{
 "title": "Greek cities of Southeastern Europe",
 "scope": "Greek cities of Southeastern Europe north of Greece: Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, and Eastern Thrace with Imbros and Constantinople. Window A: the first colonies (7th century BC) to the Ottoman conquest of each area (1354-1501), or 1500 where the Ottomans never ruled. Window B: towns that became Greek or bilingual later, before 1923. The 37 cities of Eastern Thrace with a C-number in 'Previous ID' come from the set Greek Cities in Turkey; the 19 with a b-number in 'Black Sea set ID' from the set Greek Cities of the Black Sea.",
 "disputed_areas": "Disputed areas: Kosovo is given as a country (it declared independence from Serbia in 2008; it is recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it); Transnistria is given as Moldova, outside the Moldovan government's control since 1992 (column 'Disputed').",
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   117,
   117,
   117,
   117,
   117,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   118,
   119,
   119,
   119,
   119,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   120,
   121,
   122,
   122,
   122,
   123,
   124,
   124,
   125,
   125,
   125,
   126,
   126,
   127,
   128,
   130,
   132,
   132,
   133,
   133,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134,
   134
  ]
 },
 "cities": [
  {
   "no": 1,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 550 BC – c. AD 1",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s006",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Korkyra Melaina",
   "greek": "Κόρκυρα ἡ Μέλαινα",
   "other_names": "Corcyra Nigra ('Black Corcyra', Latin); Korčula (Croatian); Curzola (Italian)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Somewhere on the island of Korčula; the Cnidian town has not been found",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Dubrovnik-Neretva County",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 42.96,
   "lon": 17.0,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "197340",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -550,
   "greek_until": 1,
   "phases": [
    [
     -550,
     1
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Ps.-Scymnus (427-428) says that the Cnidians settled Black Corcyra, and Pliny (NH 3.152) speaks of 'Corcyra Melaena with a town of the Cnidians'. No source dates it. A 6th-c. BC date is sometimes proposed by analogy with Cnidian Lipara (c. 580 BC) (unchecked); the year given here is only a placeholder for an undated foundation, and the town has left no archaeological trace.",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Unknown. The Issaean decree from Lumbarda (c. 300-250 BC) does not mention the Cnidians, and the island was later shared by Issaean settlers and Illyrians. Pliny's notice may come from older sources. Under Rome the island was Latin-speaking.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -300,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Only the literary notices (Ps.-Scymnus; Strabo 7.5.5; Pliny NH 3.152).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: nothing is known of the town's end.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Cnidus (Ps.-Scymnus 427-428; Pliny NH 3.152)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Cnidus",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Latin",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: texts only (Ps.-Scymnus 427-428 and Pliny NH 3.152 call it a Cnidian settlement).",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Scymnus 427-428 (a Cnidian settlement); Pliny NH 3.152 ('Cnidiorum oppidum').",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Known only from the geographers; the Pleiades point (197340) is a map placement near Korčula town, not a found site.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Scymnus 427-428",
    "Pliny NH 3.152",
    "Wilkes 1992, The Illyrians",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarda_Psephisma"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 2,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 390 BC – c. AD 1",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s005",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Issa",
   "greek": "Ἴσσα",
   "other_names": "Issa (Latin); Lissa (Italian, Venetian); Vis (Croatian)",
   "modern": "Vis",
   "modern_native": "Vis",
   "population": 1582,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The town of Vis on the north coast of the island of Vis: the walled Greek town on the Gradina slope above the bay, with the Martvilo and Vlaška Njiva necropolises",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "admin2": "Vis",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 43.0615,
   "lon": 16.1855,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -390,
   "greek_until": 1,
   "phases": [
    [
     -390,
     1
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A colony of Syracuse (Ps.-Scymnus 413-414). It is usually ascribed to Dionysius I of Syracuse in the 390s-380s BC: Diodorus (15.13-14) shows his fleet and his colony of Lissos active in the Adriatic in 385/4 BC, but does not name Issa. The oldest Greek finds and the verse epitaph of Kallias (Ionic dialect, 4th c. BC) belong to the first half of the 4th c. BC.",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: a free Greek polis and ally of Rome from 229 BC (it had appealed to Rome against the Illyrian kingdom in 230 BC: Polybius 2.8); in 56 BC its envoys, with men of its dependencies Tragurion and Epetion, obtained a rescript from Julius Caesar, written in Greek and naming the Issaean hieromnamon Zopyros. By the mid-1st c. BC Issa was no longer a free polis but part of the province of Illyricum (Bijađija 2015); the usual account is that it sided with Pompey and lost its freedom after 47 BC (unchecked). Pliny (NH 3.152) lists it as a town of Roman citizens, and whether it became a municipium or was attached to Salona is unresolved (Bijađija 2015). Speech: Greek civic and funerary texts run to the mid-1st c. BC (the Timasion family stele, early 2nd to mid-1st c. BC); the people of Roman Issa bore Latin names and Greek personal names are almost absent (Bijađija 2015), so Greek speech faded with the Roman settlement of the late 1st c. BC and early 1st c. AD.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    -47,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Kallias epitaph (4th c. BC); Issaean coins with ΙΣ/ΙΣΣΑ (4th-2nd c. BC); the Lumbarda decree of the Issaeans (c. 300-250 BC); Timasion family stele (2nd to mid-1st c. BC); Caesar's Greek rescript of 56 BC (found at Salona); Latin names dominate the inscriptions of Roman Issa (Bijađija 2015).",
   "ended_by": "No named act ended Greek speech. The city lost its freedom for backing Pompey against Caesar (after 47 BC) (unchecked); Greek gave way to Latin as Roman citizens settled in the early empire.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Syracuse, probably under Dionysius I (Ps.-Scymnus 413-414; the link to Dionysius is inferred)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Syracuse",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Prehistoric and Illyrian hillforts on the island (unchecked); no pre-Greek name for the town is attested outside Greek sources.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees (the Lumbarda decree, Syll.3 141), a hieromnamon, civic coins ΙΣΣΑΙΩΝ; IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Scymnus 413-414 (Syracusan colony); Polybius 2.8 (appeal to Rome, 230 BC); civic coins ΙΣ, ΙΣΣΑ, ΙΣΣΑΙΩΝ; the Issaean decree from Lumbarda (Syll.3 141); the hieromnamon Zopyros in Caesar's rescript of 56 BC; Pliny NH 3.152.",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Issa is in IACP's Adriatic chapter, but its number was not checked. Pleiades has only the island (197329), not the town.",
   "sources": [
    "Bijađija 2015, Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru 57: https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/219151",
    "Archaeological Museum Split, Greek-Hellenistic collection: https://www.armus.hr/en/collections/greek-hellenistic-collection",
    "Wilkes 1992, The Illyrians",
    "Kirigin 2006, Pharos"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 3,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "385 BC – c. AD 1",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s003",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Pharos",
   "greek": "Φάρος",
   "other_names": "Pharia (Latin, Roman period); Stari Grad ('old town', Croatian); Città Vecchia (Italian); the island's name Hvar comes from Pharos",
   "modern": "Stari Grad",
   "modern_native": "Stari Grad",
   "population": 1921,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Stari Grad on the north coast of Hvar, at the head of its bay, with the Greek field division of the Stari Grad Plain to the east",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "admin2": "Stari Grad",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 43.1843,
   "lon": 16.601,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "197433",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -385,
   "greek_until": 1,
   "phases": [
    [
     -385,
     1
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by the Parians, with the help of Dionysius I of Syracuse, in 385/4 BC (Diodorus 15.13.4); the next year the settlers, helped by a Syracusan squadron from Lissos, beat off the Illyrians of the island (Diodorus 15.14.2).",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: a Greek polis that fell under the Illyrian kingdom in the later 3rd c. BC; Demetrius of Pharos made it his base, and the consul L. Aemilius Paullus took and razed it in 219 BC (Polybius 3.18-19). A decree of Paros (the 'Pharos decree', c. 219-200 BC) records that the Romans gave the Pharians back their city, land and ancestral constitution, so the Greek community went on. Under Roman rule it became Pharia, a town of Dalmatia. Speech: as at Issa, Greek seems to have given way to Latin with the Roman settlement of the late 1st c. BC and the 1st c. AD (unchecked); no Greek texts of residents later than the Hellenistic period are known (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    -47,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΦΑΡΙΩΝ (4th-2nd c. BC); the Greek field division of the chora (Stari Grad Plain, UNESCO); the Pharos decree of Paros (c. 219-200 BC); Roman Pharia with Latin inscriptions (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "Taken and razed by the Roman consul L. Aemilius Paullus, 219 BC (Polybius 3.18-19), then restored by Rome. No named act ended Greek speech: it faded under Roman rule.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Paros, with the help of Dionysius I of Syracuse (Diodorus 15.13.4)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Paros",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Diodorus 15.14.2 has the settlers fighting the Illyrians already on the island; an Illyrian settlement preceded the colony on the site (unchecked). No pre-Greek name is attested.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: the Pharos decree, civic coins ΦΑΡΙΩΝ, an IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "Diodorus 15.13-14; Strabo 7.5.5; Polybius 3.18; civic coins ΦΑΡΙΩΝ; the Pharos decree; the land division of the Stari Grad Plain.",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Pharos is in IACP's Adriatic chapter; its number was not checked.",
   "sources": [
    "Kirigin 2006, Pharos, the Parian Settlement in Dalmatia",
    "Diodorus 15.13-14",
    "Polybius 3.18-19",
    "Pleiades 197433"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 4,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. 200 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s004",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Herakleia (on the Adriatic)",
   "greek": "Ἡράκλεια",
   "other_names": "Heraclea; known only from coins with ΗΡΑΚ / ΗΡΑΚΛ",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated: placed by modern numismatists on Hvar (perhaps at Hvar town), by others on another island or on the mainland of central Dalmatia",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 43.17,
   "lon": 16.45,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": -200,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     -200
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Greek city known only from its bronze coins (head of Herakles; bow and club; ΗΡΑΚ or ΗΡΑΚΛ), dated c. 350-320 BC, which turn up mainly in central Dalmatia and on Hvar (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Unknown: the coins stop, and no text names the city. It may have been absorbed by Pharos or Issa, or the name may be another name for a known place.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -300,
    1
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Only the coin series (c. 350-320 BC); Herakleian coins were found with coins of Pharos in the Škudljivac hoard near Stari Grad on Hvar (Visona 1987).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: nothing is known of the city's end.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown (perhaps Syracusan or connected with Issa or Pharos; unproven)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: civic coins with a Greek ethnic (ΗΡΑΚ), nothing else.",
   "status_evidence": "Civic coins with the ethnic in Greek (ΗΡΑΚ, ΗΡΑΚΛ), c. 350-320 BC.",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Its existence rests on coins alone; the location and founder are unknown, and the point on the map is a placeholder in the central Dalmatian islands.",
   "sources": [
    "https://wildwinds.com/coins/greece/illyria/herakleia/i.html",
    "Visona 1987, The Škudljivac hoard: https://hrcak.srce.hr/307123",
    "Wilkes 1992, The Illyrians"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 5,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 300 BC – c. AD 1",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s007",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Issaean settlement at Lumbarda",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Koludrt hill (the probable site); the ancient name is not known",
   "modern": "Lumbarda",
   "modern_native": "Lumbarda",
   "population": 1209,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'Lumbarda')",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Koludrt hill above Lumbarda, at the eastern tip of Korčula, where the Issaean decree was found in 1877",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Dubrovnik-Neretva County",
   "admin2": "Lumbarda",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 42.925,
   "lon": 17.168,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -300,
   "greek_until": 1,
   "phases": [
    [
     -300,
     1
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The Lumbarda decree (Syll.3 141), a decree of Issa usually dated c. 300-250 BC (some say the 4th c. BC), records the founding of a walled town by Issaean settlers under an agreement with the Illyrians Pyllos and his son Dazos: house plots inside the walls for those who first took the land and built the walls, land allotments, an oath never to divide the town and land again, and a list of about 200 settlers' names.",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Nothing later is known of the settlement. It presumably shared the fate of Issa, whose dependency it was, and became Latin-speaking under Roman rule; this is an inference, not a record.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -200,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Only the decree itself (c. 300-250 BC).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the end of the settlement is not recorded.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Issa, by agreement with the Illyrians Pyllos and his son Dazos",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Issa",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The decree shows Illyrians holding the land (Pyllos and Dazos) before the settlers came.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "The settlers' own decree in Greek (Syll.3 141): land allotments and a list of settlers by the three Dorian tribes, a civic document of the settlement.",
   "status_evidence": "The Lumbarda decree (Syll.3 141): walls, house plots, land allotments and a settler list; a dependent foundation of Issa rather than an independent polis.",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "A town founded by Issa, not known to have had its own coins or decrees; included as an Issaean foundation.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarda_Psephisma",
    "Syll.3 141: https://www.attalus.org/docs/sig1/s141.html",
    "Wilkes 1992, The Illyrians"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 6,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 250 BC – c. AD 1",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s002",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Epetion",
   "greek": "Ἐπέτιον",
   "other_names": "Epetium (Latin); Stobreč (Croatian)",
   "modern": "Stobreč",
   "modern_native": "Stobreč",
   "population": 2879,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census (via citypopulation.de, 'Split')",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Stobreč, on the coast just east of Split, at the mouth of the Žrnovnica",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "admin2": "Split",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 43.5073,
   "lon": 16.5258,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "197262",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -250,
   "greek_until": 1,
   "phases": [
    [
     -250,
     1
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "An Issaean town, first named in 158 BC, when the Delmatae attacked it and Tragurion (Polybius 32.9). Excavations since 1969 have found Hellenistic walls (a stretch about 70 m long found in 2024) and finds from the 3rd c. BC onwards; some date the foundation to the 4th c. BC, without proof (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: a dependency of Issa; its people took part in the embassy to Caesar in 56 BC. Under Rome it became a small town in the territory of Salona, lived on into late antiquity and the Middle Ages, and is today a suburb of Split. Speech: Greek faded under Roman rule, as at Issa and Tragurion (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    -47,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Polybius on the attack of 158 BC; Caesar's Greek rescript of 56 BC; Hellenistic walls and finds; later Latin inscriptions (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: Greek gave way to Latin under Roman rule.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Issa",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Issa",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Pleiades describes a Hellenistic settlement with Illyrian antecedents.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Polybius 32.9 calls it a town of the Issaeans; the Hellenistic walls do not count.",
   "status_evidence": "Polybius 32.9 (a town of the Issaeans); Caesar's rescript of 56 BC; Hellenistic town walls.",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "A dependent town of Issa; its civic status beyond that is not attested.",
   "sources": [
    "Polybius 32.9",
    "Pleiades 197262",
    "https://news.artnet.com/art-world/croatia-ancient-greek-wall-epetion-2550722",
    "Archaeological Museum Split, Greek-Hellenistic collection: https://www.armus.hr/en/collections/greek-hellenistic-collection"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 7,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 250 BC – c. AD 1",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s001",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Tragurion",
   "greek": "Τραγούριον",
   "other_names": "Tragurium (Latin); Trogir (Croatian); Traù (Italian, Venetian)",
   "modern": "Trogir",
   "modern_native": "Trogir",
   "population": 10107,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old town of Trogir, on its islet between the mainland and Čiovo",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "admin2": "Trogir",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dalmatia (Illyria)",
   "lat": 43.5168,
   "lon": 16.2507,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "197555",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -250,
   "greek_until": 1,
   "phases": [
    [
     -250,
     1
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Strabo (7.5.5) calls Tragurion a foundation of the Issaeans. No date is recorded; Hellenistic finds from the old town (among them the relief of Kairos) point to the 3rd-2nd c. BC (unchecked), and the town is first named in 158 BC, when the Delmatae attacked it and Epetion (Polybius 32.9 = 32.18 B-W).",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: a dependency of Issa; Tragurians were among the Issaean envoys to Caesar in 56 BC. After the civil war it became a town of Roman citizens (Pliny NH 3.141: 'Tragurium civium Romanorum, marmore notum'). Speech: Greek faded with Issa's in the late 1st c. BC and early 1st c. AD (unchecked). The later town was Latin-speaking, then a Romance (Dalmatian) and Croatian city under Constantinople, Croatia-Hungary and Venice, with no Greek-speaking community.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    -47,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Polybius on the attack of 158 BC; the Greek rescript of Caesar (56 BC) naming Tragurians; the Hellenistic Kairos relief (unchecked); Pliny NH 3.141 (a town of Roman citizens).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: Greek gave way to Latin after Issa lost its freedom in the civil war (after 47 BC) (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Issa (Strabo 7.5.5)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Issa",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Latin",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: texts only (Strabo 7.5.5 and Polybius 32.9 call it a foundation or town of the Issaeans); no coins, decrees or residents' inscriptions of its own were found.",
   "status_evidence": "Strabo 7.5.5 (an Issaean foundation); Polybius 32.9 (with Epetion, a town of the Issaeans attacked by the Delmatae, 158 BC); Caesar's rescript of 56 BC.",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "A dependent town of Issa, not known to have struck coins; included as an Issaean foundation, like Epetion.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.5.5",
    "Polybius 32.9",
    "Pliny NH 3.141",
    "Archaeological Museum Split, Greek-Hellenistic collection: https://www.armus.hr/en/collections/greek-hellenistic-collection",
    "Pleiades 197555"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 8,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 200 BC – c. 50 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s116",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Rhizon",
   "greek": "Ῥίζων",
   "other_names": "Rhizinium, Risinium (Latin); Risano (Italian, Venetian); Risan (Serbo-Croatian)",
   "modern": "Risan",
   "modern_native": "Рисан / Risan",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Risan, at the head of the inner Bay of Kotor (Carine, Gradina), Kotor Municipality",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "admin1": "Kotor Municipality",
   "admin2": "Risan",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 42.5147,
   "lon": 18.695,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "197471",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -200,
   "greek_until": -50,
   "phases": [
    [
     -200,
     -50
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town's coins with the ethnic ΡΙΖΟΝΙΤΑΝ are dated between the end of the 3rd and the 160s BC (Ujes Morgan: c. 210-170 BC; May and Gorini: c. 175-168 BC). The town is older: Polybius (2.11) names it as the small fortified town where Queen Teuta took refuge in 229 BC, and Ps.-Skylax (24) already knows it.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Illyrian royal town; under Rome after the Third Illyrian War (168 BC); a town of Roman citizens, Risinium, by Pliny's time (NH 3.144). Speech: Greek is known only from the civic coins; the town's later inscriptions are Latin.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -168,
    0
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΡΙΖΟΝΙΤΑΝ, c. 210-168 BC; royal coins of Ballaios; Latin inscriptions of Risinium from the 1st c. AD.",
   "ended_by": "No named act ended Greek: Rome took control after the defeat of Gentius (168 BC), and the town became a Latin-speaking community of Roman citizens.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town",
   "founder": "Illyrians (Ps.-Skylax 24 places it among the Encheleis (unchecked))",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Roman town of citizens (Risinium), 1st c. BC",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Latin name",
   "name_via": "Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian; Latin under Rome",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Autonomous bronze coins of the town with the Greek ethnic ΡΙΖΟΝΙΤΑΝ ('of the Rhizonitans', Doric genitive plural), late 3rd to early 2nd c. BC (Ujes Morgan; May and Gorini date them c. 175-168 BC). Rhizon was also the mint of King Ballaios, whose coins carry the royal title ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; those royal coins do not count.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: civic coins with a Greek ethnic (ΡΙΖΟΝΙΤΑΝ).",
   "status_evidence": "Polybius 2.11 (Teuta's refuge, a small fortified town); Livy 45.26 (the Rhizonitae granted freedom from tribute in 167 BC) (unchecked); civic coins ΡΙΖΟΝΙΤΑΝ; Pliny NH 3.144 (oppidum civium Romanorum)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, on its civic coins with a Greek ethnic, the same test as Skodra and Daorson. No Greek decrees, magistrates or residents' inscriptions are known, so whether its people spoke Greek is uncertain. The story that it was named for a son of Cadmus is a legend.",
   "sources": [
    "Ujes Morgan, 'Ancient Greek coin finds from Risan' (c. 2010): https://www.academia.edu/525948",
    "Polybius 2.11",
    "Pliny, Natural History 3.144",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizon",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/197471"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 9,
   "list_group": "The Adriatic coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 168 BC – c. 50 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s115",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Daorson",
   "greek": "Δάορσον",
   "other_names": "Daorsi (the people; Δαόριζοι, Δαούρσιοι in Greek authors (unchecked)); Gradina at Ošanići (the site)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Gradina hill at Ošanići near Stolac, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton (acropolis with cyclopean and Hellenistic ashlar walls)",
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "admin1": "Herzegovina-Neretva Canton",
   "admin2": "Stolac",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 43.104,
   "lon": 17.927,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "197421",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -168,
   "greek_until": -50,
   "phases": [
    [
     -168,
     -50
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The coins with the ethnic ΔΑΟΡΣΩΝ are dated after 168 BC, when the Daorsi, allies of Rome in the Third Illyrian War, were granted freedom from tribute for deserting the Illyrian commander Caravantius (Livy 45.26 (unchecked)). The hill town itself is much older (a Bronze Age fort and cyclopean walls).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: the Daorsi, allies of Rome after 168 BC, complained to Rome of Delmatian attacks (Polybius 32.9 (unchecked)). Speech: Greek is known only from the coins. The town was burnt in the mid-1st c. BC and not rebuilt.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    -60,
    -30
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Coins ΔΑΟΡΣΩΝ, 2nd-1st c. BC; destruction layer of the mid-1st c. BC (Marić's excavations) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act is recorded: the town was destroyed by fire in the mid-1st c. BC, probably in the wars between Rome and the Delmatae; the sources do not say who burnt it (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (the Daorsi)",
   "founder": "the Daorsi (Illyrians)",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Daorson is the conventional name of the Daorsi's town, taken from the people's name and the coin ethnic; its ancient name is not attested directly (unchecked).",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Bronze coins with the Greek ethnic ΔΑΟΡΣΩΝ ('of the Daorsi'), struck after 168 BC; Hellenistic walls of Greek type. The only other inscription, ΠΙΝ on a helmet, is an Illyrian name in Greek letters, and no Greek decrees, magistrates or residents' inscriptions are known.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: civic coins with a Greek ethnic (ΔΑΟΡΣΩΝ).",
   "status_evidence": "Civic coins ΔΑΟΡΣΩΝ; Livy 45.26 and Polybius 32.9 (the Daorsi as Roman allies) (unchecked); walled acropolis with Hellenistic gate and towers",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, on its coins with a Greek ethnic. No Greek civic institutions, agora or residents' inscriptions are known, and Stipčević called the description of it as a 'completely Hellenized town' an exaggeration; strong Greek influence is not proof of Greek speech.",
   "sources": [
    "Marić, Daorson (1973) (unchecked)",
    "Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)",
    "Polybius 32.9 (unchecked)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/197421"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 10,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "627 BC – c. 1501 +",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s009",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Epidamnus / Dyrrachium",
   "greek": "Ἐπίδαμνος / Δυρράχιον",
   "other_names": "Dyrrachion (Greek: first the name of the headland and harbour, later of the city); Dyrrachium (Latin); Colonia Iulia Augusta Dyrrachinorum (the Roman colony); Durazzo (Italian, Venetian); Durrës (Albanian); Drač (Slavic); Dıraç (Turkish); Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës)",
   "modern": "Durrës",
   "modern_native": "Durrës",
   "population": 101728,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Durrës, central Albania; the ancient and medieval city lies under the modern town (amphitheatre, walls, forum)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Durrës County",
   "admin2": "Durrës",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 41.3163,
   "lon": 19.4474,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481818",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -627,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -627,
     1501
    ],
    [
     1770,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded in 627 BC by Corinth and Corcyra, with the oikist Phalius son of Eratokleides of Corinth (Thuc. 1.24; the year from Eusebius' chronicle)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: the city was ruled from Constantinople until 1205 and again for short spells to 1272; then by Epirus, Manfred, the Angevins (from 1272), the Serbs, the Albanian Thopia and Venice (1392-1501). Speech: Greek was the main language of the Hellenistic city. Under the Roman colony (from the 1st c. BC (unchecked)) Latin was the language of public inscriptions, but Greek funerary stelae of residents go on, so the Greek-speaking community lived on beside the colonists and the phase is not broken; Greek was again the main language of the late Roman city (Anastasius I was born here c. 430) and of the medieval theme capital; in the 13th-15th c. it became one language among Latin, Albanian and Slavic, and it probably faded before the Ottoman conquest of 1501, after which the town lay largely empty (unchecked). Later phase (Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës), 1770-1922): Greek identity faded with Albanian independence (1912; Durrës was the capital of Prince Wilhelm of Wied in 1914) and the Albanian Orthodox Church's autocephaly (1922); the Aromanian families became Albanians in language and allegiance over the 20th c. (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1912,
    1933
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins with Greek legends (ΔΥΡ, 5th-1st c. BC); Greek funerary stelae of citizens (Hellenistic and Roman); Latin inscriptions of the colony from Augustus; Greek seals of the strategoi and archons (10th-11th c.); Anna Komnene's account of the Norman siege of 1081-1082; Orthodox metropolitans beside Latin archbishops from 1205 (unchecked). Later phase (Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës), 1770-1922): Isnard (1716): about 200 people; Ottoman yearbook of 1892-1893 (by religion); Koukoudis 2003 (Aromanians).",
   "ended_by": "No named act ends Greek speech. Blows to the city: the Norman sieges (Robert Guiscard 1081-1082; Bohemond 1107-1108), the earthquake of 1273, and the capture of the Venetian town by the Ottoman army of Bayezid II in August 1501 (unchecked). Later phase (Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës), 1770-1922): No named act: the Albanian state and church replaced Greek in church and school after 1912-1922.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Corinth and Corcyra; oikist Phalius of Corinth (Thuc. 1.24)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Corinth and Corcyra",
   "refounded_by": "Roman colony under Augustus (Colonia Iulia Augusta Dyrrachinorum) (unchecked)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The Taulantian Illyrians held the land (Thuc. 1.24). The name Dyrrachion may be older than the colony, but no non-Greek source attests it.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Latin",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: 1770-1922, Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës) was a bilingual city again, with Albanian beside Greek (a Greek community with another home language)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Aromanian; Albanian",
   "greek_speech": "The merchants and the schooled: the Orthodox of Durrës, mostly Aromanian merchant families descended from settlers from Moscopole and its region, used Greek in their church, school and trade (unchecked); at home they spoke Aromanian, and the rest Albanian.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": {
    "name": "Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës)",
    "from": 1770,
    "until": 1922,
    "city_type": "bilingual city",
    "certainty": "uncertain"
   },
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees, prytanis, civic coins ΔΥΡ; Greek most of the residents' inscriptions before the Roman colony.",
   "status_evidence": "Thuc. 1.24-26; civic coins ΔΥΡ; decrees and magistrates (prytanis); metropolis of Epirus Nova in late antiquity (Hierocles) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "IACP number not seen. The city of the Middle Ages was ethnically mixed; when Greek ceased to be one of its main languages between c. 1300 and 1501 cannot be dated more closely. Later phase (Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës), 1770-1922): Counted under the consistent standard as uncertain: the Orthodox were about a third of the late Ottoman town, mostly Aromanian-speaking. How far they called themselves Greeks is not shown by the sources used. The ancient and medieval city on the site is Epidamnus / Dyrrachium, whose Greek speech ended with the Ottoman conquest of 1501; if records on one site are kept together, this can become its second phase. Later phase (Durazzo (Ottoman Durrës)): Ottoman Durrës was a small port (about 1,000 people in some 200 households in the mid-19th c.); its Orthodox merchant community grew with Aromanian families from Moscopole and its region after 1769 (unchecked).",
   "sources": [
    "Thucydides 1.24-26",
    "Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481818",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Durazzo_(Republic_of_Venice)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs",
    "https://kureansiklopedi.com/tr/detay/drac (TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi, Drac, after the Iskodra Vilayeti Salnamesi 1310)",
    "Koukoudis 2003"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 11,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s011",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Apollonia",
   "greek": "Ἀπολλωνία",
   "other_names": "Apollonia in Illyria; Gylakeia (said to be its first name, after the oikist Gylax: Steph. Byz.) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Pojan, near Fier, Fier County (ruins; the monastery of St Mary of the 13th c. stands on the site)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Fier County",
   "admin2": "Fier",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 40.7202,
   "lon": 19.4693,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481728",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded c. 600 BC by Corinthians and Corcyreans (Thuc. 1.26; Strabo 7.5.8; Paus. 5.22.4) (unchecked); the earliest Greek pottery on the site is of the early 6th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A free city under Rome (Octavian studied here in 44 BC). In the 3rd c. AD an earthquake changed the course of the Aous, the harbour silted and the city shrank, while Aulon (Vlorë) took its place as the port. A bishopric existed from about 400; the last clearly attested bishop is Eusebius at Chalcedon (451), and the see is said to have been suppressed about 599. Some put the abandonment of the city as early as the 4th c., with only a small Christian community left; the end of Greek speech at the site is placed with the end of the see, about 600. The medieval monastery of the Dormition on the hill is not a continuation of the city.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    451,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek civic coinage to the 1st c. BC; Greek civic inscriptions and funerary stelae into the Roman period; bouleuterion of the 2nd c. AD (agonothetes monument); earthquake and silting of the harbour (3rd c. AD); bishop Eusebius at Chalcedon (451); see suppressed c. 599 (Wikipedia, 'Apollonia (Illyria)').",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the city declined after its harbour silted in the 3rd c. AD and the community dwindled away by about 600, the time of the Avar and Slav invasions; no source records a sack.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Corinthians and Corcyreans; oikist Gylax (Steph. Byz.) (unchecked)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Corinth and Corcyra",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: bouleuterion, decrees, civic coins ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "Thuc. 1.26; Aristotle Pol. 1290b (its oligarchy); civic coins ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; bouleuterion; dedication at Olympia from the spoils of Thronion (Paus. 5.22.3)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "IACP number not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Thucydides 1.26",
    "Strabo 7.5.8",
    "Pausanias 5.22.3-4",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481728"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 12,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 550 BC – c. 1571",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s023",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Buthrotum",
   "greek": "Βουθρωτόν",
   "other_names": "Bouthrotos; Colonia Iulia Buthrotum (Caesar, 44 BC) and Augusta Buthrotum (Augustus); Butrinto (Venetian); Butrint (Albanian); Vothrotos / Voutrinto (Greek)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Butrint",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Butrint, on the Vivari channel south of Ksamil, Vlorë County (national park; ruins)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Sarandë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 39.7458,
   "lon": 20.0208,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "530824",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -550,
   "greek_until": 1571,
   "phases": [
    [
     -550,
     1571
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Epirote settlement with Corinthian and Corcyraean links from the 8th-6th c. BC; first urban phase (walls with four gates, sanctuary of Asclepius) in the 6th-4th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "After independence from Corcyra (3rd c. BC) Bouthroton was a centre of the Chaonians (the Prasaiboi), with theatre, agora and prytaneion. Roman colony from 44 BC; bishopric in late antiquity; reduced in the 7th c. and revived as a naval base from the 9th c.; Venetian from the 14th c. The walled town was abandoned between 1517 and 1571, and Venice defended only the fishery on the Vivari channel (Bologna University atlas). The later fort (Venetian to 1797, then under Ali Pasha) held a garrison and fishermen, not a town.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1517,
    1571
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hundreds of Greek manumission inscriptions on the theatre (2nd c. BC) (unchecked); Greek inscription of Junia Rufina's well (Roman period); Latin inscriptions of the colony; 6th-c. baptistery and basilica; medieval churches of the 9th-13th c.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the walled town was given up between 1517 and 1571, in the Venetian-Ottoman wars, when Venice kept only a fort and the fishery.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "the Chaonians (Epirote), with Corcyraean links",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Roman colony: Caesar (44 BC) and Augustus",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Bronze Age settlement on the acropolis. The founding by Trojans under Helenus (Virgil, Aen. 3.293-505) is a legend.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Italian (Venetian)",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: Latin beside Greek after the Roman colony of 44 BC; Greek again the main language in late antiquity",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: manumission decrees in Greek dated by the prytanis and priests; prytaneion; Greek most of the residents' inscriptions.",
   "status_evidence": "Prytaneion, theatre, agora; manumission decrees in Greek dated by the prytanis and priests (2nd c. BC); Roman colony; bishop's see",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "IACP number not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "https://site.unibo.it/butrint/en/atlas/history-of-the-city",
    "Hodges, Eternal Butrint (2006)",
    "Cabanes, L'Épire (1976)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/530824"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 13,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 500 BC – c. 1100",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s017",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Oricum",
   "greek": "Ὤρικος",
   "other_names": "Orikon; Oricum (Latin); Ierichō (medieval, in Anna Komnene) (unchecked); Pashaliman (the Ottoman harbour); Orikum (Albanian, a modern revival of the ancient name)",
   "modern": "Orikum",
   "modern_native": "Orikum",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "On the Pashaliman lagoon at the head of the Bay of Vlorë, Vlorë County (ruins with a small theatre)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Vlorë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 40.3189,
   "lon": 19.4285,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481939",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -500,
   "greek_until": 1100,
   "phases": [
    [
     -500,
     1100
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First named as a harbour of Epirus by Hecataeus, c. 500 BC (FGrHist 1 F 106) (unchecked); a founding by Euboeans returning from Troy (Ps.-Scymnus) is a legend",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "A Greek town with civic coins in the Hellenistic period, taken by Philip V (214 BC) and by Caesar (48 BC). Herodes Atticus is said to have restored it (unchecked). In the Middle Ages it survived as a fortified harbour, Ierichō, of the eastern empire (unchecked). When the town was deserted and Greek speech ended there is not recorded.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    1400
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΩΡΙΚΙΩΝ (3rd-1st c. BC); theatre and Greek inscriptions; medieval mentions as a fort (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "Taken by Philip V of Macedon in 214 BC (Livy 24.40) and by Caesar in 48 BC (Caesar, Civil War 3.11-12); Robert Guiscard's Normans took Hiericho, with Kanina and Aulon, in 1081 (Anna Komnene, Alexiad 1.14) (unchecked). No named act ended Greek speech: the town dwindled to a harbour and fort in the Middle Ages (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown (Euboean founders in legend)",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Latin (modern Albanian revival)",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: civic coins ΩΡΙΚΙΩΝ and the Delphic list of theorodokoi (c. 230-210 BC), which names Orikos among the cities of Epirus.",
   "status_evidence": "Hecataeus FGrHist 1 F 106 (unchecked); civic coins ΩΡΙΚΙΩΝ; Caesar, Civil War 3.11-14; Pliny NH 3.145 'oppidum Oricum' (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "IACP number not seen. Ps.-Scylax places Orikos in the land of Amantia (unchecked).",
   "sources": [
    "Caesar, Civil War 3.11-14",
    "Cabanes, L'Épire (1976)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481939"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 14,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 400 BC – today",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s018",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Chimaera",
   "greek": "Χίμαιρα / Χειμάρρα",
   "other_names": "Chimaira (ancient); Cimarra (Italian); Himarë / Himara (Albanian); Χειμάρρα (modern Greek)",
   "modern": "Himarë",
   "modern_native": "Himarë / Χειμάρρα",
   "population": 2822,
   "pop_year": 2011,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2011 census, administrative unit of Himarë (via Wikipedia 'Himarë')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Himarë, old town (Kastro) on the hill above the coast, with Spilë below, Vlorë County",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Himarë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 40.103,
   "lon": 19.746,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "481789",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -400,
   "greek_until": null,
   "phases": [
    [
     -400,
     null
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Chaonian fortified settlement whose walls date to the 5th-4th c. BC (Cipa 2007)",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Greek is still spoken: the people of Himarë speak a local southern Greek dialect and Tosk Albanian (Gregorič 2008; Joseph and Ndoci 2023). In 1722 the missionary Giuseppe Schirò wrote that the town was inhabited by Greeks. Continuity from antiquity is likely but undocumented through the early Middle Ages. Himarë was left out of the communist minority zone, so there was no Greek schooling from 1946 to 2006; emigration after 1991 emptied much of the old town.",
   "until_basis": "still spoken today",
   "until_precision": "",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Walls of the 5th-4th c. BC; church of Saints Sergios and Bakchos (11th c.); Ottoman defter of 1583 (130 households); Schirò 1722; Ottoman count of 1895 (about 220 houses, seat of a nahiye of seven villages: Kokolakis 2004); Kallivretakis (fieldwork c. 1990): Kastro and Spilë mostly Greek, with about 1,000 Muslims in Spilë.",
   "ended_by": "Still spoken today. Pressures: exclusion from the minority zone under the communist state (no Greek schools 1946-2006) and emigration after 1991.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "the Chaonians (Epirote)",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: Greek and Albanian from at least the 16th c. (the Ottoman defter of 1583 records mostly Albanian, some Greek names); the townspeople today are fairly balanced Greek-Albanian bilinguals (Joseph and Ndoci 2023)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek speech of the townspeople described by contemporaries from the 16th c. (the Himariotes' Greek letters and petitions) to the present (unchecked); for antiquity only rung 3 (Pliny's castellum; Kemara in the Delphic theorodokoi list, if it is Chimaira (unchecked)). The weak point is its standing as a town, not its speech.",
   "status_evidence": "Pliny NH 4.4 (Chimaera) (unchecked); medieval castle town; seat of an Ottoman nahiye (1895); a town and municipal seat today",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Its standing as a town is weak in every period: Pliny (NH 4.4) calls Chimaera a castellum, a fort, not a town (unchecked); the medieval place was a castle; the Ottoman place was a nahiye seat of about 220 houses (1895). It is kept, as uncertain, because the Greek speech of its people is well attested by linguistic fieldwork; under the consistent standard its townspeople need no home-language mark, since Greek is their home language beside Albanian. Greek and Albanian nationalist writers dispute the identity of the Himariotes; this entry follows the fieldwork.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himar%C3%AB_(town)",
    "Kallivretakis 1995",
    "Joseph and Ndoci 2023",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481789"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 15,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 400 BC – c. AD 700",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s021",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Phoenice",
   "greek": "Φοινίκη",
   "other_names": "Phoinike; Finiq (Albanian name of the village below the site)",
   "modern": "Finiq",
   "modern_native": "Finiq / Φοινίκη",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Hill above Finiq village, near Delvinë, Vlorë County (ruins: walls, theatre)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Finiq",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 39.9134,
   "lon": 20.0588,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "531061",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -400,
   "greek_until": 700,
   "phases": [
    [
     -400,
     700
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Chief town of the Chaonians; the walled city on the hill dates from the 4th c. BC, with earlier finds (Italian-Albanian excavations) (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Polybius (2.8) calls it the strongest and richest city of Epirus in 230 BC. It stayed a town under Rome and in late antiquity (bishops; Justinian's works on the hill, Procopius Aed. 4.1) (unchecked), then declined and was abandoned in the early Middle Ages. The Greek-speaking villages of the plain around it (Finiq, Mesopotam and the Vurg villages) keep Greek today, but continuity with the ancient city cannot be shown; they are recorded separately.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    1100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek civic inscriptions and the theatre (3rd-2nd c. BC); Roman and late antique buildings; bishops of Phoinike in the 5th-6th c. (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: abandoned in the early Middle Ages. Earlier, the city was taken by Illyrian forces sent by Teuta in 230 BC (Polybius 2.5-6).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "the Chaonians (Epirote)",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Albanian",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: the city of the Chaonian koinon, with Greek public inscriptions (unchecked) and the Peace of Phoinike (205 BC); Polybius' account of it as the richest city of Epirus.",
   "status_evidence": "Polybius 2.5-8; the Peace of Phoenice, 205 BC (Livy 29.12); theatre; bishop's see in Epirus Vetus (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "IACP number not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Polybius 2.5-8",
    "Livy 29.12",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/531061",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 16,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "385 BC – c. 50 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s008",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Lissus",
   "greek": "Λίσσος",
   "other_names": "Lissos; Akrolissos (its citadel: Polybius 8.13); Alessio (Italian, Venetian); Lezhë (Albanian); Lješ (Serbian)",
   "modern": "Lezhë",
   "modern_native": "Lezhë",
   "population": 14687,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Lezhë, Lezhë County (walls on the castle hill)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Lezhë County",
   "admin2": "Lezhë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 41.7829,
   "lon": 19.6439,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481896",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -385,
   "greek_until": -50,
   "phases": [
    [
     -385,
     -50
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded in 385/4 BC by Dionysius I of Syracuse (Diod. 15.13.4)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "After the Roman defeat of Genthius (168 BC) Lissus became a Roman town; by 48 BC it had a body of Roman citizens (Caesar, Civil War 3.29, 3.40) and Pliny (NH 3.144) calls it a town of Roman citizens (unchecked). Latin replaced Greek in public life. Lissus lay north of the Latin-Greek language line, and late antique and medieval Lezhë spoke Latin, then Albanian and Slavic.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    -168,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek coin legends to the 2nd c. BC (unchecked); Latin inscriptions from the 1st c. BC (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "Taken by Philip V of Macedon, with its citadel Acrolissus, in 213 BC (Polybius 8.13-14) (unchecked); Roman after L. Anicius Gallus defeated Genthius in 168 BC (Livy 44.30-32). No named act ended Greek speech: the town was Latinised under Rome.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Greek foundation",
   "founder": "Dionysius I of Syracuse (Diod. 15.13.4)",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "Syracuse",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The name Lissos may be Illyrian, but no non-Greek source attests an earlier name.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Latin",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Syracusan foundation (Diod. 15.13.4); civic coins with Greek legends of the Lissitai (3rd-2nd c. BC) (unchecked); later a royal town of the Illyrian kings (Polybius 8.13; Livy 44.30)",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: Diodorus 15.13.4 (a Syracusan foundation) and civic coins with a Greek ethnic (unchecked: the coin legend); rung 3 if the coins are not confirmed.",
   "status_evidence": "Diod. 15.13.4; Polybius 8.13 (Lissos and Akrolissos taken by Philip V, 213 BC); civic coins (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Some scholars doubt that Diodorus' Lissos is this site, or think the Syracusan foundation was little more than a post beside an Illyrian town. Akrolissos is the citadel of Lissos, not a separate city.",
   "sources": [
    "Diodorus 15.13.4",
    "Polybius 8.13",
    "Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481896"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 17,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s016",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Amantia",
   "greek": "Ἀμαντία",
   "other_names": "Abantia (in the legend of Euboean founders); the Amantes (the people)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Ploçë, Selenicë, Vlorë County (walls, stadium, temple of Aphrodite)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Selenicë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria (border of Epirus)",
   "lat": 40.379,
   "lon": 19.7001,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481715",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Walled town of the 5th-4th c. BC; Greek civic institutions by the 3rd c. BC (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "A town under Rome and a bishop's see in late antiquity (a bishop of Amantia at Serdica, 343) (unchecked). Abandoned in the early Middle Ages.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    500,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hellenistic inscriptions and coins; late antique bishops (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: abandoned in the late 6th-7th c. (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (the Amantes)",
   "founder": "the Amantes (Euboean founders in legend: a note only)",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Civic coins ΑΜΑΝΤΩΝ (3rd-1st c. BC); Greek inscriptions of the town, including dedications and lists of magistrates (unchecked); stadium and temple",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands at least: civic coins ΑΜΑΝΤΩΝ and Greek inscriptions of residents; Amantia (Abantia) also hosted Delphic theorodokoi. Rung 1 if the lists of magistrates are confirmed (unchecked).",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Scylax 26-27 (unchecked); civic coins; inscriptions; Hierocles (Epirus Nova) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Whether the Amantes were Illyrians or Epirotes is disputed; the Euboean (Abantes) founding legend is a note, not a date.",
   "sources": [
    "Cabanes, L'Épire (1976)",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481715"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 18,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s012",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Byllis",
   "greek": "Βύλλις",
   "other_names": "Bullis; Colonia Byllidensium (the Roman colony) (unchecked); Hekal (the modern village below)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Gradishtë hill above Hekal, near Ballsh, Fier County (theatre, stadium, stoas, six late antique basilicas)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Fier County",
   "admin2": "Mallakastër",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria (border of Epirus)",
   "lat": 40.5413,
   "lon": 19.738,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481777",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Walled city laid out on the hill in the mid-4th c. BC, as the centre of the koinon of the Bylliones; Greek inscriptions begin in the mid-4th c. BC at Byllis and Nikaia",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Roman colony was settled under Augustus, with Latin inscriptions (unchecked). In late antiquity Greek is again the language of inscriptions: the mosaics of the 6th-c. basilicas name bishops in Greek, and an inscription records Victorinus rebuilding the walls under Justinian (unchecked). The city was abandoned at the end of the 6th or in the 7th c.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek decrees and dedications (4th-1st c. BC); Latin colony inscriptions; Greek mosaic inscriptions of the 6th c. (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: abandoned during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th-7th c. (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (the koinon of the Bylliones)",
   "founder": "the Bylliones (Steph. Byz. names Neoptolemus, a legend)",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Roman colony under Augustus (unchecked)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Nikaia, 1.5 km away, is the older centre.",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian; Latin under the Roman colony",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Public inscriptions only in Greek, in the north-western Greek dialect, naming a strategos of the koinon and prytaneis; coins ΒΥΛΛΙΟΝΩΝ; theatre, stadium and gymnasium; Greek and Illyrian personal names (Cabanes, CIGIME) (unchecked)",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: public inscriptions only in Greek naming a strategos of the koinon and prytaneis; civic coins ΒΥΛΛΙΟΝΩΝ.",
   "status_evidence": "Koinon of the Bylliones with Greek institutions; civic coins ΒΥΛΛΙΟΝΩΝ; theatre for several thousand; bishop's see of Epirus Nova (Hierocles) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Scholars disagree whether the Bylliones were Illyrians who adopted Greek civic forms or Greek-speaking Epirotes (Hammond); if the latter, Byllis was a Greek city outright.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria",
    "https://apolloniaarchaeologicalpark.al/en/byllis-history",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481777"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 19,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. 100 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s013",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Nicaea (Illyria)",
   "greek": "Νίκαια",
   "other_names": "Nikaia near Byllis; Klos (modern village)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Hill south-east of Klos, about 1.5 km from Byllis, Fier County (walls, theatre-like seating) (unchecked)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Fier County",
   "admin2": "Mallakastër",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria (border of Epirus)",
   "lat": 40.5268,
   "lon": 19.7569,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481926",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": -100,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     -100
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Greek inscriptions begin in the mid-4th c. BC; walls of the 5th-4th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Nikaia was the older centre of the Bylliones; once Byllis grew it became a dependent community and later faded away. The date of its abandonment is not recorded (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -150,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hellenistic inscriptions; the Boeotian inscription of the 2nd c. BC.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: absorbed by Byllis (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (in the koinon of the Bylliones)",
   "founder": "the Bylliones",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Inscriptions from the mid-4th c. BC, all in Greek with north-western Greek dialect features; a strategos of the koinon; cults of Zeus Tropaios, Hera Teleia and Poseidon; a 2nd-c. BC inscription in Boeotia names 'a Byllion from Nikaia'",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: Greek inscriptions from the mid-4th c. BC naming a strategos of the koinon; Greek is the only language of its inscriptions.",
   "status_evidence": "Greek inscriptions with polis institutions; ethnic of Nikaia in a Boeotian inscription",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Kept separate from Byllis: it is a distinct walled site about 2 km away, with its own inscriptions from the mid-4th c. BC, and it was the older centre of the koinon of the Bylliones. Its people called themselves Bylliones (a Boeotian inscription names 'a Byllion from Nikaia'), and Papazoglou held it to be a deme of Byllis rather than a city, so it may have been a community within the Bylliones' state rather than a polis of its own.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481926"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 20,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 295 BC – 167 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s019",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Antigonea",
   "greek": "Ἀντιγόνεια",
   "other_names": "Antigoneia in Chaonia",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Jermë hill above Saraqinishtë, Lunxhëri, Gjirokastër County (ruins)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Gjirokastër County",
   "admin2": "Gjirokastër",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 40.0534,
   "lon": 20.2188,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481722",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -295,
   "greek_until": -167,
   "phases": [
    [
     -295,
     -167
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Pyrrhus of Epirus about 295 BC and named after his first wife Antigone (Plutarch, Pyrrhus 9) (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Burnt in 167 BC and never rebuilt as a city; a small church of late antiquity stands on the ruins.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Bronze tokens and inscriptions with the ethnic of the Antigoneis, which identified the site (Budina) (unchecked); destruction layer of 167 BC.",
   "ended_by": "Sacked in 167 BC when the Roman commander L. Aemilius Paullus, on the Senate's orders, plundered seventy towns of Epirus and enslaved 150,000 people (Livy 45.34; Polybius 30.15).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Pyrrhus of Epirus",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "no known",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: Pyrrhus' foundation in a Greek text (Plutarch, Pyrrhus 9) and Greek inscribed bronze tokens with the ethnic ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΕΩΝ found on the site (unchecked); rung 1 if the tokens are counted as civic documents.",
   "status_evidence": "Plutarch, Pyrrhus 9 (unchecked); Polybius 2.5-6; Livy 32.5.9 (unchecked); inscribed tokens of the citizens (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The identification with the Jermë site rests on inscribed finds; some older scholars placed Antigoneia near the Aous gorge.",
   "sources": [
    "Livy 45.34",
    "Polybius 30.15",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481722"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 21,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 220 BC – c. 50 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s015",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Olympe",
   "greek": "Ὀλύμπη",
   "other_names": "the Olympastai (ethnic on its coins); Mavrovë (modern village)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Mavrovë, Vlorë County (walls)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Vlorë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria (border of Epirus)",
   "lat": 40.40889,
   "lon": 19.59111,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -220,
   "greek_until": -50,
   "phases": [
    [
     -220,
     -50
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Greek dedication by the town's magistrates, late 3rd c. BC; walls of the late 5th-early 4th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Coinage ends in the 2nd c. BC; the town is not heard of under Rome and was probably abandoned or reduced to a village (unchecked). Stephanus of Byzantium calls it a 'polis of Illyria'.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -168,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Coins of the 3rd-2nd c. BC; inscription of the late 3rd c. BC.",
   "ended_by": "No named act recorded.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (in the land of the Amantes)",
   "founder": "the Amantes",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Civic coins ΟΛΥΜΠΑΣΤΑΝ (3rd-2nd c. BC) and a late 3rd-c. BC Greek dedication to Zeus Megistos by a politarches, a grammateus and their fellow magistrates",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: a Greek dedication by a politarches, a grammateus and fellow magistrates, besides civic coins ΟΛΥΜΠΑΣΤΑΝ.",
   "status_evidence": "Steph. Byz. s.v. Olympe; coins ΟΛΥΜΠΑΣΤΑΝ; inscription naming a politarches",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Not in the local Pleiades copy under this name.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 22,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 219 BC – c. 50 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s010",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Dimale",
   "greek": "Διμάλη / Δίμαλλον",
   "other_names": "Dimallum (Livy 29.12); Krotinë (modern village)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Kalaja e Irmajt hill at Krotinë, near Berat, Berat County (walls, stoa)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Berat County",
   "admin2": "Dimal",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 40.7322,
   "lon": 19.8296,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481804",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -219,
   "greek_until": -50,
   "phases": [
    [
     -219,
     -50
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First named in 219 BC as the stronghold of Demetrius of Pharos, taken by L. Aemilius Paullus (Polybius 3.18); Greek coins and stamps of the 2nd c. BC",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "An ally of Rome after 205 BC (Livy 29.12, among the towns of the Parthini). The town declined after the 1st c. BC (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -100,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Coins and stamps of the 2nd c. BC (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "Taken by the consul L. Aemilius Paullus from Demetrius of Pharos in 219 BC (Polybius 3.18); an ally of Rome from 205 BC (Livy 29.12). No named act ended Greek speech: the town declined after the 1st c. BC (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (the Parthini)",
   "founder": "the Parthini",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Civic coins ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ (2nd c. BC); tile stamps with the ethnic ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ (3rd-2nd c. BC); stone inscriptions in north-western Doric Greek naming the offices of prytanis, grammateus and phylarchos (the last also attested at Epidamnos); Greek personal names of Epirote and Corinthian-colonial type beside non-Greek ones.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: inscriptions naming the prytanis, grammateus and phylarchos; civic coins and tile stamps ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ.",
