hill 731) failed; the Greek retreat began after the German invasion.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = last significant Greek gains (Trebeshina heights, 13 Feb 1941; 'final Greek advances until 8 March' per en.wikipedia). End = GHQ order to retreat (12 Apr 1941); the area was then given up from north to south between 13 and 21 Apr (Korytsa 14, Bilishti 15, Erseka and Klisura 17, Italians on the Greek border 21 Apr).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Italian War; Italian spring offensive; Battle of Hill 731; Battle of Ponte Perati (16 km from Avlona); Battle of Himara; 15th Infantry Division (Greece); Western Macedonia Army Section; April 1941 Italian offensive in Epirus", "note": "No source fetched gives the full front line; it is reconstructed from the positions named in them. Check against the Hellenic Army General Staff maps (An Abridged History of the Greek-Italian and Greek-German War 1940-1941). Spring offensive end: infobox 16 Mar, text 24 Mar.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-greek-withdrawal-albania-capitulation", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-21", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Epirus front after the Greek capitulation (Italian entry into Greece, April 1941)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Italian XXV Corps crossed the border on 21 Apr 1941 (Perati bridge - Kakavia sector) behind the retreating Epirus Army; German SS troops had taken Ioannina on 21 Apr. Epirus then fell into the Italian occupation zone.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany, then Italy (zone, 1941 - Sep 1943), then Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Ponte Perati (18-22 Apr 1941)", "basis": "German invasion and Greek capitulation: protocol of Tsolakoglou with Sepp Dietrich signed 20 Apr 1941 18:00 (near Metsovo / Votonosi), second protocol at Ioannina 21 Apr, final armistice with Germany and Italy (Tsolakoglou, Jodl, Ferrero) 23 Apr 1941 (Thessaloniki per en.wikipedia Military history of Greece in WWII)", "event": "GHQ ordered the retreat from Albania on 12 Apr 1941; II Corps divisions began to disintegrate 15 Apr; Epirus Army capitulated 20-23 Apr.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "End month only: Epirus was evacuated by the Germans in October 1944 (exact days by town not in the sources fetched). See the zone events for the change of occupier.", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece (Ioannina 21 Apr; armistice 23 Apr); Western Macedonia Army Section (protocol 20 Apr 18:00); Military history of Greece during WWII (near Metsovo 20 Apr, Ioannina 21 Apr, Thessaloniki 23 Apr); Greco-Italian War (surrender to Germany 20 Apr, to Italy 23 Apr); April 1941 Italian offensive in Epirus (XXV Corps on Greek soil 21 Apr; capitulation 22 Apr)", "note": "Sources disagree on the capitulation day (20, 21, 22 or 23 April) because there were three successive protocols.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-german-conquest-eastern-macedonia-thrace", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1941-04-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace east of the Strymon (German conquest phase)", "confidence": "good", "line": "Everything east of the Strymon to the Evros (Turkish border).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Metaxas Line (Rupel)", "basis": "German invasion (Operation Marita)", "event": "The Germans crossed to the Thessaloniki railway on the evening of 7 Apr; the Greek line capitulated on 9-10 Apr.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = German attack on the Metaxas Line from Bulgaria; the Eastern Macedonia Army Section's surrender took effect at 13:00 on 10 Apr 1941 (some forts held a few days longer). Dates of German entry into each town are not in the sources fetched. End = Bulgarian entry (20 Apr), except the Evros strip, which stayed German (separate event).", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-bulgarian-zone", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-26", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Bulgarian occupation zone (annexed as 'Belomorie')", "confidence": "good", "line": "West: the Strymon river from the Bulgarian frontier at the Rupel gorge to its mouth near Amphipolis; territory west of it stayed German. East: a line from Svilengrad (on the Bulgarian-Turkish-Greek frontier) south-south-west to Alexandroupoli, west of the Evros, leaving a strip along the Turkish border to the Germans (separate event). Islands: Thasos and Samothrace.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Bulgaria", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis partition of Greece; unilateral Bulgarian annexation 14 May 1941", "event": "Bulgarian occupation and annexation (12,363 km2 of Western Thrace counted by Bulgaria; Thasos 443 km2, Samothrace 184 km2); harsh Bulgarianization; deportation of the Jews of Belomorie in 1943.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "1944-10-26 (to ELAS)", "date_note": "Bulgarian Second Army entered Greek Thrace 'without firing a shot' on 20 Apr 1941. Annexation declared 14 May 1941 (Filov to the National Assembly; never formally ratified, never recognized by Germany or Italy). Withdrawal: rapid evacuation began 10 Oct 1944 and was completed 26 Oct 1944, when a delegation under Dobri Terpeshev handed authority to ELAS (Bulgarian rule article; the Axis article says 'about two weeks' after 10 Oct). Moscow Armistice of 28 Oct 1944 then required Bulgaria to leave the 'Aegean region'.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece (entry 20 Apr 1941, annexation 14 May 1941, prefectures Drama, Kavala, Rhodope, Serres; 'between the Strymon and a line through Alexandroupoli and Svilengrad'); en.wikipedia Bulgarian rule of Macedonia, Morava Valley and Western Thrace (1941-1944) (Strymon to Evros minus the German strip; withdrawal 10-26 Oct 1944); en.wikipedia The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece (Alexandroupoli, Komotini, Xanthi, Kavala, Drama, Serres, Thasos, Samothrace in Belomorie)", "note": "The en.wikipedia page 'Bulgarian occupation of Greece during World War II' does not exist (url_not_found); the Bulgarian rule article was used. Sources disagree on the eastern boundary: the Axis occupation article says the zone excluded 'the Evros prefecture', the Bulgarian rule and Holocaust articles put the line at Alexandroupoli-Svilengrad with Alexandroupoli Bulgarian. The Strymon line cuts Serres and Sintiki municipalities: whether Sidirokastro lay on the Bulgarian side should be checked on a map of the river.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-german-evros-strip", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-20", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Evros border strip (German zone along the Turkish frontier)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Strip between the Evros (Turkish border) and the line Svilengrad - Alexandroupoli.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany (police and administrative staff only; Greek collaborationist administration remained; Bulgarians barred)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis partition; strip 'reserved for possible transfer to Turkey'", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: German arrival in April 1941 (day not in sources). End: German withdrawal in autumn 1944 (not dated in sources fetched).