   "status_evidence": "Polybius 3.18; Livy 29.12; civic coins ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ; tile stamps (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Whether Dimale was a city-state or the centre of a koinon of the Parthini is not settled by the coin ethnic; it is counted as a city on its walls, institutions and coins.",
   "sources": [
    "Polybius 3.18",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481804"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 23,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 168 BC – c. 50 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s114",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Skodra (Scodra)",
   "greek": "Σκόδρα",
   "other_names": "Scodra (Latin); Skadar (medieval Slavic); Scutari (Italian, Venetian); İşkodra (Ottoman Turkish); Shkodër, Shkodra (Albanian)",
   "modern": "Shkodër",
   "modern_native": "Shkodër",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Rozafa castle hill and the lower town below it, Shkodër, Shkodër County",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Shkodër County",
   "admin2": "Shkodër",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria",
   "lat": 42.0602,
   "lon": 19.5129,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481986",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -168,
   "greek_until": -50,
   "phases": [
    [
     -168,
     -50
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town's own Greek-language evidence is its civic coinage with the ethnic ΣΚΟΔΡΙΝΩΝ, struck after Rome defeated Gentius in 168 BC (unchecked: the dating); in the settlement of 167 BC the Scodrenses were declared free but paid half the tribute they had paid the king (Livy 45.26 (unchecked)). The town is older: it was Gentius' royal seat, taken by the praetor L. Anicius Gallus in 168 BC (Livy 44.31).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Gentius' capital until 168 BC; then a free town under Roman protection; a town of Roman citizens by Pliny's time (NH 3.144); later capital of the province of Praevalitana. Speech: Greek is known only from the coin legends; when the civic coinage ended in the 1st c. BC (unchecked), the town's inscriptions became Latin, and Latin, later Slavic, Albanian and Venetian Italian followed. Whether any townspeople spoke Greek at all is not shown.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    -100,
    0
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΣΚΟΔΡΙΝΩΝ, 2nd-1st c. BC (unchecked); Latin inscriptions from the 1st c. AD; Pliny NH 3.144 (oppidum civium Romanorum).",
   "ended_by": "No named act ended Greek: L. Anicius Gallus took Scodra and captured Gentius in 168 BC (Livy 44.31-32); the Greek coinage later ceased under Roman rule and the town became Latin-speaking.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Illyrian town (the Labeatae)",
   "founder": "the Labeatae (Illyrians)",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Roman town of citizens (1st c. BC) and capital of Praevalitana (late 3rd c. AD)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Scodra is the town's own, non-Greek name; the Greek form only renders it.",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Latin",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Illyrian; Latin under Rome",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Civic bronze coins with the Greek ethnic ΣΚΟΔΡΙΝΩΝ ('of the Skodrians'), 2nd c. BC, usually dated after the fall of King Gentius in 168 BC (unchecked: the dating). The royal coins of Gentius, also with Greek legends, do not count. No Greek decrees, magistrates or inscriptions of residents are known.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: civic coins with a Greek ethnic (ΣΚΟΔΡΙΝΩΝ).",
   "status_evidence": "Livy 44.31 (Gentius' capital); Pliny NH 3.144 (town of Roman citizens); civic coins ΣΚΟΔΡΙΝΩΝ",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, on its civic coins with a Greek ethnic alone. Greek was the usual coin language of the region whatever people spoke, and no Greek decrees, magistrates or inscriptions of residents are known (Shpuza 2024 records none for Scodra or the Labeatae, while Amantia and Olympe have them): the doubt is whether any of its people spoke Greek. Not in the Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, which ends before its coinage.",
   "sources": [
    "Livy 44.31-32",
    "Pliny, Natural History 3.144",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005) (unchecked)",
    "Shpuza 2024 (Greek inscriptions of the Illyrian koina)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481986"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 24,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. 100 BC – c. AD 700 +",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s022",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Onchesmus",
   "greek": "Ὀγχεσμός",
   "other_names": "Anchiasmos (late antique); Hagioi Saranta / Agioi Saranta ('Forty Saints', medieval and modern Greek, from the monastery of the 6th c.); Santi Quaranta (Italian); Porto Edda (Italian, 1939-1943); Sarandë (Albanian)",
   "modern": "Sarandë",
   "modern_native": "Sarandë / Άγιοι Σαράντα",
   "population": 16400,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Sarandë, Vlorë County (late antique walls, synagogue-basilica)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Sarandë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 39.8762,
   "lon": 20.0123,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "531019",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -100,
   "greek_until": null,
   "phases": [
    [
     -100,
     700
    ],
    [
     1920,
     null
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First attested as Onchesmos, the harbour of the Chaonians and of Phoinike, in the 1st c. BC (Cicero, Att. 7.2.1; Strabo 7.7.5) (unchecked); a walled town in late antiquity",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "The late antique town Anchiasmos (walls, a synagogue later turned into a basilica, the monastery of the Forty Saints) declined in the 7th c.; an account of 1191 suggests the old settlement was abandoned. Under the Ottomans the harbour, Aya Sarandi, was a landing for Delvinë without permanent residents until the Balkan Wars; it had about 110 inhabitants in 1912 and 810 in 1927, when it was not yet a town (Wikipedia, 'Sarandë'). The modern town grew from the later 1920s, helped by Italian harbour works (1926-1939), with settlers from the Greek-speaking villages around as well as Albanians, so a Greek-speaking community lives there today: a new phase with no tie to the ancient town. A survey of 1992 counted 6,500 Greeks among 17,555 people and a survey of 2001 about 3,400 after the emigration of the 1990s; official figures of 2014 gave 7,920 Greeks in the former municipality (Wikipedia, 'Sarandë', whose sources are local and not checked here).",
   "until_basis": "still spoken today",
   "until_precision": "",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Late antique buildings with Greek inscriptions (unchecked); abandonment suggested by 1191; harbour without permanent residents until 1912 (110 people in 1912, 810 in 1927); Greeks in the town: about 7,500 of about 17,000 (1990 survey), 6,500 of 17,555 (1992), about 3,400 (2001 survey), 7,920 in the former municipality (2014 official figures) (all via Wikipedia, 'Sarandë').",
   "ended_by": "First phase: no named act; the town dwindled in the early Middle Ages (unchecked). Second phase: still spoken; emigration after 1991 reduced the community.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "the Chaonians (harbour of Phoinike)",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Albanian",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand for antiquity: Strabo and Ptolemy name it (a harbour of the Chaonians); late walls do not count. For the modern town no count by language reaching a quarter was cited.",
   "status_evidence": "Strabo 7.7.5; Ptolemy 3.14.2; late antique walled town (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Its standing as a town before late antiquity is uncertain. The modern name comes from the medieval Greek name, not from Onchesmos.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.7.5",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/531019",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 25,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 125 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s020",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Hadrianopolis",
   "greek": "Ἀδριανούπολις",
   "other_names": "Hadrianopolis in Epirus; Ioustinianoupolis (Justinian's renaming or refoundation, Procopius Aed. 4.1) (unchecked); Dryinoupolis (the medieval see, whose name lives on in Dropull) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Sofratikë, Dropull valley, Gjirokastër County (theatre, baths)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Gjirokastër County",
   "admin2": "Dropull",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 39.9964,
   "lon": 20.2247,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "530885",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 125,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     125,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded or raised to city rank under Hadrian (117-138), whose name it bears; theatre of the 2nd c. AD (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "A city of Epirus Vetus (Hierocles) with a bishop in the 5th-6th c. (unchecked). The town declined in the 6th c. and was abandoned in the early Middle Ages; the see survived as Dryinoupolis, later seated at Argyrokastron (unchecked). The Greek-speaking villages of Dropull around the site keep Greek today; continuity with the Roman town cannot be shown and they are recorded separately.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    800
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek inscriptions of the town (unchecked); bishops of Hadrianopolis in Epirus in the 5th-6th c. (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: abandoned in the early Middle Ages (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Hadrian (by its name)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Epirus Vetus; Ptolemy's name and the see add no second strand; no Greek inscriptions of residents were cited.",
   "status_evidence": "Ptolemy 3.14 (unchecked); Hierocles (Epirus Vetus) (unchecked); theatre; bishop's see",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Pleiades lists Ioustinianoupolis as a separate place a few kilometres east; whether Justinian's town was a new site is unclear, so it is not entered separately.",
   "sources": [
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/530885",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/530902",
    "Hammond, Epirus (1967)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 26,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 150 – c. 1417",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s014",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Aulon",
   "greek": "Αὐλών",
   "other_names": "Avlona (medieval Greek and Italian); Valona (Italian); Vlorë / Vlora (Albanian); Avlonya (Turkish); Kanina, the castle above the town",
   "modern": "Vlorë",
   "modern_native": "Vlorë",
   "population": 66320,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Vlorë, Vlorë County (with the castle of Kanina above it)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "admin2": "Vlorë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria (border of Epirus)",
   "lat": 40.4667,
   "lon": 19.4897,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "481750",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 150,
   "greek_until": 1417,
   "phases": [
    [
     150,
     1417
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First named as a town and harbour by Ptolemy (3.12.2), mid-2nd c. AD (unchecked); a city of Epirus Nova with a bishop in late antiquity (Hierocles) (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople with interruptions (Normans 1081, Venice, Epirus, Manfred and the Angevins), then the Principality of Valona (1346-1417), whose rulers John Komnenos Asen and his successors issued Greek documents (unchecked); Ottoman from 1417. Speech: a Greek-speaking port in late antiquity and under Constantinople (unchecked); after 1417 Albanian (and from 1492 Judeo-Spanish) became the town's main languages. In the late Ottoman period only a small number of Greek-speaking families lived in the town (Kokolakis 2003); a Greek community lives there today, recorded separately.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    1417,
    1600
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops of Aulon Nazarius (458) and Soter (553); the see under the Patriarchate of Constantinople from 733 (Wikipedia, 'Vlorë'); in 1321 a Venetian fleet attacked the town and killed many of its Greek inhabitants (Wikipedia, 'Vlorë'); Greek documents of the 14th-c. rulers (unchecked); Ottoman conquest 1417; Jewish settlers from 1426 and after 1492 (528 Jewish families in 1506 and 1520); Kokolakis 2003 on the few Greek-speaking families of the late Ottoman town; 2023 census: 12,044 Greeks in Vlorë County as a whole (INSTAT).",
   "ended_by": "A Venetian fleet attacked the town in 1321 and killed many of its Greek inhabitants (Wikipedia, 'Vlorë'). The Ottomans took the town in 1417, under Sultan Mehmed I (unchecked); no act against Greek speech is recorded, and the shift to Albanian (and, among the Jewish settlers, Judeo-Spanish) was gradual.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Hellenistic walls at Kanina and at Treport nearby (unchecked); Thronion, the polis of the Abantis taken by Apollonia, may have been at Kanina (Barrington Atlas query), but this is unproven.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Albanian",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: Greek beside Albanian, Latin (Italian) and Slavic in the 13th-15th c. (unchecked)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Epirus Nova (a Greek-speaking late Roman province); the see alone and Ptolemy's name in a list add no second strand.",
   "status_evidence": "Ptolemy 3.12.2 (unchecked); Hierocles (Epirus Nova) (unchecked); bishops of Aulon at the councils of the 5th-6th c. (unchecked); medieval capital of the Principality of Valona",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The evidence that Greek was a main language of the townspeople, rather than of church and administration, is indirect. Kept as uncertain under the set's rule to err on inclusion.",
   "sources": [
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481750",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania",
    "Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans (1987)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 27,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 150 – c. AD 400",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s106",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Hekatompedon",
   "greek": "Ἑκατόμπεδον",
   "other_names": "Hecatompedum (Latin form)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Walled hill site at Matohasanaj in the Drino valley (Tepelenë), where the Barrington Atlas places it; others look for it near Saraqinishtë (Gjirokastër)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Gjirokastër County",
   "admin2": "Tepelenë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Epirus (Chaonia)",
   "lat": 40.2526,
   "lon": 20.0782,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "481859",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 150,
   "greek_until": 400,
   "phases": [
    [
     150,
     400
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Named by Ptolemy (3.14.7, mid-2nd c. AD) among the cities of the Chaonians, a Greek-speaking Epirote people (unchecked). If the walled hill site at Matohasanaj is Hekatompedon, the town is older (the walls are Hellenistic (unchecked)), but the identification is not secure, so the date given is the first attestation, not a foundation date.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Ptolemy is the only ancient source, and the end is not recorded. The Drino valley kept Greek-speaking towns into late antiquity (Hadrianopolis to about 600) and Greek-speaking villages to this day (Dropull), but no record ties them to Hekatompedon.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    150,
    600
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Ptolemy 3.14.7 (c. 150) is the only mention (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the end is unknown.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Ptolemy names it a city of the Chaonians.",
   "status_evidence": "Ptolemy 3.14.7, a city of the Chaonians (unchecked); named in the Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (2004), p. 340 (entry not seen); Barrington Atlas 49 C3 (Matohasanaj).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Known from a name in Ptolemy's list of Chaonian cities and a proposed site; nothing else is known. Counted, as uncertain, on the same footing as Pelagonia and Antigonea in Paeonia, which also rest on names in ancient lists with uncertain sites.",
   "sources": [
    "Ptolemy, Geography 3.14.7 (unchecked)",
    "Barrington Atlas 49 C3",
    "Pleiades 481859",
    "Hansen and Nielsen 2004, p. 340 (not seen)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 28,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600 +",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s122",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Pulcheriopolis (Berat)",
   "greek": "Πουλχεριούπολις",
   "other_names": "Pulcheriopolis (late Roman and medieval Greek); Belegrada (Slavic); Belgrad-i Arnavud or Berat (Ottoman Turkish); Berati (Albanian, definite form); Antipatreia is the ancient town on the site",
   "modern": "Berat",
   "modern_native": "Berat",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Berat: the castle quarter (Kala) and Gorica, the Orthodox quarters",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Berat County",
   "admin2": "Berat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Illyria (the late Roman province of Epirus Nova)",
   "lat": 40.705,
   "lon": 19.952,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481724",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ],
    [
     1550,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The Hellenistic town of Antipatreia, a walled town of the Dassaretae taken by the Romans in 200 BC (Livy 31.27), was renamed after the empress Pulcheria (died 453) (unchecked: the date of the renaming). It is first known as a city of Epirus Nova, a Greek-speaking province, in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527); that is the first evidence of the kind the set requires. Later phase (Ottoman Berat, 1550-1922): Berat was a Christian town until the 16th c. (Egro 2010); the Greek inscriptions of the painter Onufri, a member of the Greek Brotherhood of Venice who founded a school of painting at Berat and wrote that he came from the town of Berat (Kastoria, 1547), and of his successors are the first clear evidence of a Greek-writing Orthodox community. Muslims became the majority from 1670 (Skendi 1967).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Greek identity, not Greek speech, faded. Albania became independent in 1912; the congress that proclaimed the autocephaly of the Albanian Orthodox Church met at Berat in 1922, and Albanian replaced Greek in the church and schools. A few Greek speakers remain in the town and nearby (Winnifrith 2002).",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1912,
    1933
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Ottoman registers: no Muslim households in the early 16th c., 461 Muslim houses in the late 16th c.; 19 of 30 quarters Muslim from 1670 (Skendi); late Ottoman town of 10,000-15,000 with about 5,000 Orthodox (Clayer 2007); Congress of Berat 1922.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the Albanian national church (Congress of Berat, 1922) and the Albanian state's schools replaced Greek.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "Albanian town (Ottoman, mostly Muslim from 1670)",
   "founder": "Orthodox townspeople of the Ottoman town",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: 1550-1922, a bilingual town (Greek community beside Muslim Albanians)",
   "other_language": "Albanian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "About 5,000 Orthodox, 3,000 of them Aromanian-speaking and the rest Albanian-speaking, in a late Ottoman town of 10,000-15,000 (Clayer 2007; Koukoudis 2003).",
   "home_language": "Aromanian; Albanian",
   "greek_speech": "Greek was the written and church language of the Orthodox (the flawless Greek calligraphic inscriptions of the painter Onufri, 16th c., Tourta 2006, and of his school; the metropolis of Belgrade, i.e. Berat) and was spoken by the schooled and the merchants; most spoke Aromanian or Albanian at home. Winnifrith (2002) notes a few Greek speakers in the town and nearby villages.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "Hierocles' city of Epirus Nova (rung 3); Ottoman phase: a count by religion with Greek church writing (rung 3)",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman sanjak seat; Orthodox metropolis; counts of houses by religion in the Ottoman registers; late Ottoman count of the Orthodox by language (Koukoudis 2003; Clayer 2007).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same evidence that admits Aulon and Morizos. The Hellenistic town of Antipatreia is not admitted on its Greek name alone, and the medieval town of Belgrad is not admitted: its Greek bishop and church inscriptions show church use only. Neighbouring Scampa (Elbasan), also a city of Epirus Nova in Hierocles, stays out because its residents' inscriptions are Latin. Counted under the consistent standard as a bilingual city: the Orthodox, about a third of the late Ottoman town, belonged to the Greek Orthodox world by their church, writing and schools, but spoke Aromanian or Albanian at home. How far they called themselves Greeks is not shown by the sources used, and by 1922 many were Albanian nationalists. Ancient Antipatreia and medieval Pulcheriopolis remain on the left-out list.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Epirus Nova) (unchecked)",
    "Livy 31.27 (unchecked)",
    "Pleiades 481724 (Antipatreia)",
    "Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992) (unchecked)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onufri",
    "Clayer 2007, p. 109",
    "Koukoudis 2003, p. 358",
    "Winnifrith 2002, p. 29"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 29,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "1724 – c. 1920",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s121",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Korytsa (Korçë)",
   "greek": "Κορυτσά",
   "other_names": "Korçë (Albanian); Görice (Ottoman Turkish); Korytsa (Greek); Curceaua (Aromanian) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "Korçë",
   "modern_native": "Korçë",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Korçë, the old Christian quarter (Varosh) and the bazaar",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Korçë County",
   "admin2": "Korçë",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "southern Albania",
   "lat": 40.6186,
   "lon": 20.7808,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1724,
   "greek_until": 1920,
   "phases": [
    [
     1724,
     1920
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town's first school, a Greek school, opened in 1724 (Qaja 2006; Kondis 1995). The town had been wholly Christian until the first half of the 16th c.; its Orthodox grew with refugees from Moscopole after 1769 and 1788.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Greek identity, not a Greek-speaking population, is what faded. From the 1880s the Orthodox of Korçë split between a Grecophile party and an Albanian national one: an Albanian boys' school opened in 1884 or 1887 and survived to 1902, and the Greek metropolitan Photios, who promoted the Greek schools and opposed Albanian and Aromanian cultural activities, was assassinated in 1906. Greek forces held the town from December 1912 to early 1914 and Northern Epirote forces from July 1914; the Protocol of Florence (1913) gave it to Albania, and it passed to the Albanian government in 1920, after the French occupation of 1916-1920. Greek education was then prohibited in the town, which lay outside the recognised Greek minority zone (Manda 2005); the Greek gymnasium, founded in 1856, survived as a religious academy until 1930. In 1922 Sederholm, for the League of Nations, found the people Albanian, with two parties, nationalist and Grecophile. A small Greek community remains (740 self-declared Greeks in all Korçë County in 2023, INSTAT).",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1914,
    1930
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Pouqueville 1805: 1,300 families, two thirds Christian; Psalidas c. 1830: 100 Aromanian families in Varosh; Palairet: 8,200 people in 1875, 18,000 in 1905, of whom 14,000 Orthodox (by church; probably mostly Aromanian, in his reading); Greek occupation census 1914: 11,453 Orthodox, all recorded as Greeks, of 15,453 (by religion, not by language); Sederholm 1922.",
   "ended_by": "The town was assigned to Albania by the Protocol of Florence (December 1913); Greek forces left in 1914 and again in 1916 (French occupation 1916-1920). The Albanian government, which took over in 1920, prohibited Greek education in the town (Manda 2005); the Greek gymnasium ceased in 1930 (Vakalopoulos 2003); the Albanian Orthodox Church proclaimed its autocephaly at Berat in 1922.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "later Greek settlement",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Orthodox townspeople of the Ottoman town",
   "founder_group": "Greek settlers (window B)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "Albanian",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: a Muslim Albanian-speaking quarter (Kasaba), about a third of the town in 1805 (Pouqueville) and a fifth to a quarter in 1905-1914",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Albanian; Aromanian (many of the merchant families)",
   "greek_speech": "The merchants and the schooled: Greek was the language of the town's elite (Palairet 2016), and in 1912 its Greek schools had 2,115 pupils (Ismyrliadou); Pouqueville and Ismyrliadou describe townspeople who spoke both Albanian and Greek, but most spoke Albanian at home and the merchant families often Aromanian.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Counts by religion (Pouqueville 1805; Palairet for 1905; the Greek census of 1914) plus descriptions of the town's languages (Ismyrliadou; Palairet; Sederholm 1922) and its Greek schools and self-designation.",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman town and kaza seat; Greek school from 1724; Greek girls' school by 1857; counts by religion of 1805, 1905 and 1914; the city council and the metropolitan, who identified as Greeks, sent a memorandum to Greece (Skoulidas 2001).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Counted under the consistent standard, as uncertain: the Orthodox majority of Korçë wrote and were schooled in Greek and their council and metropolitan called themselves Greeks, but most spoke Albanian (and many merchants Aromanian) at home, and the town was also the main centre of the Orthodox Albanian national movement. Every count of Greeks here is a count by religion, and Albanian and Greek historians read them in opposite ways.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangas_Gymnasium",
    "Palairet 2016, pp. 114-115",
    "Skoulidas 2001",
    "Sederholm 1922 (League of Nations)",
    "INSTAT 2023 census"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 30,
   "list_group": "Albania",
   "dates_shown": "1731 – c. 1788",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s120",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Moschopolis (Moscopole)",
   "greek": "Μοσχόπολις",
   "other_names": "Moschopolis (Greek); Moscopole (Aromanian and Italian); Voskopojë (Albanian); Voskopol (Slavic) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "Voskopojë",
   "modern_native": "Voskopojë",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Voskopojë, a mountain village west of Korçë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Korçë County",
   "admin2": "Korçë (Voskopojë administrative unit)",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "southern Albania",
   "lat": 40.63,
   "lon": 20.5878,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1731,
   "greek_until": 1788,
   "phases": [
    [
     1731,
     1788
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The press of Moscopole, the second Greek press in the Ottoman lands after Constantinople's, printed its first Greek book in 1731; the school became the New Academy (Hellenikon Frontistirion) in 1744. The town's churches with Greek inscriptions and the Prodromos monastery are older (17th to early 18th c.) (unchecked). The town is in the Ottoman register of 1568/9 with 330 household heads.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "The town was sacked in 1769 and razed in 1788, and its merchant families scattered to Korçë, Berat, Durrës, Thessaly, Macedonia, Vienna, Budapest and Transylvania. What remained was a village: about 200 houses after the first blow (Xhufi 2012), 220 families in 1894, half Albanian and half Aromanian (Weigand), 200 families in 1900, 120 Albanian and 80 Aromanian (Betsos, Greek consul). A Greek school reopened about 1800 (Daniel of Moscopole headmaster in 1802), and the remaining Aromanian families kept to the Greek church and school, but Moscopole was no longer a town.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1769,
    1788
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Ottoman register 1568/9 (330 household heads); press 1731-1769 (19 books, all in Greek: Peyfuss 1989); New Academy 1744; Thunmann 1774 on its languages; Daniel of Moscopole's four-language lexicon (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Albanian), written to bring its readers to Greek; Weigand 1894; Betsos 1900.",
   "ended_by": "Sacked by Muslim Albanian irregulars in 1769, in reprisal for the townspeople's part in the preparations for the Russian-backed Orlov revolt (Stavrianos and Stoianovich 2000); razed in 1788 by the troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina (as the sources attribute it). The village was burnt again by the band of Sali Butka in 1916.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "later Greek settlement",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Aromanian (Vlach) merchants and craftsmen",
   "founder_group": "Greek settlers (window B)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Albanian",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: an Albanian-speaking minority lived in the town; after 1788 the village was half Albanian (Weigand 1894)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Aromanian (with an Albanian-speaking minority)",
   "greek_speech": "Many townspeople also spoke Greek, above all the merchants and the schooled: Johann Thunmann (1774) wrote that everyone in the town spoke Aromanian and many also spoke Greek, which was used for contracts; Greek was the only language of its school, its press and its church.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek as the written, school and church language of the town (the press, 1731-1769, and the New Academy, 1744) plus Thunmann's description (1774) of its speech: Aromanian at home, Greek widely as a second language.",
   "status_evidence": "A town of merchants with a printing press, an academy and some two dozen churches (unchecked); Ottoman register of 1568/9; Thunmann 1774. An Austrian document of 1716 calls it a village (Dorf).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Counted, like Mariupol and Tsalka in the Black Sea set, as a town of the Greek Orthodox world whose people spoke another language at home, here Aromanian. Its identity is disputed: Aromanian, Romanian and Albanian writers stress its Aromanian character, and its people's self-designations were fluid (Orthodox Romioi, Aromanians, Moscopolitans; refugees in Austria in 1769 called themselves Macedonians). Population estimates for its peak (1730-1760) run from about 3,500 (Peyfuss 1989, who thought this closer to the truth) to an exaggerated 70,000.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole",
    "Peyfuss, Die Druckerei von Moschopolis (1989)",
    "Thunmann 1774 (via Wikipedia)",
    "Koukoudis 2003, pp. 362-363"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 31,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "429 BC – c. AD 150",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s117",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Gortynia",
   "greek": "Γορτυνία",
   "other_names": "Gordynia (Ptolemy) (unchecked); Gordiniae (Pliny) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Proposed at Vardarski Rid, a fortified hill town on the Vardar at Gevgelija, Southeastern Region (identification unproven)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southeastern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Gevgelija",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (the Axios valley)",
   "lat": 41.1514,
   "lon": 22.5142,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "491605",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -429,
   "greek_until": 150,
   "phases": [
    [
     -429,
     150
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Thucydides (2.100) names Gortynia with Atalante among the Macedonian places of the Axios valley that came over to the Thracian king Sitalkes by agreement in 429 BC, for the sake of the exiled Macedonian prince Amyntas son of Philip. The town is older than this mention; if it is Vardarski Rid, the hill was settled long before.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Macedonian, then Roman (province of Macedonia from 148 BC). Speech: nothing is recorded beyond the name. Pliny and Ptolemy still list it (unchecked); the Hellenistic town at Vardarski Rid declined in the 1st c. BC (unchecked), so the end may be earlier than the last mention.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -100,
    400
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Thuc. 2.100 (429 BC); Pliny NH 4.35 and Ptolemy 3.12 (unchecked), the last mentions.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Thucydides 2.100 names it a Macedonian place; it is not in the Delphic theorodokoi list.",
   "status_evidence": "Thuc. 2.100 (a Macedonian place in 429 BC); Pliny NH 4.35 and Ptolemy 3.12 (unchecked); Barrington Atlas 50 C2",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, on Thucydides' mention of it as a Macedonian town, the same footing as Pelagonia, Antigonea and Hekatompedon. Thucydides calls it a place (chorion), not expressly a polis; no civic document of its own is known, and its site at Vardarski Rid is a proposal, not a proof.",
   "sources": [
    "Thucydides 2.100",
    "Pliny, Natural History 4.35 (unchecked)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macédoine à l'époque romaine (1988) (unchecked)",
    "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/491605"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 32,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. AD 600 +",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s031",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Heraclea Lyncestis",
   "greek": "Ἡράκλεια Λυγκηστίς",
   "other_names": "Herakleia Lynkestis; Heraclea Pelagoniae (the late Roman see) (unchecked); the medieval and modern town nearby is Bitola (Slavic), Monastir (Ottoman Turkish); Monastir (Bitola)",
   "modern": "Bitola",
   "modern_native": "Битола",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Heraclea Lyncestis archaeological site, on the southern edge of Bitola, Pelagonia plain",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Pelagonia Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Bitola Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Upper Macedonia (Lynkestis)",
   "lat": 41.011,
   "lon": 21.342,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481861",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     600
    ],
    [
     1800,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded in the mid-4th c. BC, after Philip II annexed Lynkestis (c. 358 BC), and named after Heracles. The Lynkestai, ruled by their own kings before (Arrhabaios, Thuc. 4.79, 4.83), were Upper Macedonians, speakers of a Greek dialect. The attribution to Philip II is the standard modern view, not an ancient date.",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman from 168/148 BC; a city of Macedonia (later Macedonia Prima) on the Via Egnatia; bishops from 343. Speech: Greek remained the main language (most inscriptions of the imperial period are Greek, beside Latin ones of Roman settlers and officials). Theoderic's Ostrogoths sacked the city in 472 and again in 479, despite the bishop's gifts; an earthquake in 518 damaged it; it shrank through the 6th c. The last coins are of c. 585, after which Slavs built huts in the theatre: the Greek-speaking city ended with the Slav settlement around 600. Medieval Bitola, which grew beside the ruins, was a Slavic-speaking town. Later phase (Monastir (Bitola), 1800-1913): Serbian rule from 1912-1913 (Treaty of Bucharest, August 1913) ended the Patriarchist community as a Greek community: the Greek schools and the Greek-led church organisation of the town ceased (unchecked), and Greek-identifying families left for Greece in 1913-1925 (unchecked). The Aromanian community of the town lived on, without Greek schooling.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1925
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishop Evagrius at Serdica (343); bishop Quintillus at Ephesus (449); the Great Basilica with its 5th-6th c. mosaics; last coins c. 585; Slav pit-houses over the theatre. Later phase (Monastir (Bitola), 1800-1913): Greek consular count of schools 1883 (11 Greek, 5 Bulgarian, 3 Romanian); Kanchov 1900; Brancoff 1905; the Ottoman census of 1905-1906 by church (the sanjak only: 85,729 Orthodox Greeks, 23.9%, Karpat 1985).",
   "ended_by": "The Ostrogoths of Theodemir, with his son Theoderic, sacked Heraclea in 472/473 (Jordanes, Getica 285-288 (unchecked); Wikipedia gives 472); Theoderic's Goths came back in 479, were supplied by the city's bishop, and sacked it again (Malchus fr. 20; Malchus has them burn much of the city as they left (unchecked)). No named act for the end: after the earthquake of 518 the city shrank and was given up during the Slav and Avar invasions of the late 6th c. (last coins c. 585), when Slavs (later named as the Dragovites) settled in the area. Later phase (Monastir (Bitola), 1800-1913): Serbian army took the town in November 1912 (battle of Monastir); the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) gave it to Serbia. No named act against the Patriarchists has been checked (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Philip II of Macedon (attributed)",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: 1800-1913, Monastir (Bitola) was a bilingual city again, with Turkish; Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects); Ladino; Albanian beside Greek (a Greek community with another home language)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Aromanian; Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects)",
   "greek_speech": "The schooled and the merchants: Greek was the language of the town's Patriarchist schools (11 of its 19 schools in 1883, Greek consular records; 7 primary and 2 secondary Greek schools in 1905, Brancoff) and of trade, but only about 100 people were counted as Greeks by language (Brancoff 1905); most Patriarchists spoke Aromanian or Slavic at home.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": {
    "name": "Monastir (Bitola)",
    "from": 1800,
    "until": 1913,
    "city_type": "bilingual city",
    "certainty": "uncertain"
   },
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic and honorific inscriptions of the city (IG X 2,2, fasc. 1); Greek most of the residents' inscriptions (unchecked: the share).",
   "status_evidence": "Royal foundation; a city on the Via Egnatia (Polybius in Strabo 7.7.4); Greek civic and honorific inscriptions of the imperial period (IG X 2,2, fasc. 1, Lynkestis) (unchecked); theatre of the 2nd c. AD; bishopric from 343.",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "IACP number not seen. The city's Greek date is that of the foundation; Lynkestis itself was Greek-speaking before it. Later phase (Monastir (Bitola), 1800-1913): Counted under the consistent standard as a bilingual city of uncertain standing: its Patriarchists (Greeks by church, mostly Aromanian- or Slavic-speaking) were about a third of a town of several main communities. The figures are those of Bulgarian statisticians, hostile to the Patriarchist count; Greek figures for the town were not found. Medieval Bitola was a Slavic-speaking town and stays out. The ancient city on the site is Heraclea Lyncestis; if records on one site are kept together, as for Onchesmus, this can become its second phase. Later phase (Monastir (Bitola)): The Patriarchist merchant community grew with Aromanian and Greek-schooled newcomers after the fall of Moscopole (1769-1788) (unchecked); the first counts are of its schools (1883) and people (1900-1905).",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Lyncestis",
    "Papazoglou 1988, Les villes de Macedoine, 259-268 (unchecked)",
    "IG X 2,2, fasc. 1 (Papazoglou et al. 1999) (unchecked)",
    "Malchus fr. 20 (Theoderic at Heraclea, 479)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola",
    "Kanchov 1900, p. 252",
    "Brancoff 1905, pp. 118-119",
    "Bechev 2009, pp. 26-27"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 33,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. AD 270",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s029",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Styberra",
   "greek": "Στύβερρα",
   "other_names": "Stuberra, Stubera (Livy); Stymbara (Strabo); Istubera (Ravenna Geographer)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Стибера",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Bedem hill near Cepigovo, 16 km west of Prilep, where the Blato meets the Crna Reka (Erigon)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Pelagonia Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Prilep Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Upper Macedonia (Derriopos, in Pelagonia)",
   "lat": 41.2437,
   "lon": 21.3975,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "482008",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": 270,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     270
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Hellenistic city wall of the 4th c. BC stands on the Bedem hill; Polybius and Livy name Styberra in the war of Perseus (169 BC). The Derriopes were Upper Macedonians.",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Speech: Greek throughout (civic, ephebic and dedicatory inscriptions are Greek). The city flourished in the 2nd c. AD (temple of Tyche restored in 126 by Anthestia Fusca; a gymnasium with heroon and temenos; four Macedoniarchs from the city, three in the early 3rd c.). Life ended suddenly and violently in the second half of the 3rd c.; the site was not reoccupied as a city.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    250,
    290
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "28 inscribed monuments (ephebes, deities, donors), mostly 2nd-early 3rd c. AD; destruction layer of the later 3rd c.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the city was destroyed violently in the second half of the 3rd c.; the Goths and Heruli raided Macedonia in the 260s, but no source names Styberra.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: ephebic lists and civic inscriptions (IG X 2,2, fasc. 1); gymnasium.",
   "status_evidence": "Polybius 28.8; Livy 43.18-20; Strabo 7.7.9 (Stymbara on the Erigon); Greek ephebic lists and civic inscriptions (IG X 2,2, fasc. 1) (unchecked); gymnasium.",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "IACP number not seen. The exact Livy and Polybius book references are from memory.",
   "sources": [
    "https://haemus.org.mk/styberra/",
    "https://prometheus-epigraphy.eu/stories/view/Anthestia-Fusca",
    "IG X 2,2, fasc. 1 (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 34,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 250 BC – c. AD 400",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s025",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Antigonea (Paeonia)",
   "greek": "Ἀντιγόνεια",
   "other_names": "Antigonia; Antigona (Peutinger Table) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; probably near Negotino on the road from Stenae (Demir Kapija) to Stobi",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Vardar Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Negotino Municipality (approximate)",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia",
   "lat": 41.4646,
   "lon": 22.1248,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "491524",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -250,
   "greek_until": 400,
   "phases": [
    [
     -250,
     400
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A royal foundation named after an Antigonid king, Antigonus II Gonatas (r. 277-239 BC) or Antigonus III Doson (r. 229-221 BC); the date is inferred from the founder's reign. Pliny NH 4.34 lists it among the towns of Paeonia after Stobi; Ptolemy names it.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Still a town in Ptolemy's time (2nd c. AD) and a road station later; its end is not recorded.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    150,
    600
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Pliny NH 4.34; Ptolemy 3.12; Peutinger Table (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the end is unknown.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "An Antigonid king of Macedon (Antigonus Gonatas or Antigonus Doson; disputed)",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Pliny and Ptolemy list it as a town of Macedonia; nothing of its own is known.",
   "status_evidence": "Pliny NH 4.34 (oppidum); Ptolemy 3.12.",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Neither the site nor the founder is certain; it is counted as a Macedonian royal foundation in Paeonia, presumably Greek-speaking, but no inscription of its own is known. Pleiades lists 'Antigoneia' among the names of Stobi (491731); if the two were one place, this entry would be a duplicate of Stobi, but Pliny (NH 4.34) names Stobi and Antigonea separately.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonia_(Paeonia)",
    "Pliny NH 4.34",
    "Pleiades 491524"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 35,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 220 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s028",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Idomenae",
   "greek": "Εἰδομένη",
   "other_names": "Idomene, Idomenai (Ptolemy); Idomenia (Peutinger Table)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Идомене",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Isar hill above the Vardar near Marvinci (identification probable, not certain)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southeastern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Valandovo Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Lower Macedonia (Amphaxitis), on the border of Paeonia",
   "lat": 41.2775,
   "lon": 22.4937,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "491586",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -220,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -220,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Thucydides 2.100 names Eidomene as a place in the Axios valley that the Thracian king Sitalkes took by storm in 429 BC; the language of its people then is not known. The first evidence of a Greek civic community is the Delphic list of theorodokoi (c. 230-210 BC), which names two hosts at Idomenai.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A town of the Roman province (Ptolemy; Peutinger Table) and of late Roman Macedonia (Hierocles) (unchecked); the Isar site was occupied to the 6th c. AD. No end is recorded; the town is assumed to have ended with the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Delphic theorodokoi list (c. 230-210 BC); Ptolemy 3.12; occupation of the Isar site to the 6th c. AD.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: abandoned, probably in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the Delphic list of theorodokoi (c. 230-210 BC) names Idomene among the Macedonian cities, and Hierocles lists it as a city of a Greek-speaking province.",
   "status_evidence": "Thuc. 2.100; Delphic theorodokoi list (two theorodokoi at Idomenai); Ptolemy 3.12; Hierocles (unchecked).",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The language of the people of 429 BC (Paeonian or Macedonian Greek) is not known; Greek civic life is certain only from the Hellenistic period. Gortynia, taken by Sitalkes at the same time, is left out for lack of evidence.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomenae",
    "Thucydides 2.99-100",
    "Papazoglou 1988 (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 36,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 200 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s030",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Lychnidus",
   "greek": "Λυχνιδός",
   "other_names": "Lychnis, Lychnidion (Polybius); Lychnidos; Achrida, Ochrida (medieval Greek); Ohri (Ottoman Turkish); Ohër (Albanian)",
   "modern": "Ohrid",
   "modern_native": "Охрид",
   "population": 38818,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old town of Ohrid (upper town, Plaosnik, Samuel's fortress hill) on the northeastern shore of Lake Ohrid",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southwestern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Ohrid Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Dassaretis (on the border of Illyria and Upper Macedonia); Roman Macedonia, later Epirus Nova",
   "lat": 41.1146,
   "lon": 20.7938,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481900",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -200,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -200,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Dassaretian (Illyrian) town held at times by the Macedonian kings (Philip V kept a garrison there to 208 BC). The first Greek texts of residents are two Hellenistic gravestones (Epikados son of Aristoboulos; Nanos son of Menetos), with mixed Illyrian and Greek names; garrisons do not count, so the date is the Hellenistic period, approximately.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman from 148 BC, on the Via Egnatia; a bishopric from late antiquity. Speech: Greek was the main written language of residents in the Roman period, with Latin beside it. Slavs settled the lake region in the late 6th-early 7th c. (the Berziti) and no Greek-speaking civic community is attested after about 600. Ohrid revived as a Slavic town (Clement of Ohrid's school, 886; Samuel's capital c. 990-1015). From 1018 to 1767 its archbishops were nearly always Greeks and Greek officials and clergy lived there under Constantinople (1018-c. 1334) and later, but the townspeople spoke Slavic (and later also Turkish and Albanian); the Greek of the archbishopric does not make a second phase.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Over 140 inscriptions from Ohrid and Struga: Greek dedications and honours of the Roman period (to Septimius Severus, Gordian III, Gallienus, Constantine); a votive mosaic of a bishop (second half of the 5th c.) and six Christian epitaphs; Slav settlement by the early 7th c.; first record of the Slavic name Ohrid in 879.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the Greek-speaking town faded with the Slav settlement of the late 6th-early 7th c.; the Bulgarian conquest followed c. 840.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: in the Hellenistic and early Roman town Illyrian (Dassaretian) names stand beside Greek ones, which suggests a mixed population; how long Illyrian was spoken is unknown. Latin was used beside Greek under Rome.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: inscriptions of the archons, the boule and the demos; Greek most of the residents' inscriptions (unchecked: the share).",
   "status_evidence": "Polybius (Lychnidion); a city of the Via Egnatia; Roman-period inscriptions of the archons, the boule and the demos, a strategos, and a dedication of the Dassaretioi (Kalpakovska, Babamova and Kuzman, Plaosnik catalogue); episcopal see.",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The Dassaretians were Illyrians; the town is counted from its Greek civic life. The Cadmus legend of its founding is a legend, not a date. Readers often ask about medieval Ohrid: its Greek-speaking archbishops (Theophylact of Ohrid, c. 1088-1107, called his flock Bulgarians) ruled a Slavic-speaking town.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychnidos",
    "https://antiquitasviva.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/72.1-2.19-review-kalpakovska-v.-s.-babamova-k.-kuzman-epigrafski-spomenici-od-plaosnik.pdf",
    "Papazoglou 1988, Les villes de Macedoine (unchecked)",
    "Obolensky 1971 (unchecked)",
    "Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 37,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 200 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s024",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Stobi",
   "greek": "Στόβοι",
   "other_names": "Stoboi; Municipium Stobensium (Latin); Stopis",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Стоби",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Stobi archaeological site, at the confluence of the Crna Reka (Erigon) and the Vardar (Axios), near Gradsko",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Vardar Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Gradsko Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia; Roman Macedonia; late Roman capital of Macedonia Secunda (Salutaris)",
   "lat": 41.5523,
   "lon": 21.9744,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "491731",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -200,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -200,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Paeonian town under Macedonian rule from the 3rd c. BC (Philip V took Bylazora in 217 BC). Livy 33.19 first names Stobi in 197 BC, and Philip V founded Perseis nearby (Livy 39.53, 183 BC). Its Greek-speaking civic life is clear in the Roman period; the Hellenistic start is an estimate.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman from 168/148 BC; a municipium; capital of Macedonia Secunda in the 5th-6th c. Speech: Greek throughout, with Latin as the official language of the municipium. Theoderic's Ostrogoths sacked the city in 479; it was rebuilt; an earthquake struck in 518; the Avar and Slav invasions of the later 6th c. ruined it, and the last rebuilt buildings were used to the late 6th c. The city was then abandoned.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    580,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishop Budius at Nicaea (325); Theodosius I at Stobi (388); the episcopal basilicas of the 5th-6th c.; the Big Bath in use to the late 6th c.",
   "ended_by": "The Ostrogoths of Theodemir, with his son Theoderic, took Stobi in 472/473 (Jordanes, Getica 285-288) (unchecked); in 479 Theoderic's Goths, on the march to Epidamnus, took and sacked it again (Malchus fr. 20; Wikipedia, 'Stobi'), killing the garrison troops they met (unchecked). No named act for the end: rebuilt after the sack and the earthquake of 518, the city was ruined in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c. and abandoned.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Paeonian town and Roman municipium",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: as a municipium of Roman citizens (Pliny NH 4.34; municipal coins MUNICIPI STOBENSIUM, 1st-3rd c. AD) Stobi used Latin in its coinage and part of its public inscriptions, while most inscriptions of residents (the theatre seat inscriptions, the synagogue inscription of Claudius Tiberius Polycharmos, funerary stones) are Greek.",
   "other_language": "Latin",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: the public inscriptions and all the theatre seat inscriptions are Greek; but Greek and Latin inscriptions are found at Stobi in about equal numbers (Latin for imperial dedications and the municipium), hence bilingual.",
   "status_evidence": "Livy 33.19; Pliny NH 4.34 (oppidum civium Romanorum); municipal coins; Greek inscriptions of residents including the theatre seats and the synagogue inscription (2nd/3rd c.); bishopric from 325; Hierocles 641 (capital of Macedonia II).",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "What the Paeonians spoke before Macedonian rule is unknown; Stobi is counted from its Greek-speaking civic life, not as a Greek foundation. The date of the municipium is disputed (Augustan or earlier).",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stobi",
    "Papazoglou 1988, Les villes de Macedoine (unchecked)",
    "https://prometheus-epigraphy.eu/stories/view/Uncovering-Heritage"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 38,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 183 BC – c. 168 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s110",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Perseis",
   "greek": "Περσηΐς",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "unlocated; in Deuriopos near the Erigon (Crna Reka) 'not far from Stobi' (Livy), probably in the lower Crna valley (Rosoman-Kavadarci area)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Vardar Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Upper Macedonia (Deuriopos), on the border of Paeonia",
   "lat": 41.45,
   "lon": 21.9,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "484002",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -183,
   "greek_until": -168,
   "phases": [
    [
     -183,
     -168
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Philip V of Macedon in Deuriopos and named after his son Perseus (Livy 39.53.15-16), in the years after 183 BC (unchecked: exact year).",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Macedonian until the Roman victory at Pydna (168 BC), then Roman. Speech: no later source names the town; it either failed or was merged with a neighbour after 168 BC.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -168,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Livy 39.53 is the only mention.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is never mentioned again after Livy's notice of its founding.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Philip V of Macedon (Livy 39.53)",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Livy 39.53 calls it a new city founded by Philip V.",
   "status_evidence": "Livy 39.53.16: Philip founded a new city (urbs) near the Erigon, not far from Stobi, and named it Perseis",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Known only from Livy (Latin Perseis; the Greek form given is reconstructed (unchecked)); the site is unknown, and Pleiades' point near Bitola is only a placeholder. Who settled it is not recorded; as a Macedonian royal foundation it is counted as Greek-speaking.",
   "sources": [
    "Livy 39.53.15-16",
    "Pleiades 484002",
    "Papazoglou 1988 (Les villes de Macedoine) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 39,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "167 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s027",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Pelagonia",
   "greek": "Πελαγονία",
   "other_names": "Pelagonia Tripolitis (Strabo); medieval Pelagonia, the name of the see and district of Bitola",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated in the Pelagonia plain; placed near Prilep by the Barrington Atlas; some scholars put it at or near Heraclea Lyncestis",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Pelagonia Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Prilep Municipality (approximate)",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Upper Macedonia (Pelagonia)",
   "lat": 41.3133,
   "lon": 21.6107,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "481952",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -167,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -167,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Named as the capital of the fourth of the four Macedonian republics set up by Rome in 167 BC (Livy 45.29). The Pelagones were Upper Macedonians; the town is older, but its earlier status is not known.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Listed among the cities of Macedonia Secunda by Hierocles (6th c.). No end is recorded; the Greek-speaking cities of the region ended with the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c. The later name Pelagonia for Bitola's see and district does not show continuity of the city.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Livy 45.29 (167 BC); Hierocles 641 (6th c.) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: probably abandoned in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Livy 45.29 (chief town of the fourth Macedonian district) and Hierocles' Macedonia II; no inscription of its own.",
   "status_evidence": "Livy 45.29.9 (caput quartae regionis); Hierocles 641 (unchecked).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The site is unknown, and Pelagonia may be the same place as Heraclea Lyncestis or another city of the plain; it is kept separate only because the sources name it as a city.",
   "sources": [
    "Livy 45.29",
    "Papazoglou 1988, Les villes de Macedoine (unchecked)",
    "Pleiades 481952"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 40,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 200 – c. AD 600 +",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s026",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Astraeum; Tiberiopolis",
   "greek": "Ἀστραῖον; Τιβεριούπολις",
   "other_names": "Astraion (Ptolemy, Pliny); Eustraion (Hierocles) (unchecked); Tiberiopolis (Roman, and the name of the medieval see); Strumitza (medieval Greek); Strumica (Slavic); Ustrumca (Ottoman Turkish); Stromnitsa (Strumica)",
   "modern": "Strumica",
   "modern_native": "Струмица",
   "population": 33825,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Strumica and its fortress hill (Carevi Kuli)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southeastern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Strumica Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (Astraia); Roman Macedonia, later Macedonia Secunda",
   "lat": 41.4375,
   "lon": 22.6431,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "491742",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 200,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     200,
     600
    ],
    [
     1870,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Livy 40.24 names Astraeum, a Paeonian town, in 182 BC. The Roman town took the name Tiberiopolis, which is attested by a marble statue base for its patron Tiberius Claudius Menon, who lived in the late 2nd or early 3rd c. AD (the language of the base is given from memory as Greek (unchecked)); the fifteen martyrs of Tiberiopolis are placed under Julian (361-363).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Fifteen martyrs of Tiberiopolis are dated to Julian's reign (361-363). The late Roman town ended with the Slav settlement of the late 6th-7th c. Medieval Strumica was a Slavic-speaking town (Bulgarian c. 840s-1014; under Constantinople from 1014/1016; then Dobromir Chrysos, Strez, Hrelja, Dusan; Ottoman from 1383). Its bishops kept the title of Tiberiopolis and wrote Greek (bishop Manuel founded the Eleousa monastery at Veljusa in 1080), but they were clergy and do not make a second phase. Later phase (Stromnitsa (Strumica), 1870-1913): The Patriarchist community ended in 1913, when the town passed from Greek to Bulgarian control under the Treaty of Bucharest: the Turkish and Greek quarters were burnt (Carnegie Report 1914; more than 1,900 buildings, Mojzes 2016). Slavic-speaking Patriarchist refugees, mainly from Strumica, settled at Kilkis in Greece (Empirikos 2001); whether they left with the Greek army in 1913 or later, under the Greek-Bulgarian convention of 1919, is not checked (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1920
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek honorific inscription of Tiberius Claudius Menon (unchecked); the cult of the fifteen martyrs of Tiberiopolis (4th c.); Hierocles (6th c.) (unchecked). Later phase (Stromnitsa (Strumica), 1870-1913): Ottoman count 1881/82-1893 (kaza); Brancoff 1905 (kaza); Carnegie Report 1914.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the Greek-speaking town faded with the Slav settlement of the late 6th-7th c. Later phase (Stromnitsa (Strumica), 1870-1913): The Greek army, withdrawing in August 1913 after the Treaty of Bucharest gave the town to Bulgaria, set it on fire (Mojzes 2016: 8-15 August; the Carnegie Report dates the burning of the Turkish and Greek quarters to 21-23 August). The town lost half its people, and most of its Muslims and Jews never returned (TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi); its Patriarchists left for Greece and settled mainly at Kilkis (Empirikos 2001).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: 1870-1913, Stromnitsa (Strumica) was a bilingual city again, with Turkish; Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects) beside Greek (a Greek community with another home language)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects)",
   "greek_speech": "Very few: Brancoff counted 25 Greeks by language in the whole kaza (1905); Greek was the language of the Patriarchist church and schools.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": {
    "name": "Stromnitsa (Strumica)",
    "from": 1870,
    "until": 1913,
    "city_type": "bilingual city",
    "certainty": "uncertain"
   },
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand on what was checked: Livy's Astraeum; the Greek civic inscription naming Tiberiopolis is (unchecked), and Astraia in the Delphic theorodokoi list may be this town (unchecked). Rung 2 if either is confirmed.",
   "status_evidence": "Livy 40.24 (Astraeum); Ptolemy; the Roman name Tiberiopolis on a Greek civic inscription (unchecked); a bishopric in late antiquity.",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The Greek civic evidence is thin and stated from memory; the town is counted because it lay south of the Latin-Greek language line and bore a Greek civic name. Strumica of the 19th c. is left out: its Patriarchists were Slavic-speaking. Later phase (Stromnitsa (Strumica), 1870-1913): Counted as uncertain on district figures, as for Kessani and Malgara: no count of the town by church party was found; Semseddin Sami names Greeks first among its Christians. Its Patriarchists, spoke Slavic at home. Medieval Strumica was a Slavic-speaking town; Roman Tiberiopolis on the same site is a separate record, and this can become its second phase if records on one site are kept together. Later phase (Stromnitsa (Strumica)): In the 19th c. the influence of the Patriarchate grew in Strumica, and the Patriarchist party held its own after the Exarchate's founding (1870); the first count is the Ottoman one of 1881/82-1893.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumica",
    "Livy 40.24",
    "Papazoglou 1988 (unchecked)",
    "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ustrumca",
    "Karpat 1985, pp. 134-135",
    "Brancoff 1905, p. 158",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars",
    "Mojzes 2016, p. 46",
    "Empirikos 2001, p. 155 (via https://hellenisteukontos.opoudjis.net/slavophone-refugees-to-greece/)"
   ],
   "refoundations": []
  },
  {
   "no": 41,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "AD 371 – c. AD 585",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s112",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Bargala",
   "greek": "Βάργαλα",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Баргала",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Kozji Grad on the Bandera plateau by Goren Kozjak (Karbinci), with the earlier town at Hamce",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Eastern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Karbinci Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (late Roman Macedonia II)",
   "lat": 41.801,
   "lon": 22.2678,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "491538",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 371,
   "greek_until": 585,
   "phases": [
    [
     371,
     585
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town is first attested by the building inscription of its gate (371/372); Greek votive plaques of the Roman imperial period from the sanctuary on the site show local, mostly Thracian-named, people writing Greek before that.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: imperial; in 371 Bargala belonged to Dacia Mediterranea, in the 6th c. to Macedonia II. Speech: the latest coins from the town date from the 580s, when the Avars and Slavs overran the region; no Greek-speaking community is attested after that.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    580,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Coins of the 580s are the latest finds; bishop Hermias' prayer on a capital (5th-6th c.) (unchecked: in Greek).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town was abandoned after the 580s; the end is put down to the Avar and Slav invasions, with no recorded sack.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "Probably bilingual before the town was founded: the dedicants of the Greek votive plaques of the Roman period on the site bear mostly Thracian names (Panev and Ricl 1994).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: Greek inscriptions of residents (the votive plaques of the Bandera sanctuary; bishop Hermias' prayer) and a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II.",