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece; en.wikipedia Bulgarian rule of Macedonia, Morava Valley and Western Thrace", "note": "If the Axis article is right that the whole Evros prefecture was excluded from the Bulgarian zone, this strip should be the entire Evros regional unit except Samothrace.", "editorial": "The research gives April 1941 and 1944 only; drawn from the division of Thrace on 20 April 1941 (when the Bulgarian army entered) to mid-October 1944 (approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1944-german-zone-central-macedonia", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-09", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Thessaloniki and Central Macedonia (German zone)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "From the Strymon west to the Italian zone in Western Macedonia and Thessaly (boundary roughly along the eastern borders of Florina, Kozani and Larissa regional units; not given in the sources).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "German invasion; Axis partition", "event": "Kept by Germany as its outlet to the Aegean and as leverage against Bulgarian and Italian claims.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = German armored advance guard entered Thessaloniki on the morning of 9 Apr 1941 (rest of the zone in the following days). End = Thessaloniki, 'the last German escape port', freed 30 Oct 1944; the last German troops left Greek territory in the first days of November (by 4 Nov 1944).", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece; Axis occupation of Greece; pvgriekenland.nl 'British troops in Greece 1944-52' (Thessaloniki 30 Oct 1944; most Germans gone by 4 Nov 1944)", "note": "Pieria's zone is not stated in the sources (assumed German); check a zone map (e.g. Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1943-1944-bulgarian-troops-central-macedonia", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1943-07-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-09-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Central Macedonia between the Strymon and the Axios (Bulgarian military occupation under German command)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Between the Strymon and the Axios; coastal defense from the Epanomi lighthouse (about 25 km south of Thessaloniki) to the mouth of the Strymon; the city of Thessaloniki and Chalkidiki excluded.", "joint": true, "joint_with": "Germany", "occupier": "Bulgaria, under overall German control (area remained in the German zone)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "German-Bulgarian arrangement (not annexation)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: 7th Rila Division took over the coastal defense on 5 Jul 1943; the wider occupation of the Thessaloniki region followed later in 1943 at German invitation. End: Bulgaria began pulling out of central Macedonia in late August 1944 and left after the coup of 9 Sep 1944 (day not given).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Bulgarian rule of Macedonia, Morava Valley and Western Thrace (1941-1944); Axis occupation of Greece ('From 1943 ... between the Strymon and Axios rivers')", "note": "Overlaps the German-zone event; use it to tint the area, not as a change of sovereignty. 'joint' here means two Axis occupiers, not a Greek joint occupation.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-western-macedonia", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-11-02", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Macedonia", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany (April 1941), Italy (zone, 1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Nov 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Vevi (Klidi pass); Battle of Klisura pass", "basis": "German invasion; Axis partition", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Germans crossed the border near Florina 10 Apr; Vevi/Klidi 11-12 Apr; Klisura pass 13 Apr; Kozani 14 Apr. Kastoria and Grevena fell during the Greek retreat from Albania (days not found). End: German withdrawal through the Florina area in late Oct / early Nov 1944 (by 4 Nov 1944 at the latest).", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece; Military history of Greece during WWII; Bulgarian rule ... (Kastoria and Florina taken over by the Germans after Sep 1943, i.e. formerly Italian); pvgriekenland.nl", "note": "Bulgarian-backed Ohrana militias operated in Florina, Kastoria and Pella in 1943-44.", "editorial": "The research gives November 1944 only; the last German troops left Greek territory by 4 November 1944 (GB5), so drawn until 2 November (approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1944-thessaly", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-19", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Thessaly", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany (April 1941), Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "German invasion; Axis partition (Italian III Army Corps zone)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "First German troops entered Larissa 19 Apr 1941. End: German evacuation in October 1944 (days not in the sources fetched).", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece; Axis occupation of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-central-western-greece", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Central Greece and Aetolia-Acarnania", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany (April 1941), Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Thermopylae (1941)", "basis": "German invasion; Axis partition", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "German attack on the Thermopylae position at 11:30 on 24 Apr 1941, held all day; the Allies then withdrew, so the area fell on and after 25 Apr (days by town not found). End: October 1944.", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-attica-athens-piraeus", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-12", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Athens, Piraeus and Attica", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": true, "joint_with": "Germany and Italy", "occupier": "Germany and Italy (Italian zone with German enclaves: Kalamaki airfield, parts of Piraeus port, Salamis, Aegina, Fleves; southern Attica German until Sep 1942, then Italian); all German from Sep 1943", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "German invasion; Axis partition", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Germans entered Athens at 08:25 on 27 Apr 1941 (Kathimerini 28 Apr). German troops evacuated Athens on 12 Oct 1944; British troops (Scobie) arrived 14 Oct; the Greek government returned 18 Oct.", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece; Axis occupation of Greece; Kathimerini via fhw.gr; pvgriekenland.nl", "note": "'joint' = joint Axis occupation, not a Greek joint occupation.