   "status_evidence": "Gate inscription of 371/372 naming the town; bishop Dardanius at Chalcedon (451); bishop Hermias' prayer carved on a capital; Hierocles, Macedonia II (unchecked); Greek votive plaques from the Bandera sanctuary on the site (Panev and Ricl 1994)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Left out by the first batch for lack of residents' inscriptions; the Greek votive plaques from the sanctuary on the site and the Greek episcopal prayer supply some, though the body is small. The language of the 371 gate inscription was not checked (unchecked: Latin).",
   "sources": [
    "Panev and Ricl, ZPE 101 (1994) 139ff.: https://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1994/101pdf/101139.pdf",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargala",
    "https://haemus.org.mk/bargala/",
    "Pleiades 491538"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 42,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s129",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Argos (in Paeonia)",
   "greek": "Ἄργος",
   "other_names": "Argos Paionikon (unchecked)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Placed by the Barrington Atlas in the Vardar valley a few kilometres north-west of Stobi, near Gradsko",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Vardar Region",
   "admin2": "Gradsko (unchecked)",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (the late Roman province of Macedonia II)",
   "lat": 41.5814,
   "lon": 21.8851,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "491527",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known as a city of the province of Macedonia II in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527), listed next to Stobi. The province lay south of the Latin-Greek language line and its cities used Greek; the town's earlier history is unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the late Roman province of Macedonia II, under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name. The cities of the upper Axios valley were overrun in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.; Stobi, the provincial capital, was largely abandoned by about 600.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list; the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c. ended late Roman city life in the region.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia II) (unchecked); Barrington Atlas 50 A1",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same test that admitted Morizos and Sauadia. The site follows the Barrington Atlas and is not certain.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos 641-642 (Macedonia II: Stobi, Argos, Eustrateia, Pelagonia, Bargala, Keleneidion, Harmonia, Zapara) (unchecked: the exact order)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macedoine a l'epoque romaine (1988) (unchecked)",
    "Pleiades 491527 (Argos)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 43,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s128",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Doberos",
   "greek": "Δόβηρος",
   "other_names": "Doberus; Diaboros (Hierocles); Doberi (Pliny's people)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Probably near Bansko, east of Strumica, in the Strumica valley (Pleiades); some place it nearer Dojran",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southeastern Region",
   "admin2": "Strumica",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (the late Roman province of Macedonia I)",
   "lat": 41.388,
   "lon": 22.7532,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "491573",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Paeonian town in 429 BC, where Sitalkes gathered his army (Thuc. 2.98-100), and a town of the Estraioi in Ptolemy; it is first known as a city of a Greek-speaking province as Diaboros in Hierocles' Macedonia I (c. 527), next to Idomene, and was a bishop's see in late antiquity (unchecked: the bishops).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the province of Macedonia I under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town's speech; late Roman city life in the region ended in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527; bishops of Doberos in late antiquity (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c. ended late Roman city life in the region.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Doberos is the name in Greek sources; no non-Greek source for it is known.",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia I.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia I, Diaboros); Thuc. 2.98-100; Ptolemy 3.12 (unchecked); a late Roman see",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same evidence that admits Morizos and Sauadia. Thucydides calls it a Paeonian place, and no Greek inscription or coin of the town is known; the site is not certain, and Pleiades' point near Bansko lies close to Tiberiopolis (Strumica).",
   "sources": [
    "Thucydides 2.98-100",
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia I)",
    "Pleiades 491573 (Doberos)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doberus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 44,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s130",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Eustrateia",
   "greek": "Εὐστράτεια",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; a city of the late Roman province of Macedonia II, which covered the middle Axios (Vardar) valley and Pelagonia; the point is a placeholder in that region and marks no known site",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (the late Roman province of Macedonia II)",
   "lat": 41.7,
   "lon": 21.72,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known only as a city of the province of Macedonia II in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527). The province lay south of the Latin-Greek language line and its cities used Greek (Stobi, Bargala); the town's origin and earlier history are unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the late Roman province of Macedonia II, under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name. The cities of the upper Axios valley were overrun in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.; Stobi, the provincial capital, was largely abandoned by about 600.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list; the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c. ended late Roman city life in the region.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia II) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same test that admitted Morizos and Sauadia. Unlocated: the point is a placeholder.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos 641-642 (Macedonia II: Stobi, Argos, Eustrateia, Pelagonia, Bargala, Keleneidion, Harmonia, Zapara) (unchecked: the exact order)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macedoine a l'epoque romaine (1988) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 45,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s132",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Harmonia",
   "greek": "Ἁρμονία",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; a city of the late Roman province of Macedonia II, which covered the middle Axios (Vardar) valley and Pelagonia; the point is a placeholder in that region and marks no known site",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (the late Roman province of Macedonia II)",
   "lat": 41.82,
   "lon": 22.02,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "494567",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known only as a city of the province of Macedonia II in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527). The province lay south of the Latin-Greek language line and its cities used Greek (Stobi, Bargala); the town's origin and earlier history are unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the late Roman province of Macedonia II, under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name. The cities of the upper Axios valley were overrun in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.; Stobi, the provincial capital, was largely abandoned by about 600.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list; the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c. ended late Roman city life in the region.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia II) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same test that admitted Morizos and Sauadia. Unlocated: the point is a placeholder.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos 641-642 (Macedonia II: Stobi, Argos, Eustrateia, Pelagonia, Bargala, Keleneidion, Harmonia, Zapara) (unchecked: the exact order)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macedoine a l'epoque romaine (1988) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 46,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s131",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Keleneidion",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; a city of the late Roman province of Macedonia II, which covered the middle Axios (Vardar) valley and Pelagonia; the point is a placeholder in that region and marks no known site",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (the late Roman province of Macedonia II)",
   "lat": 41.45,
   "lon": 22.12,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known only as a city of the province of Macedonia II in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527). The province lay south of the Latin-Greek language line and its cities used Greek (Stobi, Bargala); the town's origin and earlier history are unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the late Roman province of Macedonia II, under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name. The cities of the upper Axios valley were overrun in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.; Stobi, the provincial capital, was largely abandoned by about 600.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list; the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c. ended late Roman city life in the region.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia II) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same test that admitted Morizos and Sauadia. Unlocated: the point is a placeholder. The Greek form of the name in the manuscripts (Kellenidion or Keleneidion) was not checked.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos 641-642 (Macedonia II: Stobi, Argos, Eustrateia, Pelagonia, Bargala, Keleneidion, Harmonia, Zapara) (unchecked: the exact order)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macedoine a l'epoque romaine (1988) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 47,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s133",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Zapara",
   "greek": "Ζάπαρα",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; a city of the late Roman province of Macedonia II, which covered the middle Axios (Vardar) valley and Pelagonia; the point is a placeholder in that region and marks no known site",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Paeonia (the late Roman province of Macedonia II)",
   "lat": 41.62,
   "lon": 22.3,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "494639",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known only as a city of the province of Macedonia II in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527). The province lay south of the Latin-Greek language line and its cities used Greek (Stobi, Bargala); the town's origin and earlier history are unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the late Roman province of Macedonia II, under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name. The cities of the upper Axios valley were overrun in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.; Stobi, the provincial capital, was largely abandoned by about 600.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list; the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c. ended late Roman city life in the region.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Macedonia II) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same test that admitted Morizos and Sauadia. Unlocated: the point is a placeholder.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos 641-642 (Macedonia II: Stobi, Argos, Eustrateia, Pelagonia, Bargala, Keleneidion, Harmonia, Zapara) (unchecked: the exact order)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macedoine a l'epoque romaine (1988) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 48,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1770 – c. 1913",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s123",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Krushovo (Kruševo)",
   "greek": "Κρούσοβο",
   "other_names": "Kruševo (Macedonian, Крушево); Crushuva (Aromanian) (unchecked); Kruşova (Ottoman Turkish) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "Kruševo",
   "modern_native": "Крушево",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Kruševo, a mountain town north-west of Prilep",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Pelagonia Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Kruševo Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (Ottoman vilayet of Monastir)",
   "lat": 41.37,
   "lon": 21.2486,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1770,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     1770,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town grew in the 18th c. with Aromanian settlers and Orthodox Albanian refugees from the Moscopole region, Vithkuq and Opar after 1769 (Koukoudis 2003; Zografski 1986) (unchecked: the date).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Serbian rule from 1912-1913 (Treaty of Bucharest, August 1913) ended the Patriarchist community as a Greek community: the Greek schools and the Greek-led church organisation of the town ceased (unchecked), and Greek-identifying families left for Greece in 1913-1925 (unchecked). Aromanian is still spoken in the town (21% in 2021), and has official status there.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1925
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek schools beside a Bulgarian municipality and school (1860s) and a Romanian school (1868 or 1876); Kanchov 1900; the Krushevo Republic of August 1903, whose council had members from each of the town's three groups.",
   "ended_by": "In August 1903 the insurgents of the Ilinden rising killed five Patriarchists as alleged Ottoman spies, and the Ottoman army, putting down the rising, almost completely destroyed the town, with atrocities against its Aromanian and Patriarchist people; it was rebuilt. Serbian rule from 1912-1913 ended Greek schooling (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Slavic and Aromanian mountain town",
   "founder": "Aromanian and Orthodox Albanian settlers from southern Albania",
   "founder_group": "Greek settlers (window B)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Kanchov (1900): 4,950 Bulgarians, 4,000 Vlachs and 400 Christian Albanians; the Bulgarian teacher Nikola Kirov, a native, held that most of the Aromanians and the Orthodox Albanians were Patriarchists (Brown 2018), so they were at least two-fifths of the town; in 1903 the town was split between Exarchists and Patriarchists, and the Patriarchists were its largest community (Wikipedia, Krusevo Republic, after Brown 2003 and Diana 2009).",
   "home_language": "Aromanian; Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects); Albanian (a few families)",
   "greek_speech": "The schooled and the merchants: the town's Patriarchists had Greek schools and church, and the merchant families used Greek in trade; at home they spoke Aromanian, and few of the Orthodox Albanians still spoke Albanian (Koukoudis 2003).",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "A count by language (Kanchov 1900) with a statement of church party (Kirov, in Brown 2018); no count by church party was found.",
   "status_evidence": "A town of the kaza of Kruševo (unchecked); Kanchov 1900; the town government of the Krushevo Republic (1903).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Counted under the consistent standard as uncertain: its Patriarchists were mainly Aromanian-speaking Patriarchists; part of the Aromanians followed the Romanian national movement.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic",
    "Kanchov 1900, p. 240",
    "Brown 2018, p. 202",
    "Koukoudis 2003, p. 355"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 49,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1870 – c. 1913",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s126",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Doirani (Dojran)",
   "greek": "Δοϊράνη",
   "other_names": "Dojran (Macedonian, Дојран); Doyran (Ottoman Turkish); Star Dojran (the old town today)",
   "modern": "Star Dojran",
   "modern_native": "Стар Дојран",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Star Dojran, on the western shore of Lake Dojran",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southeastern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Dojran Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (Ottoman vilayet of Salonica)",
   "lat": 41.1806,
   "lon": 22.7231,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1870,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     1870,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town's Orthodox divided between the Patriarchate and the Exarchate after 1870; the first count is Synvet's of 1878.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Serbian rule from 1912-1913 (Treaty of Bucharest, August 1913) ended the Patriarchist community as a Greek community: the Greek schools and the Greek-led church organisation of the town ceased (unchecked), and Greek-identifying families left for Greece in 1913-1925 (unchecked). The old town was emptied and destroyed in the Doiran battles of 1916-1918.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1918
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Synvet 1878; Kanchov 1900; Brancoff 1905; Brailsford 1906.",
   "ended_by": "Serbian rule from 1913; the Allied and Bulgarian armies fought over the town in 1916-1918 and its people were forced out by the bombardment.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Slavic and Turkish town",
   "founder": "Patriarchist townspeople",
   "founder_group": "Greek settlers (window B)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects); Turkish",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Synvet (1878, Greek, by church): 3,600 Greeks; Brancoff (1905, Bulgarian): 2,072 Exarchists, 1,040 Patriarchists and 160 Serbian Patriarchists; Kanchov (1900): 4,000 Bulgarians, 2,300 Turks, 160 Jews and 320 Roma; Brailsford (1906): half the town Greek in politics.",
   "home_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects)",
   "greek_speech": "Hardly any: Brailsford (1906) wrote that half the town was Greek in politics though no word of Greek was spoken in it; Greek was the language of the Patriarchist school and church only.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "Counts by church party alone; Brailsford's description shows that they did not speak Greek.",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman kaza seat (unchecked); counts by church party (Synvet 1878; Brancoff 1905) and by language (Kanchov 1900).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The weakest of the Macedonian towns admitted: the Patriarchists were most of the Christians in 1878 (Synvet) and half the town in politics in 1906 (Brailsford), but only about 15-20% of the town on Brancoff's and Kanchov's Bulgarian figures. They were Slavic-speaking Patriarchists.",
   "sources": [
    "Synvet 1878",
    "Kanchov 1900",
    "Brancoff 1905",
    "Brailsford, Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future (1906)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojran"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 50,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1870 – c. 1913",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s124",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Resna (Resen)",
   "greek": "Ρέσνα",
   "other_names": "Resen (Macedonian, Ресен); Resne (Ottoman Turkish)",
   "modern": "Resen",
   "modern_native": "Ресен",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Resen, north of Lake Prespa",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Pelagonia Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Resen Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (Ottoman vilayet of Monastir)",
   "lat": 41.0893,
   "lon": 21.0109,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1870,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     1870,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town's Orthodox divided between the Patriarchate and the Bulgarian Exarchate after 1870; the first count is of 1886 (Shinas).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Serbian rule from 1912-1913 (Treaty of Bucharest, August 1913) ended the Patriarchist community as a Greek community: the Greek schools and the Greek-led church organisation of the town ceased (unchecked), and Greek-identifying families left for Greece in 1913-1925 (unchecked). ",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1925
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Shinas 1886; Gopčević 1889; Kanchov 1900; Brancoff 1905; Andreadis and Haliopoulos 1910; Evangelidis 1913 (all via Papastathis 1974).",
   "ended_by": "Serbian rule from 1912-1913 (unchecked: its acts).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Slavic town with a Muslim quarter",
   "founder": "Patriarchist townspeople",
   "founder_group": "Greek settlers (window B)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects); Turkish and Albanian (the Muslims)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Brancoff (1905, Bulgarian): 4,388 Christians, of whom 2,096 Exarchists, 1,296 Slavic-speaking Patriarchists, 696 Christian Albanians and 300 Vlachs; Greek writers: 3,000 Greeks of 7,500 (Arvanitis) and 3,750 of 7,500 (Evangelidis 1913).",
   "home_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects); Albanian; Aromanian",
   "greek_speech": "Few: Greek was the language of the Patriarchists' two schools (Brancoff 1905) and church; no Greek-speaking group of size is recorded.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "Counts by church party alone (Brancoff 1905; the Greek counts of Arvanitis and Evangelidis).",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman kaza seat; competing counts by church party and nationality (Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Counted as uncertain: on the Bulgarian figures the Patriarchists (Slavic-speaking Patriarchists, with Orthodox Albanians and some Aromanians) were about half the Christians and roughly two-fifths of the town; Greek writers made them 40-50%. None of them spoke Greek at home.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resen,_North_Macedonia",
    "Brancoff 1905, p. 168",
    "Papastathis 1974"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 51,
   "list_group": "North Macedonia",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1873 – c. 1913",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s125",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Gevgeli (Gevgelija)",
   "greek": "Γευγελή",
   "other_names": "Gevgelija (Macedonian, Гевгелија); Gevgeli (Ottoman Turkish); Γευγελή (Greek)",
   "modern": "Gevgelija",
   "modern_native": "Гевгелија",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Gevgelija, on the Vardar at the Greek border",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Southeastern Statistical Region",
   "admin2": "Gevgelija Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (Ottoman vilayet of Salonica)",
   "lat": 41.1392,
   "lon": 22.5025,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1873,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     1873,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The town grew after the Salonica-Skopje railway (1873) (unchecked); the first count of its Patriarchists is Synvet's of 1878.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Serbian rule from 1912-1913 (Treaty of Bucharest, August 1913) ended the Patriarchist community as a Greek community: the Greek schools and the Greek-led church organisation of the town ceased (unchecked), and Greek-identifying families left for Greece in 1913-1925 (unchecked). ",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1925
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Synvet 1878; Brancoff 1905.",
   "ended_by": "The Greek army took the town in 1912 but left it to Serbia, keeping Florina, and the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) confirmed Serbian rule (TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi, Gevgili); no named act against the Patriarchists has been checked (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Slavic town",
   "founder": "Patriarchist townspeople",
   "founder_group": "Greek settlers (window B)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Synvet (1878, a Greek count by church): 255 Greek and 35 Bulgarian Christian families, with four Greek schools; for 1900 about 4,200 people, 3,000 Christian Bulgarians, 1,055 Turkish-speaking Muslims and 120 Christian Vlachs (TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi, Gevgili); Brancoff (1905, Bulgarian): 4,375 Christians, of whom 2,240 Patriarchists, 1,840 Exarchists, 80 Serbian Patriarchists, 72 Megleno-Romanians and 15 Greeks. The Patriarchists were thus about two-fifths of the town.",
   "home_language": "Slavic (Macedonian Bulgarian dialects); Megleno-Romanian (a few)",
   "greek_speech": "Few: Brancoff counted 15 Greeks by language in 1905; Greek was the language of the four Greek schools (1878) and of the church.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "Counts by church party alone (Synvet 1878, Greek; Brancoff 1905, Bulgarian).",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman kaza seat (unchecked); counts by church party (Synvet 1878; Brancoff 1905).",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Counted as uncertain: the Patriarchists, Slavic-speaking townspeople, were most of the Christians in 1878 and about half of them, some two-fifths of the town, in 1905.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevgelija",
    "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/gevgili",
    "Synvet 1878, p. 50",
    "Brancoff 1905, p. 194"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 52,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. AD 500",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s045",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Heraclea Sintica",
   "greek": "Ἡράκλεια Σιντική",
   "other_names": "Herakleia Sintike; Heraclea Strymonica? (an ancient alternative name) (unchecked)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Хераклея Синтика",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Kozhuh hill by the village of Rupite, near Petrich, on the Struma",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Blagoevgrad Province",
   "admin2": "Petrich Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (Sintike)",
   "lat": 41.4597,
   "lon": 23.2625,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "491616",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": 500,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     500
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Philip II of Macedon between 356 and 339 BC, with Macedonians from Heraclea in Mygdonia (Wikipedia). The site at Rupite was identified by G. Mitrev from an inscription found in 2002.",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Macedonian and then Roman city (coins under Trajan or Hadrian). In 308 Galerius and Maximinus answered the Heracleans' request to recover the city's lost rights (the Rupite inscription). An earthquake about 425 destroyed much of it; small groups lived in the ruins after 457, and by about 500 there was no permanent settlement.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    457,
    500
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins (c. 101-138); the letter of Galerius (308, in Latin); civic basilica destroyed c. 425; no habitation after c. 500 (Wikipedia, Heraclea Sintica).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: an earthquake about 425 and floods of the Strumeshnitsa, then abandonment by about 500.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Philip II of Macedon",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: a polis with civic coins; the Rupite letter restoring its civic rights (308).",
   "status_evidence": "Polis of Macedonian Sintike; civic coins (2nd c.); civic rights restored in 308 (Rupite inscription)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The inscriptions of the city show few Thracian names (Wikipedia). IACP number not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 491616",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 53,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "342 BC – c. 1939",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s039",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Philippopolis",
   "greek": "Φιλιππούπολις",
   "other_names": "Eumolpias (an earlier name in Ammianus 27.4.12) (unchecked); Pulpudeva (Thracian form of Philippopolis); Trimontium (Latin, 'three hills'); Filibe (Ottoman Turkish); Plovdiv, Пловдив (Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Plovdiv",
   "modern_native": "Пловдив",
   "population": 319612,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The three hills of the old town (Nebet Tepe, Dzhambaz Tepe, Taksim Tepe) and the Roman city below them, Plovdiv",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Plovdiv Province",
   "admin2": "Plovdiv",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.1456,
   "lon": 24.7495,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216927",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -342,
   "greek_until": 1939,
   "phases": [
    [
     -342,
     1939
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Philip II of Macedon took the Thracian town on the hills in 342/341 BC and refounded it under his own name with Macedonian and other settlers (Theopompus' story of 2,000 'wicked men' settled there, 'Poneropolis', is hostile) (unchecked). Under Rome it was a Greek polis with boule and demos, the metropolis of the province of Thrace (from 46 AD) and seat of the Thracian koinon, with Greek civic coins to the 3rd c.",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Macedonian and Odrysian (4th-1st c. BC), Roman (46 AD), the emperors in Constantinople (with Bulgarian rule in 812-813?, 834/836-c. 970, 1205-1208 (raid), from the later 1220s under Ivan Asen II to the 1240s or 1263 (Wikipedia, 'History of Plovdiv', gives 1225-1229 for the Bulgarian conquest and 1263 for the recovery by Constantinople; others date the conquest after Ivan Asen's victory at Klokotnitsa in 1230 (unchecked)), and 1322-1323) (unchecked), Latin (1204-1205), Ottoman from 1363/1364 (Lala Shahin), Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885, Bulgaria from 1885. Speech: the town remained Greek-speaking through the Roman and medieval periods despite sackings and flights (the Goths under Cniva, 250/251; the Huns, 441-447; the flight of its people in 812 after Krum took Develtos; Sviatoslav of Kiev, 969-970; Kaloyan, 1205) (unchecked). Under the Ottomans a Greek community lived on in the old town round the metropolis of Philippopolis, with eight Greek schools in 1880 and the Zariphios school (1875); by the counts of 1878-1900 it was a minority of 9-20% of the town. The anti-Greek movement of 1906 took the Greek churches and schools and the Greek metropolitan left; most Greeks left under the Greek-Bulgarian emigration agreements of 1919-1927: 3,908 Greeks in 1900, 1,571 in 1910, 549 in 1926, 340 in 1934 and about 200 in 1939. No organised community is reported after the Second World War (unchecked), so the end is placed at the last count. Continuity through the Bulgarian periods of the 9th and 13th c. is assumed, not shown.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1939,
    1950
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek civic coins to Gallienus and Greek inscriptions of residents (IGBulg III.1) (unchecked); Greek bishops and metropolitans from the 4th c.; 812: the townspeople flee after the fall of Develtos (Theophanes; Hupchick 2017); in 1246 the people of Melnik called themselves Romans 'from Philippopolis' (Akropolites 44) (unchecked); Greeks in the town: 4,781 of 24,053 (19.9%, count of the Russian provisional administration, 1878); 5,497 of 33,442 (16.4%, Eastern Rumelian census of 1884; whether it counted by nationality or mother tongue is not stated by the source); 3,930 of 33,032 (11.9%, Bulgarian census of 1887); 3,906 (10.8%, 1892); 3,908 of 43,033 (9.1%, 1900); 1,571 (3.3%, 1910); 1,071 (1.7%, 1920); 549 (0.6%, 1926); 340 (0.3%, 1934); about 200 (1939) (Bulgarian censuses, via Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv'). Another estimate puts the Greeks at about a quarter of some 33,500 people in 1878 (Wikipedia, 'History of Plovdiv'). 1880: eight Greek schools; 1906: Greek schools and churches taken. Greeks in all Bulgaria (census): 58,326 (1887), 70,887 (1900), 69,761 (1905), 50,886 (1910), 46,759 (1920), 10,564 (1926).",
   "ended_by": "The Goths under Cniva sacked the city in 250/251 (Ammianus 31.5.17) (unchecked); its people abandoned it in 812 after the Bulgarian khan Krum took Develtos (Theophanes AM 6304; Hupchick 2017), and it was reoccupied; Sviatoslav of Kiev took it in 969-970 and, according to Leo the Deacon, impaled 20,000 of its people (unchecked); Kaloyan of Bulgaria took it in 1205, put its Greek leader Alexios Aspietes to death and razed the walls (Villehardouin; Choniates) (unchecked), had its leading burghers killed and took the common people in chains to Vlachia (Wikipedia, 'Kaloyan of Bulgaria'); in 1906 the Bulgarian anti-Greek movement seized the Greek churches and schools of Plovdiv (Ploumidis 2016; Lyberatos 2013) (unchecked); the Greeks then left under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on voluntary emigration signed at Neuilly (27 November 1919) and the agreements of 1924 and 1927.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Philip II of Macedon (342/341 BC)",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Restored after the Gothic sack of 250/251; rebuilt by the emperors in Constantinople after 970 (unchecked)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "A Thracian hill town existed before Philip (archaeology on Nebet Tepe). Its Thracian name is not known from non-Greek sources; Pulpudeva is the Thracian rendering of Philippopolis, and Eumolpias is a name given only by Greek and Latin writers.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Thracian, then Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "Thracian was probably spoken beside Greek in the Hellenistic and early Roman town (it passed between Macedonian and Odrysian rule) (unchecked); in the Middle Ages the Greek-speaking townspeople lived beside Armenians, Paulicians and Bulgarians. Under the Ottomans the town's languages were Turkish, Bulgarian and Greek. Its Greek community was made up of Greek-speaking families, settlers from Stenimachos (the Langeri) and townspeople of Bulgarian origin who had joined it and spoke Bulgarian at home (the gudila). In one survey of the central quarters in the mid-19th c. (Genchev; Lyberatos), gudila were about a quarter to over a third of the households and the Langeri about a tenth, against a third to two-fifths Bulgarians; town-wide, the Greeks were 19.9% in 1878 (count of the Russian provisional administration, by nationality; 25% in another, unsourced estimate), 16.4% in 1884 and 11.9% in 1887, falling as many gudila came to count themselves Bulgarians and some Greeks left (unchecked: the causes). So the Greek community was about a quarter of the town around 1878 and probably more before the Exarchate split, but no town-wide count before 1878 was found.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Greek; Slavic (Bulgarian) among the Hellenized townspeople of Bulgarian origin (the gudila), 18th-19th c.",
   "greek_speech": "The old Greek families and the settlers from Stenimachos (the Langeri) spoke Greek at home; the gudila, townspeople of Bulgarian origin who had joined the Greek community, spoke Bulgarian at home and used Greek in church, school, writing and trade, some of them fluently (unchecked: the balance between the two languages in their homes); no count of the town by language exists before 1880.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions (boule, demos, Greek civic coins, the Pythian games); later a Greek community counted in the censuses.",
   "status_evidence": "Royal foundation of Philip II; Greek polis under Rome (boule, demos, Greek civic coins; metropolis of Thrace; the Alexandrian Pythian games); bishopric and metropolis of the Greek church; Greek community with its own schools to 1906",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "One continuous record from Philip II to the end of the Greek community. Under the Ottomans and in Eastern Rumelia the Greek community, counting the Bulgarian-speaking gudila who belonged to it, was about a fifth to a quarter of the town in 1878 (19.9% in the Russian count; 25% in an unsourced estimate) and probably more in the decades before the Exarchate split of 1870; it fell to 16.4% in 1884 and 9% by 1900. The Ottoman-period community is a minority or bilingual phase of this record, not a separate later-window city. Whether the counts of 1878 and 1884 put the gudila with the Greeks or the Bulgarians is not stated; the Eastern Rumelian census of 1880 by mother tongue was not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 216927",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Plovdiv",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria",
    "S. Ploumidis, Ethnic Symbiosis in the Balkans: Greeks and Bulgarians in Plovdiv (1878-1906) (2016): https://theisispress.org/b1153-ethnic-symbiosis-in-the-balkans-greeks-and-bulgarians-in-plovdiv-1878-1906.html",
    "Mihailov, IGBulg III.1 (1961) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 54,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "341 BC – c. AD 587",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s035",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Kabyle",
   "greek": "Καβύλη",
   "other_names": "Cabyle, Cabile (Latin); Kabile, Кабиле (the modern village)",
   "modern": "Kabile",
   "modern_native": "Кабиле",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Zaychi Vrah hill and the plain below it, by the village of Kabile, about 9 km north-west of Yambol",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Yambol Province",
   "admin2": "Yambol Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.5502,
   "lon": 26.4833,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216859",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -341,
   "greek_until": 587,
   "phases": [
    [
     -341,
     587
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Philip II took and refounded the Thracian town in 342/341 BC and settled colonists there (Demosthenes 8.44) (unchecked); Kabyle was Macedonian under Alexander and Lysimachus to 280 BC, for a short time under the Celtic king Cavarus, then an Odrysian royal residence (Spartokos) with a Greek-style agora and civic coins.",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Marcus Lucullus took the town in 71 BC; under Rome it was a garrison post (cohors II Lucensium, 136-192 AD) with a small civilian town, and in late antiquity a bishopric with a large basilica (340s). The Goths under Fritigern seized it in 378, and the Avars destroyed it in about 587. A Greek-speaking civic community is clear for the Hellenistic town; for the Roman and late Roman town it is likely but not shown, hence the range.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -71,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΚΑΒΥΛΗΣ (3rd c. BC) (unchecked); SEG 42.661 (c. 300/280 BC); Roman garrison inscriptions (cohors II Lucensium, 136-192); bishop's basilica (340s, enlarged in the early 5th c.); Gothic capture 378; Avar destruction c. 587; the basilica partly rebuilt and abandoned in the early 7th c. (Wikipedia, 'Kabile').",
   "ended_by": "The Goths under Fritigern took Kabyle in 378; the Avars destroyed it in about 587 (Wikipedia, Kabile; the khagan Bayan's campaign of 586-587 is likely but the source does not name him).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Thracian town refounded by Philip II",
   "founder": "Philip II of Macedon (refoundation of a Thracian town, 342/341 BC)",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "An Early Iron Age Thracian settlement (10th-6th c. BC pottery) and a town before Philip; its name, Kabyle, is pre-Greek but known only from Greek and Latin sources.",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Bulgarian (revival)",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Thracian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Civic bronze coins with the Greek legend ΚΑΒΥΛΗΣ (3rd c. BC) (unchecked); the Seuthopolis oath of c. 300/280 BC orders a copy to be set up 'at Kabyle in the Phosphorion and in the agora by the altar of Apollo' (SEG 42.661), showing a Greek-style agora and civic cults; a Thracian population and Odrysian kings (Spartokos) in the town.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: civic coins ΚΑΒΥΛΗΣ (unchecked) and Demosthenes 8.44 on Philip's settlers there; the agora named in the royal oath is a court text.",
   "status_evidence": "Civic coins ΚΑΒΥΛΗΣ (unchecked); agora and civic cults in SEG 42.661; Philip's colony (Demosthenes 8.44) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Both a royal Macedonian foundation and an Odrysian royal seat; Thracian was surely spoken beside Greek. Greek speech in the Roman garrison town is assumed, not shown.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 216859",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabile",
    "SEG 42.661: https://www.attalus.org/docs/seg/s42_661.html"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 55,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. 320 BC – c. 250 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s034",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Seuthopolis",
   "greek": "Σευθόπολις",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Севтополис",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Under the Koprinka reservoir on the Tundzha, about 7 km west of Kazanlak",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Stara Zagora Province",
   "admin2": "Kazanlak Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.6123,
   "lon": 25.3629,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216981",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -320,
   "greek_until": -250,
   "phases": [
    [
     -320,
     -250
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by the Odrysian king Seuthes III c. 320-315 BC as his royal city, on a regular Greek plan (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Abandoned in the first half of the 3rd c. BC, after a fire; the site was never re-occupied as a town (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    -281,
    -250
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "SEG 42.661 (c. 300/280 BC); coins of Seuthes III and Lysimachus in the houses; end of occupation in the 3rd c. BC (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town burned and was abandoned in the 3rd c. BC; a link with the Celtic invasion of 279 BC is a conjecture.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Thracian royal city",
   "founder": "Seuthes III, king of the Odrysians",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Thracian",
   "bilingual_evidence": "The 'Great Inscription' (SEG 42.661, c. 300/280 BC), a Greek oath of Seuthes III's widow Berenike and her sons, to be set up 'at Seuthopolis in the temple of the Great Gods and in the agora by the altar in the temple of Dionysos'; Greek graffiti on pottery and Greek amphora stamps from the houses (unchecked); a Greek-style grid plan and agora.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Greek graffiti of residents on pottery (unchecked); the Great Inscription is a text of the royal court, which does not count.",
   "status_evidence": "Called a -polis by its name; agora and city sanctuaries named in SEG 42.661",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "A small (about 5 ha) fortified royal residence. Greek was the written language of Seuthes' court; whether Greek was spoken by a share of the residents (traders, craftsmen) rather than only at court is the close call. Admitted under the rule of inclusion, as uncertain.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 216981",
    "SEG 42.661: https://www.attalus.org/docs/seg/s42_661.html",
    "Archibald, The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace (1998) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 56,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 50 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s043",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Parthicopolis",
   "greek": "Παροικόπολις; Παρθικόπολις",
   "other_names": "Paroikopolis (Pliny, Ptolemy) (unchecked); Sveti Vrach (Ottoman and Bulgarian, to 1949); Sandanski, Сандански",
   "modern": "Sandanski",
   "modern_native": "Сандански",
   "population": 23844,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Under the centre of Sandanski (late Roman walls, basilicas)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Blagoevgrad Province",
   "admin2": "Sandanski Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (Sintike)",
   "lat": 41.5611,
   "lon": 23.2778,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "491683",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 50,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     50,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Named as Paroikopolis, a town of the Sintians, in Pliny (NH 4.35) and Ptolemy (3.12) (unchecked); renamed Parthicopolis in the 2nd c., probably after Trajan's Parthian war (unchecked); Greek inscriptions of the 2nd-6th c.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "A Greek-speaking town of the province of Macedonia with bishops in late antiquity. It declined in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c.; the later village of Sveti Vrach on the site was Slavic-speaking (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek inscriptions (2nd-6th c.); early Christian basilicas; bishops of Parthicopolis (5th-6th c.) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town faded in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: Greek inscriptions of residents (unchecked) and a city of Hierocles' Macedonia (unchecked); rung 1 if the civic inscriptions are confirmed.",
   "status_evidence": "Pliny NH 4.35 and Ptolemy 3.12 (unchecked); Greek civic inscriptions (unchecked); bishopric",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "A city of the Roman province of Macedonia, south of the language line.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 491683",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macedoine a l'epoque romaine (1988) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 57,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 102 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s032",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Nicopolis ad Istrum",
   "greek": "Νικόπολις ἡ πρὸς Ἴστρον",
   "other_names": "Ulpia Nicopolis ad Istrum; Nikyup, Никюп (the village)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Никополис ад Иструм",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "By the village of Nikyup, about 20 km north of Veliko Tarnovo, on the Rositsa",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Veliko Tarnovo Province",
   "admin2": "Veliko Tarnovo Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia (Moesia Inferior)",
   "lat": 43.2176,
   "lon": 25.612,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216895",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 102,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     102,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Trajan about 102-106 after the Dacian war, with Greek civic institutions and coinage (Ammianus 31.5.16 names Trajan as founder) (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Sacked by the Costoboci (170-171) and destroyed by the Huns (447); a smaller fortress was built against its south wall in the mid-5th c. It was destroyed in the Avar and Slav wars (late 6th or 7th c.); a small Bulgarian settlement of the 9th-14th c. rose on the ruins.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    586,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek civic coins to Gordian III (unchecked); Greek altar inscription (found 2018); bishops Marcellus (451) and Amantius (518); destruction by the Avars and Slavs.",
   "ended_by": "The Huns under Attila destroyed the city in 447; the Avars and Slavs destroyed the late fortress (late 6th-7th c.) (Wikipedia, Nicopolis ad Istrum).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Greek-style city founded by Trajan in Latin-speaking Moesia",
   "founder": "Trajan",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "no known",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Latin (and Thracian)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Greek was the town's official language (honorific inscriptions, civic coins with Greek legends, a bouleuterion); Latin was common in private votives and dominated the funerary inscriptions; the territory around it was strongly Latin (LEIZA summary of the epigraphy).",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions (honorific decrees of the boule and demos, bouleuterion, Greek civic coins); Latin nearly equal in votives and dominant in epitaphs, hence bilingual.",
   "status_evidence": "Greek civic coins and honorific inscriptions; bouleuterion; bishopric",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "A Greek-speaking city north of the language line, with Latin widely used by its residents; hence bilingual.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 216895",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopolis_ad_Istrum",
    "https://www1.leiza.de/transformation/bulgaria/griecheninbulgarien/griechenbulgarienviiien.htm"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 58,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 106 – c. AD 812",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s037",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Augusta Traiana (Beroe)",
   "greek": "Αὐγοῦστα Τραϊανή; Βερόη",
   "other_names": "Beroe (late Roman and medieval); Irenopolis (after the empress Irene, 784); Boruy (medieval Bulgarian); Eski Zağra (Ottoman); Stara Zagora, Стара Загора",
   "modern": "Stara Zagora",
   "modern_native": "Стара Загора",
   "population": 122536,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The Roman forum and city under central Stara Zagora",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Stara Zagora Province",
   "admin2": "Stara Zagora",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.4254,
   "lon": 25.6249,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216731",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 106,
   "greek_until": 812,
   "phases": [
    [
     106,
     812
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded or raised to city status by Trajan as Augusta Traiana, in Thrace; Greek civic coins with the legend ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΗΣ ΤΡΑΙΑΝΗΣ (Marcus Aurelius to Gallienus) and Greek civic inscriptions (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Greek-speaking city of Roman Thrace, called Beroe from late antiquity, with bishops. The Goths defeated Decius near it in 250 (unchecked). It was destroyed at the end of the 6th c. and rebuilt (Wikipedia, 'Stara Zagora'); the empress Irene rebuilt it as Irenopolis in 784 (Theophanes) (unchecked). In 812, after the Bulgarian khan Krum took Develtos, its people abandoned the town, as did those of Anchialus, Markellai and Philippopolis (Theophanes; Hupchick 2017). It then changed hands between Constantinople and the Bulgarians many times (the Bulgarian Boruy; imperial again in 1018-c. 1190s, when a garrison and a see are known and John II defeated the Pechenegs near it in 1122 (unchecked)) and fell to the Ottomans c. 1371. No Greek-speaking townspeople are shown after 812, so the phase ends there; a return under Constantinople in the 11th-12th c. is possible but not shown.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    812
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek coins to Gallienus; Greek inscriptions (IGBulg III.2) (unchecked); bishops of Beroe (5th-9th c.) (unchecked); Irene's refoundation of 784 (unchecked); flight of the townspeople in 812 (Theophanes; Hupchick 2017); battle near Beroe against the Pechenegs, 1122 (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "In 812, after the Bulgarian khan Krum took Develtos, the people of Beroe abandoned their town without a fight (Theophanes AM 6304; Hupchick 2017). No later act is recorded because no Greek-speaking townspeople are shown afterwards.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Trajan",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "The empress Irene (784, as Irenopolis) (unchecked)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Beroe is probably a Thracian name; it appears only in Greek and Latin sources.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "Thracian was probably spoken beside Greek in the 2nd-3rd c. (unchecked); Greek and Slavic in the Middle Ages (the town changed hands between Constantinople and Bulgaria).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: Greek civic coins and inscriptions of the boule and demos (IGBulg III,2).",
   "status_evidence": "Greek civic coins; Greek civic inscriptions (unchecked); bishopric",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The ancient Greek city is secure; its medieval end is not. Medieval Beroe (Irenopolis; Bulgarian Boruy) is this same record; no evidence was found that Greek remained a main language of the town to the Ottoman conquest (c. 1371).",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 216731",
    "Mihailov, IGBulg III.2 (1964) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 59,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 106 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s042",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Nicopolis ad Nestum",
   "greek": "Νικόπολις ἡ πρὸς Νέστον",
   "other_names": "Ulpia Nicopolis ad Mestum",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Никополис ад Нестум",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Between the villages of Garmen and Gospodintsi, on the Mesta, near Gotse Delchev",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Blagoevgrad Province",
   "admin2": "Garmen Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.5962,
   "lon": 23.7958,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501525",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 106,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     106,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Trajan after his Dacian victory (c. 106); Greek civic coins (Ulpia Nikopolis pros Mesto) (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Greek-speaking city of Roman Thrace and then of Rhodope, with bishops, at its height in the 4th-6th c. The Slavs destroyed it in the 6th-7th c. (Wikipedia). A medieval settlement grew again on the site from the late 10th c., with a fortress and a see (unchecked), but no Greek-speaking townspeople are shown there, so it does not make a second phase.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek coins (2nd-3rd c.) (unchecked); Greek inscriptions; bishops of Nicopolis (5th-9th c.?) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "Destroyed by the Slavs in the 6th-7th c. (Wikipedia, 'Nicopolis ad Nestum'); no leader or year is recorded.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Trajan",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: civic coins with a Greek ethnic (ΟΥΛΠΙΑΣ ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ (unchecked)) and a city of Hierocles' Rhodope.",
   "status_evidence": "Greek civic coins (unchecked); bishopric",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The end of Greek speech is a guess within several centuries.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 501525"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 60,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 106 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s038",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Pautalia",
   "greek": "Παυταλία",
   "other_names": "Ulpia Pautalia (Trajan); Velbazhd, Велбъжд (medieval Bulgarian and Serbian); Köstendil (Ottoman); Kyustendil, Кюстендил",
   "modern": "Kyustendil",
   "modern_native": "Кюстендил",
   "population": 35100,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Hisarlaka hill and the Roman baths (Asklepieion) in Kyustendil",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Kyustendil Province",
   "admin2": "Kyustendil",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (from the 3rd c. Dacia Mediterranea)",
   "lat": 42.2747,
   "lon": 22.6915,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "481949",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 106,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     106,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Thracian settlement at the hot springs, organised as a city by Trajan (Ulpia Pautalia); its coins with Greek legends (ΟΥΛΠΙΑΣ ΠΑΥΤΑΛΙΑΣ) run from Hadrian or Antoninus Pius to Caracalla (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Greek-speaking city of the province of Thrace, with a bishop in late antiquity. It declined in the Slav and Avar invasions of the late 6th c.; the medieval town of Velbazhd on the site was Bulgarian and then Serbian, and the Ottomans took it in the 1370s-1390s (unchecked). No Greek-speaking community is attested after late antiquity.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    553,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek civic coins (2nd-3rd c.); Greek inscriptions (IGBulg IV) (unchecked); bishops of Pautalia at the councils of 343 and later (unchecked); the late fortress on Hisarlaka (second half of the 4th c., repaired in the 5th-6th c., last under Justinian); last mention of Pautalia, 553 (Wikipedia, 'Pautalia').",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the city faded during the Slav and Avar invasions of the late 6th c.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Trajan (city status, Ulpia Pautalia)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "Thracian was probably still spoken in the town and its territory in the 2nd-3rd c. (Thracian names are common in its Greek inscriptions) (unchecked); Latin spread after it passed to Dacia Mediterranea.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: Greek civic coins and inscriptions of the boule and demos (IGBulg IV) (unchecked: the inscriptions).",
   "status_evidence": "Greek civic coins; Greek civic inscriptions (unchecked); bishopric",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "South of the language line in Roman Thrace; Latin grew after the 3rd c. reorganisation, but the city's own coins and civic texts are Greek.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 481949",
    "Mihailov, IGBulg IV (1966) (unchecked)",
    "https://www1.leiza.de/transformation/bulgaria/griecheninbulgarien/griechenbulgarienviiien.htm"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 61,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 106 – c. AD 809",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s033",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Serdica",
   "greek": "Σερδική",
   "other_names": "Ulpia Serdica (Trajan); Sardica; Triaditza, Τριάδιτζα (Greek, 11th-12th c.); Sredets (Bulgarian); Sofya (Ottoman); Sofia, София",
   "modern": "Sofia",
   "modern_native": "София",
   "population": 1183454,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The Roman city under central Sofia (the Serdica complex, the Largo, St George rotunda)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Sofia City Province",
   "admin2": "Sofia",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (from c. 271-275 Dacia Mediterranea)",
   "lat": 42.6975,
   "lon": 23.3225,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "207439",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 106,
   "greek_until": 809,
   "phases": [
    [
     106,
     809
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Trajan made the Thracian settlement of the Serdi a city, Ulpia Serdica (early 2nd c.); it lay in the province of Thrace, whose cities used Greek, and struck Greek civic coins from the 2nd c. to Gallienus (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Serdica was sacked by the Huns (441-447) and rebuilt by Justinian; Slavs settled the plains around it from the late 6th c., while the city stayed under Constantinople. In 809 the Bulgarian khan Krum took it and killed its garrison; it became the Bulgarian town of Sredets. Under Constantinople again in 1018-c. 1190s it was called Triaditza and had Greek-speaking bishops and governors, but a Greek-speaking townspeople after 809 is not shown. Ottoman from c. 1382-1385.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    809
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek coins to Gallienus (253-268) (unchecked); the council of Serdica (343) held in Greek and Latin; Greek and Latin late Roman inscriptions; Krum's capture of 809 (Theophanes AM 6301) (unchecked); bishops of Triaditza under the archbishopric of Ohrid (11th-12th c.) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "The Huns under Attila took Serdica in 441-447 (Priscus) (unchecked); the Bulgarian khan Krum took it in spring 809 and killed 6,000 soldiers of the garrison and many townspeople (Theophanes AM 6301) (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Thracian town of the Serdi, made a Roman municipium by Trajan",
   "founder": "Trajan (municipal status, Ulpia Serdica)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Rebuilt by Justinian after the Hunnic sack (unchecked)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Named after the Thracian Serdi; the name is known only in Greek and Latin forms.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Latin (and Thracian)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Greek civic coins with the legend ΟΥΛΠΙΑΣ ΣΕΡΔΙΚΗΣ (2nd-3rd c.) and Greek civic inscriptions (boule and demos) (unchecked); Latin inscriptions of officials, soldiers and many residents, especially after Serdica became the capital of Dacia Mediterranea (c. 275) (unchecked).",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: Greek civic coins ΟΥΛΠΙΑΣ ΣΕΡΔΙΚΗΣ and Greek inscriptions of the boule and demos (unchecked); Latin much used, hence bilingual.",
   "status_evidence": "Ulpia Serdica: Greek civic coins and Greek civic inscriptions (unchecked); capital of Dacia Mediterranea; bishops from the 4th c.; council of 343",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Serdica lay close to the language line (Jireček line): its own civic texts and coins are Greek, but Latin was much used in the city and its western territory. Admitted as a bilingual Greek-Latin city; the medieval Triaditza is not counted as a Greek town.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 207439",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line",
    "Mihailov, IGBulg IV (1966) (unchecked)",
    "Gerov, 'Die lateinisch-griechische Sprachgrenze auf der Balkanhalbinsel' (1980) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 62,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 293 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s036",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Diocletianopolis",
   "greek": "Διοκλητιανούπολις",
   "other_names": "Toplitsa (medieval); Hisar, Hisarya, Хисаря",
   "modern": "Hisarya",
   "modern_native": "Хисаря",
   "population": 7239,
   "pop_year": 2011,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2011 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The walled late Roman town and hot springs of Hisarya",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Plovdiv Province",
   "admin2": "Hisarya Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.5015,
   "lon": 24.7046,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216792",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 293,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     293,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A spa settlement with Greek inscriptions from the 2nd-3rd c.; raised to a city and named after Diocletian at the end of the 3rd c. (unchecked).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A walled city and bishopric of late Roman Thrace. The Goths (378) and the Huns (447) ravaged it; it survived on a reduced scale and faded in the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th c. The medieval village of Toplitsa was Slavic-speaking (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    447,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek inscriptions of the 2nd-4th c.; bishops (4th-6th c.) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: ravaged by the Huns (447) and faded in the late 6th c. (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Diocletian (city status) (unchecked)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: a city of Hierocles' Thracia and Greek inscriptions of residents.",
   "status_evidence": "City and bishopric of late Roman Thrace (Hierocles) (unchecked); Greek inscriptions",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 216792"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 63,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s134",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Sebastopolis (Thrace)",
   "greek": "Σεβαστόπολις",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; a city of the late Roman province of Thracia (the upper Hebros and Tonzos basins, with Philippopolis, Beroe and Diocletianopolis); the point is a placeholder in that region and marks no known site",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (the late Roman province of Thracia)",
   "lat": 42.3,
   "lon": 25.2,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "222180",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known only as a city of the province of Thracia in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527), with Philippopolis, Beroe, Diocletianopolis and Diospolis. The province was Greek-speaking; the town's origin and earlier history are unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: the province of Thracia under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name in Hierocles.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    900
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Thracia.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Thracia) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, as uncertain, as a city of a Greek-speaking late Roman province in Hierocles, the same test that admitted Morizos and Sauadia. Unlocated (Barrington Atlas: unlocated); the point is a placeholder between Philippopolis and Beroe.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Thracia) (unchecked)",
    "Pleiades 222180 (Sebastopolis, Thrace)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 64,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 598",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s111",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Tzoides (Tuida)",
   "greek": "Τζοΐδης",
   "other_names": "Tzoida, Tuida, Suida, Tsoida (late Roman and medieval); Sliven",
   "modern": "Sliven",
   "modern_native": "Сливен",
   "population": 80467,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Hisarlaka hill in the town of Sliven (Sliven Province)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Sliven",
   "admin2": "Sliven",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (late Roman Haemimontus)",
   "lat": 42.666,
   "lon": 26.312,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "222226",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 598,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     598
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A market settlement (emporion) is named in an inscription of the early 3rd c. AD and the site was fortified from the mid-4th c.; it is first listed as a city of the province of Haemimontus by Hierocles (c. 527), and was a bishop's see under Hadrianopolis.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: imperial until the Avar and Slav raids of the late 6th c.; Bulgarian from about 705. Speech: the fortress-town was destroyed around 598-599; the Bulgarian settlement that followed (a seal of Boris-Michael was found) has no Greek-speaking community attested.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    586,
    620
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Destruction layer of about 598-599 (excavations); restored under Anastasius I and Justinian before that.",