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-peloponnese", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Peloponnese (with Achaea and Elis)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany (April 1941), Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Corinth Canal (25/26 Apr 1941); Kalamata", "basis": "German invasion; Axis partition (Italian VIII Army Corps zone)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "German airborne seizure of the Corinth Canal bridges 25 Apr 1941 (most other sources say 26 Apr); evacuations from Nafplio 25-27 Apr; Kalamata fell 30 Apr; the Germans reached the south coast on 30 Apr. End: the Germans left in Sep-Oct 1944: Patras evacuated 3 Oct 1944 ('first town liberated in the Peloponnese'; often given as 4 Oct), the rest by mid-October.", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece; Military history of Greece during WWII (Kalamata 30 Apr); pvgriekenland.nl (Patras 3 Oct 1944)", "note": "Sources disagree on the Corinth Canal date (25 v. 26 Apr) and on Patras (3 v. 4 Oct 1944).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-kythira", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1944-09-16", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kythira", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Axis (zone not established)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start: occupied after the fall of the Peloponnese (date and occupier not in the sources fetched; month approximate). End: British 9th Commando landed 16 Sep 1944 (first step of Operation Manna).", "sources": "pvgriekenland.nl", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-euboea-skyros", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Euboea and Skyros", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany (Apr - Oct 1941), Italy (Oct 1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "A German motorcycle battalion crossed to seize Chalcis in late April 1941 (day not given). Allotted to the German zone, handed to Italy in October 1941; German again from Sep 1943. End: October 1944 (days not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia German invasion of Greece; Axis occupation of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "The research gives April 1941 only; drawn from 30 April, after the fall of Athens (27 Apr), when the Axis took over the islands (approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1944-northern-sporades", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Northern Sporades", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Months approximate (dates of the Axis arrival and of the German departure not in the sources fetched). The Sporades were in German hands by 19 Sep 1943.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign (Sporades and Cyclades German by 19 Sep 1943)", "note": "Zone (Italian) inferred: 'the rest Italian'.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1944-ionian-islands", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Ionian Islands", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - autumn 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Massacre of the Acqui Division, Kefalonia (Sep 1943)", "basis": "Axis occupation; Italian de facto annexation prepared but never formalized", "event": "Greek civil authorities replaced by Italians; 'Ionian drachma' introduced early 1942. After the Italian armistice the Germans attacked the Italian garrisons; more than 4,500 Italians were executed on Kefalonia.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Months approximate: the Italian landings of late April / May 1941 and the German departures of autumn 1944 are not dated in the sources fetched.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "The research gives April 1941 only; drawn from 30 April, after the fall of Athens (27 Apr), when the Axis took over the islands (approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1944-cyclades", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1944-10-18", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Cyclades (except Milos)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - Oct 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start month approximate (Italian occupation in spring 1941, not dated in the sources fetched). German by 19 Sep 1943. Liberation: Syros 13 Oct, Naxos 15 Oct, Santorini 18 Oct 1944 (end = last of these; other islands not dated).", "sources": "pvgriekenland.nl; en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1945-milos-german-garrison", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1945-05-09", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Milos (German stronghold)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "One of the German garrisons left behind after the withdrawal of October 1944.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start month approximate (German zone, staging point toward Crete). End: the isolated garrison surrendered after the German capitulation of 8 May 1945 (day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece; Military history of Greece during WWII", "note": "", "editorial": "The research gives May 1945 only; drawn until the German surrender in the Aegean (8-9 May 1945; approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1944-north-aegean-german-islands", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-30", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Lemnos, Agios Efstratios, Lesbos, Chios (German 'Salonica-Aegean' command)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Months approximate: the German landings of late April / May 1941 and the departures from Lesbos and Chios in autumn 1944 are not dated in the sources fetched; Lemnos freed 15 Oct 1944; German withdrawal from the Aegean islands began in August 1944.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece; pvgriekenland.nl; britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk Chronology of Events Aegean Islands", "note": "", "editorial": "The research gives April 1941 only; drawn from 30 April, after the fall of Athens (27 Apr), when the Axis took over the islands (approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1943-samos-ikaria-italian", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1943-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Samos, Ikaria and Fournoi (Italian)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis occupation (Italianization without formal annexation)", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start month approximate. End = announcement of the Italian armistice.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1943-samos-allied-interlude", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1943-09-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1943-11-22", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Samos, Ikaria and Fournoi (Allied-held after the Italian armistice)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Italian garrison (co-belligerent after the armistice) with British liaison parties", "battle": "Dodecanese campaign", "basis": "", "event": "Not 'occupied' in the brief's sense (Allied forces), and not Greek control either.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Ikaria and Fournoi (with Patmos) occupied by the Germans 18 Nov 1943; British left Samos on the night of 19/20 Nov; the Italian garrison surrendered 22 Nov 1943.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1943-1944-samos-ikaria-german", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1943-11-18", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Samos, Ikaria and Fournoi (German)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Dodecanese campaign", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Ikaria/Fournoi from 18 Nov 1943, Samos from 22 Nov 1943. End: German departure in autumn 1944 (not dated in the sources fetched).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1945-crete-chania", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-27", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1945-05-10", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western Crete ('Fortress Crete' enclave)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "After the Axis evacuated eastern and central Crete in winter 1944/45, the Germans held a western enclave around Chania and Souda; its exact boundary is not in the sources fetched (draw the Chania regional unit; check whether it included western Rethymno).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Crete", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "Generalmajor Hans-Georg Benthack surrendered all German forces on Crete to Major-General Colin Callander.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Airborne landings 20 May 1941; Maleme 21 May; Chania 27 May; the island under German control on 1 Jun 1941. End: German surrender after VE Day; the surrender document gives the cessation of hostilities as 10 May 1945 10:00 GMT, signed at Knossos (preveli.org); other accounts give 9 or 12 May 1945 (Fortress Crete article: 'its surrender of 12 May 1945').", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Crete; Fortress Crete; Hans-Georg Benthack; preveli.org Chronicle of the Battle of Crete; ww2wrecks.com 'The last bastion: the surrender document ... 10 May 1945'", "note": "Sources disagree on the surrender date (9, 10 or 12 May 1945).", "editorial": "Drawn from the fall of Chania (27 May 1941), not from the first German landings of 20 May: the Battle of Crete was fought on Greek-held ground until then." }, { "id": "1941-1944-crete-rethymno-heraklion", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-29", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Central Crete (Rethymno and Heraklion)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Crete", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Rethymno and Heraklion fell 29 May 1941. End year only: the Axis evacuated eastern and central Crete 'during the winter' after the general retreat of October 1944, handing it to a weak Anglo-Greek garrison; no source fetched gives the day or confirms that Rethymno lay outside the final German enclave.", "sources": "preveli.org; en.wikipedia Fortress Crete", "note": "", "editorial": "The research gives only the year of the end (1944); drawn until mid-October 1944, when the Germans left central and eastern Crete for the Chania enclave and withdrew from Thrace (approximate)." }, { "id": "1941-1944-crete-lasithi", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-05-28", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Lasithi (Italian sector of Crete)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (1941 - Sep 1943), Germany (Sep 1943 - 1944)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Battle of Crete", "basis": "Axis occupation", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Italian troops from the Dodecanese landed at Sitia on 28 May 1941 and occupied the prefecture; they met German troops on 30 May. German from Sep 1943. End year only (evacuated with central Crete in winter 1944/45; day not found).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Crete; Fortress Crete; preveli.org", "note": "", "editorial": "The research gives only the year of the end (1944); drawn until mid-October 1944, when the Germans left central and eastern Crete for the Chania enclave and withdrew from Thrace (approximate)." }, { "id": "zone-1941-1943-german", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1943-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "German occupation zone (1941 - Sep 1943)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Zone layer: overlaps the per-area events, which carry the dates of conquest and liberation.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis partition of Greece", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "The zones took shape as the Axis advanced (April - June 1941); sources date the partition only to 'mid-1941'. Changes: Euboea and Skyros to Italy October 1941; southern Attica to Italy September 1942. After 8 Sep 1943 the Germans took over the Italian zone too.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece; Fortress Crete", "note": "Kythira's zone is not stated in the sources.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "zone-1941-1943-italian", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1941-04-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1943-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Italian occupation zone (1941 - Sep 1943)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Zone layer: 'the rest' of Greece outside the German and Bulgarian zones.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (XXVI Army Corps Epirus/west, III Thessaly, VIII Peloponnese)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Axis partition of Greece", "event": "Thesprotia (Chameria) was promised to Albania after the war; the 'Principality of the Pindus' (see note event) was declared in the Italian zone.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Italian troops took over their zone between late April and June 1941 (dates not in the sources fetched). End = Italian armistice announced 8 Sep 1943 (signed at Cassibile 3 Sep); German takeover over the following weeks.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "zone-1943-1944-german-takeover", "batch": "GB5", "status": "occupied", "status_research": "occupied", "start": "1943-09-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-11-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "Former Italian zone under German occupation (Sep 1943 - autumn 1944)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Zone layer.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Massacre of the Acqui Division (Kefalonia)", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start = Italian armistice; the Germans disarmed or fought the Italian garrisons in the following weeks (Sporades and Cyclades in German hands by 19 Sep 1943; Kefalonia after fighting). End = liberation, area by area, September - early November 1944 (see per-area events).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece; Dodecanese campaign", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1941-1942-principality-of-pindus", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1941-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1942-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "'Principality of the Pindus' (Italian-sponsored Aromanian entity)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy", "by_whom": "Alcibiades Diamandi", "battle": "", "basis": "", "event": "Pro-Italian puppet entity inside the Italian zone; no change of sovereignty.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Years only; the article says it collapsed in 1942 when Germany took over Italian positions.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Axis occupation of Greece", "note": "Map faintly if at all.