   "ended_by": "No named act in the written sources: the excavators attribute the destruction of about 598-599 to Avars and Slavs.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown (Thracian settlement)",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Haemimontus; the language of the site's inscriptions was not checked.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Haemimontus (Tzoides) (unchecked: form of the name); bishop's see under Hadrianopolis; early 3rd c. inscription naming the emporion; dedications to Apollo and Zeus",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The identification of Hierocles' Tzoides with the fortress of Tuida at Sliven is the usual one in Bulgarian scholarship; the Barrington Atlas leaves Tzoides unlocated. The language of the site's inscriptions was not checked (unchecked: Greek, as elsewhere in Thrace south of the Haemus).",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Haemimontus) (unchecked)",
    "https://www.ancient-history-sites.com/?p=122948",
    "https://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/background-infonotes/fortresses-cities/tuida-fortress-sliven/",
    "Pleiades 222226"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 65,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1246 – 1913",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s044",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Melenikon (Melnik)",
   "greek": "Μελένικον",
   "other_names": "Meleniko, Μελένικο (Greek); Melnik, Мелник (Bulgarian); Menlik (Ottoman Turkish)",
   "modern": "Melnik",
   "modern_native": "Мелник",
   "population": 161,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, Blagoevgrad regional release (Naselenie_01.pdf), which names Melnik the smallest town",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The town of Melnik and the fortress hill above it, in the sandstone gorge south-east of Sandanski",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Blagoevgrad Province",
   "admin2": "Sandanski Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Macedonia (the Struma valley)",
   "lat": 41.5236,
   "lon": 23.3925,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 1246,
   "greek_until": 1913,
   "phases": [
    [
     1246,
     1913
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Melnik grew as a fortress town under the emperors in Constantinople and the Bulgarian tsars; Despot Alexius Slav made it his seat in 1209. The first clear evidence of Greek-speaking townspeople is for 1246, when the Melnikiotes, persuaded by Nikolaos Manglavites, gave the town to John III Vatatzes, saying they were Romans by descent from Philippopolis (George Akropolites, Annals 44) (unchecked). The Greek community is probably older.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Bulgarian and imperial in turn (13th c.), Serbian under Stefan Dusan and his successors (1340s-1371), Ottoman from the 1380s (unchecked) to 1912, Bulgarian from 1912/1913. Speech: Greek stayed the main language of the town, the seat of a Greek metropolitan, through the Ottoman centuries; in 1900 it was about 61% of the town. At the end of the Second Balkan War, when Melnik was to go to Bulgaria, the Greeks left on the express orders of the Greek government, most to Sidirokastro, fewer to Serres and Thessaloniki. The town then shrank to a village (about 400 people today).",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "1246: Akropolites (unchecked); Greek notables and scholars from the town (Anastasios Polyzoidis, 1802-1873); 1900: 2,650 Greeks of about 4,330 (Kanchov, by language and religion); 1913: departure of the Greeks.",
   "ended_by": "In 1913, when the treaty of Bucharest (10 August 1913) gave Melnik to Bulgaria, its Greeks left by the express orders of the Greek government (Wikipedia, Melnik, Bulgaria); a Carnegie Endowment report records Bulgarian claims that retreating Greeks looted Bulgarian shops and houses.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Slavic",
   "bilingual_period": "Under Ottoman rule Greek was the majority language beside Turkish and Bulgarian: in 1900, 2,650 Greek Christians, 950 Turks, 500 Bulgarian Christians, 200 Roma and 30 Vlachs (Kanchov).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "A contemporary description (Akropolites: the Melenikites called themselves pure Romans from Philippopolis, 1246 (unchecked)) and Kanchov's count by nationality (Greek majority, 1900).",
   "status_evidence": "Seat of Despot Alexius Slav (1209-1230); a town and Greek metropolitan see under the Ottomans; Greek majority in 1900 (Kanchov)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Admitted on the medieval testimony and the Greek majority of 1900. The start date is only the first attestation; the Greek-speaking town may go back to the 11th-12th c.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnik,_Bulgaria",
    "V. Kanchov, Makedoniya: etnografiya i statistika (1900), via Wikipedia",
    "George Akropolites, Annals 44 (tr. Macrides 2007) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 66,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1800 – c. 1925",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s041",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Stenimachos (Stanimaka)",
   "greek": "Στενήμαχος",
   "other_names": "Stanimaka, Станимака (Bulgarian, to 1934); İstanimaka (Ottoman Turkish); Asenovgrad, Асеновград (since 1934)",
   "modern": "Asenovgrad",
   "modern_native": "Асеновград",
   "population": 45473,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old town of Asenovgrad on the Chepelarska river, below Asen's fortress, 20 km south of Plovdiv",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Plovdiv Province",
   "admin2": "Asenovgrad Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Northern Thrace (Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885)",
   "lat": 42.0167,
   "lon": 24.8778,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1800,
   "greek_until": 1925,
   "phases": [
    [
     1800,
     1925
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A medieval fortress town (a kastron of the Bachkovo monastery in 1083; walls strengthened by Ivan Asen II in 1230-1231) (unchecked). As an Ottoman town it was largely Greek-speaking; the first evidence seen is of the 19th c.: the Greek municipal school of St George, Greek scholars born there (Vlasios Skordelis, Christos Tsountas), and a Greek share of 52% in 1900. An older Greek community, continuous with the medieval one, is likely but not shown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Ottoman to 1878, Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885, Bulgaria from 1885. Speech: Greek was the majority language to the early 20th c. In 1906, in the anti-Greek movement in Bulgaria, the Greek school of St George began teaching in Bulgarian and leading Greek families such as the Chanos family left. Departures began after 1906 and continued after the Balkan Wars (1913-1914) (unchecked); most Greeks left after the First World War under the Greek-Bulgarian emigration agreements and settled at Naousa and Kilkis in Greek Macedonia; Bulgarian refugees from Greece took their place.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1914,
    1930
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Town totals: 12,191 (1887), 12,969 (1910), 17,773 (1934) (censuses, via Wikipedia); Greeks 52% in 1900 (Dragostinova 2011, pp. 26-27, via Wikipedia, Asenovgrad); 1906: Greek school turned Bulgarian; 1920s: emigration to Naousa and Kilkis.",
   "ended_by": "In the anti-Greek movement of 1906 the Greek school and churches of Stanimaka were taken over (Wikipedia, Asenovgrad; Lyberatos 2013) (unchecked: the churches); the Greeks then left under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on voluntary emigration signed at Neuilly (27 November 1919) and the agreements of 1924-1927.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "later Greek settlement",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "No recorded founder",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Medieval Stenimachos was an imperial and Bulgarian fortress; its name is Greek ('narrow battle' or 'narrow pass').",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "By 1900 Bulgarian speakers were close to half the town (Greeks 52%).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "A count by mother tongue: Greek 52% in 1900 (Dragostinova, from the Bulgarian census).",
   "status_evidence": "An Ottoman town (kasaba) and later an okoliya seat of Eastern Rumelia (unchecked); Greek majority (52%) in 1900",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Placed in the later window because the town grew under the Ottomans; its Greek speakers may well descend from the medieval population. The Greek share of 52% in 1900 is from Dragostinova (2011, pp. 26-27), the standard study of the Greeks of Bulgaria; the basis of her figure (the Bulgarian census of 1900, by mother tongue or nationality) should be quoted with it. At 52% the town was close to evenly divided between Greek and Bulgarian, so the type Greek city is right only for the time before the 1906 events; after them it was at most bilingual. The end is given as the 1920s emigration; if most had already gone by 1914, as some accounts suggest (unchecked), the end moves to 1914.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenovgrad",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria",
    "A. Lyberatos, Confronting the Urban Crowd: Bulgarian Society and the 1906 anti-Greek Movement (2013): https://v2.ims.forth.gr/en/publication/view?id=545"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 67,
   "list_group": "Inland Bulgaria",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1850 – c. 1925",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s040",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Kavakli",
   "greek": "Καβακλί",
   "other_names": "Kavaklı (Turkish, 'with poplars'); Topolovgrad, Тополовград (since 1934)",
   "modern": "Topolovgrad",
   "modern_native": "Тополовград",
   "population": 5542,
   "pop_year": 2011,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2011 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Topolovgrad, at the foot of the Sakar hills",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Haskovo Province",
   "admin2": "Topolovgrad Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Northern Thrace (Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885)",
   "lat": 42.0833,
   "lon": 26.3367,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1850,
   "greek_until": 1925,
   "phases": [
    [
     1850,
     1925
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "An Ottoman town of the Sakar hills with Greek schools and churches; when its Greek community formed was not found. A Greek dialect study describes the town before 1906 as about 9,000 people, all Greek in language and identity, with a Greek school of about 700 children around 1900 (Ilioudis, the author's estimate); Wikipedia calls it 'predominantly inhabited by Greeks (96 percent)' (no date or source given). The distinct local Greek dialect, still recorded among the refugees' descendants, points to an old Greek-speaking community.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Ottoman to 1878, Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885, Bulgaria from 1885. Speech: Greek was the town's main language until the emigration. In 1905-1906 pressure from Bulgarian committees and a ban on Greek teaching drove the Greeks out, and after 1906 the Bulgarian government appointed the first Bulgarian mayor. About 22,000 Greeks of the town and its villages left between 1906 and 1925 and settled in Greece, at Larissa (the Philippoupolis quarter, Nea Karyes and other villages), Koufalia, Polykastro, Anthemio, Aigeiros and elsewhere, where their dialect is still spoken by some; refugee Bulgarians from Thrace and Macedonia replaced them.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1906,
    1925
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "c. 1900: about 9,000 people, Greek-speaking, and a Greek school of about 700 children (Ilioudis); Greeks 96% (Wikipedia, undated); 1906: first Bulgarian mayor; 19-20 May 1906: emigrants attacked at the border; 1906-1925: about 22,000 Greeks of the town and its villages left (Wikipedia, Topolovgrad).",
   "ended_by": "In 1905-1906 Bulgarian committees pressed the Greeks of Kavakli and Greek teaching was banned; on 19-20 May 1906 Bulgarian border patrols attacked Kavakliotes trying to cross into Ottoman territory (Ilioudis). After 1906 the Bulgarian government put a Bulgarian mayor over the Greek majority; the rest left by 1925, mostly under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on voluntary emigration (Neuilly, 27 November 1919) and the agreements of 1924-1927.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "later Greek settlement",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "No recorded founder",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "A Greek town government (Greek mayors to 1906) and a description of the townspeople's Greek dialect; no census of the town by mother tongue.",
   "status_evidence": "A town with its own municipality (Greek mayors to 1906) and Greek schools; an okoliya seat in Eastern Rumelia and Bulgaria (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The Greek majority rests on a Greek dialect study (the author's estimate) and an unsourced, undated Wikipedia figure; no census by mother tongue for the town was seen. Changed from uncertain to probable on the dialect evidence. Topolovgrad (1934) translates the Turkish name Kavaklı ('of the poplars').",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolovgrad",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria",
    "G. Ilioudis, on the prothetic alpha in the speech of the Kavakli refugees, Lexikographikon Deltion: https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/lexdelt/article/download/43190/31268/157039"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 68,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "657 BC – c. AD 620",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s048",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b003",
   "latin": "Histria (Istros)",
   "greek": "Ἴστρος (Ionic Ἰστρίη)",
   "other_names": "Istria, Istropolis, Histropolis; Ἰστριανῶν πόλις; Cetatea Histria",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "Histria",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Cetatea Histria on Lake Sinoe, Istria commune (the village was renamed after the ancient city)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Constanța County",
   "admin2": "Istria",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia/Scythia Minor (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 44.5478,
   "lon": 28.7751,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216839",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -657,
   "greek_until": 620,
   "phases": [
    [
     -657,
     620
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Milesian colony: Eusebius gives 657/656 BC (Ol. 33); Ps.-Scymnus 767-771 dates it to the Scythian pursuit of the Cimmerians into Asia (c. 630 BC); a temple of the mid-7th c. BC and city walls of the third quarter of the 6th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Histria was a Greek city for some 1,300 years. It fought the Getae in the later 3rd c. BC (the Getic king Zoltes lifted a siege c. 200 BC for 5 talents), came under Burebista's Getic kingdom c. 55-44 BC and then under Rome; it was sacked in 238 (the 'Histriae excidium' of the Carpi and Goths, SHA Max. et Balb. 16.3), rebuilt, and survived as a late Roman town with basilicas and a bishop. Rich houses were still built in the 6th c.; the silting of the bay cut it off from the sea, and the town was destroyed and abandoned in the Avar and Slav invasions of the early 7th c.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    680
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΙΣΤΡΙΗ (from the 5th c. BC); decrees and Greek inscriptions (ISM I); Latin inscriptions under Rome beside Greek; late Roman basilicas; abandonment early 7th c.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town was abandoned during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c., before the Bulgars took the land south of the Danube delta in 680-681; earlier the Carpi and Goths sacked it in 238 (SHA Max. et Balb. 16.3).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miletus",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Native (Getic) settlements of the 7th-6th c. BC lie in the hinterland (Istria-Bent, Tariverde) (unchecked).",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees (ISM I), civic coins; IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Istros) [number not seen]; Hdt. 2.33 (Istrie, a Milesian colony); Strabo 7.6.1 ('a small town, Ister, founded by the Milesians'); Ps.-Scymnus 767-771; Eusebius; civic coins; ISM I",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "",
   "sources": [
    "Hdt. 2.33; Ps.-Scymnus 767-771; Eusebius Chron. 657/6",
    "Pleiades 216839",
    "ISM I (Pippidi 1983)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histriani"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 69,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 650 BC – c. AD 650",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s047",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b002",
   "latin": "Orgame (Argamum)",
   "greek": "Ὀργάμη",
   "other_names": "Argamum (Roman); Cape Dolojman",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Cape Dolojman on Lake Razim, Jurilovca commune",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Tulcea County",
   "admin2": "Jurilovca",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia/Scythia Minor (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 44.7581,
   "lon": 28.9402,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216710",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -650,
   "greek_until": 650,
   "phases": [
    [
     -650,
     650
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Greek colony of Ionians from Asia Minor (perhaps Miletus) of the mid-7th c. BC by its earliest pottery; Hecataeus named it a polis (via Stephanus of Byzantium)",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "A Greek city, burnt c. 520-490 BC and rebuilt; under Rome (Lucullus 71 BC, Crassus 29 BC) it became Argamum of Scythia Minor, with four large Christian basilicas of the 5th-6th c. It was abandoned in the 7th c., when the gulf silted up into Lake Razim and the Bulgars took the land.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 172 via Steph. Byz.) (unchecked: the fragment number); archaic Ionian pottery; Greek inscriptions (unchecked); late Roman basilicas.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town was abandoned during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c., before the Bulgars took the land south of the Danube delta in 680-681; the closing of the gulf ended its harbour.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Ionian colonists, perhaps Milesians",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus?",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: Hecataeus calls it a polis (via Stephanus) and Greek inscriptions of residents from the excavations (unchecked).",
   "status_evidence": "Hecataeus via Steph. Byz. s.v. Orgame (polis); archaeology (M. Mănucu-Adameșteanu); Argamum in late Roman sources",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Orgame may be the oldest Greek foundation of the west coast; its mother city is not attested.",
   "sources": [
    "Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀργάμη",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argamum",
    "Pleiades 216710"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 70,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 610 BC – c. 1925",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s058",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b012",
   "latin": "Apollonia Pontica, later Sozopolis",
   "greek": "Ἀπολλωνία (Ποντική); Σωζόπολις",
   "other_names": "Apollonia Magna (Pliny); Anthium/Antheia (Pliny NH 4.45, an earlier name) (unchecked); Sozopolis (from the 5th c. AD) (unchecked); Sizebolu/Süzebolu (Ottoman); Sozopol (Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Sozopol",
   "modern_native": "Созопол",
   "population": 11984,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, Burgas regional release",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old town on the peninsula and St Kirik and St Ivan islands, Sozopol",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Sozopol Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.4204,
   "lon": 27.6943,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216706",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -610,
   "greek_until": 1925,
   "phases": [
    [
     -610,
     1925
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Milesian colony founded c. 610 BC, '50 years before Cyrus' (Ps.-Scymnus 728-731); the earliest Greek pottery is of the late 7th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Greek was spoken without a known break from the foundation to the 20th century: Sozopolis was a see under Constantinople, passed to the Ottomans in 1453, and at the start of the 20th century was still 'almost entirely ethnically Greek' apart from a few dozen Bulgarian officials (V. Mitakov). After the anti-Greek riots of 1906 the Greek churches, school and library were closed and taken over. Most of the remaining Greeks left for Greece in the 1920s and settled in Chalkidiki, where they founded a new Sozopolis. Speech: the community ended with this emigration; the few who stayed were assimilated (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1930
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Statue of Apollo by Calamis carried off by M. Lucullus, 72 BC (Strabo 7.6.1; Pliny NH 34.39); Greek civic coins (anchor, ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑ / ΑΠΟ) from the 5th c. BC; see of Sozopolis under Constantinople; 1808 see united with Agathopolis; 1906 Greek institutions seized; 1920s emigration to Chalkidiki.",
   "ended_by": "The Greek churches and school seized by the Bulgarian authorities after the anti-Greek riots of summer 1906; the community then left under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration, signed at Neuilly with the peace treaty on 27 November 1919 (art. 56 of the treaty) and carried out by a Mixed Commission set up in December 1920 (property was settled by the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 and the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement of 1927); the Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 46,759 (census of 1920) to 10,564 (1926), and by 1925 the only Greek school and church still open in Bulgaria were in Sofia (D. Gyudurov).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miletus",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Pliny (NH 4.45) says Apollonia was earlier called Anthium; the name looks Greek and is known only from Pliny, so it is not entered. A Bronze Age (Early Bronze) settlement lies under the harbour (unchecked).",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Bulgarian",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees, civic coins; IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Apollonia, Black Sea area chapter) [number not seen]; Ps.-Scymnus 728-731; Strabo 7.6.1 ('a large part of its city on an island'); civic coins; see of Sozopolis",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "One entry for Apollonia and Sozopolis (same site). The Wikipedia account links the final departure to the exchanges after the Balkan wars; the 1919 convention and the 1920s emigration are the usual frame.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Scymnus 728-731; Strabo 7.6.1",
    "IACP (Avram, Hind, Tsetskhladze 2004)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopol",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 71,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – c. AD 650 +",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s049",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b004",
   "latin": "Tomis",
   "greek": "Τόμις (Τόμοι)",
   "other_names": "Tomi (Latin, Ovid); Constantia/Constantiana (late antique and medieval) (unchecked); Kustendje/Köstence (Ottoman); Constanța (Romanian)",
   "modern": "Constanța",
   "modern_native": "Constanța",
   "population": 263688,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census (via Wikipedia)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The peninsula of old Constanța (the Roman mosaic building, Ovid Square)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Constanța County",
   "admin2": "Constanța",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia/Scythia Minor (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 44.1729,
   "lon": 28.6497,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "217016",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": 2011,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     650
    ],
    [
     1855,
     2011
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Milesian colony (Ps.-Scymnus 765); Greek pottery from the late 7th and 6th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Ancient Greek Tomis lasted into the 7th c.: it was the 'metropolis' of the Pontic cities under Rome and the capital and see of Scythia Minor from Diocletian; it decayed during the Avar and Slav invasions and the Bulgar conquest of 680-681. Medieval Constantia was a small port; Greek speech there is not documented. A new Greek community grew after the Cernavoda-Kustendje railway of 1860: 1,543 Greeks of 5,203 people in 1880 (the second group after the Turks), 2,460 of 10,419 in 1894, 2,326 of 33,918 in 1916, a minority once the town became mainly Romanian in the late 1890s. It shrank in the 20th c. through emigration and assimilation; a small Greek community with a church and Greek classes still exists, but whether Greek is still a home language there is not established here.",
   "until_basis": "gradual language shift",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    1990,
    2026
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΤΟΜΙΤΩΝ; Greek decrees (ISM II); Ovid's Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto; bishops of Tomis (Bretanion, Theotimus, 4th-5th c.); Greek community figures 1880-1916 (C. Ardeleanu).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town was abandoned during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c., before the Bulgars took the land south of the Danube delta in 680-681. The modern Greek community declined through emigration and assimilation; no named act is recorded here.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miletus",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The Greek name was explained by a legend of Medea cutting up Apsyrtus (Greek temnein, 'to cut'); a legend, not evidence.",
   "name_continues": "Latin name",
   "name_via": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: (1) under Rome: Ovid, exiled there AD 8/9-17, describes Getae and Sarmatians living in the town beside the Greeks and Greek 'overcome by Getic sound' (Tristia 5.7.51-52, 5.10.27-30); Latin was also widely used (administration, army, many Latin inscriptions). (2) The modern town, c. 1878-1895: Greek was one of the two main languages of Kustendje: in 1880 it had 1,543 Greeks of 5,203 people (30%), beside 2,214 Turks (43%) and only 279 Romanians; in 1894, 2,460 of 10,419 (24%), level with the Romanians and the Turks; from 1899 the Greeks were a small minority in a Romanian town (2,326 of 33,918 in 1916).",
   "other_language": "Getic and Latin (Roman period); Turkish, then Romanian (the modern town, c. 1878-1895)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees (ISM II), civic coins; metropolis of the Pontic koinon.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Tomis) [number not seen]; Ps.-Scymnus 765; Strabo 7.6.1; Ovid; civic coins; metropolis of the Pontic koinon",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The second phase (from the 1850s) is a new community with no tie to the ancient one. Under the line for later towns it counts as a bilingual town for c. 1878-1895, when the Greeks were 30% (1880) and 24% (1894) of the town, the second group after the Turks and then level with Romanians and Turks; from the late 1890s they were a small minority in a Romanian town. The counts come from one historian's summary (C. Ardeleanu), and no count by language was seen, so this bilingual period is uncertain.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Scymnus 765; Strabo 7.6.1; Ovid Tristia 5.7, 5.10",
    "https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/constantza/3-2-1-1/ (C. Ardeleanu, 'Greek community')",
    "Pleiades 217016"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 72,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 575 BC – c. 1940",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s054",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b009",
   "latin": "Odessos",
   "greek": "Ὀδησσός",
   "other_names": "Odessus (Latin); Varna (from the 7th c., Theophanes); Varna/Βάρνα under Constantinople and the Ottomans",
   "modern": "Varna",
   "modern_native": "Варна",
   "population": 318737,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old centre of Varna (Roman baths, Sea Garden)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Varna Province",
   "admin2": "Varna Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (later Moesia Inferior / Moesia II)",
   "lat": 43.2062,
   "lon": 27.9135,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216904",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -575,
   "greek_until": 1940,
   "phases": [
    [
     -575,
     1940
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Milesian colony founded 'when Astyages ruled the Medes', 585-550 BC (Ps.-Scymnus 748-750); archaeology of the second quarter of the 6th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Odessos was a Greek city through antiquity (the main city of the coast under Rome, then of Moesia II). Varna changed hands between the Bulgarians (from 681), the emperors in Constantinople (from c. 975; Kaloyan took it in 1201) and the Ottomans (1389; ceded to Manuel II in 1413, finally Ottoman in 1444). The documentation of Greek speakers in the 7th-10th c. is thin, but the Greek metropolis of Varna and a Greek merchant community are attested in the later Middle Ages and the Ottoman period; local Greeks joined the Philiki Etaireia, and Greek schools opened from 1840. In 1881 Greek was the mother tongue of 5,367 people (21.85%), a minority. The pogrom of 1906 began their emigration; more left after the Balkan wars and under the 1919 convention, a last small group was expelled before the Second World War, and many who stayed were assimilated (A. Lyberatos). Speech: probably faded in the families who stayed by the mid-20th c. (estimate).",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1925,
    1960
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΟΔΗΣΙΤΩΝ (from the 4th c. BC; the god Darzalas); Greek decrees (IGBulg I²); Roman baths of the late 2nd c.; Greek metropolis of Varna; first Greek secondary school 1840; Greek theatre active in the 1890s-1900s; pogrom 1906.",
   "ended_by": "The anti-Greek pogrom of 1906 in Varna (Bulgarian crowds; the Bulgarian state then took over the Greek churches and schools (unchecked)); emigration under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration, signed at Neuilly with the peace treaty on 27 November 1919 (art. 56 of the treaty) and carried out by a Mixed Commission set up in December 1920 (property was settled by the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 and the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement of 1927); the Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 46,759 (census of 1920) to 10,564 (1926), and by 1925 the only Greek school and church still open in Bulgaria were in Sofia (D. Gyudurov); a last small group expelled by the Bulgarian government before the Second World War (A. Lyberatos).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miletus",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The name Odessos is probably not Greek (Thracian or Carian?); no non-Greek source gives an earlier name.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: in the Ottoman period Greek was one language of a mixed town (Turkish, Bulgarian, Greek, Tatar); part of the Orthodox were Turkish-speaking Gagauz, some of whom took up Greek culture through the Greek schools. In the Bulgarian census of 1881 Greek was the mother tongue of 5,367 people (21.85%), after Turkish (36.25%) and Bulgarian (27.36%)",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "Greek; Turkish (Gagauz) among part of the community",
   "greek_speech": "Greek was the mother tongue of 5,367 people (21.85% of the town) in the Bulgarian census of 1881; the Turkish-speaking Gagauz who belonged to the Greek church and schools, whom a Bulgarian historian calls Hellenized, are not in that figure, and he puts the Orthodox Greeks of the town before 1878 at about 11,000, beside about 12,000 Muslims and 8,800 Bulgarians (Chardakliev 2014, a Bulgarian writer's figures).",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees (IGBulg I²), civic coins; IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Odessos) [number not seen]; Ps.-Scymnus 748-750; Strabo 7.6.1; civic coins; decrees",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Continuity of Greek speech through the 7th-10th c. is assumed, not documented. Varna is also a window B case: as a town of the 19th c. it would be a minority-only city after 1878.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Scymnus 748-750; Strabo 7.6.1",
    "https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/varna/3-2-1-1/ (A. Lyberatos, 'Greek community')",
    "https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/varna/3-1-2-1/",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 73,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 550 BC – c. AD 614",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s052",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b007",
   "latin": "Dionysopolis",
   "greek": "Διονυσόπολις (earlier Κρουνοί)",
   "other_names": "Krounoi ('the springs'); Matiopolis (Ps.-Scymnus, a name between the two) (unchecked); Karvuna (medieval Bulgarian name of the town, by some accounts); Balchik (Ottoman and Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Balchik",
   "modern_native": "Балчик",
   "population": 9310,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, Dobrich regional release (Census_2021-Dobrich.pdf)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Under the centre of Balchik (temple of Cybele, Hellenistic)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Dobrich Province",
   "admin2": "Balchik Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia/Scythia Minor (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 43.4178,
   "lon": 28.1629,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216793",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -550,
   "greek_until": 614,
   "phases": [
    [
     -550,
     614
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Greek settlement Krounoi of the 6th c. BC (archaeology); renamed Dionysopolis after a statue of Dionysus was washed ashore (Ps.-Scymnus 751-757) (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Dionysopolis remained a Greek city under Rome (the decree for Akornion, envoy to Burebista c. 48 BC; Greek coins to the 3rd c. AD) and a see in late antiquity. It declined during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c., and Greek urban life ended then (unchecked). Medieval Karvuna (a fortress under Constantinople, later the seat of the despots of Dobruja until Dobrotitsa moved to Kaliakra) and Ottoman Balchik, a town of Gagauz (Turkish-speaking Orthodox), Tatars and Turks, are not shown to have had Greek-speaking townspeople.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    586,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Decree for Akornion (IGBulg I² 13), c. 48 BC; civic coins ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; temple of Cybele with Greek inscriptions; late antique basilicas.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town was ruined during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Ionian colonists, probably from Miletus (unchecked)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus?",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "A Thracian settlement preceded the Ionian colony.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: the Akornion decree (IGBulg I² 13), civic coins.",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Scymnus 751-757; Strabo 7.5.12; IGBulg I² 13 (Akornion decree); civic coins",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Krounoi and Dionysopolis are one entry (same site). The mother city is not firmly known.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Scymnus 751-757; Strabo 7.5.12",
    "IGBulg I² 13",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balchik",
    "Pleiades 216793"
   ],
   "refoundations": "Krounoi renamed Dionysopolis (same site)"
  },
  {
   "no": 74,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 540 BC – c. AD 620",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s050",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b005",
   "latin": "Callatis",
   "greek": "Κάλλατις (Καλλατίς)",
   "other_names": "Callatis/Kallatis; Cerbatis/Acerbatis (Pliny NH 4.44, an earlier name); Pangalia (medieval) (unchecked); Mangalia",
   "modern": "Mangalia",
   "modern_native": "Mangalia",
   "population": 31950,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census (via Wikipedia)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The centre of Mangalia (walls, necropolis)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Constanța County",
   "admin2": "Mangalia",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia/Scythia Minor (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 43.8172,
   "lon": 28.5828,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216744",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -540,
   "greek_until": 620,
   "phases": [
    [
     -540,
     620
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Dorian colony of Heraclea Pontica founded, by Ps.-Scymnus (760-764), when Amyntas became king of Macedon (c. 540 BC) (unchecked); archaeology of the late 6th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Doric Greek city: it rose against Lysimachus in 313 BC, made a treaty with Rome (Latin inscription of the early 1st c. BC), came under Burebista and then Rome (29-28 BC), and was a see in the late 6th c. It was deserted after the Avar and Slav raids of the late 6th and early 7th c.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "century",
   "until_range": [
    600,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins (late 4th c. BC to the mid-3rd c. AD) with Greek legends; Doric decrees; a 4th-c. BC Greek papyrus from a tomb (1959); bishopric in the late 6th c.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town was abandoned during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late 6th and early 7th c., before the Bulgars took the land south of the Danube delta in 680-681.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Heraclea Pontica",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Heraclea Pontica",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Pliny (NH 4.44) says the town was earlier called Cerbatis; the name is known only from Pliny and its language is unknown, so it is not entered.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: decrees, civic coins; 230 of 260 inscriptions Greek.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Kallatis) [number not seen]; Ps.-Scymnus 760-764; Diod. 19.73 (revolt of 313 BC); civic coins",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Scymnus 760-764; Diod. 19.73; Pliny NH 4.44",
    "https://samos-web.aegean.gr/mediawiki/index.php/Kallatis",
    "Pleiades 216744"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 75,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 510 BC – c. 1925",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s055",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b010",
   "latin": "Mesembria",
   "greek": "Μεσημβρία (Doric Μεσαμβρία)",
   "other_names": "Mesambria (coins ΜΕΤΑ); Menebria (Strabo 7.6.1, earlier name); Mesembria under Constantinople; Misivri (Ottoman); Nesebar (Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Nesebar",
   "modern_native": "Несебър",
   "population": 13600,
   "pop_year": 2019,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, Dec 2019, rounded (via Wikipedia)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old town on the peninsula, Nesebar (UNESCO World Heritage site)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Nesebar Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.6596,
   "lon": 27.7244,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216882",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -510,
   "greek_until": 1925,
   "phases": [
    [
     -510,
     1925
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Dorian colony of Megarians with Chalcedonians (Ps.-Scymnus 738-742: at the time of Darius's Scythian campaign, c. 513 BC); Herodotus 6.33 has refugees from Byzantium and Chalcedon settle there in 493 BC; archaeology of the late 6th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Greek lasted from the foundation into the 20th century. Mesembria was a fortress and see under Constantinople (with Bulgarian interludes), returned to the emperors by the Treaty of Gallipoli in 1403 and surrendered to the Ottomans in 1453. Around 1900 it was a small town of Greek fishermen and wine-growers: about 1,900 people, 89% Greek. The Greeks left for Greece in the 1920s (unchecked: the date); those who stayed were assimilated.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1930
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΜΕΤΑ / ΜΕΣΑΜΒΡΙΑΝΩΝ (5th c. BC to the 3rd c. AD); decrees in Doric Greek (IGBulg I²); churches of the 5th-14th c.; locals in the Philiki Etaireia and the war of 1821; c. 1900 89% Greek of c. 1,900.",
   "ended_by": "Emigration under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration, signed at Neuilly with the peace treaty on 27 November 1919 (art. 56 of the treaty) and carried out by a Mixed Commission set up in December 1920 (property was settled by the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 and the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement of 1927); the Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 46,759 (census of 1920) to 10,564 (1926), and by 1925 the only Greek school and church still open in Bulgaria were in Sofia (D. Gyudurov). No named act of violence against the town is recorded here.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Megarians and Chalcedonians (Ps.-Scymnus 738-742); refugees from Byzantium and Chalcedon (Hdt. 6.33)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Megara",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Strabo (7.6.1) says the city was once called Menebria, 'the city of Menas' (its founder), with Thracian -bria 'town'. The name is known only from Strabo, so it is not entered here; a Thracian settlement preceded the colony.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Bulgarian",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: Doric decrees, civic coins; a count of 1900 (89% Greek).",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Mesambria) [number not seen]; Hdt. 4.93, 6.33; Ps.-Scymnus 738-742; civic coins; Doric decrees",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "",
   "sources": [
    "Hdt. 6.33; Ps.-Scymnus 738-742; Strabo 7.6.1",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 76,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 450 BC – c. 1925",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s056",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b011",
   "latin": "Anchialos",
   "greek": "Ἀγχίαλος (Ἀγχιάλη)",
   "other_names": "Anchiale (Strabo); Ulpia Anchialos (Trajan); Ahyolu (Ottoman); Anhialo; Pomorie (from 1934)",
   "modern": "Pomorie",
   "modern_native": "Поморие",
   "population": 13926,
   "pop_year": 2020,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, population by towns at 31 Dec 2020 (via Wikipedia)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The peninsula of Pomorie",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Pomorie Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.5559,
   "lon": 27.6414,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216702",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -450,
   "greek_until": 1925,
   "phases": [
    [
     -450,
     1925
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Apollonia as a 'small town of the Apolloniates' (Strabo 7.6.1); the date is not recorded, probably the 5th or 4th c. BC (unchecked)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "A Greek town from antiquity to 1906: a Roman city (Ulpia Anchialos, with Greek coins), then an archbishopric and fortress under Constantinople, submitting to the Ottomans in 1453. The Russians found it mainly Greek in 1829 (5,000-6,000 people); about 1900 it had about 6,000 inhabitants, 82% Greek. On 30 July 1906 the town was burnt in anti-Greek riots and more than half of its Greeks were driven out; many founded Nea Anchialos near Volos that year. The rest left in the following years and under the 1919 convention; after the First World War Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace were settled in their place.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1906,
    1930
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek civic coins of Anchialos (2nd-3rd c. AD); patriarchs Michael III of Anchialos (1170-1178) and Jeremias II Tranos (1572-1595) came from the town; bishop Eugenios executed by the Ottomans in 1821; 82% Greek c. 1900; burning of 30 July 1906; Nea Anchialos founded 1906.",
   "ended_by": "Burnt on 30 July 1906 by Bulgarian rioters, many of them from Burgas (Athens reports of August 1906) and many of them refugees from Macedonia, during the Greek-Bulgarian struggle over Macedonia; official reports from Sofia said more than half the town, with all its public buildings, schools and a mosque, had burned. European governments blamed the Bulgarian authorities for allowing it. The death toll is disputed: English Wikipedia says 'over 300 Greeks were murdered', a figure not confirmed here. The remaining Greeks left under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration, signed at Neuilly with the peace treaty on 27 November 1919 (art. 56 of the treaty) and carried out by a Mixed Commission set up in December 1920 (property was settled by the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 and the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement of 1927); the Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 46,759 (census of 1920) to 10,564 (1926), and by 1925 the only Greek school and church still open in Bulgaria were in Sofia (D. Gyudurov).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Apollonia Pontica",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Apollonia Pontica",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions under Rome (civic coins, inscriptions); a count of c. 1900 (82% Greek).",
   "status_evidence": "Strabo 7.6.1 (polichnion of the Apolloniates); Ovid Tristia 1.10.36; Roman civic coins ΟΥΛΠΙΑΝΩΝ ΑΓΧΙΑΛΕΩΝ; archbishopric under Constantinople",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Whether Anchialos was a polis in the Classical period is not certain; it was one under Rome. The size of the 1906 death toll needs a scholarly source.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.6.1 ('a small town belonging to the Apolloniatae'): https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7F*.html",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorie",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Anchialos",
    "Gisborne Times, 16 August 1906: https://slbrartest.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GIST19060816.2.12",
    "A. Lyberatos, 'Confronting the Urban Crowd: Bulgarian Society and the 1906 anti-Greek Movement' (2013)",
    "https://www.mfa.gr/bulgaria/bg/the-embassy/news/uchastiie-na-poslanika-gh-n-alieksios-marios-libieropulos-sbitiiata-po-povod-120-ghodini-ot-opozhariavanieto-na-ankhialo-pomoriie.html"
   ],
   "refoundations": "Refounded as Ulpia Anchialos under Trajan (same site)"
  },
  {
   "no": 77,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 400 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s051",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b006",
   "latin": "Bizone",
   "greek": "Βιζώνη",
   "other_names": "Byzone; Bizone (Mela, Pliny); Kavarna (Ottoman and Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Kavarna",
   "modern_native": "Каварна",
   "population": 10507,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, Dobrich regional release (Census_2021-Dobrich.pdf)",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Chirakman cape, east of Kavarna",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Dobrich Province",
   "admin2": "Kavarna Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia/Scythia Minor (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 43.4339,
   "lon": 28.3381,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216734",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -400,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -400,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Thracian settlement of the 9th-7th c. BC refounded by Greeks as a secondary colony of Mesembria, probably in the 5th or early 4th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Strabo (7.6.1) says that most of Bizone was swallowed by an earthquake (1st c. BC); Mela and Pliny still name it. A late Roman and medieval fortress stood on the cape. When Greek civic life ended is not clear: after the earthquake, or with the fall of the late Roman towns c. 600 (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -50,
    700
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Strabo 7.6.1 ('a considerable part was engulfed by earthquakes'); Mela 2.22; Pliny NH 4.44 (unchecked); Greek inscriptions and finds from Chirakman (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: an earthquake in the 1st c. BC destroyed much of the town (Strabo 7.6.1); the late Roman settlement ended in the invasions of c. 600 (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Mesembria (a secondary colony)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Mesembria",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "A Thracian settlement of the 9th-7th c. BC preceded the Greek town.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: Greeks and Thracians lived together in the town (mixed and Greek-Thracian communities reported by its excavators); the period is not dated",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (number not seen); Strabo names it among the Greek towns of the coast.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP lists Bizone (unchecked; number not seen); Strabo 7.6.1 (named among the towns of the coast); Ps.-Scymnus 758-760 (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The population was mixed (Greeks and Thracians, perhaps Scythians in the Hellenistic period); counted as a Greek city on its Mesembrian origin and Greek finds. The medieval and Ottoman town of Kavarna grew up beside the site.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.6.1; Mela 2.22; Pliny NH 4.44",
    "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7F*.html",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarna",
    "Pleiades 216734"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 78,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 106 – c. AD 615",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s053",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b008",
   "latin": "Marcianopolis",
   "greek": "Μαρκιανούπολις",
   "other_names": "Marcianopolis (Latin); Devina (medieval) (unchecked); Devnya",
   "modern": "Devnya",
   "modern_native": "Девня",
   "population": 8383,
   "pop_year": 2009,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, town data at Dec 2009 (via Wikipedia)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Reka Devnya, Devnya (Museum of Mosaics)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Varna Province",
   "admin2": "Devnya Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Moesia Inferior / Moesia II",
   "lat": 43.225,
   "lon": 27.585,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216878",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 106,
   "greek_until": 615,
   "phases": [
    [
     106,
     615
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Founded by Trajan after the Dacian wars, c. 106, and named after his sister Marciana; a Greek-speaking civic community with Greek coins from the late 2nd c.",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Greek-speaking Roman city: its civic coins (Commodus to Philip) and most of its inscriptions are Greek, while Latin was used by the provincial administration and the army. A Gothic raid of 248-249 ended its Severan prosperity; it was Valens's base in the Gothic war (366-369), the capital of Moesia II and a metropolitan see. The Avars sacked it in 587, the emperor's troops soon retook it, and an Avar raid of 614-615 destroyed it; the Slavs later called the ruins Devina.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    587,
    650
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Civic coins ΜΑΡΚΙΑΝΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ (RPC); Greek inscriptions (IGBulg II) (unchecked); Valens's base in the Gothic war, 366-369; metropolitan see; Avar sack 587; destruction 614-615.",
   "ended_by": "Sacked by the Avars of the khagan Bayan in 587 (unchecked: the leader); destroyed in an Avar raid of 614-615 (no leader named in the sources used here).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Roman foundation (Trajan)",
   "founder": "Trajan",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Thracian settlement near the Devnya springs (unchecked).",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Latin",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: Greek civic coins and Greek inscriptions of residents; Latin was used much as at Nicopolis ad Istrum.",
   "status_evidence": "Ammianus 27.4.12 (named after Trajan's sister); Jordanes Get. 93; civic coins; metropolitan see of Moesia II",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Counted as Greek-speaking on its coins and inscriptions; Latin and Thracian were also spoken. It lies inland (about 25 km from Varna).",
   "sources": [
    "Ammianus 27.4.12; Jordanes Getica 93",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianopolis",
    "https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coin/358143",
    "Pleiades 216878"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 79,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 150 – c. AD 812",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s059",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b013",
   "latin": "Deultum (Develtos)",
   "greek": "Δεβελτός (Δεουελτός)",
   "other_names": "Debelton/Develton (Thracian 'two marshes'?) ; Colonia Flavia Pacis Deultensium; Develtos/Debeltos under Constantinople; Debelt (Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Debelt",
   "modern_native": "Дебелт",
   "population": 1965,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Wikipedia infobox (source not named)",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Debelt, on the Sredetska river west of the Burgas lakes",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Sredets Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (Haemimontus)",
   "lat": 42.3878,
   "lon": 27.281,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216788",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 150,
   "greek_until": 812,
   "phases": [
    [
     150,
     812
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A trading post of Apollonia from the 7th c. BC (not a city); the veterans' colony of Vespasian (c. 70) was Latin; Greek-speaking residents are attested from the 2nd-3rd c.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Greek was the language of the town's church and, by late antiquity, of most of its people (estimate). In 812 the Bulgarian khan Krum took the town and moved its inhabitants north of the Haemus; he later resettled it with Bulgarians. Develtos changed hands until the 14th c. and still had Greek bishops (879, c. 1000), but a Greek-speaking town community after 812 is not shown. It declined in the 14th c. and the Ottomans took it in 1396.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    812,
    1350
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Greek sarcophagus inscription (2nd-3rd c.); bishops 431-879; Krum's deportation of 812 (Theophanes, Chronographia AM 6304) (unchecked: the source).",
   "ended_by": "The Bulgarian khan Krum took Develtos in June 812 and moved its inhabitants and their bishop into Bulgaria (Theophanes AM 6304) (unchecked: the source).",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Roman veterans' colony",
   "founder": "Vespasian (veterans of legio VIII Augusta)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The name Debelton/Deultum is probably Thracian; it is known only through Greek and Latin forms.",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Bulgarian (revival, 1934)",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Latin (and Thracian)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Latin colonial coins (Caracalla to Philip) and Latin official inscriptions; Greek funerary inscriptions of residents (a sarcophagus of the 2nd-3rd c. found in 2020) and a see of the Greek church (bishops at Ephesus 431, Chalcedon 451, Nicaea 787)",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Greek funerary inscriptions of residents; the coins and official texts are Latin and the see alone does not count.",
   "status_evidence": "Pliny NH 4.45 (colonia Deultum veteranorum); Latin colonial coins; bishops at the councils of 431, 451 and 787",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "A borderline case: a Latin colony in a Greek-speaking region. It is admitted on the Greek church and Greek inscriptions; Latin and Thracian were spoken beside Greek.",
   "sources": [
    "Pliny NH 4.45",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Develtos",
    "Pleiades 216788"
   ],
   "refoundations": "Apollonian trading post, then Colonia Flavia Pacis Deultensium (Vespasian), same site"
  },
  {
   "no": 80,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 900 – c. 1924",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s061",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b015",
   "latin": "Agathopolis",
   "greek": "Ἀγαθόπολις",
   "other_names": "Aulaiouteichos (Arrian, Periplus 24.6, nearby; long identified with it); Ahtebolu (Ottoman); Ahtopol (Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Ahtopol",
   "modern_native": "Ахтопол",
   "population": 1286,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Wikipedia infobox (source not named)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The peninsula of Ahtopol (town walls)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Tsarevo Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 42.0994,
   "lon": 27.9395,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "216721",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 900,
   "greek_until": 1924,
   "phases": [
    [
     900,
     1924
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "The name Agathopolis is first found in a list of sees (Notitiae episcopatuum) of the early 10th c. (K. Rigsby 2005); the site was already an urban centre in antiquity, probably the Aulaiouteichos of Arrian's Periplus (24.6)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "A Greek town under Constantinople and then the Ottomans (taken in the late 14th c., returned in 1403 and finally Ottoman in 1453). The Ottoman tax register of 1498 lists 158 Christian households, most with Greek names; in 1898 the town had 300 Greek and 110 Bulgarian houses. It stayed Ottoman until 1913, when it passed to Bulgaria after the Balkan wars; the Greeks then left for Greece, gradually and under the 1919 convention, and were replaced by Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace (150 families from Bunarhisar). A fire nearly destroyed the town in 1918.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1926
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "See of Agathopolis (from 1808 united with Sozopolis, with the metropolitan resident at Agathopolis); 1498 register; 1898 house count; church of the Ascension 1796.",
   "ended_by": "Cession of the area to Bulgaria by the Ottoman Empire in 1913 (Treaty of Constantinople, 29 September 1913 (unchecked)); the Greeks emigrated under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration, signed at Neuilly with the peace treaty on 27 November 1919 (art. 56 of the treaty) and carried out by a Mixed Commission set up in December 1920 (property was settled by the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 and the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement of 1927); the Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 46,759 (census of 1920) to 10,564 (1926), and by 1925 the only Greek school and church still open in Bulgaria were in Sofia (D. Gyudurov).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The claim of an Athenian colony of 440-430 BC found on some websites is not supported by ancient sources.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see, with its flock's Greek speech shown by the same town's Greek community to 1924, and house counts by community (1898).",
   "status_evidence": "See under Constantinople (Notitiae, early 10th c.); Ottoman register of 1498; town of the Ottoman kaza",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Agathopolis is not a known Classical polis: Rigsby shows that the name belongs to the Christian period and that the coins once given to an ancient Agathopolis are of Agathocleia. The entry rests on its medieval town and see; the ancient town on the site (Aulaiouteichos?) is not shown to have been a polis.",
   "sources": [
    "K. J. Rigsby, 'Agathopolis and Doulopolis', Epigraphica Anatolica 38 (2005): https://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/EpAnat/38 pdfs web/038109.pdf",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtopol",
    "Pleiades 216721 (Barrington Atlas 22 E6)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 81,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1780 – c. 1924",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s060",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b014",
   "latin": "Vasiliko",
   "greek": "Βασιλικό(ν)",
   "other_names": "Vasiliko (al-Idrisi, 1154); Vasiliko (Ottoman); Michurin (1950-1991); Tsarevo (Bulgarian translation of Vasiliko, 'royal place')",
   "modern": "Tsarevo",
   "modern_native": "Царево",
   "population": 8329,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, Burgas regional release",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Tsarevo (the old town on the peninsula)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Tsarevo Municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (Strandzha coast)",
   "lat": 42.17,
   "lon": 27.853,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1780,
   "greek_until": 1924,
   "phases": [
    [
     1780,
     1924
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A place Vasiliko is named by al-Idrisi in 1154; Evliya Çelebi calls it a town in 1662, and in 1787 it was 'a town of 200 houses and a lively port'. The date is that of the first description of a town whose people can reasonably be taken to be the Greek community counted in the 19th c.; that the town was Greek-speaking is first documented by the house counts of the 19th c.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Greek town of the Ottoman Strandzha coast: 434 houses and about 1,800 people in 1831; in 1898 300 Greek and 160 Bulgarian houses. It passed to Bulgaria in 1913; the Greeks then left for Greece and were replaced by Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace. The Greek community is older than the first record of the town.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1913,
    1926
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Al-Idrisi 1154; Ottoman port by the 1780s; 1831 count (1,800); 1898 house count (300 Greek, 160 Bulgarian).",
   "ended_by": "Cession of the area to Bulgaria by the Ottoman Empire in 1913; emigration under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration, signed at Neuilly with the peace treaty on 27 November 1919 (art. 56 of the treaty) and carried out by a Mixed Commission set up in December 1920 (property was settled by the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 and the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement of 1927); the Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 46,759 (census of 1920) to 10,564 (1926), and by 1925 the only Greek school and church still open in Bulgaria were in Sofia (D. Gyudurov).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "later Greek settlement",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Bulgarian",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: house counts by community (1898: 300 Greek and 160 Bulgarian houses) and descriptions of a Greek town and port (1787).",
   "status_evidence": "Called a town with a square fortress by Evliya Çelebi (1662) and 'a town of 200 houses and a lively port' in 1787; seat of the kaza of Ahtopol (Ahtabolu) in the sanjak of Kırkkilise from 1878 to 1912; 19th-c. counts (1831: 434 houses, about 1,800 people; 1898: 300 Greek and 160 Bulgarian houses)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Vasiliko may already have been a Greek village under Constantinople; it is counted in window B because its town status is attested only in the Ottoman period (a town in 1662; a kaza seat 1878-1912). The 1898 and 1900 house counts (460 houses with 300 Greek; 240 houses, all Greek) disagree in size but both show a Greek majority.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarevo",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 82,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1829 – c. 1930",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s057",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b118",
   "latin": "Pyrgos (Burgas)",
   "greek": "Πύργος",
   "other_names": "Pyrgos (Greek; the name of the medieval tower, kept by the Greeks for the town); Burgaz (Ottoman Turkish); Burgas, Бургас (Bulgarian)",
   "modern": "Burgas",
   "modern_native": "Бургас",
   "population": 189014,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "The old town of Burgas on the Gulf of Burgas (Burgas, Bulgaria)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "admin2": "Burgas",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Northern Thrace (the Bulgarian Black Sea coast; Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885)",
   "lat": 42.4975,
   "lon": 27.47,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1829,
   "greek_until": 1930,
   "phases": [
    [
     1829,
     1930
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Ottoman Burgaz was a kasaba (small town) of 1,100-1,200 homes in 1786 (W. von Brognard, cited on cities.blacksea.gr). Greeks from Anchialos, Sozopolis and Mesembria were among the first settlers of the growing port (Lyberatos); the first figure for them is the Russian count of 1828-29 (116 Greek Orthodox houses, about 40% of the town). The community is older than the count, but no earlier figure was found.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Ottoman to 1878, Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885, then Bulgaria. Speech: Greek was one of the town's two main languages from the early 19th c. to the early 20th, beside Turkish and then Bulgarian. The Greek schools were closed in 1906, during the anti-Greek movement of that year; the disturbances did not lead to a mass emigration from Burgas (unlike Anchialos), but the Greeks left gradually in the 1920s under the Greek-Bulgarian agreements on emigration; those who stayed were assimilated. No count of the Greek speakers who remained was found, hence the range.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": [
    1924,
    1946
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "1828-29: 116 Greek Orthodox houses (c. 40%); town totals by the Bulgarian censuses: 5,749 (1887), 11,738 (1900), 14,897 (1910), 21,170 (1920), 36,230 (1934) (Wikipedia, Burgas; no breakdown by language seen); 1879-80: 250 pupils in the Greek schools; 1904: 8 Greek teachers; about 500 pupils before 1906; c. 1900: Greeks a quarter to a third of the town; 1906: the Greek schools closed; 1920s: gradual emigration under the voluntary exchange (Kotzageorgi (ed.) 1999, pp. 155-156, via cities.blacksea.gr).",
   "ended_by": "The Greek schools of Burgas were closed in 1906 in the anti-Greek movement in Bulgaria (A. Lyberatos, 'Confronting the Urban Crowd: Bulgarian Society and the 1906 anti-Greek Movement', 2013); the persons responsible in Burgas are not named in the sources seen. The community then left gradually under the Greek-Bulgarian convention on reciprocal and voluntary emigration signed at Neuilly on 27 November 1919 (unchecked: the date) and the Politis-Kalfov agreement of 1924 (Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria').",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Ottoman port town (Muslim majority in 1828-29), a Bulgarian town after 1878",
   "founder": "No recorded founder: an Ottoman port town that grew near the medieval tower of Pyrgos; Greeks from the old towns of the gulf (Anchialos, Sozopolis, Mesembria) among its early settlers",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The medieval Pyrgos was a tower and fort on the gulf, not a town; the hot springs of Aquae Calidae nearby were a spa and road station.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Turkish (the majority in 1828-29), then Bulgarian (the majority by the late 19th c.)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "1828-29: 116 Greek Orthodox houses, about 40% of a Muslim-majority town (a Russian source, Enecholm 1830, cited by A. Lyberatos), a figure that does not separate Greek from Bulgarian speakers; late 19th and early 20th c.: the Greeks were 'between one fourth and one third' of a predominantly Bulgarian town (Lyberatos); the Greek schools had 250 pupils in 1879-80 and about 500 before 1906, with 8 teachers in 1904 (X. Kotzageorgi 1994).",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: counts and estimates of the Greek community (houses, 1828-29; a quarter to a third c. 1900), none by language.",
   "status_evidence": "A kasaba (town) in 1786 (Brognard); a Bulgarian town and district capital after 1878; a Greek community with its own schools (1879-1906) that made up a quarter to a third of the town c. 1900 (Lyberatos)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted under the line for bilingual towns on one historian's estimate (Greeks a quarter to a third of the town c. 1900) and a count of houses for 1828-29 that does not separate Greek from Bulgarian speakers. No census of the town by mother tongue was found (the town had 11,738 people in 1900, so the estimate means roughly 2,900-3,900 Greeks; the Bulgarian censuses of 1887-1910 by mother tongue would settle it); if the Greek share was nearer a fifth, Burgas would fall below the line.",
   "sources": [
    "A. Lyberatos, 'Greek community' (Burgas): https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/burgas/3-2-1-1/",
    "X. Kotzageorgi, 'The Greek Community of Burgas. Education and Culture', Etudes Balkaniques 30.1 (1994), via https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/burgas/3-4-1-1-1",
    "Brognard 1786, via https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/burgas/1-2",
    "A. Lyberatos, 'Confronting the Urban Crowd: Bulgarian Society and the 1906 anti-Greek Movement' (Crete UP 2013), pp. 177-194: https://v2.ims.forth.gr/en/publication/view?id=545",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas (census totals 1887-1934)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 83,
   "list_group": "The Black Sea coast",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1856 – c. 1960",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s046",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "b001",
   "latin": "Sulina",
   "greek": "Σουλινάς (Σουλίνα)",
   "other_names": "Sulina (Romanian); Sünne (Ottoman) (unchecked); 'Europolis' (the novel by Jean Bart, 1933)",
   "modern": "Sulina",
   "modern_native": "Sulina",
   "population": 3118,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census (via Wikipedia)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Sulina, at the mouth of the Sulina branch of the Danube",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Tulcea County",
   "admin2": "Sulina",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Danube delta (Dobruja)",
   "lat": 45.156,
   "lon": 29.654,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1856,
   "greek_until": 1960,
   "phases": [
    [
     1829,
     1960
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Greek pilots and lightermen settled after the Treaty of Adrianople (1829); in 1853 the 1,000-1,200 inhabitants were all Ionians, Maltese or Greeks (Engelhardt 1862); Sulina became a town as the base of the works of the European Commission of the Danube (1856; its seat was at Galați)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "A Greek town in its first decades: in 1857 an Italian vice-consul called the Greeks 'the backbone of the city'; in 1879 Greeks were 1,653 of 2,875 residents (Sturdza 1880), and Greek was the language of everyday life (official business was in French or English). The Greek church of St Nicholas (1866-1867) and Greek boys' and girls' schools (from c. 1870) were paid for by the community. The Greeks stayed dominant in trade until the early 20th c., but became a minority (20.8% in 1930). The port declined after the Commission's work ended (1939) and the wars; the Greeks left or were assimilated in the communist period (unchecked: the timing); 1.8% of the people were Greek in 2011.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    1945,
    2011
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "1853 description (Engelhardt); 1879 count (1,653 Greeks of 2,875); Greek church 1866-1867; Greek schools c. 1870; census of 1930 (20.8%); census of 2011 (1.8%).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the port lost its role after 1939 and the Greek community dwindled in the communist period (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "later Greek settlement",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Greek pilots, lightermen and seamen, many from Cephalonia, Ithaca, Mykonos and Kasos",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "An Ottoman foundation document of 1745 mentions a lighthouse and fort at Sulina.",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: from about 1900 the town grew with Romanian and other settlers (5,612 people in 1900, 7,347 in 1912) and Greek became one of two main languages beside Romanian; Greeks were 20.8% of 6,399 people in 1930",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Counts of 1853 and 1879 by nationality in which Greeks are the largest group.",
   "status_evidence": "Seat of the European Commission of the Danube from 1856; free port 1870-1939; town under Romania from 1878; counts of 1853 and 1879",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "A window B town settled largely by Greeks; Greek was its main language in the 19th c. Karpat's estimate for 1878 (350 Greeks of about 800) is far lower than Sturdza's count of 1879 and is not used.",
   "sources": [
    "https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/7792/ekistic-heritage-and-enhancement-the-case-of-sulina.pdf (citing Engelhardt 1862 and Sturdza 1880)",
    "https://www.icr.ro/pagini/sulina-in-history",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulina"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 84,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 670 BC – 1922",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s075",
   "id_prev": "C027",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Selymbria",
   "greek": "Σηλυμβρία",
   "other_names": "Selybria; Eudoxiopolis (c. 400, after Empress Eudoxia)",
   "modern": "Silivri",
   "modern_native": "Silivri",
   "population": 232156,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Silivri (Silivri, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "admin2": "Silivri",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.0785,
   "lon": 28.2477,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511414",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -670,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -670,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Megarian colony, founded before Byzantium (Ps.-Scymnus), i.e. before c. 667-659 BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Megarian colony, Athenian ally, Macedonian, Roman, under Constantinople (an appanage of John VII and Andronikos IV's line (unchecked)); surrendered to the Ottomans in 1453. Speech: Greek without a break to 1922; Ottoman Silivri was a Greek town with a metropolis (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. Under the armistice of Mudanya Italian troops took over from the Greek army on 22 October 1922 and Turkish forces entered Silivri on 1 November 1922.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": [
    1922,
    1923
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Metropolis of Selymbria to 1922; sanjak of Çatalca 1910: 48,500 Greeks (Orthodox) (Ottoman statistics by millet). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Megarians",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Megara",
   "refounded_by": "Selymbria → Eudoxiopolis (Arcadius, c. 400; old name persisted)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The name is Thracian, 'town of Selys' (-bria = town, Strabo 7.6.1), which implies a Thracian place; it is known only through Greek, so not entered as a pre-Greek name.",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis; Greek civic coins; Greek community to 1922.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Propontic Thrace); ATL; coins; Hierocles (Europa, as Eudoxiopolis); bishops 451, 680-81; archbishopric; surrendered to the Ottomans 1453",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Silivri continues the Thracian name Selymbria. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Propontic Thrace)",
    "Strabo 7.6.1",
    "Pleiades 511414",
    "TIB 12",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (Ottoman statistics of 1910 by millet)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Silivri'"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 85,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 667 BC – today",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s064",
   "id_prev": "C029",
   "id_set23": "b065",
   "latin": "Byzantium",
   "greek": "Βυζάντιον",
   "other_names": "Constantinople / Κωνσταντινούπολις, Nova Roma (Constantine 330); Antonina / Augusta Antonina (Septimius Severus, briefly); hē Polis",
   "modern": "İstanbul",
   "modern_native": "İstanbul",
   "population": 15701602,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS at 31 Dec 2024, province (via Wikipedia 'Districts of Turkey')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Historic peninsula, Sarayburnu acropolis (Fatih, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "İstanbul",
   "admin2": "Fatih",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.0059,
   "lon": 28.9739,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "520985",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -667,
   "greek_until": null,
   "phases": [
    [
     -667,
     null
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Megarian colony, c. 668-659 BC (Hdt. 4.144: 17 years after Chalcedon; Eusebius 659/8); Greek pottery from the 7th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: taken by Mehmed II on 29 May 1453. Speech: the Greek community lived on as one of the city's main communities: the Patriarchate was restored under Gennadios Scholarios (1454), and the Ottoman census of 1914 counted 205,375 Greek Orthodox in Constantinople. The Constantinople Greeks were exempted from the exchange of 1923. The community then shrank: the Wealth Tax of 1942, the pogrom of 6-7 September 1955, the expulsion of Greek nationals after March 1964, and emigration. Figures: more than 130,000 Greeks stayed in 1923 (with Imbros and Tenedos; Greek Foreign Ministry); c. 65,000-67,500 in 1955; 49,081 in 1960; about 80,000 before the 1964 expulsions and about 30,000 in 1965 (another count); about 7,000 by 1978; today estimates range from 2,000 (UN 2012) and 2,500 (Human Rights Watch 2006) to 3,000-4,000 (Turkish Foreign Ministry 2008), with higher counts by others. A small Greek-speaking community, continuous with the medieval city, still lives there: the end is open.",
   "until_basis": "still spoken today",
   "until_precision": "",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Ottoman census 1914: 205,375 Greek Orthodox; 1923: over 130,000 stayed; 1955: 65,108; 1960: 49,081; 1965: c. 30,000; c. 7,000 in 1978; 2,000-3,500 today (estimates)",
   "ended_by": "Not ended. Decline: the anti-Greek pogrom of 6-7 September 1955 (over a dozen dead; 73 churches and 23 schools damaged or destroyed), organised with the involvement of the army's Tactical Mobilization Group according to the sources cited by Wikipedia; the expulsion of Greek citizens after the İnönü government denounced the 1930 Greek-Turkish convention of establishment on 16 March 1964 (more than 12,000 Greek citizens deported within two years, per the Greek Foreign Ministry; some 30,000-40,000 Turkish citizens of Greek origin left with them); the Wealth Tax (law 4305, 11 November 1942), which fell heavily on the Greeks and sent defaulters to labour camps at Aşkale.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Megarians (oikist Byzas, legend)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Megara",
   "refounded_by": "Byzantion → Antonina (Septimius Severus, briefly) → Constantinopolis / Nova Roma (Constantine I, 324-330)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Pliny (NH 4.46) says the place was earlier called Lygos, a Thracian name known only from Latin, so not entered as a pre-Greek name. Neolithic-Chalcolithic remains exist within the later city (Yenikapı).",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: after 1453 an Ottoman capital with a Turkish-speaking majority and large Greek, Armenian and Jewish communities; Greek one of its main languages into the 20th c.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions; Greek speech described in every period.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Propontic Thrace); ATL; coins from late 5th c. BC; Roman provincial coins; imperial capital 330-1453; patriarchate (councils 381, 553, 680-81)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "One entry for Byzantium and Constantinople (refoundation 330). Turkish İstanbul comes from Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν. The Ottomans took it in 1453. Justinian's 'city' of Sykai/Ioustinianai (later Galata) is treated as part of it. Greek speech here has never ended; the community is now very small. IACP number not checked.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Byzantion)",
    "Hdt. 4.144",
    "Pliny NH 4.46",
    "Pleiades 520985 / 520998",
    "Wikipedia: Greeks in Turkey (figures 1955-today)",
    "Wikipedia: Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul",
    "Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Greek minority and its foundations in Istanbul, Imvros and Tenedos (https://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy/foreign-policy-issues/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations/the-greek-minority-and-its-foundations-in-istanbul-gokceada-imvros-and-bozcaada-tenedos/)",
    "Minority Rights Group, Rum Orthodox Christians (2018)",
    "1914 Ottoman census (en.wikipedia)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 86,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 650 BC – 1922",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s088",
   "id_prev": "C016",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Aenus",
   "greek": "Αἶνος",
   "other_names": "Poltyobria / Poltymbria (earlier Thracian name, Strabo); Apsinthos (?)",
   "modern": "Enez",
   "modern_native": "Enez",
   "population": 10529,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Enez (Enez, Edirne)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Edirne",
   "admin2": "Enez",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.7249,
   "lon": 26.0857,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501337",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -650,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -650,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Aeolian colony, 7th c. BC (from Mytilene and Kyme; Alopekonnesians also named)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian ally, Macedonian, free city under Rome, under Constantinople, the Genoese Gattilusi (1384-1456), Ottoman from 1456; occupied by Bulgaria in the First Balkan War (1912-1913) (unchecked), Ottoman again from 1913, Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek without a break from the 7th c. BC to 1922; Ottoman Enez was a small Greek port town with a Greek metropolis, declining as the mouth of the Evros silted up (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Metropolis of Ainos to 1922; town of Enez about 8,000 inhabitants (early 20th c., Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet') (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "The Greek population left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922), crossing the Evros to Greek Thrace (unchecked); the Lausanne convention (1923) made the exchange compulsory.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Aeolians from Mytilene and Kyme",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Mytilene and Kyme",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Strabo (7 fr.) gives the earlier name Poltyobria, a Thracian name preserved only in Greek, so it is not entered as a pre-Greek name. The Apsinthian Thracians held the region.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with civic coins; Greek community to 1922.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Ainos); Hdt. 7.58; abundant Classical coinage; Hierocles (Rhodope); bishops 451, 553; autocephalous archbishopric; Gattilusi lordship 1384-1456",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "It lies on the E (Turkish) bank of the Hebrus mouth. The Ottomans took it in 1456. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Ainos)",
    "Hdt. 7.58",
    "Pleiades 501337",
    "TIB 6 (Soustal 1991)",
    "Wikipedia: Aenus",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Enez'"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 87,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "602 BC – 1922",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s080",
   "id_prev": "C025",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Perinthus",
   "greek": "Πέρινθος",
   "other_names": "Herakleia / Heraclea (Thraciae), from the 3rd c. AD",
   "modern": "Marmaraereğlisi",
   "modern_native": "Marmaraereğlisi",
   "population": 32104,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Marmara Ereğlisi (Marmaraereğlisi, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Marmaraereğlisi",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.971,
   "lon": 27.953,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511357",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -602,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -602,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Samian colony, 602/1 BC (Eusebius/Jerome)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Samian colony, Macedonian (besieged by Philip II, 340 BC), Roman (capital of Thracia, neokoros), under Constantinople as Herakleia, metropolis of Europa; Ottoman from the 14th c. (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek without a break. Ottoman Ereğli was a small Greek town; the metropolitan of Heraclea had moved to Rodosto (unchecked). Its Greeks were moved away during the First World War; 60 had come back by the end of April 1919 (Çetin). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "60 Rum returnees at Ereğli by April 1919 (Çetin, from Ottoman sources). Metropolis of Herakleia (titular seat; see at Rodosto) to 1922 (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Samians",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Samos",
   "refounded_by": "Perinthos → Herakleia (3rd c. AD), metropolis of Europa",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis; Greek civic institutions under Rome.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Propontic Thrace); ATL; coins; Roman neokoros city and capital of Thracia; Hierocles (Europa; metropolis); bishops from 325",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Turkish Ereğli comes from Herakleia, not Perinthos. Philip II besieged it in 340 BC. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Propontic Thrace)",
    "Sayar 1998",
    "Pleiades 511357",
    "TIB 12",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Tekirdağ', in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (1914 census via Narinç; 1919 figures of the Trakya Paşaeli society via Arıkan)",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 88,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – 1922",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s079",
   "id_prev": "C023",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Bisanthe",
   "greek": "Βισάνθη",
   "other_names": "Rhaidestos / Rhaedestus (from Roman times); Rodosto / Rodoscuk (Ottoman)",
   "modern": "Tekirdağ",
   "modern_native": "Tekirdağ",
   "population": 223068,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, Süleymanpaşa district, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Tekirdağ (Süleymanpaşa, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Süleymanpaşa",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.9784,
   "lon": 27.508,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511187",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Samian colony, Archaic (c. 600 BC; the Samian Propontic colonies date from c. 600)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Samian colony, Thracian, Macedonian, Roman, under Constantinople (sacked by the Catalan Company, 1305 (unchecked)); Ottoman from the 1350s-1360s (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: a Greek town without a break. Ottoman Rodosto was a busy port of Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews (about 35,000 people in the early 20th c.), the seat of the metropolitan of Heraclea; Greek and Turkish were its main languages (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The refugees founded Nea Raidestos near Thessaloniki (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Sanjak of Tekirdağ 1914: 53,717 Rum (Orthodox), 103,437 Muslims, 13,623 Armenians, 2,781 Jews (Ottoman census via Narinç); central kaza 1919: 4,886 Rum and 28,339 Turks (Trakya Paşaeli). The 1919 figures come from a Turkish political society arguing that Thrace was Turkish, and were taken after the wartime deportations; they are minimums. Metropolis of Heraclea at Rodosto; sanjak of Tekirdağ 1906/07: about 53,000 Greeks (Orthodox), 77,000 Muslims, 19,000 Armenians (Karpat, count by religion); 1910: 56,000 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak (Ottoman statistics by millet). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "When the Ottoman army retook this part of Eastern Thrace in the summer of 1913, the Greeks and Armenians of Rodosto were subjected to looting and intimidation (Wikipedia, '1914 Greek deportations'). The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Samians",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Samos",
   "refounded_by": "Bisanthe → Rhaidestos (name change, Roman/medieval Roman)",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Greek and Turkish were the town's main languages, with Armenian and Ladino (unchecked).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis; Hdt. 7.137; the later Greek community counted to 1922.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Propontic Thrace); Hdt. 7.137; Xen. Anab. 7 (offered by Seuthes); ATL; bishopric Rhaidestos (787), later metropolis",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Equating Bisanthe with Rhaidestos (Tekirdağ) follows Pleiades/Barrington; some Turkish scholars put Bisanthe at Barbaros. The Ottoman name Rodosto continues Rhaidestos; Tekirdağ is a separate Turkish name. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Propontic Thrace)",
    "Hdt. 7.137",
    "Pleiades 511187",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')",
    "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (Ottoman statistics of 1910 by millet)",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Tekirdağ', in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (1914 census via Narinç; 1919 figures of the Trakya Paşaeli society via Arıkan)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 89,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – c. 300 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s078",
   "id_prev": "C024",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Heraeum (Heraion Teichos)",
   "greek": "Ἡραῖον τεῖχος",
   "other_names": "Hieron/Hiereum, Ereon (itineraries)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "coast E of Tekirdağ (Süleymanpaşa, Tekirdağ), exact site unknown",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Süleymanpaşa",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.0048,
   "lon": 27.6896,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511271",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": -300,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     -300
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Samian colony c. 600 BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Samian, then Athenian and Macedonian spheres. Speech: a Greek town, besieged by Philip II in 352 BC; later sources know only a road station (Hiereum, Ereon). It probably dwindled to a station after the Hellenistic period.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -340,
    400
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Demosthenes 3.4 (352 BC); Roman itineraries (station only).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Samians",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Samos",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (p. 918).",
   "status_evidence": "IACP p. 918; besieged by Philip II 352 BC (Dem. 3.4)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "It lay a little E of Bisanthe; the site is not identified (Wikipedia gives c. 41.02 N 27.74 E). It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP p. 918",
    "Suda / Harpokration s.v.",
    "Pleiades 511271",
    "Wikipedia: Heraion Teichos"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 90,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 454 BC – c. 350 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s076",
   "id_prev": "C026",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Daminon Teichos",
   "greek": "Δαμίνον τεῖχος",
   "other_names": "Daunion Teichos; Daunium; possibly medieval Roman see Daonion",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "near Gümüşyaka (Silivri, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "admin2": "Silivri",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.0535,
   "lon": 28.0384,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511227",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -454,
   "greek_until": -350,
   "phases": [
    [
     -454,
     -350
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "tribute-paying Greek community 454/3-418/7 BC (ATL)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian (tribute lists). Speech: a Greek community in the tribute lists (454/3-418/7 BC) and in Ps.-Skylax (4th c. BC); it drops out of the record after that, unless it is the medieval see of Daonion, which is unverified.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -400,
    600
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Athenian tribute lists to 418/7 BC; Ps.-Skylax.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown Greek settlers",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (p. 918) and a member of the Athenian tribute lists.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP p. 918; ATL 454/3-418/7; Ps.-Skylax (between Perinthos and Selymbria)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The mother city is unrecorded (probably Samian/Perinthian sphere). The medieval Roman see Daonion (suffragan of Herakleia) may be the same place, which is unverified. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP p. 918",
    "ATL",
    "Pleiades 511227",
    "Wikipedia: Daminon Teichos"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 91,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "452 BC – 1922",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s090",
   "id_prev": "C018",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Peristasis",
   "greek": "Περίστασις",
   "other_names": "Tyrodiza (Hdt. 7.25; tribute lists), Teiristasis (Ps.-Skylax 67), Tiristasis (Pliny 4.48; Roman itineraries)",
   "modern": "Şarköy",
   "modern_native": "Şarköy",
   "population": 34091,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Şarköy (Şarköy, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Şarköy",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.6177,
   "lon": 27.1141,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511449",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -452,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -452,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Classical Tyrodiza ('of the Perinthians', Hdt. 7.25), a tributary member of the Delian League from 452/1 BC; its people were enslaved by the Athenian general Diopeithes in 340 BC, but the town (Teiristasis, Tiristasis) is still named by Ps.-Skylax, Pliny and the Roman itineraries; a bishopric by 1170 (later Peristasis and Myriophyton).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople; Ottoman from the 14th c. (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: a Greek town from its first record to 1922; the see moved to neighbouring Myriophyton in the 16th c. (Myriophyton and Peristasis, a metropolis from 1909). Şarköy was one of the Greek wine and fishing towns of the Ganos coast (the 'Ganochora') (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Bishopric by 1170; metropolis of Myriophyton and Peristasis (1909) to 1922; kaza of Şarköy 1914: 11,009 Greeks and 5,604 Muslims (66%; Karpat 1985, Ottoman census by religion); 1919: 6,368 Rum and 6,389 Turks (Trakya Paşaeli, a partisan count taken after the wartime deportations). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (Tyrodiza) and a member of the Athenian tribute lists.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP, Propontic Thrace, pp. 922-923 (Tyrodiza; number not seen); Athenian tribute lists 452/1-445/4 BC; Ps.-Skylax 67 (Teiristasis); Pliny NH 4.48; medieval bishopric by 1170 (suffragan of Herakleia)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Changed from set 16: Classical Tyrodiza (Teiristasis), on the same site, is in IACP as a polis and paid tribute to Athens, so the Greek town begins in the 5th c. BC, not in 1170. Herodotus calls it a place of the Perinthians; its mother city is unrecorded.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511449",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Wikipedia: Mürefte (diocese history)",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Karpat 1985, pp. 170-171 (Ottoman census of 1914), via Wikipedia 'Şarköy'",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Tekirdağ', in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (1914 census via Narinç; 1919 figures of the Trakya Paşaeli society via Arıkan)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 92,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "442 BC – c. 300 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s113",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Neapolis (Herakleia) on the Propontis",
   "greek": "Νεάπολις",
   "other_names": "Herakleia (Ps.-Skylax 67, as identified by the Barrington Atlas)",
   "modern": "Eriklice",
   "modern_native": "Eriklice",
   "population": null,
   "pop_year": null,
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "near Eriklice (Şarköy, Tekirdağ), on the Propontis coast between Şarköy and Mürefte",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Şarköy",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Propontic Thrace",
   "lat": 40.6381,
   "lon": 27.1811,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511333",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -442,
   "greek_until": -300,
   "phases": [
    [
     -442,
     -300
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First attested as a tributary member of the Delian League in the Athenian tribute lists (442/1 BC); its foundation is undated.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian alliance in the 5th c. BC, then Perinthian, Macedonian and Roman. Speech: the town pays tribute until 430/29 BC and, if it is Ps.-Skylax's Herakleia, still existed about 338 BC, when Ps.-Skylax calls it one of the Thracian forts; after that it drops out of the record. The coast stayed Greek-speaking, and later Greek villages of the Ganos coast stood nearby.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -338,
    400
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Athenian tribute lists 442/1-430/29 BC; Ps.-Skylax 67 (Herakleia), c. 338 BC.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (p. 918) and a member of the Athenian tribute lists.",
   "status_evidence": "Athenian tribute lists 442/1-430/29 BC (Delian League member); IACP, Propontic Thrace, p. 918 (number not seen); Ps.-Skylax 67 lists Herakleia among the 'Thracian forts' (teiche) of the Propontic coast",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The Barrington Atlas equates this Neapolis of the tribute lists with Ps.-Skylax's Herakleia and places both near Eriklice; the equation is not certain. Not to be confused with Neapolis (Kavala) in Greece.",
   "sources": [
    "Hansen and Nielsen 2004 (IACP), Propontic Thrace, p. 918 (cited by Wikipedia)",
    "Athenian tribute lists (ATL)",
    "Ps.-Skylax 67",
    "Pleiades 511333",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 93,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 428 BC – 1922",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s087",
   "id_prev": "C019",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Ganus",
   "greek": "Γάνος",
   "other_names": "Serreion Teichos (Classical; identification probable); Gannos (Hierocles)",
   "modern": "Gaziköy",
   "modern_native": "Gaziköy",
   "population": null,
   "pop_year": null,
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Gaziköy (Şarköy, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Şarköy",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.7505,
   "lon": 27.3244,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511415",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -428,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -428,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "as Serreion Teichos, a tribute-paying Greek community 428/7-418/7 BC (ATL); Ganos a fort by the 4th c. BC; city in Hierocles",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian (tribute lists), Macedonian, Roman, under Constantinople (archbishopric 1324, metropolis 1329); Ottoman from the 14th c. (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek from the 5th c. BC to 1922; Mount Ganos was a centre of monks and wine-growing, and Ganos was one of the Greek villages of the 'Ganochora' under the Ottomans (the metropolis of Ganos and Chora sat at Chora) (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Metropolis of Ganos and Chora to 1922 (unchecked); M. Gedeon, history of the Ganochora (1913).",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown Greek settlers (legend: companions of Byzas)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (Serreion Teichos) and a member of the Athenian tribute lists.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP p. 922 (Serreion Teichos); ATL; Hierocles 633.1 (Gannos); bishopric, archbishopric 1324, metropolis 1329",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Equating Serreion Teichos with Ganos follows Pleiades and the Barrington Atlas. Mount Ganos was a major medieval Roman monastic and wine centre. The mother city is unrecorded. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP p. 922",
    "ATL I 545-46",
    "Pleiades 511415",
    "Wikipedia: Ganos",
    "TIB 12",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "M. Gedeon, Ganochora (1913), archive.apan.gr"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 94,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 400 BC – c. 1361",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s082",
   "id_prev": "C017",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Cypsela",
   "greek": "Κύψελα",
   "other_names": "Kypsela; Ipsala (Ottoman)",
   "modern": "İpsala",
   "modern_native": "İpsala",
   "population": 25645,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "İpsala (İpsala, Edirne)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Edirne",
   "admin2": "İpsala",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.9245,
   "lon": 26.3921,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501489",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -400,
   "greek_until": 1361,
   "phases": [
    [
     -400,
     1361
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Thracian town with its own coinage with Greek legend (ΚΥΨΕ), c. 400 BC",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Thracian, Macedonian, Roman, under Constantinople; Ottoman from c. 1357-1361 (unchecked). Speech: Greek-speaking by late antiquity (bishops 553, 787) and in the Middle Ages. Under the Ottomans İpsala became a mainly Turkish town; an Orthodox Greek-speaking minority and Greek villages of the district lived on until 1922 (unchecked), which keeps the phase to the departure under the armistice of Mudanya. The size of the Greek community in the town itself is not established.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    1361,
    1922
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops 553, 787; Greek villages of the İpsala district to 1922 (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "The Ottoman conquest (c. 1357-1361) turned the town Turkish; the last Greeks left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923) (unchecked).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "A Thracian town before it issued Greek coins; no native-script name exists.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: Thracian was probably still spoken beside Greek until the Roman period; under the Ottomans Turkish was the main language and Greek a minority one (unchecked).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (cited) with its own coins of the 5th-4th c. BC.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (cited, Thrace); own coins 5th-4th c. BC; Livy (Macedonian/Seleucid campaigns); Via Egnatia station; bishops 553, 787 (Rhodope)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The name has the form of the Greek word κυψέλη ('beehive'), possibly a reinterpretation of a Thracian name. It is unclear when it became a polis; the coinage is the earliest evidence. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here. The end is put at the Ottoman conquest (c. 1361), with a range to 1922: Greek villages of the district lived on to 1922, but no count shows a Greek community in the town itself.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thrace)",
    "Pleiades 501489",
    "TIB 6 (Soustal 1991)",
    "Wikipedia: Kypsela (Thrace)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 95,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "309 BC – c. 1354",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s091",
   "id_prev": "C014",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Lysimachia",
   "greek": "Λυσιμάχεια",
   "other_names": "Hexamilion (medieval Roman fortress and see); Eksemil (Ottoman)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Ortaköy / Eksemil near Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.583,
   "lon": 26.883,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501458",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -309,
   "greek_until": 1354,
   "phases": [
    [
     -309,
     1354
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "founded by Lysimachus in 309 BC, with the people of Kardia and other Chersonesite towns",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Lysimachus' capital (309-281 BC), Seleucid, Macedonian, Roman; under Constantinople as the fortress and see of Hexamilion; Ottoman from 1354. Speech: a Greek city from 309 BC. The Thracians destroyed it c. 198/7 BC and Antiochus III restored it in 196 BC, calling back its people (Livy 33.38), so the community is treated as continuous. It shrank under Rome; as Hexamilion it was a fortress and a see (bishop 787). It fell to Süleyman Pasha in 1354, and the Bolayır area round it was settled by Turks (Süleyman Pasha's tomb at Bolayır, 1357) (unchecked). No Greek community at the site is attested after the conquest.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    1354,
    1500
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Coins 3rd-2nd c. BC; Livy 33.38-41; see of Hexamilion (bishop 787).",
   "ended_by": "The Thracians destroyed the city c. 198/7 BC (restored by Antiochus III, 196 BC: Livy 33.38). The earthquake of 2 March 1354 brought down the walls of the towns of the Gallipoli peninsula, and Süleyman Pasha, son of Orhan, occupied them, Hexamilion among them; Turkish settlement followed (John Kantakouzenos; Nikephoros Gregoras) (unchecked). No act ending Greek speech at the site is recorded.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "foundation by ruler",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Lysimachus",
   "founder_group": "rulers",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Lysimacheia (Lysimachus 309 BC) → damaged 287 BC → destroyed by Thracians c. 198/7 BC → restored by Antiochus III 196 BC → Justinianic fortress Hexamilion (6th c.)",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic institutions: Lysimacheia's civic coins and decrees (unchecked: the decrees).",
   "status_evidence": "Diodorus 20.29; Lysimachus' capital; coins 3rd-2nd c. BC; refounded by Antiochus III 196 BC; see of Hexamilion (bishop 787)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The site was formerly placed at Hexamili; it is now placed near Bolayır, with most ruins at Ortaköy. The medieval Roman see 'Hexamilion' (787) is taken as its continuation (seed row 'Hexamilion' merged here). Pleiades has one entry for Kardia and Lysimacheia (501458); the two are kept apart here, Lysimachia founded beside Kardia in 309 BC.",
   "sources": [
    "Diod. 20.29",
    "Livy 33.38-41",
    "Cohen 1995",
    "Pleiades 501458",
    "Wikipedia: Lysimachia (Thrace)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 96,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 46 – c. 1360",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s081",
   "id_prev": "C021",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Apri",
   "greek": "Ἄπρος",
   "other_names": "Aproi; Colonia Claudia Aprensis; Theodosiopolis (Theodosius I or II); Naples (Frankish)",
   "modern": "Kermeyan",
   "modern_native": "Kermeyan",
   "population": null,
   "pop_year": null,
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Kermeyan (Malkara, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Malkara",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.9269,
   "lon": 27.1074,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511153",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 46,
   "greek_until": 1360,
   "phases": [
    [
     46,
     1360
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Roman colony founded by Claudius (Colonia Claudia Aprensis), c. AD 46-54",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman colony of Claudius, then under Constantinople (archbishopric by 640, metropolis 1179); Latin 1204-1205; Ottoman from the 1360s (unchecked). Speech: a Latin-speaking veteran colony at first, Greek-speaking by late antiquity (Greek bishops from 431). Kaloyan's Bulgarians took and destroyed Apros in 1205-1206 (Villehardouin), but the town recovered: the battle of Apros (1305) and its metropolitans of the 14th c. show a Greek town. After the Ottoman conquest it dwindled to the village of Kermeyan; whether its people stayed Greek-speaking to 1922 is not established.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    1360,
    1922
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops 431-878; metropolis 1179; battle of Apros, 1305.",
   "ended_by": "Destroyed by the Bulgarians under Kaloyan, 1205-1206 (Villehardouin); recovered. Ottoman conquest under Murad I, 1360s (unchecked). No act ending Greek speech is recorded.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Claudius",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Apros → Colonia Claudia Aprensis (Claudius) → Theodosiopolis (late 4th/5th c.)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: a Latin-speaking veteran colony beside Greek speakers in the 1st-3rd c. AD; Greek by late antiquity.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Europa; the see adds no second strand, and the Roman colony began Latin-speaking.",
   "status_evidence": "Pliny NH 4.47 (colonia); Ptolemy; Hierocles (Europa); bishops 431 (council list), 458, 536, 787, 878; archbishopric by 640, metropolis 1179",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The site at Kermeyan follows the Barrington Atlas/Pleiades; the council seed placed it at Malkara. The Bulgarians destroyed it in 1205.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511153",
    "Pliny NH 4.47",
    "Catholic Encyclopedia: Theodosiopolis",
    "TIB 12"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 97,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 75 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s093",
   "id_prev": "C015",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Aphrodisias (Thrace)",
   "greek": "Ἀφροδισιάς",
   "other_names": "Colonia Flaviopolis (Roman)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "near Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.5387,
   "lon": 26.8346,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501352",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 75,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     75,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "town attested from the Hellenistic period; city status as a Flavian colonia (Flaviopolis), 1st c. AD; city in Hierocles",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman colony (Flaviopolis), then under Constantinople. Speech: Latin colonists in the 1st-3rd c. AD beside Greek speakers; Greek by late antiquity, when Hierocles (6th c.) lists it as a city of Europa. It drops out of the record after that.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    1000
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles (6th c.).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Flavian emperors (colonia Flaviopolis)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Aphrodisias → Colonia Flaviopolis (Flavian)",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Europa.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles (Europa); Barrington 'Aphrodisias/Col. Flaviopolis'",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Equating the Flavian colony with Aphrodisias follows the Barrington Atlas; the site is unlocated.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 501352",
    "Jones 1971, 17",
    "RE Aphrodisias 4",
    "Wikipedia: Aphrodisias (Thrace)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 98,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 117 – 1922",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s068",
   "id_prev": "C033",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Bizye",
   "greek": "Βιζύη",
   "other_names": "Vize",
   "modern": "Vize",
   "modern_native": "Vize",
   "population": 29024,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Vize (Vize, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Vize",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.5727,
   "lon": 27.7653,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511190",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 117,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     117,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "civic coins with Greek legends from the 2nd c. AD (Hadrian to Philip); earlier the seat of the Thracian (Astaean) kings, 1st c. BC-AD 46",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Thracian royal seat, Roman, under Constantinople (autocephalous archbishopric); Ottoman from the 1360s (unchecked); Bulgarian occupation 1912-1913, Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek from the Roman period; under the Ottomans Vize was a town of Turks and Greeks, the seat of the metropolis of Vizye; the poet Georgios Vizyinos (1849) was born there (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "In 1915-1916 the Ottoman authorities deported about 4,000 Rum from the Vize districts of Yenice and Edincek (Efiloğlu). Metropolis of Vizye to 1922; kaza of Vize 1914: 4,089 Greeks and 10,020 Muslims (29% Greek; Karpat 1985, Ottoman census by religion); sanjak of Kırk Kilise 1906/07: about 71,000 Greeks (Orthodox), 78,000 Muslims, 30,000 Bulgarians (Karpat, count by religion). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text+archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Thracian royal residence (Pliny: 'arx regum Thraciae'); Thracian royal tumuli at Vize; the name is Thracian but has no native-script attestation.",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Turkish was the main language and Greek the second (Greeks 29% of the kaza in 1914, by religion); Evliya Celebi (1661) found Turks, Bulgarians and Greeks.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek most of the residents' inscriptions of the Roman city (unchecked); Greek civic coins; Orthodox community counted to 1922.",
   "status_evidence": "Roman provincial coins; Hierocles (Europa); bishops 431-787; autocephalous archbishopric; Hagia Sophia church",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The Thracian kings used Greek in their inscriptions before AD 46. The start date of the coinage (Trajan or Hadrian) is approximate. The Greeks of the town spoke Greek (Georgios Vizyinos, born there in 1849, wrote his stories of Vize in Greek (unchecked)). The Bulgarian-speaking Orthodox of the Strandzha villages of the district were mostly Exarchists, counted apart as Bulgarians before 1913 (unchecked); no source seen describes Bulgarian-speaking Patriarchists in the town, so the kaza's Rum of 1914 (29%) are taken as Greek-speaking for the most part.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511190",
    "Pliny NH 4.47",
    "Jones 1971",
    "TIB 12",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')",
    "Wikipedia, 'Vize' (Karpat 1985, 1914 figures)",
    "Efiloğlu, in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (Kırklareli chapter), tables from Karpat 1985 and Ottoman records"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 99,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 125 – 1922",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s066",
   "id_prev": "C040",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Hadrianopolis",
   "greek": "Ἁδριανούπολις",
   "other_names": "Adrianople; Uskudama / Uscudama (earlier Thracian town); Orestias (learned medieval Roman name)",
   "modern": "Edirne",
   "modern_native": "Edirne",
   "population": 198428,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Edirne (Merkez, Edirne)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Edirne",
   "admin2": "Merkez",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.6765,
   "lon": 26.5629,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501428",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 125,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     125,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "founded by Hadrian c. AD 124/125 on the site of Thracian Uskudama",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman, under Constantinople (Bulgarian occupations under Krum, 813, and later), Latin 1204-1205, Ottoman from c. 1369 (capital to 1453); Bulgarian 26 March-22 July 1913; Greek July 1920-October 1922. Speech: a Greek city from the Roman period to the Ottoman conquest. Under the Ottomans Turkish became the main language; the Greek community lived on as one of the city's main communities, beside Turks, Bulgarians, Jews (Ladino) and Armenians: one estimate for 1905 gives 22,000 Greeks out of about 80,000 (about 28%; 30,000 Turks, 10,000 Bulgarians, 12,000 Jews, 4,000 Armenians), a figure without a cited source; the Ottoman figures of 1914 give the central kaza 36,222 Orthodox out of about 109,500 (33%). During the war the Ottoman government moved non-Muslims away from militarily sensitive places; they began to come back under the armistice of 1918 (Çetin). Greek was thus one of the town's main languages but no longer the first. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The Greeks of the suburb of Karaağaç, left to Turkey at Lausanne, founded Nea Orestiada in Greece (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Central kaza of Edirne 1914: 36,222 Rum (Orthodox), 53,731 Muslims, 13,889 Jews, 4,536 Armenians, 648 Bulgarians (about 33% Orthodox; Sarıoğlu 2020, via Çetin). 1905: 22,000 Greeks of about 80,000 (Wikipedia 'Edirne', unsourced); sanjak of Edirne 1906/07: about 103,000 Greeks (Orthodox), 154,000 Muslims, 57,000 Bulgarians (Karpat, count by religion); 1910: 113,500 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak (Ottoman statistics by millet). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "In 813 the Bulgarians under Krum's brother besieged Adrianople and took it; Krum carried off its defenders, some 10,000, and many of its people, among them the parents of the future emperor Basil I, and settled them beyond the Danube (Wikipedia, 'Krum'; Theophanes Continuatus, for the settlement beyond the Danube (unchecked)); the city was resettled under Constantinople. Murad I took the city c. 1369 (the administration; the Greek community stayed). The Greek population left with the Greek army under the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922); the Lausanne convention (1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Hadrian",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Uskudama → Hadrianopolis (Hadrian)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Uskudama/Uscudama, a town of the Bessi or Odrysae (Ammianus, Eutropius); known only from Latin, so not entered as a pre-Greek name.",
   "name_continues": "Latin name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans (c. 1369-1922) Turkish was the main language; Greek was one of several main languages (about a quarter of the people in 1905, an unsourced estimate; 33% of the central kaza in 1914, by religion), beside Bulgarian, Ladino and Armenian.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "Greek civic coins and Greek inscriptions of the Roman city (unchecked); Greek community counted to 1922.",
   "status_evidence": "Roman provincial coins (Greek legends); Hierocles (Haemimontus, metropolis); bishops 553, 787; medieval Roman metropolis",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Scene of the Gothic victory of 378. Taken by the Ottomans c. 1369 (dates 1361-1371 are debated) and their capital until 1453. Under the Ottomans the Greeks were a minority (about a quarter of the town in 1905); the city enters for its Roman and medieval Greek phase, and the Ottoman centuries extend its phase to 1922.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 501428",
    "TIB 6 (Soustal 1991)",
    "Jones 1971",
    "Wikipedia: Edirne",
    "Wikipedia, 'Edirne' (1905 figures)",
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')",
    "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (Ottoman statistics of 1910 by millet)",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Edirne', in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (1914 figures via Sarıoğlu 2020)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 100,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 395 – 1922",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s070",
   "id_prev": "C038",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Arcadiopolis",
   "greek": "Ἀρκαδιούπολις",
   "other_names": "Bergule / Bergoule (Thracian town)",
   "modern": "Lüleburgaz",
   "modern_native": "Lüleburgaz",
   "population": 156648,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Lüleburgaz (Lüleburgaz, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Lüleburgaz",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.4017,
   "lon": 27.3527,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511185",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 395,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     395,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Thracian Bergule raised to city status and renamed for Arcadius by Theodosius I (or Arcadius), c. 390s",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople, Ottoman from the 1360s (Murad I) (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek-speaking in the Middle Ages. Under the Ottomans Lüleburgaz became a mainly Turkish town; an Orthodox community, Greek-speaking for the most part (unchecked), with Bulgarian-speakers in parts of the district, lived on until 1922. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza of Lüleburgaz 1914: 3,125 Rum (Orthodox), 14,777 Muslims, 434 Jews (17%; Karpat). Centre of the kaza 1919: 2,995 Rum, 2,267 Muslims, 447 Jews, 66 Armenians (the stated total, 6,222, does not match the parts; Vakit, 30 November 1919, cited in the TÜBA Kırklareli volume); the 32 villages of the rest of the kaza were wholly Muslim. Medieval bishops; Orthodox community to 1922 (unchecked). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The Ottoman conquest made the town mainly Turkish (no act ending Greek speech recorded); the last Greeks left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Theodosius I or Arcadius",
   "founder_group": "emperors in Constantinople 330–1453",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Bergule → Arcadiopolis (late 4th c.)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Bergule, a town of the Thracian Astai (Ptolemy, itineraries); the name has no native-script attestation.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Turkish was the main language of the district; the town itself was about half Greek by 1919 (2,995 Rum, 2,267 Muslims, 447 Jews and 66 Armenians in the centre of the kaza, by community, Vakit, 1919), while the kaza as a whole was 17% Orthodox in 1914 (Karpat, by religion), its villages being mostly Muslim.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: a city of Hierocles' Europa and the Orthodox community counted in 1914 (17% of the kaza); the see adds weight.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles (Europa); bishops 553, 787; archbishopric",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "It was briefly the capital of Europa. The medieval Romans defeated the Rus' here in 970.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511185",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Wikipedia: Lüleburgaz",
    "Efiloğlu, in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (Kırklareli chapter), tables from Karpat 1985 and Ottoman records",
    "https://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/yayinlar/tarih-serisi/TUBA-978-625-8352-72-6_ch02.pdf (TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, Kırklareli volume, ch. 2)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 101,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 400 – 1922",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s084",
   "id_prev": "C022",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Panium",
   "greek": "Πάνιον",
   "other_names": "Paniai (Classical); Theodosiopolis (late 4th/5th c.); Panidos (later medieval and Ottoman Greek); Banıdoz (Ottoman Turkish)",
   "modern": "Barbaros",
   "modern_native": "Barbaros",
   "population": null,
   "pop_year": null,
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Barbaros (Süleymanpaşa, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Süleymanpaşa",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.9071,
   "lon": 27.467,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511351",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 400,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     400,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "walls restored 383-403 and renamed Theodosiopolis; city in Hierocles; bishop 536",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman, under Constantinople; occupied without resistance by the future sultan Murad I in 1359 (Külzer 2008, pp. 563-564); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek from late antiquity; bishops to the 14th c. (Ignatius, 1351-1368). Ottoman Panidos (Turkish Banıdoz) remained predominantly Greek under Ottoman rule and still had 1,748 Greek inhabitants in 1922 (Külzer 2008, p. 564). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops 536 to Ignatius (1351-1368); 1,748 Greek inhabitants in 1922 (Külzer 2008, p. 564).",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "renamed Theodosiopolis (Theodosius I or II)",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: a city of Hierocles' Europa and a Greek writer from the town (Priscus of Panium); the see and a count of 1922 add weight.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles (Europa); bishops 536, 680, 787, 14th c.",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Pleiades records a Classical settlement 'Paniai', whose status is unknown. Some Turkish scholars place Bisanthe at Barbaros instead. Home of the historian Priscus of Panium.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511351",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panion (Külzer 2008, pp. 562-564)",
    "Jones 1971, 381 n. 37",
    "Külzer 2008 (via Wikipedia)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 102,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 431 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s118",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Sauadia",
   "greek": "Σαυάδια",
   "other_names": "Sausadia (in the acts of the Council of Ephesus and in Külzer 2008); later Leuke (Külzer)",
   "modern": "Kavakköy",
   "modern_native": "Kavakköy",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Kavak (Kavakköy), at the neck of the Gallipoli peninsula near the head of the Gulf of Saros, Gelibolu, Çanakkale (Külzer's location)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (the province of Europa)",
   "lat": 40.6059,
   "lon": 26.8857,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 431,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     431,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First attested in 431, when the bishop of Sausadia also represented the see of neighbouring Aphrodisias at the Council of Ephesus (Külzer 2016, from the conciliar acts); then a city of Europa in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527). The province was Greek-speaking.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman province of Europa, under Constantinople. Speech: a Greek-speaking see of the 5th c. The see is not securely attested after the 5th c. (a bishop Nikolaos at a synod of 879 is disputed), so the end of the town is unknown; Külzer identifies it with the later Leuke.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    450,
    900
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishop at the Council of Ephesus, 431; Hierocles, c. 527; a disputed bishop of 879 (Külzer 2016).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town drops out of the record after the 5th-6th c.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Europa; the see (a bishop in 431) adds no second strand.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Europa); bishop at the Council of Ephesus, 431 (Külzer 2016)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "A late Roman city and see known from two lists and one council; Külzer (2008, pp. 630-631, cited by Vici.org; not seen here) places it at Kavak, which gives an approximate point. Nothing else is known of the town.",
   "sources": [
    "Külzer 2008, pp. 630-631 (cited by https://vici.org/vici/103347/?lang=en)",
    "Külzer 2016, 'Thracia' (bishoprics of the northern Chersonese): https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/Bosphorus-BlackSea/Thracia-Kulzer2016.pdf",
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Europa) (unchecked)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 103,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s083",
   "id_prev": "C020",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Orni",
   "greek": "Ὄρνοι",
   "other_names": "Ornoi; Ornos (Nepos)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "S of İnecik (Süleymanpaşa, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Süleymanpaşa",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.9143,
   "lon": 27.2803,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511347",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "city in Hierocles (c. 527); earlier a fortified place of Alcibiades (c. 405 BC)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman, under Constantinople. Speech: listed as a city of Europa by Hierocles (6th c.); it drops out of the record after that. Site only tentatively placed.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    1000
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles 632.6 (6th c.).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Europa; Nepos calls Ornoi one of Alcibiades' forts, not a Greek town.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles 632.6 (Europa); Nepos, Alc. 7.4",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "C. Foss (Barrington Atlas) places it tentatively S of İnecik.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles 632.6",
    "Nepos, Alcibiades 7.4",
    "Pleiades 511347"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 104,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 553 – c. 1360",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s071",
   "id_prev": "C036",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Drizipara",
   "greek": "Δριζίπαρα",
   "other_names": "Drousipara / Drusipara; Mesene (from the 9th c.)",
   "modern": "Misinli",
   "modern_native": "Misinli",
   "population": null,
   "pop_year": null,
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Misinli near Büyükkarıştıran (Lüleburgaz, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Lüleburgaz",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.3001,
   "lon": 27.544,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511241",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 553,
   "greek_until": 1360,
   "phases": [
    [
     553,
     1360
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Thracian-named town (Ptolemy, itineraries); first bishop attested 553",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman, under Constantinople (archbishopric of Mesene); Ottoman from the 1360s (unchecked). Speech: Greek from late antiquity (sacked by the Avars, 591, but restored). After the Ottoman conquest Mesene shrank to the village of Misinli; whether a Greek-speaking community stayed there to 1922 is not established.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    1360,
    1922
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops 553, 787; archbishopric of Mesene in the Notitiae.",
   "ended_by": "Sacked by the Avars, 591 (Theophylact Simocatta) (unchecked), and restored; Ottoman conquest, 1360s. No act ending Greek speech is recorded.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Drizipara → Mesene (medieval name)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Thracian name (-para 'village'), known only from Greek and Latin sources.",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: the see (bishops 553, 787) and the shrine; no Greek inscriptions of residents or later community were cited.",
   "status_evidence": "bishops 553, 787; later autocephalous archbishopric (as Mesene); shrine of St Alexander",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "The see may date from the 4th c., but 553 is the first certain bishop. The Avars sacked it in 591. Misinli continues the medieval name Mesene.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511241",
    "Wikipedia: Drizipara",
    "TIB 12"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 105,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 787 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s067",
   "id_prev": "C034",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Brysis",
   "greek": "Βρύσις",
   "other_names": "Verissa (Latin archbishopric 1204-)",
   "modern": "Pınarhisar",
   "modern_native": "Pınarhisar",
   "population": 17499,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Pınarhisar (Pınarhisar, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Pınarhisar",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.6253,
   "lon": 27.5197,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 787,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     787,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "archbishop John at Nicaea II (787)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople, Ottoman from 1368; Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek-speaking in the Middle Ages. Under the Ottomans Pınarhisar became a mainly Turkish town; an Orthodox community, Greek-speaking for the most part (unchecked), with Bulgarian-speakers in parts of the district, lived on until 1922. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza of Pınarhisar 1914: 3,126 Rum (Orthodox) and 10,976 Muslims (22%). Medieval bishops; Orthodox community to 1922 (unchecked). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The Ottoman conquest made the town mainly Turkish (no act ending Greek speech recorded); the last Greeks left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Turkish was the main language; Greek was spoken by an Orthodox minority (22% of the kaza in 1914, counted by religion).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see (bishops 787-1331) and the Orthodox community of the kaza counted in 1914, whose refugees spoke Thracian Greek (unchecked).",
   "status_evidence": "bishops 787, 879, 1027, 1315-31; archbishopric in Notitia of Leo VI",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Turkish Pınar ('spring') translates Greek βρύσις. Turkish sources say it was founded under Theodosius II, which is unverified. The Ottomans took it in 1368.",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia: Pınarhisar",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Le Quien, Oriens Christianus",
    "Efiloğlu, in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (Kırklareli chapter), tables from Karpat 1985 and Ottoman records"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 106,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 787 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s069",
   "id_prev": "C039",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Bulgarophygon",