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1944-liberation-sequence", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1944-09-16", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1944-11-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Liberation of Greece (sequence)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Operation Manna", "basis": "", "event": "German withdrawal from the Aegean islands began August 1944. Kythira (British commandos) 16 Sep; Araxos airfield paratroops 23 Sep; Patras 3/4 Oct; Bulgarian evacuation 10-26 Oct; Megara airfield paratroops and German evacuation of Athens 12 Oct; Syros 13 Oct; British in Athens 14 Oct; Naxos and Lemnos 15 Oct; Santorini 18 Oct; government returns 18 Oct; Thessaloniki 30 Oct; last German troops gone from the mainland in the first days of November. Left behind: the Crete enclave (to 9-12 May 1945), Milos (to May 1945) and, in the then-Italian Dodecanese, Rhodes, Leros, Kos and others (to 8 May 1945); the Axis article adds that some Aegean garrisons surrendered only in June 1945.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "End = 'most German troops had withdrawn by 4 November 1944' (pvgriekenland.nl); the Axis article says the mainland was clear 'by the end of October'.", "sources": "pvgriekenland.nl 'British troops in Greece 1944-52'; en.wikipedia Operation Manna; Axis occupation of Greece; Bulgarian rule ... (1941-1944)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1924-1943-dodecanese-italian", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1924-08-06", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1943-09-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dodecanese and Kastellorizo (Italian Islands of the Aegean)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Italy (possedimento)", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Lausanne, Art. 15", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Context only (not Greek). Italian since 1912 (provisional), sovereignty confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne (in force 6 Aug 1924, recalled, not in the pages fetched; the Italian Islands article says 'formally annexed in 1923'); Kastellorizo French-occupied 1915, Italian from 1921. End = Italian armistice.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Italian Islands of the Aegean; Corfu incident (garrison reinforced 1923, annexed 1925)", "note": "Earlier history and the Venizelos-Tittoni award belong to the previous batch.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1943-1947-kastellorizo-british", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1943-09-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1947-03-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kastellorizo (British-held)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "United Kingdom", "battle": "Dodecanese campaign", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Italian garrison surrendered to a British detachment on 8 Sep 1943; the only island the British kept after the Dodecanese campaign (most of the garrison taken off 28 Nov 1943); part of the British administration until the handover to Greece on 31 Mar 1947.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign", "note": "Continuous British hold is implied, not stated outright, in the article.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1943-1945-dodecanese-german", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1943-09-11", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1945-05-08", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dodecanese under German occupation", "confidence": "good", "line": "Taken island by island: Rhodes 9-11 Sep 1943; Karpathos and Kasos by 19 Sep; Kos 3-4 Oct; Leros 12-16 Nov; Patmos 18 Nov 1943.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "Germany", "by_whom": "", "battle": "Dodecanese campaign (Kos, Leros)", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Context (Italian territory, nominally under the Italian Social Republic, de facto German). Allied forces took Karpathos 29 Oct 1944 and Symi (main force) in mid-December 1944. End: General Otto Wagener surrendered the Dodecanese to the British on 8 May 1945, at Symi (pvgriekenland.nl, argophilia.com) or on Rhodes (en.wikipedia Dodecanese).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign; Italian Islands of the Aegean; Dodecanese; pvgriekenland.nl; argophilia.com 'Symi celebrates end of WW2 on May 8th'", "note": "Sources disagree where the surrender was signed (Symi v. Rhodes).", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1945-1947-dodecanese-british-administration", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1945-05-08", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1947-03-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dodecanese under British Military Administration", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "United Kingdom", "battle": "", "basis": "Allied military occupation of enemy (Italian) territory", "event": "Civil affairs largely left to the islanders; informally linked with Greece.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "From the German surrender (8 May 1945; HQ Dodecanese moved from Symi to Rhodes 10 May 1945) to the transfer to Greek administration on 31 Mar 1947. The Italian Islands article gives only '1945-1947' ('Military Administration in the Aegean').", "sources": "pvgriekenland.nl; en.wikipedia Dodecanese; Italian Islands of the Aegean", "note": "Not Greek control: map faintly.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1947-dodecanese-greek-military-administration", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": "de_facto", "start": "1947-03-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1947-09-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Dodecanese and Kastellorizo (Greek military administration)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "All the islands ceded by Art. 14 of the Treaty of Peace with Italy, with adjacent islets.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Greek military administration (military governor recalled as Vice-Admiral Pericles Ioannidis: not verified in sources fetched)", "battle": "", "basis": "Transfer of administration by the United Kingdom pending entry into force of the Treaty of Peace with Italy", "event": "", "signed": "1947-02-10", "in_force": "1947-09-15", "handover": "1947-03-31 (British to Greek military administration)", "date_note": "Greek control in fact from the British handover (31 Mar 1947), after signature (10 Feb 1947) but before the treaty entered into force (15 Sep 1947): sovereignty was still Italian in law, so de_facto until 15 Sep 1947, then de_jure.", "sources": "pvgriekenland.nl (transfer 31 Mar 1947); en.wikipedia Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 (signed 10 Feb, effective 15 Sep 1947)", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1947-dodecanese-de-jure", "batch": "GB5", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": "de_jure", "start": "1947-09-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Dodecanese and Kastellorizo (ceded by Italy)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "Treaty of Peace with Italy, Art. 14(1): 'Italy hereby cedes to Greece in full sovereignty the Dodecanese Islands indicated hereafter, namely Stampalia (Astropalia), Rhodes (Rhodos), Calki (Kharki), Scarpanto, Casos (Casso), Piscopis (Tilos), Misiros (Nisyros), Calimnos (Kalymnos), Leros, Patmos, Lipsos (Lipso), Simi (Symi), Cos (Kos) and Castellorizo, as well as the adjacent islets.' Art. 14(2): 'These islands shall be and shall remain demilitarised.' (UNTS vol. 49; the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs quotes the same article.)", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Treaty of Peace with Italy (Paris, 10 Feb 1947), Art. 14", "event": "The islands 'became part of Greece on 7 March 1948' (pvgriekenland.nl), when the military administration ended.", "signed": "1947-02-10", "in_force": "1947-09-15", "handover": "1947-03-31 (administration); 1948-03-07 (formal incorporation)", "date_note": "de_jure from the treaty's entry into force (15 Sep 1947), because the cession of sovereignty takes effect when the treaty is in force; the formal incorporation of 7 Mar 1948 was the Greek domestic act ending the military administration and annexing the islands to the state, not the transfer of sovereignty. Some Greek accounts date 'union with Greece' to 7 Mar 1948.