   "greek": "Βουλγαρόφυγον",
   "other_names": "Bourtoudizos / Burtudizon (Roman station); Arteskos (later Greek)",
   "modern": "Babaeski",
   "modern_native": "Babaeski",
   "population": 46656,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Babaeski (Babaeski, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Babaeski",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.4279,
   "lon": 27.0924,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511195",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 787,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     787,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "bishop at Nicaea II (787) per council list; earlier the Thracian-named station Bourtoudizos, fortified by Justinian",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople, Ottoman from the 1360s (Murad I) (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek-speaking in the Middle Ages. Under the Ottomans Babaeski (Greek Arteskos) became a mainly Turkish town; an Orthodox community, Greek-speaking for the most part (unchecked), with Bulgarian-speakers in parts of the district, lived on until 1922. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza of Babaeski 1914: 2,195 Rum (Orthodox) and 16,749 Muslims (12%; Karpat). About 1919: 19,368 people in the kaza, mostly Muslim; Rum 59 in the town, 177 at Kuleli and 1,376 at Karahalil (Ahmet Hamdi 1925, cited in the TÜBA Kırklareli volume). Medieval bishops; Orthodox community to 1922 (unchecked). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The Ottoman conquest made the town mainly Turkish (no act ending Greek speech recorded); the last Greeks left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "Bourtoudizos → Bulgarophygon (medieval)",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Roman station Burtudizon/Bourdizos with a Thracian name; no native-script attestation.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Turkish was the main language; Greek was spoken by an Orthodox minority (12% of the kaza in 1914, counted by religion; only 59 Rum in the town itself about 1919, beside 177 at Kuleli and 1,376 at Karahalil).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see and the Orthodox community counted in 1914 (12% of the kaza).",
   "status_evidence": "bishop 787 (council seed); see in the Notitiae; Catholic titular see Bulgarophygum",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The council seed records a bishop in 787; the name Bulgarophygon is otherwise first known from the battle of 896.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511195",
    "Council seed (Nicaea 787)",
    "TIB 12",
    "Efiloğlu, in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (Kırklareli chapter), tables from Karpat 1985 and Ottoman records",
    "https://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/yayinlar/tarih-serisi/TUBA-978-625-8352-72-6_ch02.pdf (TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, Kırklareli volume, ch. 2)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 107,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 787 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s072",
   "id_prev": "C037",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Chariopolis",
   "greek": "Χαριούπολις",
   "other_names": "Charioupolis",
   "modern": "Hayrabolu",
   "modern_native": "Hayrabolu",
   "population": 30084,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Hayrabolu (Hayrabolu, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Hayrabolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.2141,
   "lon": 27.1056,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511206",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 787,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     787,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "first bishop at Nicaea II (787)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople, Ottoman from the 1360s (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek-speaking in the Middle Ages; after the battle of Adrianople (1205) Kaloyan's Bulgarians took the town and deported much of its population to the Danube (Wikipedia, 'Hayrabolu'). Under the Ottomans Hayrabolu became a mainly Turkish town; an Orthodox community, Greek-speaking for the most part (unchecked), with Bulgarian-speakers in parts of the district, lived on until 1922. A Greek community of 3,476 people lived in the town in 1922 (Wikipedia). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza of Hayrabolu 1919: 2,681 Rum and 21,246 Turks (Trakya Paşaeli). The 1919 figures come from a Turkish political society arguing that Thrace was Turkish, and were taken after the wartime deportations; they are minimums. Bishops 787-1351; 3,476 Greeks in the town in 1922 (Wikipedia, 'Hayrabolu'). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "After the battle of Adrianople (1205) the Bulgarians of Kaloyan took the town and deported much of its population to the Danube (Wikipedia, 'Hayrabolu'); the town recovered. The Ottoman conquest made the town mainly Turkish (no act ending Greek speech recorded); the last Greeks left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Turkish was the main language; Greek was spoken by an Orthodox minority (about 3,476 people in the town in 1922, counted by religion).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see and the counted Greek community (1919 kaza; 3,476 Greeks in the town in 1922).",
   "status_evidence": "bishops 787-1351 (suffragan of Herakleia)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Nothing is known of an ancient predecessor. It was sacked by the Pechenegs in 1087.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511206",
    "Catholic Encyclopedia: Chariopolis",
    "TIB 12",
    "Wikipedia, 'Hayrabolu'",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Tekirdağ', in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (1914 census via Narinç; 1919 figures of the Trakya Paşaeli society via Arıkan)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 108,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 787 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s063",
   "id_prev": "C031",
   "id_set23": "b059",
   "latin": "Dercos",
   "greek": "Δέρκος",
   "other_names": "Delkos; Terkos (Ottoman)",
   "modern": "Durusu",
   "modern_native": "Durusu",
   "population": 746,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2022 (via the English Wikipedia article on the town)",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Durusu (Arnavutköy, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "İstanbul",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.2999,
   "lon": 28.6784,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "511231",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 787,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     787,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "first bishop at Nicaea II (787); later archbishopric/metropolis",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "A see of the metropolis of Derkoi; taken by the Ottomans while preparing the siege of Constantinople, in early 1453 or 1452. In Ottoman times Terkos was a small village (about 300 people); in the late 19th c. its Christians numbered 400, many of them Bulgarians, so the Greek share at the end is uncertain. The Christians left in the autumn of 1922 with the Greeks of Eastern Thrace (unchecked: Terkos itself). The metropolitan resided at Therapeia on the Bosporus from the 17th c.; the see still exists, but this does not continue Greek speech at Durusu.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": [
    1922,
    1923
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "metropolis of Derkoi (Notitiae, Ottoman period); late 19th c.: 400 Christians, many Bulgarian (en.wikipedia Durusu); Çatalca sanjak 1914: 36,797 Greek Orthodox of 59,756",
   "ended_by": "The departure of the Greeks of Eastern Thrace: the evacuation of the Orthodox Christians of Eastern Thrace in October-November 1922, after the Mudanya armistice of 11 October 1922 handed the region to the Ankara government, followed by the Lausanne exchange convention of 30 January 1923.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "In antiquity a village (Delkos) in Byzantion's territory by the lagoon; no earlier settlement reported at Durusu.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: the see; the only later figure (late 19th c., 400 Christians, many of them Bulgarian) does not show a Greek-speaking flock.",
   "status_evidence": "bishop 787; later archbishopric and metropolis of Derkos",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "It was a Roman station (Delkos); Durusu was called Terkos until the 20th c. The council seed point lies c. 9 km from Durusu; the Pleiades point is used here.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511231",
    "Council seed (Nicaea 787)",
    "TIB 12",
    "Wikipedia: Durusu",
    "Wikipedia: Metropolis of Derkoi",
    "1914 Ottoman census (en.wikipedia): Çatalca sanjak"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 109,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 787 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s074",
   "id_prev": "C030",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Metrae",
   "greek": "Μέτραι",
   "other_names": "Metrai",
   "modern": "Çatalca",
   "modern_native": "Çatalca",
   "population": 80399,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Çatalca (Çatalca, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "admin2": "Çatalca",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.143,
   "lon": 28.462,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 787,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     787,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "first bishop at Nicaea II (787)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople, Ottoman from the 14th-15th c. (unchecked); the Çatalca lines (1912) ran by the town. Speech: Greek from the medieval see; Ottoman Çatalca was a mainly Greek town (the kaza 56% Orthodox in 1914), seat of the metropolis of Metrae and Athyra (unchecked). Its Greeks left in late 1922 and were exchanged in 1923; they were outside the prefecture of Constantinople and not exempted (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": [
    1922,
    1923
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza of Çatalca 1914: 16,984 Greeks (Orthodox), 13,034 Muslims (56%; Ottoman statistics via Wikipedia 'Çatalca'). Bishop 787; metropolis of Metrae and Athyra to 1922; sanjak of Çatalca 1910: 48,500 Greeks (Orthodox) (Ottoman statistics by millet).",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see and the Orthodox majority of the kaza counted in 1914 (56%).",
   "status_evidence": "bishop 787; suffragan of Herakleia (still listed in modern times)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Identification with Çatalca is the modern view given in the council seed.",
   "sources": [
    "Council seed (Nicaea 787)",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Catholic Encyclopedia: Heraclea",
    "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (Ottoman statistics of 1910 by millet)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Çatalca' (1914 figures)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 110,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "AD 787 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s073",
   "id_prev": "C035",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Tzurulum",
   "greek": "Τζουρουλός",
   "other_names": "Tzirallum (Lactantius); Tyroloe; Zorolus (titular see)",
   "modern": "Çorlu",
   "modern_native": "Çorlu",
   "population": 300296,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Çorlu (Çorlu, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Çorlu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.1667,
   "lon": 27.7954,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511456",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 787,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     787,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Roman station (Tzirallum, 313); fortified by Justinian; first bishop at Nicaea II (787)",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople (metropolis), Ottoman from the 1350s-1360s under Murad I (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Greek from the medieval see to 1922. Ottoman Çorlu (about 11,500 people in the early 20th c.) was a town of Turks and Greeks, seat of the metropolis of Tyroloe and Serention (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The Greeks of Çorlu resettled at Ptolemaida in Greek Macedonia.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza of Çorlu 1919: 3,071 Rum and 15,280 Turks (Trakya Paşaeli). The 1919 figures come from a Turkish political society arguing that Thrace was Turkish, and were taken after the wartime deportations; they are minimums. Bishop 787; later metropolis; Ottoman metropolis of Tyroloe and Serention to 1922 (unchecked); town about 11,500 inhabitants (early 20th c., Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet').",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Hellenized native town",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The name is probably Thracian (Tzirallum/Syrallum), known only from Latin and Greek sources.",
   "name_continues": "pre-Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans Greek and Turkish were the town's main languages (unchecked).",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see and the Orthodox community counted in 1919 (kaza).",
   "status_evidence": "bishop 787; later metropolis; major medieval Roman fortress town (Pecheneg siege 1090)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The Thracian origin of the name is likely but unproven. The Ottomans took it in the 1350s/60s under Murad I.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511456",
    "Council seed (Nicaea 787)",
    "TIB 12",
    "Wikipedia, 'Çorlu'",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Tekirdağ', in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (1914 census via Narinç; 1919 figures of the Trakya Paşaeli society via Arıkan)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 111,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 900 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s077",
   "id_prev": "C028",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Athyras",
   "greek": "Ἀθύρας",
   "other_names": "Athyra (medieval Roman see)",
   "modern": "Büyükçekmece",
   "modern_native": "Büyükçekmece",
   "population": 280528,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Büyükçekmece (Büyükçekmece, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "admin2": "Büyükçekmece",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.034,
   "lon": 28.59,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511172",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 900,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     900,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "see of Athyra in the medieval Roman Notitiae (c. 10th c.); a settlement since the Hellenistic period",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople, Ottoman from 1453. Speech: Greek from the medieval see of Athyra; Ottoman Büyükçekmece had a Greek community under the metropolis of Metrae and Athyra until 1922-1923 (unchecked). It lay outside the prefecture of Constantinople, so its Greeks were not exempted from the exchange (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": [
    1922,
    1923
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Metropolis of Metrae and Athyra to 1922 (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "In 1206 the Bulgarians of Kaloyan destroyed most of the fortresses along the Via Egnatia as far as Athyra and moved their people to the lower Danube (Wikipedia, 'Kaloyan of Bulgaria'); the town recovered. The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval see and the Orthodox community of the sanjak counted in 1910; no figure for the town.",
   "status_evidence": "medieval Roman bishopric (suffragan of Herakleia), Catholic titular see Athyra",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The date of the first bishop is not verified; the date given is the earliest Notitia listing I could confirm.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511172",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Le Quien, Oriens Christianus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 112,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 900 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s062",
   "id_prev": "C032",
   "id_set23": "b056",
   "latin": "Medea",
   "greek": "Μήδεια",
   "other_names": "Salmydessos (Thracian coast and town); Midye (Ottoman)",
   "modern": "Kıyıköy",
   "modern_native": "Kıyıköy",
   "population": 2160,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2022 (via the English Wikipedia article on the town)",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Kıyıköy (Vize, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 41.6348,
   "lon": 28.0957,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "511404",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 900,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     900,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "walls built under Justinian; archbishopric (later metropolis) in the Notitiae from c. 900",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "It submitted to the Ottomans in 1453. Midye remained a Christian town: Russian occupation 1878; Bulgarian and Greek control after the Balkan wars and in 1920-1922. Under the exchange its 'mostly Greek and Bulgarian Christian residents' left and were replaced by Muslims from Thessaloniki. The town was renamed Kıyıköy in 1960.",
   "until_basis": "deportation/emigration",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": [
    1922,
    1924
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Christian town to 1922 (en.wikipedia Kıyıköy); resettled by Muslims from Thessaloniki",
   "ended_by": "The departure of the Greeks of Eastern Thrace: the evacuation of the Orthodox Christians of Eastern Thrace in October-November 1922, after the Mudanya armistice of 11 October 1922 handed the region to the Ankara government, followed by the Lausanne exchange convention of 30 January 1923; Muslims from Thessaloniki were settled in their place.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Salmydessos was a coast and town of the Thracian Thynoi (Hdt. 4.93; Xen. Anab. 7.5); no native-script name.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: the medieval archbishopric and the Christian town to 1922 [figures not cited in the record].",
   "status_evidence": "medieval Roman archbishopric, later metropolis; Catholic titular see Medea; Justinianic fortifications",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "The medieval Roman name Medeia continues in Midye. The date of the first see is not exactly verified. It submitted to the Ottomans in 1453. Pleiades has Salmydessos as the coastal region; the town of Salmydessos is usually placed at Midye, so it is not entered separately.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511404",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Wikipedia: Kıyıköy"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 113,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "1063 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s089",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Myriophyton",
   "greek": "Μυριόφυτον",
   "other_names": "Myriophyto (modern Greek); Mürefte (Ottoman and Turkish); Miriofido (Latin titular see)",
   "modern": "Mürefte",
   "modern_native": "Mürefte",
   "population": 2412,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2022 (via the English Wikipedia article 'Mürefte')",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Mürefte (Şarköy, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Şarköy",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (the Ganos coast of the Propontis)",
   "lat": 40.668,
   "lon": 27.246,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 1063,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     1063,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First mentioned as a town destroyed by the earthquake of 1063; John Cantacuzene stayed there c. 1350. Its earlier history is unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople; Ottoman from the later 14th c. (unchecked); Greek 1920-1922. Speech: a Greek town from its first record to 1922. In the 16th c. it displaced neighbouring Peristasis as the seat of the bishop (Myriophyton and Peristasis, an autocephalous metropolis from January 1909). In 1914 the kaza of Mürefte had 14,146 Greeks (83.8%) and 2,730 Muslims (Ottoman census, by religion). The Orthodox population was evacuated in October 1922, just before the exchange; some Megleno-Romanian families were later settled in the town.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Earthquake of 1063; Cantacuzene c. 1350; see in a Notitia of the late 15th c.; metropolis 1909; kaza of Mürefte 1914: 14,146 Greeks, 2,730 Muslims (Karpat 1985, Ottoman census by religion); 1919: 17,754 Rum and 3,850 Turks (Trakya Paşaeli, a Turkish partisan count, via Çetin). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: a medieval town and see, and the Orthodox majority of the kaza counted in 1914 (84%).",
   "status_evidence": "Medieval town (earthquake of 1063; Cantacuzene c. 1350); bishop's seat from the 16th c.; Ottoman kaza seat; metropolis of Myriophyton and Peristasis (1909)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Town status before the Ottoman period rests on two mentions (1063, c. 1350); its standing as a Greek town of the Ottoman centuries, a kaza seat and a metropolis is secure. The 1914 kaza probably included the Greek villages of the Ganos coast (Hoşköy/Chora, Gaziköy/Ganos) (unchecked).",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Mürefte' (citing Muralt, Gelzer, Le Quien; Kiminas 2009, p. 61)",
    "Karpat 1985, Ottoman Population 1830-1914, pp. 170-171 (Ottoman census of 1914, by religion)",
    "M. Gedeon, Ganochora (1913), archive.apan.gr",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 114,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1206 – 1922",
   "period": "4 Constantinople and the Balkan kingdoms (602-1353)",
   "id": "s086",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Kessani",
   "greek": "Κεσσάνη",
   "other_names": "Rusion, Rousion (medieval Greek, Ῥούσιον); Rusium (Villehardouin); Rusköy (Ottoman name, from the medieval town); Kessani (later Greek); Keşan (Turkish); Zorlanae (Roman road station at the site, Barrington Atlas)",
   "modern": "Keşan",
   "modern_native": "Keşan",
   "population": 84791,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Keşan (Keşan, Edirne); the medieval castle of Rusion on Kaletepe, about 4 km south-west of the town centre",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Edirne",
   "admin2": "Keşan",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace",
   "lat": 40.8565,
   "lon": 26.6355,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 1206,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     1206,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Medieval Rusion (Ῥούσιον), a walled town of Thrace under Constantinople, whose castle stands on Kaletepe about 4 km south-west of the present centre (Külzer 2008, pp. 620-622, cited by Wikipedia). First securely dated here from the battle of Rusion (31 January 1206), when Kaloyan of Bulgaria destroyed the Latin garrison (Choniates; Villehardouin); it was also a see of the Orthodox Church (unchecked), and earlier mentions are likely. The Ottoman town, called Rusköy after the medieval town and later Keşan, kept a Greek community to 1922: in 1914 half its kaza was Orthodox (15,371 of 30,644; Karpat, by religion).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: under Constantinople; held by the Latins in 1205-1206 and taken by Kaloyan's Bulgarians in 1206; Ottoman from the 1360s (unchecked); Bulgarian occupation 1912-1913 (unchecked); Greek from 30 July 1920; handed to Turkey on 19 November 1922. Speech: Greek in the medieval town; Greek and Turkish under the Ottomans, in about equal numbers in the kaza in 1914. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The refugees founded Nea Kessani in Greek Thrace (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Battle of Rusion, 1206 (Choniates; Villehardouin). Kaza 1914: 15,371 Orthodox, 15,221 Muslims, 51 Armenians, 1 Jew (Karpat 1985, Ottoman census by religion). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The Roman road station Zorlanae is placed at Keşan (Barrington Atlas, Pleiades 501668); it was not a city.",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under Ottoman rule (from the 1360s (unchecked)) Greek and Turkish; in 1914 its kaza was half Orthodox (15,371) and half Muslim (15,221) (Karpat 1985, by religion); no figure for the town alone was found.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Ottoman census of 1914 (by religion): the kaza of Keşan had 15,371 Orthodox and 15,221 Muslims (Karpat 1985); the Orthodox of this district were Greek-speaking (unchecked). No figure for the town alone was found.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a district count by religion (1914, the kaza half Orthodox), no figure for the town; the medieval see is (unchecked).",
   "status_evidence": "Medieval walled town of Rusion: the battle of 1206 (Choniates; Villehardouin); Orthodox see (unchecked); Külzer 2008, pp. 620-622 (not seen); Ottoman kaza seat with an Orthodox half in 1914 (Karpat, count by religion)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Identified with medieval Rusion by Külzer (2008, pp. 620-622), Setton (1985, p. 545) and Kaegi (2011, p. 187), as cited by Wikipedia; Külzer's entry itself was not seen. The medieval castle stands about 4 km from the present centre, and the town's Greek community between the Ottoman conquest and the 19th c. is not documented, so the continuous phase rests on the region's history, not on a record of the town. The refugees named Nea Kessani in Greek Thrace after it.",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keşan (Karpat 1985; Külzer 2008, pp. 620-622; Setton 1985, p. 545; Kaegi 2011, p. 187)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rusion",
    "Karpat 1985, Ottoman Population 1830-1914, pp. 170-171",
    "Pleiades 501668 (Zorlanae)",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 115,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1873 – 1922",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s065",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Saranta Ekklisies",
   "greek": "Σαράντα Ἐκκλησίαι",
   "other_names": "Saranta Ekklisies, 'Forty Churches' (Greek); Kırk Kilise (Ottoman Turkish, same meaning); Lozengrad, Лозенград (Bulgarian); Kırklareli (Turkish, from 1924)",
   "modern": "Kırklareli",
   "modern_native": "Kırklareli",
   "population": 114800,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Kırklareli (Merkez, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Merkez",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Eastern Thrace",
   "lat": 41.735,
   "lon": 27.225,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1873,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     1873,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "A Greek community lived in the town, the seat of a Greek see (a metropolis from 1906), long before the 1870s (unchecked: how long). The first count that separates the two Orthodox communities, the Ottoman registers of 1873 published in 1878 as the 'Ethnography of the vilayets of Adrianople, Monastir and Salonica', gives the town 2,850 Greeks beside 6,700 Bulgarians and 2,700 others (Turks, Pomaks, Circassians and others): about 23%, or about a quarter. That work is often said to favour Bulgarian claims (unchecked), and counted after the Exarchate split of 1870 its Greeks were the Patriarchists: Greek-speaking for the most part, with some Bulgarian-speaking families (unchecked). In the sanjak the Patriarchists were 42.8% of the people in 1881/82 and 38.9% in 1906/07, against 27.1% and 16.4% Exarchist Bulgarians (Karpat, Ottoman counts by millet). After the Bulgarians left in 1913 the town was Greek and Turkish.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Ottoman from 1363 (Murad I); Bulgarian after the battle of Kırk Kilise (October 1912) to 1913; Ottoman 1913-1920; Greek 1920-1922; retaken by the Turks on 10 November 1922. Speech: Greek, Bulgarian and Turkish were the town's languages in the 19th c.; the Bulgarians left in the exchange of 1913-1914 and during the Greek occupation of 1920-1922. In 1913-1914 some 29,098 Rum left the Kırk Kilise district, and in 1915-1916 the Ottoman authorities deported 16,370 more from its villages (Efiloğlu, from Ottoman records). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The refugees gave their town's name to the Saranta Ekklisies quarter of Thessaloniki.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "1873: 2,850 Greeks, 6,700 Bulgarians, 2,700 others (town; ethnography of 1878); sanjak 1881/82: 53,663 Greek Orthodox (42.8%), 33,999 Bulgarian Orthodox (27.1%), 36,227 Muslims; sanjak 1906/07: 70,501 Greek Orthodox (38.9%), 29,736 Bulgarian Orthodox, 78,338 Muslims (Karpat 1985); kaza 1914: 14,154 Rum, 22,022 Muslims, 987 Armenians (Karpat); town about 16,000 inhabitants (early 20th c.). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The Committee of Union and Progress government drove out many Rum in 1913-1914 and deported more in 1915-1916 (Efiloğlu). The Greek population left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923); the Bulgarian population had left after 1913 and under the Greek occupation of 1920-1922.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Ottoman town of Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians",
   "founder": "unknown (an Ottoman-period town)",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Prehistoric sites nearby (Aşağıpınar, Neolithic); Simeon of Bulgaria took a settlement here in 914 (Wikipedia). No ancient town of note is known on the site.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Turkish (and Bulgarian until 1913)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "'Ethnography of the vilayets of Adrianople, Monastir and Salonica' (1878, from Ottoman registers of 1873; such counts usually covered males only, and the work is often said to favour Bulgarian claims (unchecked)): 6,700 Bulgarians, 2,850 Greeks and 2,700 others (Turks, Pomaks, Circassians and others) in the town; sanjak 1906/07: 70,501 Greek Orthodox (38.9%), 29,736 Bulgarian Orthodox (16.4%), 78,338 Muslims (43.2%); kaza of Kırk Kilise 1914 (after the Bulgarian departure): 14,154 Rum (Orthodox), 22,022 Muslims, 987 Armenians (38% Orthodox).",
   "home_language": "Greek; Slavic (Bulgarian Strandzha dialects) among part of the Patriarchists (unchecked)",
   "greek_speech": "Most of the town's Greeks spoke Greek; a part of the Patriarchists, whose number is not known, spoke Bulgarian at home and used Greek in church and school (unchecked). No count of the town by language exists: the figures are by nationality (1873) and by religion or millet (1881/82, 1906/07, 1914).",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: counts by community or religion (1873, 1881/82, 1906/07); Greek and Bulgarian sources disagree on the language of its Orthodox.",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman sanjak seat; Greek metropolis of Saranta Ekklisies; counts of 1873, 1881/82 and 1906/07",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Greek and Bulgarian sources disagree on how many of the town's Orthodox spoke Greek and how many Bulgarian. Under the consistent standard the Patriarchists count as its Greek community whatever their home language, so the town counts from the first count that separates them from the Exarchist Bulgarians (1873: about a quarter, 23%), not only from 1913. Admitted as a bilingual city with low certainty: the figure of 1873 is just under a quarter, comes from a work said to favour the Bulgarians, and counts by community, not by language; no count of the town by language exists.",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Kırklareli' (1873 ethnography; Karpat 1985)",
    "Efiloğlu, in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (Kırklareli chapter)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Saranta Ekklisies' (the Thessaloniki quarter)",
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 116,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "c. 1900 – 1922",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s085",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Malgara",
   "greek": "Μάλγαρα",
   "other_names": "Malgara (Greek); Malkara (Turkish); Megale Karya (medieval Greek name given by Wikipedia, unverified (unchecked))",
   "modern": "Malkara",
   "modern_native": "Malkara",
   "population": 50727,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Malkara (Malkara, Tekirdağ)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "admin2": "Malkara",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Eastern Thrace",
   "lat": 40.891,
   "lon": 26.904,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1900,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     1900,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Bilingual by the late Ottoman period, when about a third or more of the kaza was Orthodox and Greek-speaking (unchecked). How far back the town's Greek community goes was not established; Evliya Celebi (17th c.) describes a small town of 150 tiled houses without naming its people.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Ottoman from the 14th c. (unchecked); Russian occupations 1828-1829 and 1877-1878; Bulgarian for eight and a half months in 1912-1913; Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Turkish and Greek. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The refugees founded Nea Malgara near Thessaloniki (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza 1919: 11,619 Rum, 21,310 Turks (Trakya Paşaeli via Arıkan, in Çetin); a partisan count taken after the deportations of 1915-1916, so a minimum. Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "When the Ottoman army retook this part of Eastern Thrace in the summer of 1913, the Greeks and Armenians of Malkara were subjected to looting and intimidation (Wikipedia, '1914 Greek deportations'). The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Ottoman town",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The Roman road station Syrascellae lay about 2 km away (Barrington Atlas, Pleiades 501632); it was not a city.",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Turkish",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Kaza of Malkara 1919: 11,619 Rum and 21,310 Turks (35% Rum), from the statistics of the Trakya Paşaeli society, a Turkish political body, taken after the wartime deportations (Çetin). No figure for the town alone was found.",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a district count by community (1919), no figure for the town.",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman kaza seat; Orthodox about a third of the kaza in 1919 (count by community)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted as a kaza seat whose district was at least a third Greek (11,619 Rum of 32,929) in a Turkish count of 1919 taken after the deportations of 1915-1916, so a minimum; the refugees named Nea Malgara near Thessaloniki after the town. Nothing found describes the town's own speech, and the district was not overwhelmingly Greek: this is the weakest admission of the Thracian towns, kept as uncertain under the rule of inclusion. The Ottoman count of 1914 for the kaza (Karpat) should be checked; if it shows under about a quarter Orthodox, the town should go to the left-out list.",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Malkara'",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Tekirdağ', TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 117,
   "list_group": "Eastern Thrace and Constantinople",
   "dates_shown": "1913 – 1922",
   "period": "5 The Ottoman centuries (1354-1923)",
   "id": "s127",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Samakov",
   "greek": "Σαμάκοβο",
   "other_names": "Samakov, Malak Samokov (Bulgarian); Samakovo (Greek) (unchecked); Demirköy (Turkish, 'iron village')",
   "modern": "Demirköy",
   "modern_native": "Demirköy",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Demirköy (Demirköy, Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "admin2": "Demirköy",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Eastern Thrace",
   "lat": 41.822,
   "lon": 27.766,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "B",
   "greek_from": 1913,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     1913,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "An Orthodox community of the Patriarchate lived in this iron-working town and kaza seat of the Strandzha before 1913 (unchecked), beside Exarchist Bulgarians, who gave the town its Bulgarian name, and Muslims; its share before 1913 is not known. After the Exarchist Bulgarians left in 1913, the Patriarchists (Rum) were the majority of the kaza (56% in 1914, by religion), so the town is counted from 1913; an earlier count separating Patriarchists from Exarchists would be needed to date it earlier.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "year",
   "until_text": "Administration: Ottoman from the 14th-15th c. (unchecked); Bulgarian occupation in 1912-1913 (unchecked); Ottoman 1913-1920; Greek 1920-1922. Speech: Turkish, Greek and Bulgarian; the Exarchist Bulgarians left in 1913 (unchecked). The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. Pomak Muslims from the Greek part of the Chech region (Tisovo and other villages of the western Rhodopes) were settled in the town in 1923-1924.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Kaza 1914: 5,110 Rum, 4,023 Muslims (Karpat 1985). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "The armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922), signed by Britain, France, Italy and the Ankara government (Greece acceded on 14 October), handed Eastern Thrace to Ankara and the Greek army and administration withdrew; the Greek population left with them. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) made the exchange of the rest compulsory, by religion.",
   "city_type": "bilingual city",
   "origin": "bilingual city",
   "bilingual_base": "Ottoman town",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "Turkish; Bulgarian (the Exarchists, to 1913)",
   "bilingual_evidence": "Kaza of Demirköy 1914: 5,110 Rum (Orthodox of the Patriarchate) and 4,023 Muslims, 56% Orthodox (Karpat 1985, Ottoman count by religion, taken after the Exarchist Bulgarians had left in 1913). No figure for the town alone and no description of its speech was found.",
   "home_language": "Greek and Slavic (Bulgarian Strandzha dialects); the share of each among the Patriarchists is not known (unchecked)",
   "greek_speech": "Not documented for the town: the Orthodox of the Strandzha lived in Greek-speaking villages near the coast and Bulgarian-speaking ones inland, and some of the latter were Patriarchists (unchecked), so part of the Rum of the district may have spoken Bulgarian at home and Greek only in church and school.",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "A count by religion alone: the Orthodox of the Patriarchate were 56% of the kaza in 1914 (Karpat).",
   "status_evidence": "Ottoman kaza seat; Orthodox of the Patriarchate 56% of the kaza in 1914 (count by religion)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Admitted, like Kessani and Malgara, on a district figure and a count by religion alone, so uncertain. Two doubts remain: the town's own share is not known, and part of its Orthodox may have been Bulgarian-speaking Patriarchists rather than Greek speakers, who count as Greeks under the standard used here but are marked in home_language. The old ironworks that gave the town its Turkish name lie about 4 km south-east of it.",
   "sources": [
    "Karpat 1985, Ottoman Population 1830-1914 (kaza of Demirköy, 1914), as cited in the TÜBA Kırklareli volume (Efiloğlu)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Demirköy, Kırklareli' (the Pomak settlers of 1923-1924; the foundry)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 118,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 650 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s092",
   "id_prev": "C013",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Cardia",
   "greek": "Καρδία",
   "other_names": "Kardia",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "head of the Gulf of Saros near Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.5482,
   "lon": 26.7508,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501458",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -650,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -650,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Milesian-Klazomenian colony, probably 7th c. BC; Athenian settlers under Miltiades c. 560 BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, then independent. Speech: a Greek town from the 7th c. BC to the end of the 4th c. BC. Lysimachus destroyed it c. 309 BC and moved its people into Lysimacheia (Pausanias 1.9.8).",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Own coins to the 4th c. BC; Eumenes and Hieronymus of Kardia (late 4th c. BC).",
   "ended_by": "Lysimachus destroyed Kardia and moved its people to Lysimacheia, c. 309 BC (Pausanias 1.9.8).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Milesians and Klazomenians (oikist Hermochares, local tradition); later Athenians",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus and Klazomenai",
   "refounded_by": "synoecized into Lysimacheia c. 309 BC",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with its own coins.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); Hdt. 6.33, 6.36, 7.58; own coins 4th c. BC",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "It was the home of Eumenes and Hieronymus of Kardia. Lysimachus destroyed it c. 309 BC and moved its people to Lysimacheia. Pleiades 501458 combines Kardia and Lysimacheia, so the coordinates are approximate. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Ps.-Scymnus 699-701",
    "Hdt. 6.36",
    "Pleiades 501458"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 119,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 650 BC – c. 1915 +",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s104",
   "id_prev": "C005",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Madytus",
   "greek": "Μάδυτος",
   "other_names": "Madytos; Maydos (Ottoman)",
   "modern": "Eceabat",
   "modern_native": "Eceabat",
   "population": 8828,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Eceabat (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.1847,
   "lon": 26.3561,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501503",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -650,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -650,
     1915
    ],
    [
     1919,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Aeolian (Lesbian) colony, 7th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, Macedonian, Roman, under Constantinople; Ottoman from 1354-1356, when Süleyman Pasha took the peninsula; Allied occupation from November 1918 (unchecked); Greek administration 1920-1922. Speech: Greek without a break from the 7th c. BC to 1915: Ottoman Maydos was a Greek town, the seat with Gallipoli of the metropolis of Kallioupolis and Madytos. In March-April 1915, on the eve of the Allied landings, the Ottoman authorities removed the Greeks of the peninsula to the interior of Anatolia (reported by the US ambassador Henry Morgenthau, August 1915); across Thrace the deportees began to come back under the armistice of 1918 (Çetin), hence the gap. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The Greeks of the Gallipoli peninsula left a few days after the rest of Eastern Thrace. The church on the Madytos mound was demolished in 1923. The refugees founded Nea Madytos in Greek Macedonia (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Bishopric 787 ('Madyta or Koila') and in the Notitiae to the 14th c.; Ottoman Maydos a Greek town to 1915 and again 1919-1922 (unchecked); sanjak of Gelibolu 1906/07: about 65,000 Greeks (Orthodox) and 26,000 Muslims (Karpat, count by religion); 1910: 70,500 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak (Ottoman statistics by millet). A press account puts the Greeks of the peninsula at about 32,000 in 1915, figure not checked.",
   "ended_by": "The Ottoman government removed the Greeks of the peninsula to the interior in March-April 1915, on the advice of the German general Liman von Sanders, commander of the Fifth Army, according to J. Williams (via Neos Kosmos, 2015); Morgenthau's dispatch of 10 August 1915 reports the deportations. Final departure under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Aeolians from Lesbos",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Lesbos",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "archaeology",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "The Madytos mound excavations at Eceabat found Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age levels below the Greek town; no pre-Greek name is attested.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with its own coins; Greek community to 1922.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); ATL 445/4-421/0; own bronze coins 4th c. BC (ΜΑΔΥ); bishopric (787 'Madyta or Koila'; Notitiae 10th-14th c.)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "Ottoman Maydos continued the Greek name until 1928, when it was renamed Eceabat. Some sources add later Milesian/Klazomenian settlers. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here. The gap of 1915-1919 marks the wartime deportation; the return of the deportees after 1918 is inferred from the departure of the peninsula's Greeks in 1922 and was not checked town by town.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Pleiades 501503",
    "Wikipedia: Madytus",
    "TIB 12",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')",
    "Wikipedia, 'Eceabat'",
    "H. Morgenthau, US Embassy dispatch 867.4016/123, 10 August 1915 (greek-genocide.net)",
    "Neos Kosmos, 'The ethnic cleansing of Greeks from Gallipoli in 1915' (2015), press",
    "N. Çetin, 'Millî Mücadele döneminde Edirne', TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 120,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 650 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s102",
   "id_prev": "C007",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Sestus",
   "greek": "Σηστός",
   "other_names": "Sestos",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "Akbaş, near Yalova village (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.2134,
   "lon": 26.3893,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501609",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -650,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -650,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Aeolian (Lesbian) colony, 7th c. BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, Macedonian, Roman, under Constantinople. Speech: a Greek town from the 7th c. BC; the decree for Menas (late 2nd c. BC) shows a working Greek polis; Justinian fortified it (6th c.). A medieval fortress of the name is mentioned in the 14th-c. Ottoman crossing to Europe (unchecked), but no town community is attested after late antiquity.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    1354
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Decree for Menas (OGIS 339, late 2nd c. BC); Roman coins; Justinian's fortification (Procopius).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Aeolians from Lesbos",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Lesbos",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis; the decree for Menas (OGIS 339).",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); ATL; decree for Menas (OGIS 339, late 2nd c. BC); coins Hellenistic-Roman",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "It was the main crossing point of the Hellespont (Xerxes' bridge, siege of 479 BC). Justinian fortified it, but it was not a late Roman see. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Hdt. 9.114-118",
    "OGIS 339",
    "Pleiades 501609"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 121,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – c. AD 100",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s099",
   "id_prev": "C003",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Alopeconnesus",
   "greek": "Ἀλωπεκόννησος",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "near Anafarta harbour / Suvla bay (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.3139,
   "lon": 26.2495,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501345",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": 100,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     100
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Aeolian colony of Archaic date (7th-6th c. BC); exact date unrecorded",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian (Delian League), Macedonian, Roman. Speech: a Greek town with its own coins in the 4th c. BC; named by the Roman geographers (Pliny, Ptolemy) (unchecked), after which it drops out of the record. The site is not located.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -300,
    600
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Own coins, 4th c. BC; named by Pliny and Ptolemy (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Aeolians (Ps.-Scymnus; fox-oracle foundation story)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Aeolis (unspecified Aeolian city)",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with its own coins.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); ATL (Delian League member); own coins 4th c. BC",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The site is placed at Anafarta harbour on the Aegean side of the peninsula, which is uncertain. Its colonists are also said to have taken part in founding Ainos. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Pleiades 501345",
    "Wikipedia: Alopeconnesus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 122,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – c. AD 600",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s105",
   "id_prev": "C002",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Elaeus",
   "greek": "Ἐλαιοῦς",
   "other_names": "Elaious",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "ruins only",
   "site": "near Seddülbahir (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.0545,
   "lon": 26.2233,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501411",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Archaic colony, c. 600 BC (necropolis excavated 1915-23 is Archaic); founders disputed",
   "date_basis": "archaeology",
   "date_precision": "century",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, Macedonian, Roman, then under Constantinople. Speech: a Greek town from its foundation; Roman provincial coins under Commodus, and Justinian fortified the site (Procopius, Buildings 4.10). It is not heard of as a town after late antiquity; the Ottoman fortress of Seddülbahir (1659) on the site had a Turkish village. Greek villages of the peninsula's tip (Krithia, now Alçıtepe) lived on until 1915-1922 (unchecked), but no continuity with the town is shown.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    550,
    1354
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Roman coins (Commodus, late 2nd c. AD); Justinian's fortification (6th c.).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Athenians under Phorbas (Ps.-Scymnus); Teos or an Ephesian, Hegesistratus, in other sources",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Athens (disputed: Teos)",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "An Early Bronze Age (Troy I–II period) settlement mound lies under the tumulus called that of Protesilaos at Karaağaç Tepe near Elaious (Schliemann; Demangel 1926); it is next to the Greek town rather than under it, so pre_settlement stays 'unknown'.",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with its own coins.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); ATL; Hellenistic coins; Roman provincial coins (Commodus); fortified by Justinian",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The mother city is disputed: Athens (Ps.-Scymnus), Teos, or an Ephesian founder (Plutarch). The Protesilaos sanctuary was in its territory. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Hdt. 9.116-120",
    "Pleiades 501411",
    "Wikipedia: Elaeus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 123,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 600 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s100",
   "id_prev": "C004",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Limnae",
   "greek": "Λίμναι",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "W side of the peninsula N of Eceabat (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.2706,
   "lon": 26.2727,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501497",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -600,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -600,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Milesian colony of Archaic date; exact date unrecorded",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian (Delian League). Speech: a Greek town in the 5th-c. BC tribute lists; Strabo names it only as a Milesian foundation. It may have been absorbed into Lysimacheia (309 BC) like other towns of the peninsula, but this is not recorded. Site unknown.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -400,
    0
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Athenian tribute lists (5th c. BC); Strabo 7 fr. 51.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miletus",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Miletus",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); ATL (Limnaioi)",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Strabo (7 fr.) calls it a Milesian foundation. The site is not identified; the Barrington Atlas places it approximately. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Strabo 7 fr. 51",
    "Pleiades 501497"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 124,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 560 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s094",
   "id_prev": "C012",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Agora",
   "greek": "Ἀγορά",
   "other_names": "Chersonesos (city of the Chersonesitai)",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "near Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.5135,
   "lon": 26.7864,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501332",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -560,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -560,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Athenian colony under Miltiades the Elder, c. 561-556 BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, then under the Chersonesite state. Speech: a Greek town from c. 560 BC. It was probably merged into Lysimacheia in 309 BC with the other towns of the isthmus; this is likely but not stated for Agora itself.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Hdt. 7.58; 4th-c. 'ΧΕΡ' coinage.",
   "ended_by": "Probably Lysimachus, who merged the towns of the isthmus into Lysimacheia, 309 BC (not stated for Agora itself).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miltiades the Elder (Athenians)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Athens",
   "refounded_by": "absorbed into Lysimacheia (309 BC)?",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (p. 905).",
   "status_evidence": "IACP p. 905; Hdt. 7.58; ATL (Chersonesitai); lion-type 'ΧΕΡ' coinage (4th c. BC) probably of the Chersonesite state",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "It may be the 'Chersonesos' of the sources; the site is only tentatively placed near Bolayır. A medieval Roman see 'Chersonesos' (Europa) may continue the name, but this is uncertain. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP p. 905",
    "Hdt. 7.58",
    "Pleiades 501332",
    "Wikipedia: Agora (Thrace)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 125,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 555 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s097",
   "id_prev": "C009",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Crithote",
   "greek": "Κριθωτή",
   "other_names": "Krithote",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "near Gelibolu (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.4067,
   "lon": 26.6517,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501485",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -555,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -555,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Athenian foundation of Miltiades the Elder, c. 560-550 BC (Ps.-Scymnus)",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian. Speech: a Greek town from c. 555 BC; Timotheus took it for Athens in 365 BC (Isocrates 15.108; Nepos, Timotheus 1) (unchecked). It is not heard of after the 4th c. BC and was probably absorbed into Lysimacheia (309 BC), which is not recorded.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -350,
    0
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Athenian tribute lists; Isocrates and Nepos on Timotheus (365 BC) (unchecked).",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miltiades the Elder (Athenians)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Athens",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Thracian Chersonese); ATL",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Ps.-Scymnus gives Miltiades as founder of Krithote and Paktye. The site is placed only approximately. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Ps.-Scymnus 705-708",
    "Pleiades 501485"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 126,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 555 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s095",
   "id_prev": "C011",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Pactya",
   "greek": "Πακτύη",
   "other_names": "Paktye",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "c. 3 km S of Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.4854,
   "lon": 26.7807,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501546",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -555,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -555,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Athenian foundation of Miltiades the Elder, c. 560-550 BC",
   "date_basis": "ancient foundation date",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian. Speech: a Greek town from c. 555 BC. Lysimachus moved its people into his new city of Lysimacheia in 309 BC (Pliny NH 4.48 says it was merged into Lysimacheia).",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "decade",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Athenian tribute lists; Pliny NH 4.48.",
   "ended_by": "Lysimachus, who merged it into Lysimacheia, 309 BC (Pliny NH 4.48).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Miltiades the Elder (Athenians)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Athens",
   "refounded_by": "absorbed into Lysimacheia (309 BC)",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis (pp. 907-908).",
   "status_evidence": "IACP pp. 907-908; ATL",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "It marked the Propontic end of Miltiades' wall across the isthmus from Kardia (Hdt. 6.36). Pliny says it was later merged into Lysimacheia. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP pp. 907-908",
    "Hdt. 6.36",
    "Pleiades 501546",
    "Wikipedia: Pactya"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 127,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 500 BC – today",
   "period": "1 The colonies (c. 670-360 BC)",
   "id": "s101",
   "id_prev": "C001",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Imbros",
   "greek": "Ἴμβρος",
   "other_names": "Kastro (medieval capital)",
   "modern": "Kaleköy",
   "modern_native": "Kaleköy",
   "population": 128,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2021 (via the English Wikipedia article 'Kaleköy, Gökçeada')",
   "modern_status": "village on site",
   "site": "Kaleköy (Gökçeada, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gökçeada",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Imbros (northern Aegean)",
   "lat": 40.2333,
   "lon": 25.9008,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501438",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -500,
   "greek_until": null,
   "phases": [
    [
     -500,
     null
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Athenian possession under Miltiades by c. 500-493 BC; Athenian cleruchy (re)organised c. 450 BC",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, then Macedonian and Roman; under Constantinople; Gattilusi and Venetian episodes; Ottoman from 1455/56 (surrendered through Michael Kritoboulos of Imbros); Greek 1912-1923; Turkish since the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923). Speech: the island stayed almost wholly Greek-speaking from antiquity to the 1960s (8,506 Greeks in 1912, a Greek source; 6,555 Greeks and 157 Turks in the Turkish census of 1927). Article 14 of Lausanne exempted it from the exchange and promised a special administration, which Turkey never put into effect. From 1964 the Greek schools were closed and farmland expropriated (98% of usable land by 1990); an open prison for mainland convicts was set up; Turks were settled from Anatolia (1973, 1984, 2000); the island was renamed Gökçeada (1970). Most Greeks left between 1964 and the 1970s. About 400 Greeks live there today (2019-2022), many elderly or returnees; a Greek school reopened in 2015. Kastro (Kaleköy), the ancient and medieval town, is one of the villages that still have Greek residents (unchecked).",
   "until_basis": "still spoken today",
   "until_precision": "",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "1912: 8,506 Greeks (Greek source); 1927: 6,555 Greeks, 157 Turks (Turkish census); c. 2000: about 300-400 Greeks beside about 8,000 Turks; 2015: about 318; 2022: over 400 (Wikipedia, 'Imbros').",
   "ended_by": "Not ended. Decline: the Turkish government's measures from 1964 (school closures, the expropriation law no. 6830, the open prison, settlement of Turks from Anatolia) drove most Imbriot Greeks to emigrate.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "colony",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Athenians under Miltiades (cleruchy)",
   "founder_group": "colonists",
   "metropolis": "Athens",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "yes",
   "pre_evidence": "text",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "Herodotus (5.26) says Imbros was inhabited by 'Pelasgians' when Otanes took it c. 511 BC; no native name attested. The text refers to the island, not specifically to the Kastro site.",
   "name_continues": "unrelated",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with its own coins; Greek speech described to today.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP (Imbros); ATL (Imbrioi); own coins (Hermes Imbramos) 4th c. BC; medieval Roman bishopric (later metropolis of Imbros)",
   "certainty": "secure",
   "note": "The ancient and medieval town stood at Kastro (Kaleköy) on the north-east coast, on and below the castle hill (unchecked: the extent of the remains); the island was surrendered to Mehmed II through Kritoboulos of Imbros, 1455/56. Kaleköy itself had 128 people in 2021 (Turkish register), and its old cathedral was desecrated in 1974. The Greek community of today, over 400 people in 2022 (about 318 in 2015), many elderly or returnees, lives in the old Greek villages of the island, above all Agridia (Tepeköy), which has the most Greeks, and also Agioi Theodoroi (Zeytinliköy), Glyky (Bademli) and Panagia (Çınarlı) (unchecked: the last three); Schinoudi (Dereköy) is largely empty except at the August feast. The phase to today belongs to the island's Greek community, continuous with the ancient one, not to the old town alone. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Imbros)",
    "Hdt. 5.26; 6.41",
    "Pleiades 501438",
    "Wikipedia: Imbros",
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros' (populations 1912-2022; measures from 1964)",
    "Treaty of Lausanne (1923), art. 14"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 128,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. 300 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s098",
   "id_prev": "C008",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Aegospotami",
   "greek": "Αἰγὸς ποταμοί",
   "other_names": "Aigos Potamoi",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "coast S of Gelibolu (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.3315,
   "lon": 26.5994,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501336",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": -300,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     -300
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known as a town only from its own bronze coins of the 4th c. BC, on which IACP counts it a polis. At the battle of 405 BC there was no town on the shore: the Athenians beached their ships on an open coast and drew supplies from Sestos (Xen. Hell. 2.1.25-27).",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian, Macedonian. Speech: a Greek town with its own coins in the 4th c. BC; later sources name only the river and the battle of 405 BC. Whether it outlived the founding of Lysimacheia (309 BC) is unknown.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -350,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Own bronze coins, 4th c. BC (some dated c. 300 BC); no later mention of the town, only of the river and the battle.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 1,
   "evidence_basis": "An IACP polis with its own coins.",
   "status_evidence": "IACP, Thracian Chersonese chapter (number not seen), on its own bronze coins of the 4th c. BC (head of Demeter / goat, legend ΑΙΓΟΣ ΠΟΤΑ… (unchecked: the legend)); Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. (unchecked). Ps.-Skylax 67 names only the river.",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Known mainly for Lysander's victory of 405 BC, when, by Xenophon's account, there was no town on the shore; the town of the 4th-c. coins grew up later on the river and is not precisely located. It is in IACP; the inventory number was not checked here.",
   "sources": [
    "IACP (Thracian Chersonese)",
    "Xen. Hell. 2.1.21-28",
    "Plutarch, Lysander 9-10 (unchecked)",
    "Pleiades 501336",
    "https://www.numisquare.com/-7673031850.html (Aigospotamoi bronze)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 129,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. 300 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s109",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Araplus",
   "greek": "Ἄραπλος",
   "other_names": "Araplos",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "unlocated; by Ps.-Skylax's order on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli peninsula between Alopekonnesos and Elaious (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.2,
   "lon": 26.27,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "507368",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": -300,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     -300
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First named among the poleis of the Thracian Chersonese by Ps.-Skylax 67 (c. 338 BC). The Chersonese had been settled by Greeks (Aeolians, Milesians, and Athenians under Miltiades) from the 7th-6th c. BC, but when this town arose is unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian and allied in the 4th c. BC, then Macedonian. Speech: nothing is known of the town after Ps.-Skylax.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -350,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Ps.-Skylax 67 is the only ancient mention.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Ps.-Skylax 67 lists it among the cities of the Chersonese.",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Skylax 67 lists it among 'the following cities' (poleis) of the Chersonese, between Alopekonnesos and Elaious; named in IACP p. 904 (no separate entry seen)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Unlocated; the point is a placeholder on the west coast of the peninsula between Alopekonnesos and Elaious. Known only from Ps.-Skylax's list.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Skylax 67, tr. Shipley (interim translation 2002): https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/AUTHORS/Scylax-GB2002.pdf",
    "Hansen and Nielsen 2004 (IACP), Thracian Chersonese chapter, p. 904 (cited by Wikipedia)",
    "Pleiades 507368",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 130,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s107",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Ide",
   "greek": "Ἴδη",
   "other_names": "Ida",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Gulf of Saros shore about 6.5 km W of Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale); placed by the Barrington Atlas",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.5041,
   "lon": 26.6892,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501436",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First named among the poleis of the Thracian Chersonese by Ps.-Skylax 67 (c. 338 BC). The Chersonese had been settled by Greeks (Aeolians, Milesians, and Athenians under Miltiades) from the 7th-6th c. BC, but when this town arose is unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian and allied in the 4th c. BC, then Macedonian. Speech: nothing is known of the town after Ps.-Skylax. It lay about 7 km from Lysimacheia, which Lysimachus founded in 309 BC on the site of Kardia, moving in the people of the neighbouring towns (unchecked); Ide was probably absorbed then, but no source says so.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -309,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Ps.-Skylax 67 is the only ancient mention.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town drops out of the record; its absorption into Lysimachus' new city of Lysimacheia (309 BC) is likely but not attested.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Ps.-Skylax 67 lists it among the cities of the Chersonese.",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Skylax 67 lists it among 'the following cities' (poleis) of the Chersonese, after Kardia; named in IACP p. 906 (no separate entry seen)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Known only from Ps.-Skylax's list of the cities of the Chersonese. The IACP number, if it has one, was not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Skylax 67, tr. Shipley (interim translation 2002): https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/AUTHORS/Scylax-GB2002.pdf",
    "Hansen and Nielsen 2004 (IACP), Thracian Chersonese chapter, p. 906 (cited by Wikipedia)",
    "Pleiades 501436",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 131,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 350 BC – c. 309 BC",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s108",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Paeon",
   "greek": "Παιών",
   "other_names": "Paion",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "N shore of the Gallipoli peninsula on the Gulf of Saros, W of Bolayır (Gelibolu, Çanakkale); placed by the Barrington Atlas",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.5054,
   "lon": 26.6396,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501543",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -350,
   "greek_until": -309,
   "phases": [
    [
     -350,
     -309
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "First named among the poleis of the Thracian Chersonese by Ps.-Skylax 67 (c. 338 BC). The Chersonese had been settled by Greeks (Aeolians, Milesians, and Athenians under Miltiades) from the 7th-6th c. BC, but when this town arose is unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Athenian and allied in the 4th c. BC, then Macedonian. Speech: nothing is known of the town after Ps.-Skylax; it lay about 11 km from Lysimacheia (founded 309 BC) and was probably absorbed into it, but no source says so.",
   "until_basis": "conquest and resettlement",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    -309,
    100
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Ps.-Skylax 67 is the only ancient mention.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town drops out of the record; absorption into Lysimachus' Lysimacheia (309 BC) is likely but not attested.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: Ps.-Skylax 67 lists it among the cities of the Chersonese.",
   "status_evidence": "Ps.-Skylax 67 lists it among 'the following cities' (poleis) of the Chersonese, after Ide; listed in IACP's Chersonese chapter (no separate entry seen)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Known only from Ps.-Skylax's list. The IACP number, if it has one, was not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Ps.-Skylax 67, tr. Shipley (interim translation 2002): https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/AUTHORS/Scylax-GB2002.pdf",
    "Hansen and Nielsen 2004 (IACP), Thracian Chersonese chapter",
    "Pleiades 501543",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 132,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. 200 BC – c. 1915 +",
   "period": "2 Kings (359-168 BC)",
   "id": "s096",
   "id_prev": "C010",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Callipolis",
   "greek": "Καλλίπολις",
   "other_names": "Kallioupolis (medieval Roman); Gallipoli (Italian/Western)",
   "modern": "Gelibolu",
   "modern_native": "Gelibolu",
   "population": 44174,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, district total, as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "modern_status": "city/town on site",
   "site": "Gelibolu (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.4139,
   "lon": 26.6808,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "pleiades": "501450",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": -200,
   "greek_until": 1922,
   "phases": [
    [
     -200,
     1915
    ],
    [
     1919,
     1922
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "first attested 200 BC, surrendering to Philip V with Madytos (Livy 31.16.5); bishop 431",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "decade",
   "until_text": "Administration: Macedonian (200 BC), Roman, under Constantinople, Catalan (1304-1307), Ottoman from March 1354 (Süleyman Pasha, after the earthquake of 2 March 1354 brought down the walls), briefly Savoyard (1366-1376/77), then Ottoman again; Allied occupation 1918-1922 (unchecked). Speech: a Greek town from antiquity; under the Ottomans Gelibolu was a Turkish naval base and a town of Turks, Greeks, Armenians and Jews, with a Greek bishopric (a metropolis from 1904). Wikipedia states that it had a Greek majority from ancient times until the First World War. In March-April 1915, on the eve of the Allied landings, the Ottoman authorities ordered the Greeks of Gallipoli and of the peninsula out on short notice and removed them to the interior (the US ambassador Henry Morgenthau's dispatch of 10 August 1915 names Gallipoli), hence the gap of 1915-1919; across Thrace the deportees began to come back under the armistice of 1918 (Çetin), and the Greeks of the peninsula were there again in 1922. The Greek population left in October-November 1922, when the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) required the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; those who stayed were exchanged under the Lausanne convention of 30 January 1923. The Greeks of the peninsula left a few days after the rest of Eastern Thrace.",
   "until_basis": "exchange of populations",
   "until_precision": "year",
   "until_range": null,
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops 431-787; metropolis of Kallioupolis and Madytos to 1922; sanjak of Gelibolu 1906/07: about 65,000 Greeks (Orthodox) and 26,000 Muslims (Karpat, count by religion); town of Gelibolu about 25,000 inhabitants (early 20th c.). Ottoman figures of 1906/07 and 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912 count the Orthodox of the Patriarchate (Rum) by religion, not by language; after the Exarchate split of 1870 they were the Greek community, whatever language some of them spoke at home.",
   "ended_by": "Süleyman Pasha, son of Orhan, took the town in 1354 (the administration, not the speech). The Ottoman government removed the Greeks of Gallipoli and the peninsula to the interior in March-April 1915 (Morgenthau's dispatch, 10 August 1915; a press account names the German general Liman von Sanders, commander of the Fifth Army, as asking for it). The Greek population that had come back left under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) and the Lausanne convention (1923).",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "unknown",
   "founder_group": "none (native town)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "fortified by Justinian",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "Greek name",
   "name_via": "Greek",
   "bilingual_period": "yes: under the Ottomans (1354-1922) Greek and Turkish were the two main languages of the town, beside Armenian and Ladino; Wikipedia gives a Greek majority until the First World War.",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 2,
   "evidence_basis": "Two strands: a city of Hierocles' Europa and the Orthodox community counted to 1922 (the sanjak count of 1906/07); the see adds weight.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles (Europa); bishops 431, 536, 787; Latin see from 1208; medieval Roman naval base",
   "certainty": "probable",
   "note": "Pleiades says it was 'founded by the Macedonians in the 5th c. BC', a claim with no clear source. It is not in IACP. It was taken by the Ottomans in 1354, their first base in Europe.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 501450",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Wikipedia: Gelibolu",
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')",
    "Wikipedia, 'Fall of Gallipoli'; 'Gelibolu'",
    "H. Morgenthau, US Embassy dispatch 867.4016/123, 10 August 1915 (greek-genocide.net)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 133,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 431 – c. AD 800",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s103",
   "id_prev": "C006",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Coela",
   "greek": "Κοῖλα",
   "other_names": "Municipium Aelium Coela (Latin coins); Koila",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Kilye bay N of Eceabat (Eceabat, Çanakkale)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Eceabat",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "the Thracian Chersonese",
   "lat": 40.2071,
   "lon": 26.3676,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "pleiades": "501471",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 431,
   "greek_until": 800,
   "phases": [
    [
     431,
     800
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Made a Roman municipium by Hadrian, whose civic coins (Aelium Coela, 2nd-3rd c.) have Latin legends; Greek is first suggested by the see, with a bishop at the Council of Ephesus in 431. The language of the townspeople before then is not known.",
   "date_basis": "documented foundation",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman municipium (Hadrian), then under Constantinople. Speech: Latin was the language of the municipium's coins; its bishops sat at the councils of 431 and 458 in a Greek-speaking church. In 787 the see is 'Madyta or Koila', and from the 10th c. only Madytos is listed: Koila's people were presumably absorbed by neighbouring Madytos, but no act is recorded.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    700,
    1000
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Bishops 431, 458; the see 'Madyta or Koila' in 787; from the 10th c. listed only as Madytos.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the sources record no destruction; the town simply drops out of the record.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Roman foundation",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "Hadrian (municipium Aelium)",
   "founder_group": "Roman emperors to 330",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Europa; the civic coins have Latin legends and the see adds no second strand.",
   "status_evidence": "Roman provincial coins with Latin legends (Hadrian to 3rd c.); Hierocles (Europa); bishops 431, 458, 787",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "It was a harbour of the Chersonese before it became a municipium. In 787 the see is called 'Madyta or Koila', and from the 10th c. it is listed as Madytos.",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 501471",
    "Wikipedia: Coela",
    "TIB 12 (Külzer 2008)",
    "Le Quien, Oriens Christianus"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  },
  {
   "no": 134,
   "list_group": "The Chersonese and Imbros",
   "dates_shown": "c. AD 527 – c. AD 600",
   "period": "3 Rome (168 BC - AD 602)",
   "id": "s119",
   "id_prev": "",
   "id_set23": "",
   "latin": "Morizos",
   "greek": "Μόριζος",
   "other_names": "",
   "modern": "",
   "modern_native": "",
   "population": "",
   "pop_year": "",
   "pop_source": "",
   "modern_status": "lost/unlocated",
   "site": "Unlocated; Hierocles lists it between Kallipolis (Gelibolu) and Sauadia (Kavak), so probably in the north of the Gallipoli peninsula or near its neck (Gelibolu, Çanakkale) (unchecked: the order)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "admin2": "Gelibolu",
   "disputed": "",
   "ancient_region": "Thrace (the province of Europa)",
   "lat": 40.46,
   "lon": 26.73,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "pleiades": "",
   "iacp": "",
   "window": "A",
   "greek_from": 527,
   "greek_until": 600,
   "phases": [
    [
     527,
     600
    ]
   ],
   "greek_from_text": "Known only as a city of the province of Europa in Hierocles' Synekdemos (c. 527). The province was Greek-speaking; the town's origin and earlier history are unknown.",
   "date_basis": "first attestation as Greek city",
   "date_precision": "period",
   "until_text": "Administration: Roman province of Europa, under Constantinople. Speech: nothing is known of the town beyond its name in Hierocles.",
   "until_basis": "destroyed/abandoned",
   "until_precision": "approximate (several centuries)",
   "until_range": [
    527,
    900
   ],
   "fade_evidence": "Hierocles, c. 527, is the only mention found.",
   "ended_by": "No named act: the town is known only from one list.",
   "city_type": "Greek city",
   "origin": "Greek town grown into city",
   "bilingual_base": "",
   "founder": "",
   "founder_group": "none (Greek town grown)",
   "metropolis": "",
   "refounded_by": "",
   "pre_settlement": "unknown",
   "pre_evidence": "",
   "pre_greek_name": "",
   "pre_greek_note": "",
   "name_continues": "",
   "name_via": "",
   "bilingual_period": "",
   "other_language": "",
   "bilingual_evidence": "",
   "home_language": "",
   "greek_speech": "",
   "muslim_greek": false,
   "later_town": "",
   "evidence_rung": 3,
   "evidence_basis": "One strand: a city of Hierocles' Europa.",
   "status_evidence": "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Europa) (unchecked)",
   "certainty": "uncertain",
   "note": "Unlocated: the point is a placeholder in open country between Gelibolu and Kavak, where Hierocles' order of names (Kallipolis, Morizos, Sauadia, Aphrodisias (unchecked)) suggests it lay; it marks no known site. No bishop or other mention was found, and Külzer's entry (2008) was not seen.",
   "sources": [
    "Hierocles, Synekdemos (Europa) (unchecked)",
    "Külzer, Ostthrakien (2008) (not seen)"
   ],
   "refoundations": ""
  }
 ],
 "stories": [
  {
   "city": "Histria",
   "title": "The city that lost its sea",
   "text": "Histria, which the Greeks called Istros after the Danube, was in Eusebius's date founded by Miletus in 657/656 BC, the oldest Greek city on the west coast of the Black Sea; the sacred area of its first settlers, with a small early temple, has been excavated there. Herodotus (2.33) places \"Istria, a colony of the Milesians\" where the Danube runs into the sea. The city lived by trade with the Getae and Scythians inland and struck silver coins with an eagle seizing a dolphin. But the river's silt slowly closed its harbour, and the bay became the lagoon of Sinoe, cut off from the open sea. The city declined, and was abandoned in the 7th century AD. Its ruins now stand on the shore of the lagoon, among reeds.",
   "sources": [
    "Hdt. 2.33",
    "Eusebius, Chronicle",
    "Ps.-Scymnus 767-771",
    "coins of Istros"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Mesembria",
   "title": "The refugees of 493 BC",
   "text": "Mesembria (Nesebar) stands on a small rocky peninsula joined to the land by a narrow isthmus. Ps.-Scymnus (738-742) says that Megarians and Chalcedonians founded it at the time of Darius's march against the Scythians, about 513 BC. Herodotus (6.33) adds a second wave: in 493 BC, after the Ionian revolt had failed and the Persian king's Phoenician fleet sailed into the Hellespont, the people of Byzantium and of Chalcedon across the strait did not wait for it. They left their cities, fled into the Black Sea and settled in Mesambria. The town kept its Doric Greek for centuries, and its Greek fishermen and wine-growers were still the great majority of its people around 1900.",
   "sources": [
    "Hdt. 6.33",
    "Ps.-Scymnus 738-742",
    "c. 1900: 89% Greek of about 1,900 (en.wikipedia, Nesebar)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Callatis",
   "title": "Refugees from a siege",
   "text": "Kallatis (Mangalia) was a Dorian colony of Heraclea Pontica. In 313 BC it led the Greek cities of the west coast, with Thracian and Scythian allies, in a revolt against Lysimachus, Alexander's successor in Thrace, and drove out his garrison (Diodorus 19.73). Lysimachus laid siege to it. Diodorus (20.25) tells what became of some of its people. When Kallatis was \"hard pressed by lack of food\", Eumelus, king of the Cimmerian Bosporus far to the north-east, took under his care \"a thousand who had left their homes because of the famine\", gave them a city, and allotted them land in a district whose name is corrupt in the manuscripts. How the siege of Kallatis ended is not recorded.",
   "sources": [
    "Diod. 19.73",
    "Diod. 20.25.1 (checked, LacusCurtius)",
    "Ps.-Scymnus 760-764"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Byzantium",
   "title": "The toll on the Bosporus",
   "text": "Every ship that sailed between the Black Sea and the Aegean passed under the walls of Byzantium. Polybius (4.38) lists what came out of the Pontus: \"cattle and slaves\" in great numbers and of the best quality, \"honey, wax and preserved fish\", and grain in some years. In 220 BC, drained by the tribute it paid to the Gauls who had settled in Thrace, Byzantium began \"exacting duties from vessels trading with the Pontus\" (4.46). The merchants complained to Rhodes, then the leading sea power. When Byzantium refused to drop the toll, Rhodes declared war (4.47). The war was short: under the peace made later that year, Byzantium engaged \"not to levy toll on ships bound for the Pontus\" (4.52).",
   "sources": [
    "Polyb. 4.38, 4.46-47, 4.52 (checked, LacusCurtius, Loeb translation)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Apollonia Pontica",
   "title": "Apollo's colossus goes to Rome",
   "text": "Apollonia (Sozopol), a colony of Miletus, was built largely on an island with a temple of Apollo (Strabo 7.6.1). Its pride was a colossal bronze Apollo by Kalamis, one of the great sculptors of the 5th century BC. Pliny the Elder (Natural History 34.39) gives its height as thirty cubits, some 13 metres, and its cost as 500 talents. In 72-71 BC the Roman general Marcus Lucullus, campaigning on the west coast of the Black Sea against the allies of Mithridates, took Apollonia and carried the statue off to Rome, where he set it up on the Capitol (Strabo 7.6.1). The god who had watched over the harbour for nearly four centuries became a trophy of war.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.6.1 (checked, LacusCurtius)",
    "Pliny NH 34.39 (30 cubits checked via en.wikipedia, Calamis; the cost of 500 talents)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Tomis",
   "title": "Ovid's Getic poem",
   "text": "In AD 8 Augustus banished the poet Ovid from Rome to Tomis, the Greek town that is now Constanța, where he died about ten years later. In his poems from exile he complains that few of its people kept \"traces of the Greek tongue\", and even that \"made barbarous by the Getic sound\" (Tristia 5.7.51-52), and that no one understood his Latin: \"here I am the barbarian\" (Tristia 5.10.37). In one letter (Ex Ponto 4.13) he writes that he composed a short poem in Getic, \"barbarian words set in our metres\", in praise of the dead Augustus and of Tiberius. When he read it out, his listeners shook their heads and their full quivers, and a long murmur went round. The poem is lost.",
   "sources": [
    "Ovid, Ex Ponto 4.13.19-38 (checked, thelatinlibrary.com)",
    "Ovid, Tristia 5.7.51-52 (checked)",
    "Ovid, Tristia 5.10.37 (checked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Sulina",
   "title": "Europolis",
   "text": "Sulina, at the mouth of the middle arm of the Danube, grew from a few huts into a town after 1829, when Greek pilots and lightermen settled there to guide ships over the bar. In 1856, after the Crimean War, the European Commission of the Danube made it the base of its works (its seat was at Galați) and began to dredge and embank the channel. In 1857 an Italian vice-consul called the Greeks \"the backbone of the city\"; a count of 1879 (Sturdza) found 1,653 Greeks among 2,875 residents. They built a church of St Nicholas and their own schools. The Romanian writer Jean Bart (Eugeniu Botez) set his novel Europolis (1933) in this many-tongued port. After the Commission lost its powers in 1938-1939 the town declined, and its Greeks slowly left.",
   "sources": [
    "Sturdza 1880 and Engelhardt 1862, via hrmars.com paper on Sulina",
    "en.wikipedia, Sulina",
    "Jean Bart (Eugeniu Botez), Europolis (1933), set in Sulina (checked, publisher's description of the English translation, 2023: https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789633868492)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Anchialos",
   "title": "The burning of 1906",
   "text": "Anchialos (Pomorie), on a narrow cape north of Burgas, was a Greek town for more than two thousand years: a small town of the Apolloniates in Strabo's day (7.6.1), a Roman city with its own coins, an archbishopric under Constantinople, and about 1900 a town of some 6,000 people, most of them Greeks. Patriarch Jeremias II Tranos, who corresponded with the Lutheran theologians of Tübingen, was born there. On 30 July 1906, during the Greek-Bulgarian struggle over Macedonia, Bulgarian rioters, many of them from Burgas, set the town on fire; official reports from Sofia said that more than half of it burned. Many of its Greeks left that year and founded Nea Anchialos, near Volos in Thessaly.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.6.1",
    "en.wikipedia, Pomorie and Nea Anchialos",
    "A. Lyberatos, 'Confronting the Urban Crowd' (2013)",
    "Gisborne Times, 16 August 1906"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Epidamnus",
   "title": "The quarrel that began a great war",
   "text": "Epidamnus, Thucydides writes (1.24), \"is a city situated on the right hand as you sail into the Ionian Gulf\". Corcyra founded it about 627 BC, with a founder, Phalius son of Eratocleides, called from Corinth, Corcyra's own mother city, as custom required. Some years before 435 BC the people of Epidamnus drove out the leading men, who joined the Illyrian Taulantians and raided the city by land and sea. The people asked Corcyra for help and were refused; Delphi then told them to give their city to Corinth. Corinth sent settlers and a garrison overland by way of Apollonia. Corcyra besieged Epidamnus, beat the Corinthian fleet off Leucimme, and took the city on the same day (1.29). Fearing Corinth's revenge, Corcyra turned to Athens in 433 BC. Thucydides counts this quarrel among the open grievances that led to the Peloponnesian War.",
   "sources": [
    "Thuc. 1.24-29",
    "Thuc. 1.23.6, 1.55-56 (the grievances)",
    "Eusebius, Chronicle (627 BC)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Epidamnus",
   "title": "A name of ill omen",
   "text": "The city had two Greek names. Epidamnus was the town; Dyrrachion was perhaps at first the name of the headland or the harbour, and the city's own coins, from the 4th century BC, carry the letters ΔΥΡ. To Roman ears the first name sounded bad: it seemed to contain the Latin damnum, \"loss\". Plautus, in his comedy The Menaechmi, set in Epidamnus, jokes that hardly anyone stops there without suffering a loss. Pliny the Elder (Natural History 3.145) says that the Romans renamed the colony Dyrrachium because of its inauspicious name. The Greek Dyrrachion lived on: Durazzo in Italian, Durrës in Albanian. Under that name the city was the start of the Via Egnatia, the road across the Balkans to Thessalonica and Constantinople.",
   "sources": [
    "Pliny, NH 3.145",
    "Plautus, Menaechmi 263-264",
    "Pomponius Mela 2.56",
    "coins of Dyrrachion (legend ΔΥΡ)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Apollonia",
   "title": "A student hears of the Ides of March",
   "text": "Apollonia, founded by Corinth and Corcyra about 600 BC on a hill near the mouth of the Aous (Vjosa), was in the 1st century BC a city where young Romans went to study Greek. In the autumn of 45 BC Julius Caesar sent his great-nephew Octavius there, aged eighteen, to study while the legions gathered for a campaign against the Getae and the Parthians (Velleius 2.59; Suetonius, Augustus 8). With him went his teacher of rhetoric, the old Apollodorus of Pergamum (Suetonius, Augustus 89). At Apollonia, in March 44 BC, a letter from his mother told him that Caesar had been killed, He thought of calling on the legions nearby, decided against it as rash, and crossed to Italy, where he learned that Caesar had made him his heir. He returned to Rome as Caesar's son and later ruled as Augustus.",
   "sources": [
    "Suetonius, Augustus 8.2, 89.1",
    "Velleius Paterculus 2.59.4",
    "Nicolaus of Damascus, Life of Augustus 16-17"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Apollonia",
   "title": "The fire that gave oracles",
   "text": "Near Apollonia, writes Strabo (7.5.8), lay the Nymphaeum: a rock that gave out fire, with springs of warm water and asphalt beneath it. The asphalt was mined in antiquity, and still is, at Selenicë. Cassius Dio (41.45) describes the oracle kept there. A man who wished to know the future threw incense into the flame with his prayer. If the fire took the incense, the wish would be granted; if the flame pushed it away, it would not. Plutarch (Sulla 27) adds a stranger tale, as a report: when Sulla passed this way in 83 BC, a satyr was caught asleep at the Nymphaeum and brought before him. It said nothing intelligible, only a hoarse cry, \"something between the neighing of a horse and the bleating of a goat\", and Sulla, horrified, had it taken away.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.5.8",
    "Cassius Dio 41.45",
    "Plutarch, Sulla 27.1-2 (Perrin's translation checked, Perseus)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Issa",
   "title": "Issa calls on Rome",
   "text": "Issa, on the island of Vis, was founded from Syracuse in the 4th century BC and became the leading Greek city of the central Adriatic, with daughter towns on the mainland and on Korčula. In 230-229 BC the Illyrian queen Teuta, whose ships preyed on the Adriatic, laid siege to it. The Issaeans asked Rome for help (Appian, Illyrike 7); Polybius (2.8) stresses the complaints of Italian traders robbed by Illyrian ships. Rome sent two envoys, Gaius and Lucius Coruncanius. Teuta answered that Illyrian kings did not stop their subjects from taking plunder at sea, and one of the envoys was killed on his way home. In 229 BC a Roman fleet and army crossed the Adriatic, freed Issa from the siege and took it under Roman protection (Polybius 2.11). It was Rome's first war east of the Adriatic.",
   "sources": [
    "Polybius 2.8.3-5, 2.11.12 (checked, LacusCurtius)",
    "Appian, Illyrike 7-8",
    "Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Pharos",
   "title": "The fields of the Parians",
   "text": "In 385/384 BC, Diodorus writes (15.13-14), the Parians, obeying an oracle, sent settlers to the Adriatic and founded Pharos on the island of Hvar, with the help of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. The next year the islanders, with Illyrians from the mainland, attacked them; Dionysius's governor at Lissus came with triremes, sank Illyrian ships and, by Diodorus's count, killed more than 5,000 and took 2,000 captive. The settlers then divided the plain east of their town into long rectangular plots of about 180 by 900 metres, one by five stadia, marked by dry-stone walls and roads. That division has survived for 24 centuries: the vines and olives of the Stari Grad plain are still farmed inside the same Greek lines, and the plain was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.",
   "sources": [
    "Diodorus 15.13.4, 15.14.1-2",
    "Kirigin, Pharos, the Parian Settlement in Dalmatia (2006)",
    "UNESCO, Stari Grad Plain (2008)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Lumbarda",
   "title": "The settlers' decree",
   "text": "In 1877 a stone inscribed in Greek was found on the hill of Koludrt at Lumbarda, at the eastern end of the island of Korčula, the Greeks' Korkyra Melaina. It is a decree of Issa, of about 300-250 BC, dated by the year of the magistrate Praxidamos, on a new town founded by Issaean settlers under an agreement with Pyllos and his son Dazos, usually taken to be Illyrian leaders who held the land. The first settlers, who took the land and walled the town, chose first: a house plot inside the walls, three plethra of the best land outside, and one and a half plethra that could never be sold. Later comers got a house plot and four and a half plethra of the land not yet divided. The magistrates swore never to redivide town or land. Then follows the list of settlers, by name and father's name, under the three old Dorian tribes, Dymanes, Hylleis and Pamphyloi.",
   "sources": [
    "Lumbarda decree, Syll.3 141 (translation checked, attalus.org)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Lumbarda Psephisma' (checked)",
    "Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Lissus",
   "title": "A Syracusan outpost and a Roman line",
   "text": "Lissus, on a hill above the river Drin, was founded by Dionysius of Syracuse a few years before 385 BC, Diodorus writes (15.13.4), as part of his plan to control the Adriatic; its governor saved the new colony of Pharos from the Illyrians the next year. The town later fell to the Illyrian kings, but it remained a landmark. When Queen Teuta made peace with Rome in 228 BC, she agreed not to sail south of Lissus \"with more than two unarmed vessels\" (Polybius 2.12.3): the town marked the line between the Illyrian kingdom and the Greek coast under Roman protection. In 213 BC Philip V of Macedon took its citadel, Acrolissus, thought to be impregnable, by a ruse (Polybius 8.13-14). Lissus struck its own coins with the legend ΛΙΣΣΙΤΑΝ.",
   "sources": [
    "Diodorus 15.13.4, 15.14.2",
    "Polybius 2.12.3 (checked, LacusCurtius), 8.13-14",
    "coins of Lissus (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Antigonea",
   "title": "A city named for a queen",
   "text": "As a young man Pyrrhus of Epirus was a hostage at the court of Ptolemy I in Egypt. There he married Antigone, daughter of Queen Berenice by her first husband, and with Ptolemy's help he won back his throne in 297 BC (Plutarch, Pyrrhus 4-5). Antigonea, on a ridge above the Drino valley near Gjirokastër, is thought to have been founded by him and named for her; Plutarch (Pyrrhus 6) says that he named another city Berenicis after her mother. The town guarded the narrows of the Aous route: an Illyrian army came down through the passes at Antigonea in 230 BC (Polybius 2.5-6). In 167 BC, when the Romans punished Epirus for siding with Macedon, Antigonea was burnt. The Albanian archaeologist Dhimosten Budina identified and excavated the site; bronze tokens stamped ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΕΩΝ, \"of the Antigoneans\", are reported among the finds.",
   "sources": [
    "Plutarch, Pyrrhus 4-6",
    "Polybius 2.5-6",
    "Livy 32.5.9, 45.34",
    "Wikipedia, 'Antigonia (Chaonia)' (checked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Buthrotum",
   "title": "Atticus pays for Buthrotum",
   "text": "Titus Pomponius Atticus, Cicero's closest friend, owned an estate near Buthrotum (Butrint), with a shrine of the nymph Amalthea that Cicero envied (Letters to Atticus 1.16). In 44 BC Julius Caesar ordered that veterans be settled on Buthrotum's land, apparently because the town had not paid a levy. Atticus paid the sum himself and asked Cicero to plead with Caesar; Caesar promised to spare the town, but was killed before it was settled. Cicero's letters of that year (Letters to Atticus 16.16A-F) are a dossier of appeals, among them to the praetor-elect Gnaeus Munatius Plancus, whom Caesar had charged with giving the land to his soldiers. In the end Buthrotum became a Roman colony under Augustus, Colonia Augusta Buthrotum, and its Greek town received Roman settlers, an aqueduct and a new forum.",
   "sources": [
    "Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.16.18, 15-16 (esp. 16.16A-F)",
    "Hansen, Hodges et al., Butrint 4 (2013) (unchecked)",
    "Butrint Foundation excavation reports",
    "Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, 'Plancus 5' (checked, Perseus)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Buthrotum",
   "title": "Names on the theatre wall",
   "text": "Virgil (Aeneid 3.293-355) tells how Aeneas found at Buthrotum the Trojan prince Helenus and Hector's widow Andromache, ruling a little Troy. That is a legend. The inscriptions of the town tell a real story. In the 2nd century BC Buthrotum was the meeting place of the Prasaiboi, a community of the Epirote Chaonians, and its theatre stood beside the sanctuary of Asclepius. On the theatre's stone walls and seats the townspeople carved many acts freeing slaves, dated by the year's magistrates and the priest of Asclepius, with the names of owners, freed men and women, and witnesses. Almost all are Greek names. Published together by Pierre Cabanes and Faik Drini (2007), they are the fullest record of who lived in a Hellenistic town of Epirus.",
   "sources": [
    "Virgil, Aeneid 3.293-355 (legend)",
    "Cabanes and Drini, Inscriptions de Bouthrôtos (CIGIME 2, 2007)",
    "Hansen and Nielsen, IACP (2004) (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Byllis",
   "title": "The walls of Victorinus",
   "text": "Byllis stands on a hill above the Vjosa, the walled centre of the Bylliones, whose Greek inscriptions begin in the 4th century BC. It had a theatre for some 7,500 people and later became a Roman colony. In the 5th and 6th centuries it was a Christian city with several basilicas and mosaics, and its own bishop by 458. Then the raids came. Under Justinian (527-565) a general named Victorinus rebuilt its defences, on a shorter line that left out two-thirds of the old city. Greek inscriptions found reused at the monastery of Saint Mary at Ballsh praise him: the city, one says, no longer complains of the barbarians and is no longer afraid, for it has found in the great Victorinus a man who rebuilt it with his own hands. By about 600 Byllis was abandoned, perhaps after Slav raids, and its people are thought to have moved to Ballsh nearby.",
   "sources": [
    "Feissel, on the Victorinus inscriptions of Byllis (unchecked)",
    "Livius.org, 'Byllis' (checked)",
    "Ceka, The Illyrians to the Albanians (2005)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Phoenice",
   "title": "Betrayed by its mercenaries",
   "text": "Phoenice, the chief city of the Chaonians, was in 230 BC, Polybius writes, by far the wealthiest city of Epirus (2.8.4) and its strongest and most powerful town (2.6.8). That year an Illyrian fleet sent by Queen Teuta put in nearby to take on supplies. The Epirotes had hired about 800 Gallic mercenaries to guard the city, and these men, who had already been thrown out of Sicily for treachery, opened the gates to the Illyrians. An Epirote army came to the rescue and was beaten, and a second Illyrian force came down by land through the passes at Antigonea. In the end the Epirotes paid ransom for the free citizens and the Illyrians sailed home with the slaves and the booty (Polybius 2.5-6). Polybius draws the lesson (2.7.12): no people, if wise, should admit a garrison stronger than its own forces, \"especially if composed of barbarians\".",
   "sources": [
    "Polybius 2.5.4, 2.6.8, 2.7.12, 2.8.4 (checked, LacusCurtius)",
    "Hammond, Epirus (1967)",
    "Cabanes 1976"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Phoenice",
   "title": "The peace of Phoenice, 205 BC",
   "text": "In 205 BC Phoenice was the meeting place that ended the First Macedonian War, Rome's first war with Macedon, fought mostly through allies while Hannibal was still in Italy. Livy (29.12) tells how the Roman commander, Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, and Philip V met there with the Epirote magistrates as go-betweens. The terms were short. Rome kept the Parthini and the towns of Dimallum, Bargullum and Eugenium on the Illyrian side; Atintania, if the Senate agreed, went to Philip. Each side listed its allies, among them Ilium for Rome, a nod to Rome's Trojan legend. The Roman people ratified the peace, but it lasted only five years before Rome went to war with Philip again.",
   "sources": [
    "Livy 29.12",
    "Hammond, Epirus (1967)",
    "Eckstein, Rome Enters the Greek East (2008) (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Heraclea Lyncestis",
   "title": "A carpet of paradise",
   "text": "Heraclea Lyncestis, just south of Bitola, was founded by Philip II in the land of the Lyncestae, the Upper Macedonians of the plain of Pelagonia, and later stood on the Via Egnatia. In late antiquity it was a Greek-speaking city with a bishop. The narthex of its Great Basilica, excavated in 1964, is floored with a mosaic of 21.5 by 4.7 metres, laid in the 5th century, probably after the Goths sacked the city in 479. A row of fruit trees, cypress, palm, fig, pomegranate and others, is full of birds; among them a lion fights a bull, a cheetah brings down a gazelle, and a red dog stands guard. In the centre two deer drink from a great vessel from which a vine grows, between peacocks. Around it all runs a border of fish, ducks, dolphins and octopuses: the whole created world, laid at the door of the church.",
   "sources": [
    "NI Institute and Museum Bitola, 'Mosaic narthex' (checked): https://muzejbitola.mk/en/mosaic-nartex",
    "Cvetković-Tomašević 1978 (unchecked)",
    "Papazoglou, Les villes de Macédoine (1988)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Stobi",
   "title": "The house that became a synagogue",
   "text": "Stobi, where the Erigon (Crna) meets the Axios (Vardar), was a Paeonian town that grew into a Roman city with Greek as its language. In 1931 excavators found there a marble column inscribed in Greek. Claudius Tiberius Polycharmos, also called Achyrios, \"father of the synagogue at Stobi\", who had lived all his civic life according to Judaism, records that he gave rooms of his own house to the holy place, with a dining hall and a four-columned hall, paid from his own money. He kept the upper floor for himself and his heirs for life, and anyone who changed his arrangements was to pay 250,000 denarii to the patriarch. The inscription, of the late 2nd or early 3rd century, shows a Jewish community at home in a Greek city; a Christian basilica was later built over the synagogue.",
   "sources": [
    "IJO I Mac1 (Noy, Panayotov, Bloedhorn 2004); IG X 2,2 739",
    "Prometheus Epigraphy, 'Donation by Polycharmos from Stobi' (checked)",
    "Hengel 1966 (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Philippopolis",
   "title": "The city of rogues",
   "text": "In 342-341 BC Philip II of Macedon conquered the Odrysian Thracians of the Hebrus (Maritsa) valley and founded on the hills of a Thracian town a city named after himself. His enemies made fun of it. The historian Theopompus, as Plutarch reports (On Curiosity 10), said that Philip gathered there the most worthless and incorrigible men he could find and called the city Poneropolis, \"Rogues' Town\"; Pliny (Natural History 4.41) also gives Poneropolis as its earlier name. The joke may be no more than slander. But Philippopolis lasted. Its Thracian name, Pulpudeva, is simply Philippopolis in Thracian mouths, and the Bulgarian Plovdiv comes from it. Under Rome it was the metropolis of Thrace, seat of the Thracian league, with a Greek council and people, and from about 300 the capital of the smaller province of Thracia.",
   "sources": [
    "Plutarch, On Curiosity 10 (Mor. 520b) = Theopompus, FGrH 115 F110",
    "Pliny, NH 4.41",
    "Demosthenes 8.44 (Philip in Thrace)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Philippopolis",
   "title": "The Gothic siege of 250-251",
   "text": "In 250 the Goths under their king Cniva crossed the Danube and laid siege to Philippopolis, the greatest city of Thrace. The emperor Decius marched to its relief but was beaten near Beroe (Stara Zagora). The governor of Thrace, Titus Julius Priscus, made a deal with the Goths and was hailed as emperor, and the city fell. Pages of a Vienna palimpsest, deciphered since 2007 and published from 2014, probably from the lost history of the Athenian Dexippus, describe a Gothic attack under Cniva on a Thracian town, very likely the start of the siege, and the fall of Philippopolis. Ammianus Marcellinus (31.5.17) records the end: Philippopolis was taken with a hundred thousand people killed inside the walls, \"unless the histories are false\". The next year Decius himself was killed fighting Cniva at Abritus. The city recovered and kept its Greek life for centuries.",
   "sources": [
    "Ammianus 31.5.17 (checked, Perseus translation)",
    "Jordanes, Getica 18.101-103",
    "Dexippus, Scythica (Vienna fragments, ed. Martin and Grusková 2014)",
    "Aurelius Victor 29.3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Serdica",
   "title": "Constantine's other Rome",
   "text": "Serdica, the Roman city on the site of Sofia, was a favourite residence of the emperors of the early 4th century. In April 311 the dying emperor Galerius issued the edict that ended the persecution of the Christians, probably from Serdica (Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors 34-35). Constantine, who stayed there often, is reported to have said \"My Rome is Serdica\", but the saying comes from a later, anonymous Greek writer, and he built his new Rome at Byzantium instead. In 343 the western and eastern emperors, Constans and Constantius II, called a council of bishops to Serdica to settle the case of Athanasius of Alexandria. The eastern bishops refused to sit with him and withdrew to Philippopolis to hold their own meeting; the western bishops, under Hosius of Corduba, stayed and passed canons on appeals to the bishop of Rome.",
   "sources": [
    "Anonymus post Dionem (Continuator of Cassius Dio), fr. 15.1 (FHG IV) (unchecked)",
    "Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum 34-35",
    "Socrates, Church History 2.20; Sozomen 3.11-12",
    "Hess, The Early Development of Canon Law and the Council of Serdica (2002)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Seuthopolis",
   "title": "An oath in four copies",
   "text": "Seuthopolis, near Kazanlak, was the royal town of the Odrysian king Seuthes III, built about 320 BC on a Greek plan. In 1953, digging before a dam flooded the site, archaeologists found in the palace a Greek inscription. In it Berenice, Seuthes' widow, and her sons Ebryzelmis, Tereus, Satokos and Sadalas swear an oath to a man named Epimenes. Seuthes, while still in good health, had placed Epimenes and his property in the hands of Spartokos, ruler of Kabyle; the sons promise to bring Epimenes out of the temple of the Samothracian Gods, where he had taken refuge, and hand him over unharmed. Copies were to stand at Kabyle, in the Phosphorion and in the agora by the altar of Apollo, and at Seuthopolis in the temple of the Great Gods and in the agora by the altar of Dionysus. The town now lies under the Koprinka reservoir.",
   "sources": [
    "SEG 42.661 = IGBulg III.2 1731 (translation checked, attalus.org)",
    "Archibald, The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace (1998)",
    "Dimitrov and Čičikova, The Thracian City of Seuthopolis (1978)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Kabyle",
   "title": "Philip's winter in Thrace",
   "text": "Kabyle, by a lone hill on the Tundzha near Yambol, was taken by Philip II of Macedon in 342-341 BC and probably received Macedonian settlers. In Athens Demosthenes (On the Chersonese 8.44) scorned these conquests: no one, he said, could believe that Philip endured \"toil and winter storms and deadly peril\" only for wretched places in Thrace, \"for what else can one call Drongilus and Cabyle and Mastira\"; his real aim was Athens' own harbours. Yet the town lasted. After the Macedonians it became the seat of a Thracian ruler, Spartokos, who struck coins in his own name, and the town struck its own with the head of Artemis, its goddess, and her torch. The oath inscription found at Seuthopolis orders a copy to be set up at Kabyle \"in the Phosphorion\", the sanctuary of Artemis Phosphoros, the Light-Bringer, \"and in the agora by the altar of Apollo\".",
   "sources": [
    "Demosthenes 8.44-45 (Vince's translation checked, Perseus)",
    "SEG 42.661 (checked, attalus.org)",
    "Archibald, The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace (1998)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Kabile'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Heraclea Sintica",
   "title": "A letter from two emperors",
   "text": "Heraclea Sintica was founded by Philip II of Macedon between 356 and 339 BC, with settlers from Heraclea in Mygdonia, on the land of the Thracian Sinti in the Struma valley. For a long time scholars argued about where it lay. In 2002 a large inscription was found by chance at Rupite, near Petrich, beneath the extinct volcano of Kozhuh. It is a letter in Latin from the emperor Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus, of 308, answering the Heracleans, who had asked to recover the rights of a city that they had lost. The emperors granted the request. The archaeologist Georgi Mitrev used the letter to identify the site, and a second inscription later confirmed it. An earthquake about 425 ruined much of the city, and by about 500 it was abandoned.",
   "sources": [
    "Mitrev, on the Rupite inscription (2003) (unchecked)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Heraclea Sintica' (checked)",
    "Lozanova-Stancheva and Mitrev reports"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Nicopolis ad Istrum",
   "title": "A Greek city north of the mountains",
   "text": "Trajan founded Nicopolis, \"the city of victory\", to celebrate his conquest of Dacia, as Ammianus records (31.5.16). It lay north of the Haemus (Balkan) range, near Veliko Tarnovo, in a land where Latin was the language of Rome. Yet Nicopolis was laid out and governed as a Greek city, with a council and people, and its coins carried the Greek legend \"Ulpia Nicopolis on the Istros\". In about 348 another people came. Wulfila, the bishop of the Goths who translated the Bible into Gothic and made an alphabet for it, was driven from the lands beyond the Danube with his flock, and Constantius II settled them in Moesia. Jordanes (Getica 51.267) writes that their descendants, the \"Lesser Goths\", still lived in his day in the district of Nicopolis at the foot of the Haemus.",
   "sources": [
    "Ammianus 31.5.16 (checked, Perseus translation)",
    "Jordanes, Getica 51.267",
    "Philostorgius, Church History 2.5",
    "Poulter, Nicopolis ad Istrum (1995)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Melenikon",
   "title": "Romans from Philippopolis",
   "text": "Melnik lies in a narrow valley among sandstone pyramids under the Pirin mountains. In the early 13th century it was the seat of the Despot Alexius Slav, a Bulgarian prince. In 1246, after the death of the young tsar Koloman Asen, the emperor John III Vatatzes of Nicaea marched into Macedonia, and the people of Melnik had to choose between the Bulgarian tsardom and the emperor at Nicaea. The historian George Akropolites, who took part in the campaign, tells how a leading townsman, Nikolaos Manglavites, won them over: the Melnikiotes, he argued, were Romans by descent, of pure stock, from Philippopolis, and should belong to the Roman emperor. The town opened its gates to Vatatzes. Melnik stayed a largely Greek-speaking town of wine merchants until 1913, when its Greeks left before it passed to Bulgaria.",
   "sources": [
    "George Akropolites, History 44 (tr. Macrides 2007)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Melnik, Bulgaria'",
    "Kanchov 1900 (counts)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Stenimachos",
   "title": "The Georgian general's monastery",
   "text": "In 1083 Gregory Pakourianos, a Georgian of Armenian origin who commanded the armies of the West for the emperor Alexios I Komnenos, founded a monastery of the Mother of God in the Rhodope valley above Stenimachos. It survives as Bachkovo, the second largest monastery in Bulgaria. Pakourianos gave it a rule (typikon) written in Greek, Georgian and Armenian, and listed among its lands the fortress of Stenimachos. He wanted Georgian monks, and his rule barred Greeks from the brotherhood, calling them grasping and scheming. The town below grew under the Ottomans into a Greek-speaking town of vineyards and wine; in 1900 about half its people were Greek. After 1906, when its Greek school was turned Bulgarian, and above all in the 1920s, its Greeks left for Naousa and Kilkis in Greek Macedonia.",
   "sources": [
    "Typikon of Gregory Pakourianos (1083), ed. Gautier 1984; tr. Jordan in Thomas and Constantinides Hero 2000 (unchecked)",
    "Dragostinova, Between Two Motherlands (2011)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Asenovgrad'",
    "Wikipedia, 'Bachkovo Monastery' (checked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Kavakli",
   "title": "The town that left",
   "text": "Kavakli, now Topolovgrad, was a town of the Sakar hills in south-eastern Bulgaria. About 1900 almost all its people were Greek-speaking, and it had Greek schools and churches. In 1885 it became part of Bulgaria. In 1905-1906, when Greek and Bulgarian bands were fighting in Ottoman Macedonia, Bulgarian committees pressed the town, Greek teaching was banned, and the government put in a Bulgarian mayor. Many families began to leave. Between 1906 and 1925 about 22,000 Greeks of the town and its villages left for Greece. Most settled in Greek Macedonia, at Koufalia and elsewhere, where some still speak their dialect.",
   "sources": [
    "Ilioudis, on the dialect of Kavakli (unchecked: title and year)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Topolovgrad'",
    "Dragostinova, Between Two Motherlands (2011)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Oricum",
   "title": "A town that would not fight the consul",
   "text": "Oricum, a Greek town at the head of the Bay of Vlorë, was said by legend to have been founded by Euboeans returning from Troy. In January 48 BC Julius Caesar crossed the Adriatic in winter and landed his army at Palaeste, below the Ceraunian mountains, to fight Pompey. He marched first on Oricum, where Lucius Torquatus held the town for Pompey. Caesar's own account (Civil War 3.11-12) says that Torquatus shut the gates and tried to arm the townsmen, but the Greeks of Oricum said they would not fight against the authority of the Roman people, which Caesar held as consul. They began to let Caesar in, and Torquatus surrendered the town. From Oricum Caesar went on to Apollonia, which also opened its gates, and to the long siege of Pompey at Dyrrachium.",
   "sources": [
    "Caesar, Civil War 3.11-12",
    "Ps.-Scymnus 441-443 (Euboean legend) (unchecked)",
    "Hansen and Nielsen, IACP (2004)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Panium",
   "title": "A historian at Attila's court",
   "text": "Priscus, a Greek writer from Panium on the Thracian shore of the Propontis, went in 449 with an embassy from Theodosius II to Attila, king of the Huns. His history survives only in fragments, but they include the best eyewitness account of the Huns. In Attila's camp a man dressed like a Hun greeted Priscus in Greek. He was a Greek merchant from Viminacium on the Danube, captured when the Huns took that city. He had fought well, won his freedom, married a Hun wife, and now lived better, he said, than he had under Rome, where war, heavy taxes and corrupt, slow courts ruined people. Priscus answered with a defence of Roman law and order. The man wept and said the laws were good but the rulers were ruining them.",
   "sources": [
    "Priscus, fr. 11.2 (ed. Blockley 1983)",
    "Suda, s.v. Priskos",
    "Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (1973)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Perinthus",
   "title": "A city like a theatre",
   "text": "Perinthus, a colony of Samos on the Thracian shore of the Propontis, stood on a high peninsula joined to the land by a narrow neck. In 340 BC Philip II of Macedon besieged it. Diodorus (16.74-76) describes the scene. Philip built siege towers eighty cubits high, taller than the city's own, and battered the walls with rams. But the town's houses were packed close and rose up the slope \"like a theatre\", so each time a wall fell the defenders blocked the streets and fought from the next row of houses. Byzantium sent soldiers, missiles and artillery, and the Persian king, alarmed at Philip's power, ordered his satraps on the coast to send mercenaries, money and food. Philip split his army and turned on Byzantium, and in the end gave up both sieges. Under Rome, Perinthus became the capital of the province of Thrace, and later took the name Heraclea.",
   "sources": [
    "Diodorus 16.74-77 (checked, LacusCurtius)",
    "Demosthenes 18 (On the Crown) (unchecked)",
    "Hansen and Nielsen, IACP (2004)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Selymbria",
   "title": "The city of Selys",
   "text": "Selymbria, a colony of Megara on the Propontis, kept a Thracian name. Strabo (7.6.1) explains that \"bria\" was the Thracian word for a town, so Selymbria was the town of Selys, as Mesembria was the town of Menas. In 408 BC the Athenian general Alcibiades came to win it back from Sparta's side. Plutarch (Alcibiades 30) tells how friends inside promised to show a torch at midnight, but showed it early because one of them lost his nerve. Alcibiades ran to the gate with about thirty men and got in with some fifty. When the townsmen came at him in arms, he had the trumpet sound for silence and proclaimed that the Selymbrians must not bear arms against Athens. As they talked, his army arrived. He sent his Thracian soldiers out of the city to spare it from plunder, took money and left a garrison.",
   "sources": [
    "Strabo 7.6.1 (unchecked)",
    "Plutarch, Alcibiades 30 (Perrin's translation checked, Perseus)",
    "Xenophon, Hellenica 1.3.10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Lysimachia",
   "title": "The king's city and the Roman warning",
   "text": "In 309 BC Lysimachus, Alexander's general and king of Thrace, founded Lysimachia on the neck of the Gallipoli peninsula and moved into it the people of Cardia, whose city he destroyed (Pausanias 1.9.8). It became his capital. After his death in 281 it passed from hand to hand, and in the late 3rd century the Thracians sacked it. In 196 BC Antiochus III, the Seleucid king, crossed into Europe and rebuilt it, buying back citizens who had been sold as slaves and calling in new settlers (Livy 33.38). There Roman envoys came to meet him and told him to keep out of Europe. Antiochus answered, in Polybius's account (18.51), that Thrace was his by right, because his ancestor Seleucus had won it from Lysimachus. The quarrel led to war. Lysimachia lived on into the Middle Ages, a small town on the isthmus.",
   "sources": [
    "Pausanias 1.9.8",
    "Livy 33.38.10-14",
    "Polybius 18.49-52",
    "Appian, Syriaca 1-3 (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Sestus",
   "title": "Xerxes' bridges and a lover's swim",
   "text": "Sestus, a Greek city of the Thracian Chersonese, faced Abydos across the narrowest part of the Hellespont. In 480 BC Xerxes bridged the strait there for his army, from Abydos to a headland between Sestus and Madytus (Herodotus 7.33). When a storm broke the first bridges, Herodotus writes, the king had the Hellespont given three hundred lashes and a pair of fetters thrown into it, and had the overseers beheaded; new bridges were laid on 360 and 314 ships (7.34-36). The best-known story of Sestus is a legend. Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite there, was loved by Leander of Abydos, who swam to her each night by the light of her lamp until a storm put it out and he drowned. Ovid and the poet Musaeus told it. On 3 May 1810 Lord Byron swam the strait to show it could be done.",
   "sources": [
    "Herodotus 7.33-36",
    "Ovid, Heroides 18-19; Musaeus, Hero and Leander (legend)",
    "Byron, 'Written after Swimming from Sestos to Abydos' (1810)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Elaeus",
   "title": "The revenge of Protesilaus",
   "text": "Elaeus, at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, kept the shrine of Protesilaus, in legend the first Greek to die at Troy. Herodotus ends his Histories with its story (9.116-120). Artayctes, Xerxes' governor of Sestus, had asked the king for the house of a Greek who had invaded his land, meaning the dead hero's shrine, and then carried off the shrine's treasures to Sestus. In 479 BC the Athenians under Xanthippus besieged Sestus until the defenders were boiling the leather straps of their beds for food. Artayctes fled and was caught. As a guard fried salt fish, the fish leapt as if alive, and Artayctes read it as a sign that Protesilaus, though dead, could take revenge. He offered a hundred talents to the god. At the demand of the people of Elaeus he was nailed to a plank and his son was stoned before his eyes.",
   "sources": [
    "Herodotus 9.114-121 (checked, LacusCurtius)",
    "Herodotus 7.33",
    "Hansen and Nielsen, IACP (2004)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Aegospotami",
   "title": "The end of Athens' fleet",
   "text": "In 405 BC the Athenian fleet of 180 ships beached at Aegospotami, the \"goat rivers\", on the Chersonese, facing the Spartan fleet of Lysander at Lampsacus across the Hellespont. Each morning the Athenians rowed out and offered battle, and each day Lysander stayed put. Alcibiades, then in exile in his forts nearby, rode down and warned the generals that the open beach was dangerous and that they should move to Sestus; they told him to go away, since they, not he, were in command (Xenophon, Hellenica 2.1.25-26). On the fifth day, when the crews had scattered ashore for food, Lysander struck. Only Conon escaped, with eight ships, and the state galley Paralus took the news home. When it reached Piraeus at night, Xenophon writes, the wailing ran up the Long Walls to the city, and no one slept. Athens surrendered the next spring.",
   "sources": [
    "Xenophon, Hellenica 2.1.21-32, 2.2.3",
    "Plutarch, Lysander 9-13",
    "Diodorus 13.105-106"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Aegospotami",
   "title": "The stone that fell from the sky",
   "text": "Aegospotami was known in antiquity for a second event. In 467 BC, by the usual date, a great stone fell from the sky there by daylight. Pliny the Elder (Natural History 2.149) says that the philosopher Anaxagoras of Clazomenae had foretold its fall, and that in his own time the stone was still shown, the size of a cart-load and burnt in colour. Plutarch (Lysander 12) says that the people of the Chersonese held it in reverence and showed it to visitors, and that some saw it as a sign of the defeat of Athens there sixty years later. Anaxagoras taught that the sun was a red-hot stone, and the fall seemed to prove him right. It is one of the earliest recorded falls of a meteorite.",
   "sources": [
    "Pliny, NH 2.149",
    "Plutarch, Lysander 12",
    "Diogenes Laertius 2.10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Callipolis",
   "title": "The earthquake that opened Europe",
   "text": "Callipolis, Gallipoli, a Greek town of the Hellespont since antiquity, guarded the main crossing from Asia into Europe. In the civil wars of the 1340s the emperor John VI Kantakouzenos hired Turkish troops of the Ottoman emir Orhan, his son-in-law, and in 1352 Orhan's son Süleyman Pasha took the small fort of Tzympe nearby. Then, in the night of 1-2 March 1354, an earthquake brought down the walls of the towns of the peninsula. The townspeople fled, and Süleyman moved in at once and brought Turkish settlers from Asia. Kantakouzenos offered money for the town's return and was refused. Gallipoli became the first Ottoman base in Europe. Amadeus VI of Savoy retook it for Constantinople in 1366, but it was handed back to the Ottomans about 1376-1377. Its Greek townspeople lived on beside the Turks until 1922.",
   "sources": [
    "John Kantakouzenos, Histories 4.38 (unchecked)",
    "Nikephoros Gregoras, Roman History 28 (unchecked)",
    "Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans (1987)",
    "Nicol 1993"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Hadrianopolis",
   "title": "The day an emperor vanished",
   "text": "Hadrian refounded the Thracian town of Uskudama as Hadrianopolis, on the Hebrus (Maritsa). In 376 the Goths, fleeing the Huns, were allowed to cross the Danube, and, badly treated, rose in revolt. Their leader Fritigern told his men to leave the walled cities alone, since, he said, he \"kept peace with walls\" (Ammianus 31.6.4). On 9 August 378 the emperor Valens, without waiting for his nephew Gratian's army, attacked the Gothic camp near Hadrianopolis. The Gothic cavalry returned in the middle of the battle, and the Roman army was surrounded and destroyed; Ammianus (31.13) says that barely a third escaped. Valens was never found. One story says he died by an arrow, another that he was burnt in a farmhouse where he had taken refuge. The Goths then besieged Hadrianopolis itself, but the city held.",
   "sources": [
    "Ammianus 31.6.4 (checked, Perseus translation), 31.12-16",
    "Jordanes, Getica 26",
    "Lenski, Failure of Empire (2002)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Madytus",
   "title": "Emptied on the eve of battle",
   "text": "Madytus, a Greek town on the European shore of the Dardanelles since antiquity, was still Greek in 1915, as Maydos, with its sister town Gallipoli the seat of a Greek metropolitan. In March and April 1915, as the British and French fleets gathered for the attack on the Straits, the Ottoman authorities removed the Greeks of the peninsula, Madytus among them, to the interior of Anatolia. The United States ambassador in Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau, reported the deportations in a dispatch of August 1915. Its Greeks were kept away through the fighting. The Greeks of the peninsula left for good in 1922. In 1928 Maydos was renamed Eceabat.",
   "sources": [
    "Morgenthau, dispatch of 10 August 1915 (unchecked)",
    "J. Williams, via Neos Kosmos (2015)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Eceabat'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Imbros",
   "title": "The governor who wrote the Sultan's history",
   "text": "Michael Kritoboulos was a notable of Imbros, the island off the mouth of the Dardanelles. After Constantinople fell in May 1453, he sent envoys to Mehmed II and took part in the peaceful handover of Imbros, Lemnos and Thasos, and from 1456 he governed Imbros for the Sultan. There he wrote, in Greek in the manner of Thucydides, a history of Mehmed's reign from 1451 to 1467, including the siege of Constantinople, and dedicated it to the Sultan. When the Venetians took the island in 1466 he went to Constantinople, where he saw the plague of 1467. His own autograph manuscript survives in the library of the Topkapı Palace. Imbros stayed almost wholly Greek until the 1960s.",
   "sources": [
    "Kritoboulos, History of Mehmed the Conqueror (tr. Riggs 1954)",
    "Reinsch, ed. Critobuli Imbriotae Historiae (1983)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Michael Critobulus' (checked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Saranta Ekklisies",
   "title": "Forty Churches leaves for Thessaloniki",
   "text": "Saranta Ekklisies, \"Forty Churches\", in Turkish Kırk Kilise and today Kırklareli, was a market town of Eastern Thrace where Greek, Bulgarian and Turkish were spoken, and the seat of a Greek metropolitan. An Ottoman register published in 1878 counted 2,850 Greeks beside 6,700 Bulgarians and 2,700 others. In October 1912 the Bulgarian army won a great battle there; in 1913 the Ottomans returned and most of the Bulgarians left. In 1914 officials of the Committee of Union and Progress drove many Greeks from the district's villages. The Greek army held the town from 1920, but under the armistice of Mudanya (October 1922) Eastern Thrace was handed back to Turkey, and the Greeks left; Turkish forces entered on 10 November 1922. Many settled in Thessaloniki, where a district still bears the town's Greek name.",
   "sources": [
    "Ottoman register of 1873, published 1878 [via Wikipedia]",
    "Efiloğlu, on the Rum of Kırk Kilise (Ottoman records)",
    "Karpat, Ottoman Population 1830-1914 (1985)",
    "iefimerida.gr, on the refugee settlements of Thessaloniki (checked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Cardia",
   "title": "Two sons of Cardia",
   "text": "Cardia, a Greek city at the neck of the Gallipoli peninsula, gave the age of Alexander two of its best-known Greeks. Eumenes of Cardia was Philip II's and then Alexander's secretary, a Greek among Macedonian generals; after Alexander's death he fought for the royal house until his own soldiers handed him over to Antigonus in 316 BC, who had him put to death (Plutarch, Eumenes 18-19). His fellow citizen and probably kinsman Hieronymus of Cardia served him and then the Antigonid kings, and wrote the history of Alexander's successors that lies behind much of Diodorus and Plutarch; he is said to have lived to 104. Their city did not outlive them. In 309 BC Lysimachus destroyed Cardia and moved its people into his new city of Lysimachia nearby (Pausanias 1.9.8).",
   "sources": [
    "Plutarch, Eumenes 1, 18-19",
    "Pausanias 1.9.8",
    "Ps.-Lucian, Macrobii 22 (Hieronymus's age)",
    "Hornblower, Hieronymus of Cardia (1981)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "city": "Chimaera",
   "title": "Himara, November 1912",
   "text": "Himara, the ancient Chimaera, a Chaonian stronghold under the Ceraunian mountains, kept its Greek speech and a wide self-government through the Ottoman centuries. In the First Balkan War, on 5 November 1912 (18 November in the new calendar), the town rose against the Ottomans, and a force of volunteers from Corfu under Spyros Spyromilios, a gendarmerie officer born in Himara, landed and took the coast with little resistance. After Albania declared independence at Vlorë on 28 November, its leaders called on the Himariots to declare for Albania; they refused and beat off the attacks that followed. The Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) gave Himara to Albania. On 9 February 1914 Spyromilios refused to withdraw and declared the district autonomous, and Himara joined the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, proclaimed at Gjirokastër on 28 February 1914.",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Himara revolt of 1912' (checked)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Spyros Spyromilios' (checked)",
    "Winnifrith, Badlands, Borderlands (2002)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "left_out": [
  {
   "name": "Salona",
   "greek": "Σάλων",
   "modern": "Solin",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Delmatian port (Strabo 7.5.5 calls Salon the port of the Delmatae) with Greek imports from the 6th c. BC and close ties to Issa (Caesar's Greek rescript to the Issaeans of 56 BC was found there), but no Greek civic community is attested: at most a trading place. It became a Roman colony and the capital of Dalmatia, a Latin-speaking city. In late antiquity Greek speakers from the East were a minority: 83 of the 825 Christian inscriptions of AD 306-c. 640 are in Greek (Salona IV, 2010). Left out as a trading place and then a Latin city with a Greek minority; the late antique Greek speakers are a presence point.",
   "lat": 43.5396,
   "lon": 16.4834
  },
  {
   "name": "Narona",
   "greek": "Νάρων",
   "modern": "Vid (near Metković)",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Hellenistic trading place on the Neretva, reached by Greek traders (a Greek marble relief of dancers of the 2nd-1st c. BC was found there), but no Greek civic institutions or Greek inscriptions of residents are known; it is not called a Greek town by any ancient author. It became the Roman colony of Narona, a Latin-speaking city. Left out as at most an emporion.",
   "lat": 43.0464,
   "lon": 17.5986
  },
  {
   "name": "Bouthoe",
   "greek": "Βουθόη",
   "modern": "Budva",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "The legend that Cadmus founded it is a legend, not evidence. The necropolis has Greek imports from the 4th c. BC and Greek traders probably used the harbour, but no Greek civic institutions, coins or inscriptions of residents are known; it was an Illyrian town and then the Roman Butua.",
   "lat": 42.2797,
   "lon": 18.8318
  },
  {
   "name": "Olcinium",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Ulcinj",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Pliny (NH 3.144) says it was once called Colchinium and founded by Colchians: a legend. An Illyrian walled town and then a Roman town; no evidence of Greek speech. In the Middle Ages (Dulcigno) it was Romance- and Albanian-speaking, with no Greek community known.",
   "lat": 41.9296,
   "lon": 19.2243
  },
  {
   "name": "Acruvium (Ascrivium)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Kotor",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "An Illyrian and Roman town (Pliny's Ascrivium, a town of Roman citizens); no Greek settlement or Greek-speaking community is known in antiquity. Medieval Kotor: see its own entry.",
   "lat": 42.4215,
   "lon": 18.7673
  },
  {
   "name": "Hvar town ('Dimos'?)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Hvar",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Hellenistic finds and an Illyrian hillfort above the town; the ancient name 'Dimos' sometimes given for it is not securely attested, and no Greek civic institutions are known. Some numismatists place the coin-city Herakleia on Hvar, perhaps here: see Herakleia.",
   "lat": 43.1725,
   "lon": 16.4428
  },
  {