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Paris Peace Treaties, 1947; Dodecanese; Italian Islands of the Aegean (ceded 10 Feb 1947); pvgriekenland.nl (7 Mar 1948)", "note": "Including Imia (Limnia), east of Kalymnos: see '1947-imia'.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1948-dodecanese-formal-annexation", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1948-03-07", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Dodecanese (formal incorporation)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Greek act of incorporation (ceremony on Rhodes; the law's number and date are not in the sources fetched)", "event": "End of the military administration; the Dodecanese become an ordinary part of the Greek state.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "", "sources": "pvgriekenland.nl", "note": "No change of area on the map; marker only.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1944-dekemvriana", "batch": "GB5", "status": "insurgent", "status_research": "insurgent", "start": "1944-12-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1945-01-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Athens and Piraeus held by EAM/ELAS (Dekemvriana)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "EAM/ELAS", "battle": "Dekemvriana", "basis": "", "event": "Armed conflict between ELAS and the government with British forces after liberation.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Fighting began 3 Dec 1944; by 12 Dec EAM controlled most of Athens, Piraeus and the suburbs; Scobie agreed to a ceasefire on 15 Jan 1945; Varkiza Agreement February 1945 (12 Feb, day not given in the article).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Civil War", "note": "Not a foreign occupation; British forces were present with the government's consent. ELAS also controlled most of the provinces until Varkiza.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1946-1949-greek-civil-war", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1946-03-31", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1949-10-16", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Greek Civil War (third round)", "confidence": "good", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "Democratic Army of Greece (DSE)", "battle": "", "basis": "", "event": "The DSE 'managed to control large rural areas but no major town'.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Attack on the Litochoro police station on the night of 30/31 Mar 1946 (infobox start 31 Mar 1946). End: KKE 'temporary ceasefire' announced 16 Oct 1949.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Civil War; Democratic Army of Greece; Operation Pyrsos", "note": "No change of the state's borders.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1947-1949-provisional-democratic-government", "batch": "GB5", "status": "insurgent", "status_research": "insurgent", "start": "1947-12-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1949-08-28", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Seat of the Provisional Democratic Government (Grammos - Vitsi)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "KKE / DSE", "battle": "", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Formation announced 23 Dec, established 24 Dec 1947 (Vafeiadis PM); left Greece 28 Aug 1949; dissolved in exile October 1950. Recognized by no state.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Provisional Democratic Government; Greek Civil War", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1947-1948-dse-konitsa-attack", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1947-12-25", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1948-01-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Konitsa (DSE attack; town not taken)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "DSE", "battle": "Battle of Konitsa", "basis": "", "event": "Attempt to take Konitsa as the seat of the Provisional Government; failed (about 1,200 DSE dead).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Provisional Democratic Government; Greek Civil War", "note": "Konitsa stayed in government hands: nothing to draw.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1947-1948-dse-grammos-first", "batch": "GB5", "status": "insurgent", "status_research": "insurgent", "start": "1947-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1948-08-21", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Grammos (DSE zone, first period)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Grammos massif along the Greek-Albanian border between Ioannina and Kastoria regional units; exact extent not given in the sources (draw the massif above roughly 1,000 m on the Greek side).", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "DSE", "battle": "Operation Koronis (Battle of Grammos 1948)", "basis": "", "event": "About 12,000 DSE fighters against about 70,000 government troops.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start year only (DSE stronghold from 1947). End: Operation Koronis (16 Jun - 21 Aug 1948; sources differ by a day or two); on 21 Aug 1948 the DSE withdrew through Albania to Vitsi.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Koronis; Democratic Army of Greece", "note": "Status 'insurgent': area within Greece held by the DSE against the government.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1947-1949-dse-vitsi", "batch": "GB5", "status": "insurgent", "status_research": "insurgent", "start": "1947-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1949-08-15", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Vitsi (DSE zone)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "A mountain sector of about 375 sq mi between the Albanian border (Mali-Madi range) and the Yugoslav border (Blena-Vonda range), including the Pyxos peninsula between the Great and Little Prespa lakes; towns of Florina and Kastoria stayed with the government.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "DSE", "battle": "Operation Pyrsos (Vitsi, Aug 1949)", "basis": "", "event": "The DSE repulsed government attacks on Vitsi in autumn 1948 (not dated in the sources fetched).", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start year only (DSE base area from 1947; main DSE concentration after 21 Aug 1948). End: Operation Pyrsos II from about 10 Aug 1949 (breakthrough 10 Aug, retreat to Pyxos 12 Aug); survivors crossed into Albania on the night of 14/15 Aug 1949.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Pyrsos; Operation Koronis; Democratic Army of Greece", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1948-1949-dse-grammos-second", "batch": "GB5", "status": "insurgent", "status_research": "insurgent", "start": "1948-11-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1949-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Grammos (DSE zone, second period)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "As in the first period; last strongholds Kamenik peak and the border crossings of Porta Osman and Bara into Albania.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "DSE", "battle": "Operation Pyrsos (Grammos, Aug 1949)", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Start approximate: the DSE re-entered Grammos after the 1948 campaign (the day is not in the sources fetched; month from general knowledge, verify). End: Pyrsos I diversion 2-8 Aug 1949; Pyrsos III from 25 Aug; 'On August 30, the peak of Kamenik fell; the last stronghold of the Democratic Army in Grammos'.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Pyrsos", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1946-1949-dse-other-mountain-zones", "batch": "GB5", "status": "insurgent", "status_research": "insurgent", "start": "1946-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1949-07-01", "end_precision": "year", "name": "Other DSE mountain zones (Peloponnese, Roumeli/Agrafa, Olympus, Kaimaktsalan, Beles, Rhodope, islands)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "Shifting guerrilla areas, not held fronts; the sources give no extents. The DSE III Division 'controlled 70% of the Peloponnese' in 1948 and DSE operations reached within 20 km of Athens in 1948.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "DSE", "battle": "Operation Peristera; Battle of Karpenisi (1949); Naousa", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Years only. Peloponnese: Operation Peristera (dated summer 1948 in the Civil War article; often given as Dec 1948 - Mar 1949 elsewhere). Karpenisi, Naousa and Karditsa were DSE victories in 1948 and early 1949; the days and how long the towns were held are not in the sources fetched (Karpenisi is generally said to have been held for about two weeks from 21 Jan 1949: not verified).", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Civil War; Democratic Army of Greece", "note": "Optional faint layer; do not draw as a fixed area.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1943-1944-free-greece-peea", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1943-07-01", "start_precision": "year", "end": "1944-10-15", "end_precision": "month", "name": "'Free Greece' (resistance-held mountain interior, 1943-44)", "confidence": "approx", "line": "By 1943 the Axis and collaborators held only the main towns and roads.", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "EAM-ELAS (Political Committee of National Liberation, PEEA, from 1944), EDES, EKKA", "battle": "", "basis": "", "event": "", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Years/months only.", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Civil War", "note": "Context only; the country was still under Axis occupation.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1946-1947-paris-peace-conference-claims", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1947-02-10", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Post-war Greek claims not granted", "confidence": "approx", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Paris Peace Treaties 1947", "event": "Bulgaria returned Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace and owed Greece reparations; the Greek–Bulgarian and Greek–Albanian borders stayed as before the war. Greek claims to Northern Epirus and to a rectification of the Bulgarian frontier (recalled, not in the pages fetched) were not granted.", "signed": "1947-02-10", "in_force": "1947-09-15", "handover": "", "date_note": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Paris Peace Treaties, 1947", "note": "Nothing to draw.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1949-today-no-further-change", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1949-10-16", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "No change in the area under Greek control since 1949", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "", "event": "Since the end of the civil war (and, for the borders, since the Dodecanese took effect in 1947), no area has been added to or lost from Greek control. The land borders are those of 1913-1923 (Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey on the Evros) and the Dodecanese of 1947.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "", "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Civil War; Paris Peace Treaties, 1947", "note": "", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "1996-imia-crisis", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1995-12-26", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1996-01-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "The Imia crisis, 1995-96", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Imia is Greek territory, part of the Dodecanese. Turkey renounced the Dodecanese 'and the islets dependent thereon' in favor of Italy at Lausanne (1923, Art. 15); the Italian-Turkish convention of 4 January 1932 and its protocol of 28 December 1932 placed Imia on the Italian side of the boundary (point 30 of the protocol); Italy ceded the Dodecanese 'as well as the adjacent islets' to Greece by the Treaty of Paris (10 February 1947, Art. 14).", "event": "A Turkish freighter ran aground on Imia in late December 1995, and Turkey then claimed the islets. On 27-28 January 1996 Turkish journalists replaced the Greek flag with a Turkish one, and the Hellenic Navy restored it; on the night of 30-31 January Turkish commandos landed on the western islet. A Greek Navy helicopter crashed during the crisis, killing Christodoulos Karathanasis, Panagiotis Vlahakos and Ektoras Gialopsos. Both sides withdrew under US mediation on 31 January. Greek sovereignty did not change.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "From the grounding (26 December 1995 in the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs' account; 25 December in the CRS report) to the withdrawal of 31 January 1996. The flag was replaced on 27 January (MFA) or 28 January (CRS).", "sources": "mfa.gr, 'Turkish claims' and 'Zones grises' (Lausanne Art. 15, the 1932 convention and protocol, Art. 14 of the 1947 treaty, the events of 1995-96); US Congressional Research Service, 'Greece and Turkey: The Rocky Islet Crisis' (report 96-140, 1996); greekcitytimes.com (the three officers)", "note": "A note: the map does not change. Imia is drawn as part of Greece from 1947 ('1947-imia'). Turkey's claim, raised in 1996, is part of its claims to 'gray zones' in the Aegean.", "editorial": "Rewritten 27 Oct 2026: the first version named the islets by their Turkish name beside the Greek one and described Greek sovereignty as a claim." }, { "id": "cyprus-never-greek", "batch": "GB5", "status": "note", "status_research": "note", "start": "1960-08-16", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Cyprus (never part of the Greek state)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "", "event": "Enosis (union with Greece) was the aim of the 1955-59 EOKA campaign and of the 15 Jul 1974 coup backed by the Athens junta, which led to the Turkish invasion of 20 Jul 1974. A Greek military contingent (ELDYK) was stationed there under the 1960 Treaty of Alliance. Cyprus was never under Greek sovereignty or administration.", "signed": "", "in_force": "", "handover": "", "date_note": "Independence 16 Aug 1960 (British colony before). Recalled, not from the sources fetched.", "sources": "general knowledge", "note": "Do not draw; per the brief, Cyprus is not an 'autonomous' Greek entity either.", "editorial": "" }, { "id": "fill-1920-kiraz-beydag", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1920-07-15", "start_precision": "month", "end": "1922-09-03", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Kiraz and Beydağ (upper Kaystros)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshots (1920-autumn-front, 1921-07-front: all the districts of the province of Smyrna), with no event of its own; dates inferred from the summer 1920 offensive and the Turkish recapture of Ödemiş (3 Sep 1922)." }, { "id": "fill-1920-guney", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1920-07-05", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-04", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Güney (Denizli)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshots (1920-autumn-front, 1921-07-front: 'Buldan; Güney (approx.)'), with no event of its own; dates inferred from Buldan (5 Jul 1920 - 4 Sep 1922)." }, { "id": "fill-1920-saphane-pazarlar", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1920-11-03", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Şaphane and Pazarlar (Kütahya)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshot (1920-autumn-front: 'Simav (from 3 Nov. 1920), Şaphane and Pazarlar (approx.)'), with no event of its own; dates inferred from Simav and Gediz." }, { "id": "fill-1921-usak-east", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1921-07-13", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-01", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Banaz, Sivaslı and Karahallı (Uşak)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshots (1921-07-front and later: all the districts of Uşak; for 1920, not established), with no event of its own; dates inferred from the July 1921 offensive and the Turkish recapture of Uşak (1 Sep 1922)." }, { "id": "fill-1921-cal", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1921-04-01", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-08-31", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Çal (Denizli)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshots (1921-07-front and later: 'Bekilli, Baklan, Çal (approx.)'), with no event of its own; dates inferred from Çivril (1 Apr 1921 - 31 Aug 1922)." }, { "id": "fill-1921-alpu-han", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1921-07-19", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-09-02", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Alpu and Han (Eskişehir), in part", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshots (1921-07-front and later: 'Mihalgazi, Sarıcakaya, Alpu, Han (partly, approx.)'), with no event of its own; dates inferred from Eskişehir (19 Jul 1921 - 2 Sep 1922)." }, { "id": "fill-1921-sakarya-west", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1921-08-14", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-09-20", "end_precision": "day", "name": "The march to the Sakarya: Beylikova, Mahmudiye, Çifteler, southern Mihalıççık, northern Şuhut", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": "Sakarya", "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshot (1921-09-sakarya-furthest-advance), with no event of its own; dates inferred from the start of the advance (1 Aug Julian = 14 Aug 1921) and the recapture of Sivrihisar (20 Sep 1921)." }, { "id": "fill-1921-sakarya-east", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1921-08-23", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1921-09-14", "end_precision": "day", "name": "The Sakarya salient (west of Polatlı and Haymana)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": "Sakarya", "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshot (1921-09-sakarya-furthest-advance: 'the western and southern parts of Polatlı district (Polatlı town not taken) and the western part of Haymana district (Haymana town not taken)'), with no event of its own; dates inferred from the battle (23 Aug - 13 Sep 1921); the line inside the Sakarya bend is the least certain part of the research." }, { "id": "fill-1922-iscehisar-west", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1921-09-24", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1922-08-27", "end_precision": "day", "name": "Western İscehisar (Afyon Karahisar front)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): inside the Greek-held area in the research's snapshot (1921-1922-winter-line: the western part of İscehisar (approx.)), with no event of its own; dates inferred from Afyon Karahisar (lost 27 Aug 1922)." }, { "id": "fill-1912-axios-valley", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_facto", "status_research": null, "start": "1912-11-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": "1913-08-30", "end_precision": "day", "name": "The Axios valley in Kilkis (Polykastro, Axioupoli, Goumenissa)", "confidence": "approx", "line": null, "joint": null, "joint_with": null, "occupier": null, "by_whom": null, "battle": null, "basis": null, "event": null, "signed": null, "in_force": null, "handover": null, "date_note": null, "sources": null, "note": null, "editorial": "Fill-in (editorial): the research's snapshot of June 1913 (1913-greek-bulgarian-line-june) has the western part of Kilkis regional unit Greek-held on the eve of the Second Balkan War; the date it was first held is not in the research. Start inferred (soon after Thessaloniki, Nov 1912)." }, { "id": "1947-imia", "batch": "editorial", "status": "de_jure", "status_research": null, "start": "1947-09-15", "start_precision": "day", "end": null, "end_precision": null, "name": "Imia (Limnia)", "confidence": "exact", "line": "", "joint": false, "joint_with": "", "occupier": "", "by_whom": "", "battle": "", "basis": "Imia is Greek territory, part of the Dodecanese. Turkey renounced the Dodecanese 'and the islets dependent thereon' in favor of Italy at Lausanne (1923, Art. 15); the Italian-Turkish convention of 4 January 1932 and its protocol of 28 December 1932 placed Imia on the Italian side of the boundary (point 30 of the protocol); Italy ceded the Dodecanese 'as well as the adjacent islets' to Greece by the Treaty of Paris (10 February 1947, Art. 14).", "event": "Greek with the rest of the Dodecanese. Turkey did not contest this until the crisis of 1995-96, and has disputed it since (see '1996-imia-crisis'); Greek sovereignty has not changed.", "signed": "1947-02-10", "in_force": "1947-09-15", "handover": "1947-03-31 (Greek military administration, with the Dodecanese)", "date_note": "", "sources": "mfa.gr, 'Turkish claims' and 'Zones grises' (Lausanne Art. 15, the 1932 convention and protocol, Art. 14 of the 1947 treaty, the events of 1995-96); US Congressional Research Service, 'Greece and Turkey: The Rocky Islet Crisis' (report 96-140, 1996); greekcitytimes.com (the three officers)", "note": "", "editorial": "Added 27 Oct 2026 so that the atlas shows Imia: the islets (about 0.04 km²) are too small to see at this scale, so they are marked with a point, in the color of the Greek state, from the entry into force of the Treaty of Paris." } ]