   "name": "Siculi",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Resnik (Kaštela)",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Hellenistic harbour settlement (finds of the late 3rd to mid-1st c. BC) trading with Issa and Delos, later a colony of Claudius' veterans (Pliny NH 3.141). Its name has suggested Sicilian (Syracusan) settlers, but no Greek civic community is attested. Left out as a trading settlement.",
   "lat": 43.5532,
   "lon": 16.3468
  },
  {
   "name": "Melite (Mljet)",
   "greek": "Μελίτη",
   "modern": "Mljet",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "An island named by Greek geographers; no Greek town or Greek-speaking community has been found on it. In Roman times an imperial estate (Polače).",
   "lat": 42.7492,
   "lon": 17.5162
  },
  {
   "name": "Palagruža (island of Diomedes)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Palagruža",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A sanctuary of Diomedes on a tiny island in mid-Adriatic, with many Greek dedications on pottery (6th c. BC onwards). A sanctuary visited by sailors, not a town.",
   "lat": 42.393,
   "lon": 16.256
  },
  {
   "name": "Cape Ploča (Promontory of Diomedes)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Ploča near Rogoznica",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Hellenistic sanctuary of Diomedes on the headland, with Greek dedications; a sanctuary, not a town.",
   "lat": 43.498,
   "lon": 15.953
  },
  {
   "name": "Pola",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Pula",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Callimachus and Strabo tell that Colchians pursuing Medea founded Pola: a legend. A Histrian hillfort and then a Roman colony, Latin-speaking. The Greek refugees of 1583 are a presence point.",
   "lat": 44.8706,
   "lon": 13.8456
  },
  {
   "name": "Nesactium",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Vizače (near Pula)",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The chief town of the Histri, with Greek imports; no Greek speech is attested. Then a Roman municipium, Latin-speaking.",
   "lat": 44.9169,
   "lon": 13.97
  },
  {
   "name": "Epidaurum",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Cavtat",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman colony whose name recalls Greek Epidauros, but no Greek settlement is attested; a Latin-speaking city until it was abandoned in the early 7th c. (its people moved to Ragusa).",
   "lat": 42.581,
   "lon": 18.2189
  },
  {
   "name": "Emona",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Ljubljana",
   "country": "Slovenia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The tale that Jason and the Argonauts founded it is a legend. A Roman colony, Latin-speaking, like the other Roman towns of present-day Slovenia (Celeia, Poetovio) and of Pannonia in Croatia (Siscia, Mursa, Cibalae): all north of the Greek-Latin language line.",
   "lat": 46.048,
   "lon": 14.503
  },
  {
   "name": "Zadar (Iader, Jadera)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Zadar",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Roman colony and then the chief Romance-speaking city of Dalmatia; under Constantinople it was the seat of the theme of Dalmatia (9th-11th c.), whose governor was the prior of Zadar with a title of the imperial hierarchy. Greek was used by officials, on seals and in some church art, but no resident Greek-speaking community is attested; Constantine VII (De administrando imperio 29) calls the people of the Dalmatian towns (Ragusa, Aspalathon, Tetrangourin, Diadora, Arbe, Vekla, Opsara) 'Romani', that is, Latin speakers; they spoke Dalmatian Romance and, increasingly, Croatian. The Greek Orthodox community of the late 16th c. to 1754 is a presence point.",
   "lat": 44.1155,
   "lon": 15.2238
  },
  {
   "name": "Split (Spalatum)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Split",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Founded in Diocletian's palace by refugees from Salona in the 7th c.; a Romance-speaking city under Constantinople, then under Croatia-Hungary and Venice, later Croatian-speaking. No Greek-speaking community is attested.",
   "lat": 43.5081,
   "lon": 16.4402
  },
  {
   "name": "Dubrovnik (Ragusa)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Dubrovnik",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Founded by refugees from Epidaurum (7th c.); a Romance-speaking city under Constantinople until 1205, then under Venice and, from 1358, a self-governing republic, later Croatian-speaking. Greek appears in its archive as correspondence with Greek lands and its merchants traded with Greeks, but no resident Greek community, Greek-speaking or Greek by its own identity, is known; the Orthodox merchants of the 18th-19th c. were mostly Serbs from Herzegovina (unchecked).",
   "lat": 42.641,
   "lon": 18.11
  },
  {
   "name": "Kotor (Decatera)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Kotor",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Romance- and later Slavic-speaking city under Constantinople (it belonged to the theme of Dyrrachium or Dalmatia), then under Serbia, Venice and Austria. Its Orthodox were Serbs; no Greek community, Greek-speaking or Greek by its own identity, is attested, and Greek here was that of officials only (unchecked).",
   "lat": 42.4246,
   "lon": 18.7712
  },
  {
   "name": "Rab, Krk, Osor and Cres (Arba, Vecla, Apsorus, Crepsa)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Rab; Krk; Osor; Cres",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The island towns of the theme of Dalmatia under Constantinople. Their people spoke Dalmatian Romance (the dialect of Krk, Vegliot, lasted until its last speaker died in 1898) and Croatian; no Greek-speaking community is attested. The Argonaut legend of the Apsyrtides islands is a legend.",
   "lat": 44.757,
   "lon": 14.76
  },
  {
   "name": "Rijeka (Fiume)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Rijeka",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "An Orthodox merchant group asked to settle in 1775 and was allowed a church c. 1785; of its 18 householders only three were Greeks (from Candia, Ephesus and Ioannina), the rest Slavic-speaking Orthodox from Sarajevo, called Illyrians in Habsburg usage (Dogo 2010). Far too small to make Rijeka a Greek town; the merchants are a presence point.",
   "lat": 45.3271,
   "lon": 14.4422
  },
  {
   "name": "Sarajevo",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Sarajevo",
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The Orthodox merchants of Ottoman Sarajevo were often called Greeks in Ottoman and Habsburg usage, meaning Orthodox; they were mainly Serbs, with some Aromanians (unchecked), and the see was held by Greek bishops of the Patriarchate. No community that called itself Greek, kept a Greek school or spoke Greek is attested in any number (unchecked); even the whole Orthodox community was a minority of a mainly Muslim town (unchecked). Left out.",
   "lat": 43.859,
   "lon": 18.431
  },
  {
   "name": "Mostar",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Mostar",
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "No Greek-speaking community is known; its Orthodox townspeople were Serbs, who belonged to the Serbian church (unchecked).",
   "lat": 43.3438,
   "lon": 17.8078
  },
  {
   "name": "Zagreb, Osijek, Karlovac, Slavonski Brod (Greek merchants)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Zagreb; Osijek; Karlovac; Slavonski Brod",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Greek (and Aromanian) Orthodox merchants settled in these Habsburg towns in the 18th and early 19th c., but they were a small minority in Croatian- and German-speaking towns. Left out as towns; the merchant colonies are presence points.",
   "lat": 45.813,
   "lon": 15.977
  },
  {
   "name": "Akrolissos",
   "greek": "Ἀκρόλισσος",
   "modern": "Lezhë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The citadel hill above Lissus, taken by Philip V in 213 BC (Polybius 8.13-14); part of the same city, which is recorded as Lissus.",
   "lat": 41.7657,
   "lon": 19.6825
  },
  {
   "name": "Albanopolis",
   "greek": "Ἀλβανόπολις",
   "modern": "Zgërdhesh (near Krujë)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Left out: rung 4. A town of the Illyrian Albanoi in Ptolemy (3.12.20) (unchecked), usually placed at the walled hill site of Zgërdhesh; its 4th-3rd c. BC walls and Greek imported pottery do not count, and no civic coins with a Greek ethnic, Greek institutions or Greek inscriptions of residents are known. Ptolemy calls it a town of an Illyrian people, not a Greek one.",
   "lat": 41.5123,
   "lon": 19.7926
  },
  {
   "name": "Antipatreia / Pulcheriopolis / Belegrada",
   "greek": "Ἀντιπάτρεια / Πουλχεριόπολις",
   "modern": "Berat",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Late Roman Pulcheriopolis is admitted as an uncertain city: it is a city of Hierocles' Epirus Nova, a Greek-speaking province (rung 3). The Hellenistic town of Antipatreia, a walled town of the Dassaretae taken by the Romans in 200 BC (Livy 31.27) (unchecked), is left out: it has only a Greek name, which is not evidence (rung 4); no Greek civic institutions, coins or inscriptions of residents are known. Medieval Belegrada (Berat), a fortress and see held in turn by the Bulgarians, Constantinople, Epirus and the Serbs, is left out: Greek appears in its churches and in the charters of its metropolitans, which is church use (rung 4), and no source shows that its townspeople spoke Greek. Ottoman from 1417 (unchecked); in the Ottoman centuries its Orthodox spoke Albanian and some Aromanian, with Greek as their written and church language.",
   "lat": 40.6998,
   "lon": 19.9497
  },
  {
   "name": "Pelion and the Dassaretian strongholds (Selcë e Poshtme)",
   "greek": "Πήλιον",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Pelion, the Dassaretian stronghold besieged by Alexander in 335 BC (Arrian, Anabasis 1.5-6), and the Illyrian royal seat at Selcë e Poshtme with its rock-cut tombs of the 4th-3rd c. BC (sometimes, not securely, identified with Pelion): Greek-style architecture and Greek imports, but no Greek civic community. The other Dassaretian places of Polybius and Livy (Chrysondyon, Gertous, Creonion) are known only as strongholds. The point given is Pleiades' location for Pelion.",
   "lat": 40.6413,
   "lon": 20.9599
  },
  {
   "name": "Thronion",
   "greek": "Θρόνιον",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out: rung 4. The only text that makes it Greek is Pausanias' (5.22.3-4) story that Locrians and Abantes returning from Troy founded it, which is a legend and not evidence. Apollonia captured it and dedicated statues at Olympia from the spoils (unchecked); that shows a town, not who lived there. No coins, inscriptions or institutions of its own are known, and the site is unknown (Kanina or Treport near Vlorë are suggested).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Omphalion",
   "greek": "Ὀμφάλιον",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Chaonian place in Ptolemy's list (unchecked), located only by conjecture in the upper Drino valley; nothing else is known of it.",
   "lat": 40.0333,
   "lon": 20.2667
  },
  {
   "name": "Borsh (ancient hill settlement)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Borsh",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A walled Chaonian hill settlement of the 4th-3rd c. BC above Borsh on the Himara coast, reused for the medieval and Ottoman castle of Sopot (unchecked). Its ancient name is unknown and no civic evidence is recorded: a fortified settlement, not an attested city. Coordinates approximate.",
   "lat": 40.06,
   "lon": 19.85
  },
  {
   "name": "Kalivo",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Walled hill settlement in the territory of Bouthroton, across the Vivari channel, abandoned in the Hellenistic period (unchecked); a dependent settlement of Bouthroton (recorded as Buthrotum), not a city.",
   "lat": 39.7567,
   "lon": 20.0513
  },
  {
   "name": "Ioustinianoupolis (Paleokastër)",
   "greek": "Ἰουστινιανούπολις",
   "modern": "Paleokastër",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Justinian's replacement for Hadrianopolis (Procopius, Buildings 4.1) (unchecked), placed by Pleiades at the late Roman fort of Paleokastër. Whether a new town rose on a new site is unproven; recorded under Hadrianopolis.",
   "lat": 39.992,
   "lon": 20.2912
  },
  {
   "name": "Scampa (Elbasan)",
   "greek": "Σκάμπα",
   "modern": "Elbasan",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Left out under the language-line test. Scampa is a city of Hierocles' Epirus Nova, which by itself would be rung 3, but its residents' inscriptions are Latin (soldiers' and officials' tombstones, the fort's building texts) (unchecked: no count seen), so Latin is overwhelming and it counts as a Latin city. Bishops in the 5th-6th c. (unchecked). The site was largely deserted in the Middle Ages; Elbasan was built on it by Mehmed II in 1466 as an Ottoman fortress town, Albanian-speaking with Orthodox who wrote in Greek.",
   "lat": 41.1125,
   "lon": 20.0822
  },
  {
   "name": "Kruja (Kroai)",
   "greek": "Κροαί",
   "modern": "Krujë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval Albanian town and fortress, centre of the principality of Arbanon (12th-13th c.) and of Skanderbeg (1443-1468); a bishop's see (unchecked). Its people spoke Albanian; Greek appears only in church and chancery use. Ottoman from 1478.",
   "lat": 41.5092,
   "lon": 19.7928
  },
  {
   "name": "Devol (Deabolis)",
   "greek": "Δεάβολις",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval fortress town on the Devoll river where Alexios I Komnenos and Bohemond made their treaty in 1108 (Anna Komnene); a see under the archbishopric of Ohrid. Its site is not securely located (somewhere in the Devoll valley near Bilisht), and its people were mainly Slavic-speaking (unchecked); Greek was the language of its bishops and imperial governors only.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Glavinitsa (Ballsh)",
   "greek": "Γλαβίνιτζα",
   "modern": "Ballsh",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A 9th-10th c. Bulgarian church centre (the bishop's seat of the district of Kutmichevitsa, where Clement of Ohrid worked) (unchecked). The Greek inscription found at Ballsh, recording the baptism of the Bulgarians under Boris I (865/866), is a state text, not evidence of Greek-speaking townspeople. A Slavic and Albanian medieval place; no Greek civic community is attested.",
   "lat": 40.5986,
   "lon": 19.7347
  },
  {
   "name": "Kanina",
   "greek": "Κάνινα",
   "modern": "Kaninë (Vlorë)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The castle hill above Vlorë (Hellenistic walls; medieval and Ottoman fortress), part of the same urban complex as the port; recorded under Aulon (Vlorë).",
   "lat": 40.4425,
   "lon": 19.5172
  },
  {
   "name": "Dryinoupolis (Drinoupolis)",
   "greek": "Δρυϊνούπολις",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out: rung 4. A medieval see that succeeded Roman Hadrianopolis; a see alone is not evidence of a Greek-speaking town, and no medieval town of this name can be placed or shown to have been more than a see and its villages; its seat later moved to Argyrokastron (Gjirokastër) (unchecked). The Roman city is recorded as Hadrianopolis; the Greek-speaking villages of Dropull, which keep the name, are a presence point.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Argyrokastron (Gjirokastër)",
   "greek": "Ἀργυρόκαστρον",
   "modern": "Gjirokastër",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window A: first named in 1336 (John Kantakouzenos) (unchecked), ruled by the Albanian Zenevisi from about 1386 and Ottoman from 1418; no source shows a Greek-speaking town before the conquest. Window B: the Ottoman town, seat of a sanjak, became mostly Muslim and Albanian-speaking between the 16th and the early 19th c.: Evliya Celebi (1670) counted about 2,000 houses with a Christian quarter (Varosh), and Leake (1804) about 2,000 Muslim and 100 Christian families. Its Orthodox, many of them Albanian-speaking families from Lunxhëri and Zagori (unchecked) beside a small number of Greek-speaking families (Kokolakis 2003), had a Greek school from 1663 (reopened 1830) and a Greek girls' school from 1861-1862, and the town was the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in 1914; but they were about a twentieth of the town in 1804, far below a quarter. After 1945 Greeks from the nearby villages moved in: about 4,000 of 30,000 people in 1989 (Human Rights Watch). The Greek community of the town is a presence point.",
   "lat": 40.0758,
   "lon": 20.1389
  },
  {
   "name": "Delvinë (Delvino)",
   "greek": "Δέλβινο",
   "modern": "Delvinë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Seat of the Ottoman sanjak of Delvina from 1537 (unchecked), but a mostly Muslim, Albanian-speaking town before 1923: Evliya Celebi (c. 1670) wrote that all its people spoke Albanian and did not know Greek, and Leake (1804) found a Muslim Albanian majority with about thirty Greek-speaking Orthodox families in the eastern suburb of Laka. Those Orthodox spoke Greek and had Greek schools (expanded in 1713 and 1749 with money from the diaspora in Venice; a girls' school from 1875). By the late 19th c. the town had about 7,500 people; no count of its Orthodox was found, and nothing shows them at a quarter. Greek speakers from the surrounding villages made up about half the town by 1989 (Human Rights Watch: about 4,000), but that growth came after the window; by 1999 Human Rights Watch put them at about 500 (25%), after emigration. Its Greek community is a presence point.",
   "lat": 39.9494,
   "lon": 20.0978
  },
  {
   "name": "Narta",
   "greek": "Νάρτα",
   "modern": "Nartë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Greek-speaking village (with Zvërnec) on the Narta lagoon north of Vlorë, not a town; recorded as a presence point.",
   "lat": 40.5306,
   "lon": 19.4469
  },
  {
   "name": "Dropull",
   "greek": "Δρόπολη",
   "modern": "Dropull",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "No town: Dropull is a valley of Greek-speaking villages (Derviçan, Goranxi, Jorgucat, Vrisera and others), recorded as a presence point. Its municipal seat today, Sofratikë, is a village.",
   "lat": 39.97,
   "lon": 20.24
  },
  {
   "name": "Himara coast villages (Dhërmi, Palasë, Qeparo, Vuno, Ilias)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Villages, not towns; recorded as a presence point. The town of Himarë itself is recorded as Chimaera.",
   "lat": 40.152,
   "lon": 19.643
  },
  {
   "name": "Libohovë",
   "greek": "Λιμπόχοβο",
   "modern": "Libohovë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "An Ottoman town of Muslim Albanians, seat of local beys (unchecked); its Orthodox were few and are not counted in the sources used, and no Greek school or Greek community of size is recorded in the town. Greek speakers lived in the nearby villages of the Drino valley (a presence point), not in the town.",
   "lat": 40.0311,
   "lon": 20.2633
  },
  {
   "name": "Leskovik",
   "greek": "Λεσκοβίκι",
   "modern": "Leskovik",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A mostly Muslim (Bektashi), Albanian-speaking town on the eve of the Balkan Wars (Hasluck 1916; Winnifrith 2002). Its Orthodox spoke Albanian, with some Aromanian families (unchecked), and had a Greek boys' and girls' school with 100 pupils in 1898-1899 (Koltsida); the town joined the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in March 1914. No count puts its Orthodox at a quarter of the town. Kiel (1990) writes that Greek forces destroyed the town during the Balkan Wars.",
   "lat": 40.1511,
   "lon": 20.5972
  },
  {
   "name": "Përmet",
   "greek": "Πρεμετή",
   "modern": "Përmet",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A mostly Muslim, Albanian-speaking town: about 1,000 houses, its people Muslim, in 1930 (Hammond 1967); the district had 5,000 Muslims and 3,000 Christians in Austrian statistics of 1904 and was 'purely Albanian' for Edith Durham (1913). Its Orthodox, Albanian-speaking, with Greek-speaking and Aromanian families in several quarters (Kitsaki 2011), had a Greek school from 1778 and a Greek girls' school from 1882 (Koltsida), and the town joined the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in 1914; but no count puts them at a quarter of the town. Greek was the first language only in a few villages of the district (Kondis 1994).",
   "lat": 40.2336,
   "lon": 20.3517
  },
  {
   "name": "Konispol",
   "greek": "Κονίσπολη",
   "modern": "Konispol",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The northern town of the Cham Albanians, mostly Muslim and Albanian-speaking (unchecked), with a small Orthodox minority; no Greek-speaking or Greek-identifying community near a quarter of the town is recorded.",
   "lat": 39.6589,
   "lon": 20.1814
  },
  {
   "name": "Finiq (Finikas)",
   "greek": "Φοινίκη",
   "modern": "Finiq",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A village below ancient Phoinike, today the seat of the municipality of Finiq, where most people are Greek; never a town. Recorded with the Vurg villages (presence point); the ancient city is recorded as Phoenice.",
   "lat": 39.9036,
   "lon": 20.057
  },
  {
   "name": "Tepelenë",
   "greek": "Τεπελένι",
   "modern": "Tepelenë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Ottoman fortress town and birthplace of Ali Pasha; Albanian-speaking and mostly Muslim (unchecked).",
   "lat": 40.2958,
   "lon": 20.0192
  },
  {
   "name": "Nymphaion (Selenicë)",
   "greek": "Νυμφαῖον",
   "modern": "Selenicë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The sanctuary of the ever-burning fire and the bitumen deposits in the territory of Apollonia (Strabo 7.5.8) (unchecked); a sanctuary and mining place, not a town.",
   "lat": 40.53,
   "lon": 19.63
  },
  {
   "name": "Bassania",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "An Illyrian town near Lissus, held by the Illyrian king Gentius (Livy 44.30) (unchecked); unlocated, with no Greek civic evidence.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Bylazora",
   "greek": "Βυλάζωρα",
   "modern": "Knezje (Sveti Nikole)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out: its evidence does not reach rung 3. Polybius (5.97) calls it the largest town of the Paeonians, not a Greek or Macedonian town; excavations since 2008 show Hellenistic Macedonian-style buildings and imported goods, which do not count; no civic coins with a Greek ethnic, Greek civic institution or Greek inscription of residents is known (unchecked: the excavation finds), and it is not in Hierocles. A Paeonian town under Macedonian rule (from 217 BC).",
   "lat": 41.8469,
   "lon": 21.9123
  },
  {
   "name": "Astibos",
   "greek": "Ἄστιβος",
   "modern": "Stip",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out as not a city. A Paeonian place on the river Astibos and later a Roman road station (Astibo); no ancient text calls it a city and it is not in Hierocles. Greek inscriptions are known from the Štip area (the corpus IG X 2,2, fasc. 2 covers the Astibos valley) (unchecked: none of them seen), which would give one strand (rung 3) for the language of the district, but no source makes Astibos itself a self-governing town. Medieval Stip, under Constantinople after 1018, and Ottoman Stip were Slavic- and Turkish-speaking towns.",
   "lat": 41.7307,
   "lon": 22.1934
  },
  {
   "name": "Doberos",
   "greek": "Δόβηρος",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Admitted as an uncertain city: Hierocles lists it (as Diaboros) among the cities of Macedonia I, a Greek-speaking late Roman province, which is rung 3 of the set's evidence ladder.",
   "lat": 41.388,
   "lon": 22.7532
  },
  {
   "name": "Argos (in Paeonia)",
   "greek": "Ἄργος",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Admitted as an uncertain city: a city of Hierocles' Macedonia II (rung 3), placed by the Barrington Atlas near Gradsko.",
   "lat": 41.5814,
   "lon": 21.8851
  },
  {
   "name": "Bryanion and Alalkomenai",
   "greek": "Βρυάνιον; Ἀλαλκομεναί",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Towns of Derriopos named by Strabo 7.7.9 with Stymbara (Styberra); unlocated or uncertainly located; no civic evidence of their own.",
   "lat": 41.237,
   "lon": 21.2193
  },
  {
   "name": "Uscana, Oaeneum and Draudacum (the Penestae)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Kicevo area",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Towns of the Illyrian Penestae taken by Perseus in 170-169 BC (Livy 43.10, 43.18-19); Illyrian towns with no evidence of Greek speech; unlocated or uncertainly located.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Kolobaisa",
   "greek": "Κολοβαισα",
   "modern": "Bela Crkva, near Prilep",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Left out as not a city. On language it reaches rung 1: the Greek dedications of the sanctuary of Artemis are the inscriptions of its residents. But it was a village community (kome) of Pelagonia (unchecked: the term in the inscriptions), not a self-governing town.",
   "lat": 41.3514,
   "lon": 21.5624
  },
  {
   "name": "Scupi (Skopje)",
   "greek": "Σκοῦποι",
   "modern": "Skopje",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Scupi is a Latin city. Colonia Flavia Scupinorum was a veteran colony of the late 1st c. AD; the corpus of its inscriptions (Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure VI, 1982) is almost all Latin, with a few Greek texts (unchecked: about a dozen of some 300; the count was not seen), far below a quarter. Ruined by the earthquake of 518. Medieval Skopje, under Constantinople from 1004 to 1282 (unchecked), had Greek governors and clergy but Slavic-speaking townspeople; Ottoman Skopje (from 1392) was Turkish, Albanian and Slavic, with a small Patriarchist community.",
   "lat": 42.0084,
   "lon": 21.4125
  },
  {
   "name": "Ohrid (medieval and Ottoman)",
   "greek": "Ἀχρίς",
   "modern": "Ohrid",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Counted as ancient Lychnidos only. From 1018 to 1767 the archbishops of Ohrid were nearly always Greeks and Greek was the language of the church and of the officials of Constantinople (1018-c. 1334), but the townspeople spoke Slavic; Theophylact of Ohrid (c. 1088-1107) called his flock Bulgarians. In the late Ottoman town the Patriarchists were few: Brancoff (1905, a Bulgarian count of the Christians by church) gives 7,768 Exarchists, 168 Slavic-speaking Patriarchists, 56 pro-Serbian Patriarchists, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians, and Kanchov (1900) 8,000 Bulgarians, 5,000 Turks, 500 Muslim and 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Roma; the town had one Greek primary school. Even counting all the Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians, the Patriarchists were under a tenth of the town.",
   "lat": 41.1146,
   "lon": 20.7938
  },
  {
   "name": "Veles (Köprülü)",
   "greek": "Βελεσσός",
   "modern": "Veles",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Slavic- and Turkish-speaking town: Kanchov (1900) counts 19,700 people, 12,000 Bulgarian Christians, 6,600 Turks, 600 Roma and 500 Aromanians; Brancoff (1905, Bulgarian) gives 13,816 Exarchists, 56 pro-Serbian Patriarchists, 35 Greeks and 402 Vlachs among the Christians, with one Greek primary and one lower secondary school. The Patriarchists were under a twentieth of the town.",
   "lat": 41.7156,
   "lon": 21.7756
  },
  {
   "name": "Prilep",
   "greek": "Πρίλαπος",
   "modern": "Prilep",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval Prilep (Prilapos), under Constantinople after 1018 and again from 1246 to 1334 (unchecked), later the seat of King Marko, Ottoman from 1395: a Slavic-speaking town. In the late Ottoman town the Patriarchists were few: Brancoff (1905, Bulgarian) counts 17,085 Exarchists, 240 Slavic-speaking Patriarchists (pro-Serbian and pro-Greek), 50 Greeks and 420 Vlachs among the Christians, and the consuls' estimate of 1887 gives about 6,500 people, 4,000 Bulgarians, 2,000 Turks and the rest Serbs, Greeks and Aromanians. Under a twentieth of the town.",
   "lat": 41.3451,
   "lon": 21.555
  },
  {
   "name": "Prosek",
   "greek": "Πρόσακον",
   "modern": "Demir Kapija",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A fortress at the Demir Kapija gorge, seat of Dobromir Chrysos (c. 1197-1202) and later of Strez: a fortress, not a Greek-speaking town.",
   "lat": 41.4069,
   "lon": 22.2472
  },
  {
   "name": "Skopje (Ottoman)",
   "greek": "Σκόπια",
   "modern": "Skopje",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Ottoman Skopje (Üsküb, from 1392) was Turkish-, Albanian- and Slavic-speaking, with Jewish and Aromanian minorities. Its Patriarchists were mostly Slavic-speaking townspeople who followed the Serbian movement from the 1890s, and Aromanians; the Greek community proper was a few hundred merchants and teachers (unchecked). No count puts the Greek community near a quarter of the town.",
   "lat": 41.9961,
   "lon": 21.4317
  },
  {
   "name": "Damastion",
   "greek": "Δαμάστιον",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Its evidence reaches rung 3: silver coins of the town with a Greek ethnic (ΔΑΜΑΣΤΙΝΩΝ, late 5th or early 4th c. to about 280 BC), the same test that admits Skodra, Daorson, Rhizon and Herakleia, and Strabo (7.7.8) names it with the silver mines. It is left out only because it cannot be placed even by region: scholars put it in Kosovo (most of its coins were found near Janjevo), in southern Illyria (Strabo links it with the Dyestai and Encheleai, not the Dardanians) or north-east of Lake Ohrid near Resen, three areas in three countries. If a site is found it comes in as an uncertain bilingual town. Modern accounts that make it an Aeginetan settlement were not checked.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Ulpiana",
   "greek": "Οὐλπιανά",
   "modern": "Gracanica (Lipljan area)",
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Ulpiana is a Latin city: Municipium Ulpianum in Dardania (2nd c. AD), whose residents' inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen); rebuilt by Justinian as Iustiniana Secunda after the earthquake of 518, in the Latin-speaking diocese of Dacia.",
   "lat": 42.5967,
   "lon": 21.1747
  },
  {
   "name": "Municipium Dardanorum",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Socanica (Leposavic)",
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Latin-speaking mining municipium of the Metalla Dardanica; its inscriptions are Latin.",
   "lat": 43.0644,
   "lon": 20.8231
  },
  {
   "name": "Prizren",
   "greek": "Πρισδριάνα",
   "modern": "Prizren",
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval Prizren, a see of the archbishopric of Ohrid in Basil II's charters (1019/1020) and under Constantinople to the later 12th c. (unchecked), was a Slavic-speaking town, then a Serbian royal residence, Ottoman from 1455. Greek was the language of the higher clergy only.",
   "lat": 42.2139,
   "lon": 20.7397
  },
  {
   "name": "Naissus (Nis)",
   "greek": "Ναϊσσός",
   "modern": "Nis",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Naissus is a Latin city: its inscriptions (Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure IV, 1979) are overwhelmingly Latin, with only isolated Greek texts (unchecked: no count seen). The birthplace of Constantine; sacked by the Huns under Attila in 441/442 (Priscus). Medieval Nis, under Constantinople from 1018 to the 1180s, had a Greek bishop and garrison but Slavic-speaking townspeople; Ottoman from 1386 (unchecked).",
   "lat": 43.3163,
   "lon": 21.8939
  },
  {
   "name": "Remesiana",
   "greek": "Ῥεμεσιανά",
   "modern": "Bela Palanka",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Remesiana is a Latin city: its inscriptions (Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure IV) are Latin (unchecked: no count seen), and its bishop Niceta (c. 366-414) wrote in Latin.",
   "lat": 43.2145,
   "lon": 22.2935
  },
  {
   "name": "Horreum Margi",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Cuprija",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Latin-speaking Roman town and arms factory of Moesia Superior.",
   "lat": 43.9272,
   "lon": 21.3836
  },
  {
   "name": "Singidunum (Belgrade)",
   "greek": "Σιγγιδών; Βελέγραδα",
   "modern": "Belgrade",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Singidunum was a Latin-speaking legionary base (legio IV Flavia) and Roman town. Medieval Belgrade, under Constantinople 1018-1071 and at times to the 1180s, had Greek governors and bishops but Slavic- (and Hungarian-) speaking townspeople. Ottoman and 19th-c. Belgrade had a Greek and Aromanian merchant community that called itself Greek and kept a Greek school and the liturgy in Greek (Foundation of the Hellenic World); many of its members spoke Aromanian at home; Greek bishops sat in Belgrade until 1831. No figure for it was found, and it was a minority inside a Serbian and Turkish town (unchecked: the share): minority-only, a presence point. Rigas Feraios was executed in the Nebojsa tower in June 1798, as an Ottoman prisoner, not as a resident.",
   "lat": 44.813,
   "lon": 20.4579
  },
  {
   "name": "Viminacium",
   "greek": "Βιμινάκιον",
   "modern": "Stari Kostolac",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Latin-speaking legionary base and colony (capital of Moesia Superior); sacked by the Huns in 441. Its medieval successor Branicevo was a fortress and see under Constantinople (to the 1180s, intermittently), a garrison town.",
   "lat": 44.7266,
   "lon": 21.1914
  },
  {
   "name": "Sirmium",
   "greek": "Σίρμιον",
   "modern": "Sremska Mitrovica",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Latin-speaking imperial residence and capital of Pannonia Secunda; its few Greek inscriptions are of eastern traders and officials. Taken by the Avars under Bayan in 582. Medieval Sirmium under Constantinople (1018-1071 and 1165-c. 1180) had only a Greek garrison and governors.",
   "lat": 44.9731,
   "lon": 19.6098
  },
  {
   "name": "Iustiniana Prima",
   "greek": "Ἰουστινιανὴ Πρώτη",
   "modern": "Caricin Grad (near Lebane)",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Justinian's foundation near his birthplace (c. 535) and the seat of an archbishop, in Latin-speaking Dacia Mediterranea; Justinian's law on its see (Novel 11) is in Latin (unchecked); abandoned c. 615 in the Avar and Slav invasions.",
   "lat": 42.9522,
   "lon": 21.6703
  },
  {
   "name": "Zemun",
   "greek": "Ζεμλίνο",
   "modern": "Zemun (Belgrade)",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Habsburg frontier town with a large Greek and Aromanian merchant colony: 200-250 people in 1764, 800 in 1816 and about 1,000 in 1823 (Foundation of the Hellenic World); churches of St Nicholas (1745-1752) and of the Nativity of the Virgin (1780); a Greek school, the Hellenomouseion, 1794-1876 (88 pupils in 1802). The colony called itself Greek. Many of its members were Aromanians from Macedonia and Epirus who spoke Aromanian at home; Greek was the language of its leading families, its trade, school and church (FHW), but how many spoke it at home is not known. At about 1,000 in a town of some 7,000 (6,800 in 1777; about 7,100 in the 19th c.), they were roughly a seventh of the town at their peak, a minority in a Serbian and German town. Recorded as a presence point.",
   "lat": 44.8433,
   "lon": 20.4011
  },
  {
   "name": "Novi Sad",
   "greek": "Νεόπλαντα",
   "modern": "Novi Sad",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Greek and Aromanian merchants were one of the merchant groups of the free royal town (4,620 inhabitants in 1748, Serb majority). They called themselves Greeks; many spoke Aromanian at home, and Greek was the language of their trade, church and teachers (unchecked). No figure for them was found; a minority. Recorded as a presence point.",
   "lat": 45.2551,
   "lon": 19.8452
  },
  {
   "name": "Pancevo, Vrsac, Sremski Karlovci, Smederevo",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Each had a Greek and Aromanian merchant colony in the 18th-19th c. (Greek churches at Vrsac and Smederevo, Greek schools), always a small minority in a Serbian, German or Romanian town; recorded as presence points.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Bulkes (Maglic)",
   "greek": "Μπούλκες",
   "modern": "Maglic (Backi Petrovac)",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "The settlement of some 4,650 Greek refugees, mostly ELAS fighters, from 1945 to 1949, with its own administration, courts, press and money (the so-called Greek republic of Bulkes). It was a village (the former German village of Bulkes), not a town, and its people left in 1948-1949; recorded as a presence point.",
   "lat": 45.3622,
   "lon": 19.5317
  },
  {
   "name": "Pistiros",
   "greek": "Πίστιρος",
   "modern": "Vetren (Adzhiyska Vodenitsa site)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out as not a city, not for lack of Greek. On language it reaches rung 1: the Vetren inscription (c. 359 BC) is a Greek text guaranteeing the rights of the Greek traders (emporitai) who lived at Pistiros, from Thasos, Maroneia and Apollonia. But it describes a trading post (emporion) under the Odrysian king, not a self-governing polis with its own council, magistrates or coins. Whether the site at Adzhiyska Vodenitsa is Pistiros itself is also debated (unchecked).",
   "lat": 42.27,
   "lon": 24.05
  },
  {
   "name": "Pizos and Discoduraterae",
   "greek": "Πίζος",
   "modern": "near Dimitrievo (Chirpan) and Gostilitsa (Dryanovo)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Emporia founded in Thrace under Septimius Severus (202 AD). The Greek inscription of Pizos lists its settlers and privileges; these were market stations with resident traders, not cities (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Seuthes' and the Odrysian royal seats other than Seuthopolis and Kabyle (Helis at Sveshtari?, Kozi Gramadi, Starosel)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Left out: rung 4. Helis, the town of the Getic king Dromichaetes (Diodorus 21.12) (unchecked), perhaps at Sveshtari, and the Thracian royal residences of Kozi Gramadi and Starosel have Greek imports, Greek-style buildings and occasional Greek letters, used by courts and craftsmen; none of these counts, and no civic coins, Greek institutions or residents' inscriptions in Greek are known (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Bessapara",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Sinitovo (Pazardzhik)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A town of the Thracian Bessi and road station on the Via Diagonalis (Ptolemy; the itineraries); no Greek civic institutions or coins are known (unchecked).",
   "lat": 42.1018,
   "lon": 24.4363
  },
  {
   "name": "Germania",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Sapareva Banya",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out for now; the language-line test could not be applied. A small late Roman town of Dacia Mediterranea (one of the province's five cities in Hierocles), the birthplace of Belisarius (Procopius). Its province lay across the language line (Serdica bilingual, Pautalia Greek, Naissus and Remesiana Latin), so Hierocles' listing is not a strand for Greek here. Its inscriptions are few and of both languages (unchecked: no count seen); if Greek proves to be a quarter or more of them it comes in as a bilingual city like Serdica.",
   "lat": 42.2892,
   "lon": 23.2642
  },
  {
   "name": "Abritus",
   "greek": "Ἄβριττος",
   "modern": "Razgrad",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Abritus is a Latin city on present evidence: its inscriptions are mostly Latin (unchecked: no count seen), though Greek was used in the nearby territory of Marcianopolis; if a count showed Greek at a quarter or more it would come in as a bilingual city. A Roman fort and town of Moesia Inferior (Decius was killed nearby in 251), later a bishopric.",
   "lat": 43.522,
   "lon": 26.5521
  },
  {
   "name": "Durostorum, medieval Dristra",
   "greek": "Δορόστολον; Δρίστρα",
   "modern": "Silistra",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Ancient: Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Durostorum is a Latin city: the base of legio XI Claudia and a Latin municipium, whose inscriptions are mostly Latin; Greek ones exist but no count found puts them near a quarter (unchecked). Medieval: Dristra was a Bulgarian centre and then, from 971 to the 1180s, the seat of an imperial strategos and of a metropolitan of the Greek church; the sources show Greek officials, soldiers and clergy and a mixed population with Pechenegs, not a Greek-speaking townspeople (rung 4: officials, garrison, clergy). Ottoman from 1388 (unchecked).",
   "lat": 44.1191,
   "lon": 27.2601
  },
  {
   "name": "Novae",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Svishtov",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Novae is a Latin city: the base of legio I Italica, where Greek votive inscriptions are isolated examples in a Latin-dominated town (LEIZA, Greek and Latin in the Moesian provinces).",
   "lat": 43.613,
   "lon": 25.394
  },
  {
   "name": "Oescus",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Gigen (Pleven)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Oescus is a Latin city: a Roman colony (Colonia Ulpia Oescensium) where Greek appears only in single texts, a mithraeum near the town and the label of a mosaic with Menander's Achaeans (LEIZA).",
   "lat": 43.7104,
   "lon": 24.4661
  },
  {
   "name": "Ratiaria",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Archar (Vidin)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Ratiaria is a Latin city: Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria, capital of Dacia Ripensis, whose residents' inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 43.8136,
   "lon": 22.9123
  },
  {
   "name": "Bononia, medieval Bdin",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Vidin",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman fort and town of Latin-speaking Dacia Ripensis; medieval Bdin was a Bulgarian capital (the tsardom of Vidin, 1356-1396) with no Greek-speaking townspeople attested (unchecked).",
   "lat": 43.9932,
   "lon": 22.8759
  },
  {
   "name": "Montana",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Montana",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Montana is a Latin city: a Roman fort and municipium of Moesia Superior whose votive and funerary inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 43.41,
   "lon": 23.225
  },
  {
   "name": "Iatrus",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Krivina (Ruse)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A late Roman fort on the Danube; Latin-speaking and not a city.",
   "lat": 43.6289,
   "lon": 25.5741
  },
  {
   "name": "The other Roman forts and towns of the Danube frontier and northern Bulgaria (Sexaginta Prista, Transmarisca, Appiaria, Dimum, Asamus, Utus, Almus, Augustae, Melta, Sostra)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Ruse; Tutrakan; Ryahovo; Belene; Cherkovitsa; Somovit; Lom; Hurlets; Lovech; Troyan",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: forts and small towns of Moesia and Dacia Ripensis whose inscriptions are Latin, with isolated Greek dedications (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Preslav (Ioannoupolis)",
   "greek": "Πρεσθλάβα; Ἰωαννούπολις",
   "modern": "Veliki Preslav",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "The capital of the Bulgarian tsars (from 893), taken by John Tzimiskes in 971 and renamed Ioannoupolis; an imperial strategos and garrison held it to the late 11th c. Greek there was the language of the conquerors, officials and church; the townspeople were Bulgarian (unchecked).",
   "lat": 43.1459,
   "lon": 26.8135
  },
  {
   "name": "Tarnovo",
   "greek": "Τέρνοβον",
   "modern": "Veliko Tarnovo",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "The capital of the second Bulgarian tsardom (1185-1393), with a Bulgarian patriarchate; Greek was used at court, by Greek wives of the tsars and by learned clergy, but the town was Slavic-speaking. Ottoman from 1393 (unchecked).",
   "lat": 43.0833,
   "lon": 25.65
  },
  {
   "name": "Sofia (medieval Triaditza and Ottoman and modern Sofia)",
   "greek": "Τριάδιτζα",
   "modern": "Sofia",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "The ancient city is admitted as Serdica. Medieval Triaditza (under Constantinople 1018-c. 1190s) had Greek bishops and governors but Slavic-speaking townspeople. In the 19th c. the Greek community of Sofia was a small group of Greek-speaking merchants with a church and school, a few hundred people at most in a town of about 20,000 in 1880 (unchecked: both figures); no count puts it near a quarter. A presence point.",
   "lat": 42.6977,
   "lon": 23.3219
  },
  {
   "name": "The Rhodope fortresses (Tzepaina, Perperikon, Moneron and others)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Tsepina; Perperikon (Kardzhali); Momchilgrad?",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval fortresses and bishops' seats fought over by Constantinople and the Bulgarian tsars (12th-14th c.). No Greek-speaking civic townspeople is attested; they were forts rather than towns (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Nevrokop",
   "greek": "Νευροκόπι",
   "modern": "Gotse Delchev",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window B. An Ottoman kaza seat (Ottoman from the 1370s-1380s to 1912) with a Turkish-speaking Muslim majority. Its Greek community was the town's Patriarchists: mostly Bulgarian speakers, with Aromanians (Vlachs) and a few Greek-speaking families; Greek was the language of their two schools (6 teachers, 77 pupils in 1905) and their church. Counts: 1,200 Greeks in Greek data of 1878 (Synvet, by church community); 288 Patriarchist Bulgarians, 168 Vlachs and 60 Greeks among 1,646 Christians in 1905 (Brancoff, a Bulgarian count by church and nationality); 595 Patriarchists beside 900 Exarchists, 3,865 Turks and 490 Roma, of 5,900, in 1908 (a Greek source cited by the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi), about 10% of the town. Below a quarter on every count; a presence point.",
   "lat": 41.5667,
   "lon": 23.7333
  },
  {
   "name": "Pirdop",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Pirdop",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Bulgarian town of the Zlatitsa-Pirdop valley whose people spoke Bulgarian. No Greek community, whether Greek-speaking or of Bulgarian-speaking Patriarchists, was found there.",
   "lat": 42.7,
   "lon": 24.18
  },
  {
   "name": "Pazardzhik, Sliven, Yambol, Haskovo, Elhovo (Kizil Agach), Kazanlak, Ruse and the other inland towns",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Towns of Bulgarian, Turkish or mixed speech. Their Greek communities were small groups of Greek-speaking merchants, with Greek schools in some (Ruse, Haskovo), joined before the Exarchate split of 1870 by some Bulgarian-speaking townspeople of Greek culture (unchecked); no source seen puts any of them near a quarter of the town. Elhovo is listed on its own; presence points where data exist.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Arbanasi",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Arbanasi (Veliko Tarnovo)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A privileged merchant settlement above Tarnovo (63 households in 1541-1544, about 1,000 houses c. 1640), legally a village, which flourished in the 17th-18th c. and declined after the brigand raids of 1792-1810. Its name means 'Albanian', and some first settlers may have come from Epirus (unchecked), but the Ottoman tax registers already show mostly Orthodox Slavic names: its people spoke Bulgarian at home. Greek was the language of its school, its church services, its church inscriptions and much of its notables' writing, so its merchants and schooled men read and wrote Greek; how many spoke it, and whether the villagers called themselves Greeks, was not established. A village, not a town: recorded as a presence point.",
   "lat": 43.1,
   "lon": 25.67
  },
  {
   "name": "Stenimachos in the Middle Ages",
   "greek": "Στενήμαχος",
   "modern": "Asenovgrad",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The medieval kastron (in the typikon of Gregory Pakourianos, 1083) and Ivan Asen II's fortress (1230-1231) was a fortress with a settlement, not a town; the later Greek town is admitted in the later window (unchecked).",
   "lat": 42.0167,
   "lon": 24.8778
  },
  {
   "name": "Elhovo (Kizil Agach)",
   "greek": "Κιζίλ Αγάτς",
   "modern": "Elhovo",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window B. An Ottoman kaza town on the Tundzha, in Eastern Rumelia from 1878. It is named with Kavakli and ten villages of the Sakar and Strandzha as Greek-inhabited before the emigration of 1906-1925 (Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria'), and its Greeks were presumably Greek-speaking like Kavakli's (unchecked); but no figure for the town, no description of its speech and no count of its Patriarchists was found, and the town is usually described as Bulgarian and Turkish (unchecked). Kept out for lack of evidence; the Eastern Rumelian census of 1884 by mother tongue would settle it.",
   "lat": 42.172,
   "lon": 26.567
  },
  {
   "name": "Naulochos (Obzor)",
   "greek": "Ναύλοχος",
   "modern": "Obzor",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A small dependent town of Mesembria (Strabo 7.6.1 calls it a polichnion of the Mesembrians), later a Roman road station (Templum Iovis, Tetranaulochus). No civic institutions of its own are known.",
   "lat": 42.8167,
   "lon": 27.8833
  },
  {
   "name": "Aquae Calidae (Thermopolis)",
   "greek": "Θερμόπολις",
   "modern": "Burgas Mineral Baths (Vetren)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A hot-spring spa and road station near Burgas, with a medieval fort; not a self-governing town.",
   "lat": 42.6186,
   "lon": 27.3967
  },
  {
   "name": "Rousokastro",
   "greek": "Ῥουσόκαστρον",
   "modern": "Rusokastro",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A medieval fortress (battle of 1332 between Ivan Alexander and Andronikos III); no evidence of a Greek-speaking town.",
   "lat": 42.43,
   "lon": 27.2
  },
  {
   "name": "Erite (Ereta)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A coastal fort and road station between Odessos and Mesembria; not a town.",
   "lat": 43.0546,
   "lon": 27.9132
  },
  {
   "name": "Emona (Cape Emine)",
   "greek": "Αἵμων?",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A fort on the cape at the end of the Haemus; not a town.",
   "lat": 42.7,
   "lon": 27.9
  },
  {
   "name": "Tirizis (Kaliakra)",
   "greek": "Τίριζις",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A fortified cape: a Thracian and Roman fort, and in the 14th c. the seat of the despots of Dobruja (Dobrotitsa, Ivanko). No evidence of a Greek-speaking civic community.",
   "lat": 43.3658,
   "lon": 28.4663
  },
  {
   "name": "Karon Limen (Shabla)",
   "greek": "Καρῶν λιμήν",
   "modern": "Shabla",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A harbour and late Roman fort on the coast; not a city.",
   "lat": 43.5396,
   "lon": 28.5891
  },
  {
   "name": "Kastritsi (Varna)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A medieval fortress north of Varna; not a town.",
   "lat": 43.24,
   "lon": 28.0
  },
  {
   "name": "Chersonesos (south of Sozopol)",
   "greek": "Χερσόνησος",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A small coastal place named in the periploi between Apollonia and Agathopolis; not a city.",
   "lat": 42.2801,
   "lon": 27.7698
  },
  {
   "name": "Zaldapa",
   "greek": "Ζάλδαπα",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a large late Roman fortified town inland (home of the general Vitalian) whose inscriptions point to Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 43.883,
   "lon": 27.8095
  },
  {
   "name": "Karvuna (medieval Kavarna/Balchik)",
   "greek": "Καρβώνα",
   "modern": "Kavarna or Balchik",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Seat of a medieval despotate and of a metropolitan of Karvuna under the Patriarchate (14th c.); the Greek is that of the church hierarchy, and the town's speech is not documented. The site is disputed (Kavarna or Balchik).",
   "lat": 43.43,
   "lon": 28.33
  },
  {
   "name": "Balchik (Ottoman and modern town)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Balchik",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Ottoman Balchik was a town of Turks and Tatars with a Christian minority of Bulgarians, Gagauz (Turkish-speaking Orthodox) and a few Greeks: Felix Kanitz counted 800-900 Turkish, 400 Tatar, 150 Bulgarian and 50 Greek households in 1872, and the Danube vilayet yearbook of 1873 gives 461 Christian males beside 1,617 Muslim males, about 22% Christian, all churches together (both via the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi). The Gagauz spoke Turkish at home; some of those of the coast, chiefly at Varna, joined the Greek community through its church and schools, and Jireček (1891) and Pees (1894) report that the Gagauz of Bulgaria registered either as Greeks, by their church, or as Bulgarians (via Wikipedia, 'Gagauz people'); but no source seen shows the Gagauz of Balchik calling themselves Greeks, and even all the town's Christians together were under a quarter before 1878. Greek speakers were a few dozen families. After 1878 the town became mostly Bulgarian. The ancient Greek city (Dionysopolis) is a separate entry.",
   "lat": 43.4178,
   "lon": 28.1629
  },
  {
   "name": "Aegyssus (Tulcea)",
   "greek": "Αἴγισος",
   "modern": "Tulcea",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Getic stronghold (Ovid, Ex Ponto 1.8.11-20, 4.7.21-24) and then a Roman fort and small town of the Latin-speaking Danube frontier; no Greek civic institutions.",
   "lat": 45.1798,
   "lon": 28.8064
  },
  {
   "name": "Tulcea (19th c.)",
   "greek": "Τούλτσα",
   "modern": "Tulcea",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A mixed Danube town with a Greek minority: 324 Greeks of 17,518 people in 1878 (Bulgarians 6,244, Romanians 5,304) and 1,233-1,305 in 1907 (L. Dima). Left out as minority-only; see the presence point.",
   "lat": 45.1787,
   "lon": 28.805
  },
  {
   "name": "Vicina",
   "greek": "Βιτζίνα",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Danube trading town of the 11th-14th c. with a metropolitan of the Patriarchate (Hyacinth moved to Arges in 1359) and a Genoese consul. It is unlocated (Isaccea, Macin, Nufaru, Pacuiul lui Soare and others are proposed), and a 14th-c. document says few Christians lived there. Greek is attested only for the church and trade.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Licostomo (Chilia Veche)",
   "greek": "Λυκόστομον",
   "modern": "Chilia Veche",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Genoese trading town at the Chilia mouth (late 13th-15th c.), under Moldavia and then the Ottomans (1484). The Greek name is old, but Doukas speaks of the Romanians living there in 1461 and no Greek-speaking community is shown.",
   "lat": 45.42,
   "lon": 29.29
  },
  {
   "name": "Presthlavitza / Pereyaslavets (Nufaru?)",
   "greek": "Πρεσθλάβιτζα",
   "modern": "Nufaru",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Danube town of the 10th-11th c. under the Bulgarians, Sviatoslav of Kiev (969) and Constantinople; mixed population, and no positive evidence that Greek was a main language of its residents.",
   "lat": 45.15,
   "lon": 28.92
  },
  {
   "name": "Halmyris (Murighiol)",
   "greek": "Ἁλμυρίς",
   "modern": "Murighiol",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman fort and naval station near the delta, of the Latin-speaking frontier; not a city.",
   "lat": 45.0247,
   "lon": 29.1973
  },
  {
   "name": "Noviodunum (Isaccea)",
   "greek": "Νοβιόδουνον",
   "modern": "Isaccea",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a Roman fortress, base of the Danube fleet, and a civitas whose inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 45.2708,
   "lon": 28.492
  },
  {
   "name": "Troesmis (Iglita)",
   "greek": "Τρόσμις",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a legionary base and Latin municipium (the Lex municipii Troesmensium) whose inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 45.1432,
   "lon": 28.1951
  },
  {
   "name": "Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Adamclisi",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Tropaeum Traiani is a Latin city: a Latin municipium beside Trajan's victory monument, whose inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen; a few late Christian texts are Greek).",
   "lat": 44.0921,
   "lon": 27.944
  },
  {
   "name": "Ibida / Libida (Slava Rusa)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Slava Rusa",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a large late Roman fortified town of the interior whose inscriptions are mostly Latin; a few late Christian texts in Greek do not approach a quarter (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 44.8531,
   "lon": 28.6024
  },
  {
   "name": "Dinogetia (Garvan)",
   "greek": "Δινογέτεια",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman fort and a village-like settlement of the 10th-12th c. under Constantinople; not a Greek-speaking town.",
   "lat": 45.379,
   "lon": 28.1388
  },
  {
   "name": "Axiopolis (Cernavoda)",
   "greek": "Ἀξιούπολις",
   "modern": "Cernavoda",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a Roman fort and small town on the Danube whose inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 44.3276,
   "lon": 28.0198
  },
  {
   "name": "Capidava",
   "greek": "Καπίδαυα",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Getic and Roman fort on the Danube; not a city.",
   "lat": 44.4937,
   "lon": 28.0903
  },
  {
   "name": "Carsium (Harsova)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Harsova",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman fort on the Danube; not a city.",
   "lat": 44.6818,
   "lon": 27.952
  },
  {
   "name": "Beroe (Piatra Frecatei)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A late Roman fort on the Danube; not a city.",
   "lat": 44.915,
   "lon": 28.152
  },
  {
   "name": "Arrubium (Macin)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Macin",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a Roman fort and settlement on the Danube whose inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 45.2462,
   "lon": 28.1325
  },
  {
   "name": "Salsovia (Mahmudia)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Mahmudia",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A late Roman fort (where Licinius was killed in 325); not a city.",
   "lat": 45.0767,
   "lon": 29.0803
  },
  {
   "name": "Ulmetum (Pantelimon)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Pantelimon",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman village (vicus) and late fort; not a city.",
   "lat": 44.5476,
   "lon": 28.3417
  },
  {
   "name": "Sacidava (Dunareni)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Roman fort on the Danube; not a city.",
   "lat": 44.2046,
   "lon": 27.7906
  },
  {
   "name": "Tiraspol",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Tiraspol",
   "country": "Moldova",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Founded by Russia in 1792 on the left bank of the Dniester with a Greek name ('town on the Tyras'), one of the Greek-named towns of Catherine II's Greek Project; its people were Moldovans, Ukrainians and Russians, with no Greek-speaking majority (unchecked). In Transnistria, outside the Moldovan government's control since 1992.",
   "lat": 46.84,
   "lon": 29.63
  },
  {
   "name": "Philea",
   "greek": "Φιλέα",
   "modern": "Karaburun (Arnavutköy, İstanbul)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A medieval coastal fortress near Derkos (Pleiades 'Philia'); later a Greek village. Not a city or see.",
   "lat": 41.3419,
   "lon": 28.6796
  },
  {
   "name": "Salmydessos",
   "greek": "Σαλμυδησσός",
   "modern": "Kıyıköy area (Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The coast of the Thracian Thynoi (Hdt. 4.93; Xen. Anab. 7.5); the town of that name is usually placed at Midye and is part of the Medea record. No Greek polis is attested for it.",
   "lat": 41.4532,
   "lon": 28.3655
  },
  {
   "name": "Thynias (Thrace)",
   "greek": "Θυνιάς",
   "modern": "İğneada (Kırklareli)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Thracian coastal place and cape of the Thynoi, near İğneada; not a Greek polis. The Ottoman-era village of İğneada is not a town.",
   "lat": 41.88,
   "lon": 27.986
  },
  {
   "name": "Towns known only by name from Pliny and Ptolemy (Dobruja coast: Eumenia, Parthenopolis, Gerania; between the Danube and the Dniester: Aepolium; Taurica: Hermisium, Tamyrake, Lagyra)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Names in Pliny (NH 4.44 lists Eumenia, Parthenopolis and Gerania, where the Pygmies were said to have lived, as lost towns of the Dobruja coast; NH 4.82-86 for Aepolium and Hermisium) and in Ptolemy (Tamyrake, Lagyra) (unchecked: the passages). None has a secure site or any evidence of a Greek civic community, so none can be mapped. Pleiades 222057, 222139, 216815 (Gerania, placed by the Barrington Atlas near Cape Shabla), 226510, 857707, 229593, 226674.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Heracleea (Enisala) and Stratonis (Tuzla)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Enisala; Tuzla",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Enisala is a medieval fortress (13th-14th c., Genoese or Wallachian) on Lake Razelm, sometimes linked with a Heraclea of the Dobruja coast (unchecked); Stratonis (Tuzla) a settlement of the Roman period. Neither is attested as a town with Greek civic institutions.",
   "lat": 44.885,
   "lon": 28.83
  },
  {
   "name": "The other forts and vici of Roman Scythia (Cius, Altina, Ad Stoma, Ad Salices, Aliobrix, Thalamonium, Buteridava and the villages of Histria's territory)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Gârliciu; Oltina; Sfântu Gheorghe?; Orlivka (Ukraine); Nufăru",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Forts of the Danube frontier and rural villages (vici), Latin-speaking or mixed, not Greek towns; the larger limes towns (Noviodunum, Troesmis, Dinogetia, Axiopolis, Capidava and others) are already listed as left out.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Markellai (Karnobat), Aetos (Aytos) and Provaton (Provadia)",
   "greek": "Μάρκελλαι; Ἀετός; Προβάτον",
   "modern": "Karnobat; Aytos; Provadia",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval frontier fortresses between the Bulgarian state and Constantinople (Markellai: the battles of 756 and 792) (unchecked); no evidence of Greek-speaking towns at any of them.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Kavarna (Ottoman and modern town)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Kavarna",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397 and rebuilt by the early 17th c. as a Christian settlement and grain port. Its Christians in 1877 were Bulgarians and Gagauz (Turkish-speaking Orthodox), who rose against the bashi-bazouks and Circassians (the Kavarna massacre); Gagauz refugees from Kavarna were helped by the Greek community of Varna (A. Lyberatos). Jireček (1891) and Pees (1894) report that the Gagauz of Bulgaria registered either as Greeks, by their church, or as Bulgarians; whether those of Kavarna counted themselves Greeks, or kept to the Patriarchate after 1870, was not established, and no count of Greek speakers or of Patriarchists was found. Left out for lack of evidence of a Greek community of about a quarter or more: the same case as Balchik. The ancient city is entered as Bizone.",
   "lat": 43.4333,
   "lon": 28.3333
  },
  {
   "name": "Malko Tarnovo (Tırnovacık)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Malko Tarnovo",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "The chief town of the Bulgarian Strandzha, Ottoman Tırnovacık in the Edirne vilayet: 1,200 Bulgarian Exarchist families and 80 Bulgarian Catholic families before the Balkan Wars (L. Miletich, 1918, a Bulgarian source). Its people spoke Bulgarian, and no Patriarchist (Greek) community of any size is recorded. In Bulgaria from 25 October 1913. A Bulgarian town.",
   "lat": 41.979,
   "lon": 27.525
  },
  {
   "name": "Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa",
   "greek": "Οὐλπία Τραιανὴ Σαρμιζεγέθουσα",
   "modern": "Sarmizegetusa (Hunedoara County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Sarmizegetusa is a Latin city. A Roman colony of veterans founded under Trajan soon after the conquest of 106, the capital of Roman Dacia until the province was given up under Aurelian (c. 271). Its civic life and its inscriptions are Latin; Greek appears only in the dedications and epitaphs of settlers, soldiers and traders from Asia Minor and Syria, a small minority (Piso 2018 collects 66 documents of colonists from Asia Minor in all Dacia).",
   "lat": 45.5147,
   "lon": 22.7853
  },
  {
   "name": "Apulum",
   "greek": "Ἄπουλον",
   "modern": "Alba Iulia (Alba County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), Apulum is a Latin city. The base of legio XIII Gemina (from 106) and two Latin towns beside it, seat of the governors of the Three Dacias. Its inscriptions are Latin; the Greek ones are dedications and epitaphs of easterners (from Asia Minor, Syria and Palmyra) and of soldiers, the largest such group in Dacia but well below a quarter (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 46.0667,
   "lon": 23.5723
  },
  {
   "name": "Napoca",
   "greek": "Νάπουκα",
   "modern": "Cluj-Napoca (Cluj County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a Roman municipium and colony, capital of Dacia Porolissensis, whose inscriptions are Latin; settlers from Asia Minor wrote Latin too (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 46.7735,
   "lon": 23.5942
  },
  {
   "name": "Drobeta",
   "greek": "Δροβήτα (Δρουβήτα)",
   "modern": "Drobeta-Turnu Severin (Mehedinți County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: the fort and municipium (later colony) at Trajan's Danube bridge, whose inscriptions are Latin (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 44.6249,
   "lon": 22.6681
  },
  {
   "name": "Romula",
   "greek": "Ῥωμοῦλα",
   "modern": "Reșca, Dobrosloveni (Olt County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: the chief Roman town of Dacia Inferior, a municipium and then a colony, whose inscriptions are Latin, with some eastern names (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 44.1742,
   "lon": 24.3972
  },
  {
   "name": "Sucidava (Celei)",
   "greek": "Σουκίδαυα",
   "modern": "Celei, Corabia (Olt County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: a frontier fort and small town at Constantine's Danube bridge, with Latin inscriptions and a garrison (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 43.7643,
   "lon": 24.4594
  },
  {
   "name": "The other towns, forts and mining settlements of Roman Dacia (Porolissum, Potaissa, Dierna, Tibiscum, Ampelum, Alburnus Maior)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Moigrad; Turda; Orșova; Jupa; Zlatna; Roșia Montană",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Under the set's rule for Roman cities near the Latin-Greek line (compare the Greek and Latin inscriptions of residents; Greek about a quarter or more makes a bilingual city), it is a Latin city: municipia, forts and mining settlements whose inscriptions are Latin; the Palmyrene archers wrote Palmyrene Aramaic beside Latin, and the Greek texts of easterners are a small minority (unchecked: no count seen).",
   "lat": 46.57,
   "lon": 23.78
  },
  {
   "name": "Sarmizegetusa Regia",
   "greek": "Σαρμιζεγέθουσα",
   "modern": "Grădiștea de Munte (Hunedoara County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Left out: rung 4. The capital of the Dacian kings, destroyed by Trajan (106). Greek building methods, and Greek letters used as builders' marks on the wall blocks, show Greek craftsmen or Dacians using Greek letters, which do not count; no Greek-speaking community is attested.",
   "lat": 45.6696,
   "lon": 23.324
  },
  {
   "name": "The Getic and Dacian davae of Wallachia and Moldavia (Popești, Zimnicea, Cetățeni, Piroboridava, Brad, Răcătău, Poiana)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Popești (Giurgiu); Zimnicea (Teleorman); Cetățeni (Argeș); Poiana and Brad (Galați, Bacău); Răcătău (Bacău)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. Left out: rung 4. Native fortified towns of the 4th c. BC-1st c. AD with many Greek imports (amphorae from Thasos, Rhodes and Sinope, Histrian and Thasian coins, Hellenistic pottery) and occasional Greek letters. Imported goods, foreign coins and Greek letters used by Getae do not count; no Greek inscription of residents, civic coin or Greek institution is known.",
   "lat": 44.0,
   "lon": 25.9
  },
  {
   "name": "Curtea de Argeș",
   "greek": "Ἀργέσιον",
   "modern": "Curtea de Argeș (Argeș County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A (to 1500). The first capital of Wallachia and, from 1359, the seat of the metropolitan of Ungrovlachia, whose first holders were Greeks sent by the Patriarchate (Iakinthos, formerly of Vicina, 1359). Greek here is the language of the church hierarchy and of the princely church's founders' circle; the town spoke Romanian, and no Greek-speaking community of residents is attested.",
   "lat": 45.1393,
   "lon": 24.6795
  },
  {
   "name": "Suceava",
   "greek": "Σουτζάβα",
   "modern": "Suceava (Suceava County)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A (to 1500). The capital of Moldavia (c. 1388-1565) and seat of its metropolitan, recognised by the Patriarchate in 1401. Its merchants were Armenian, German, Jewish and Romanian; Greek clergy and a few Greek merchants passed through. No Greek-speaking community of residents is attested before 1500.",
   "lat": 47.6514,
   "lon": 26.2556
  },
  {
   "name": "Iași, Roman, Siret, Bacău, Botoșani and the other Moldavian towns before 1500",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A (to 1500). Market towns of the principality of Moldavia, with Armenian, German (Saxon), Jewish and Romanian merchants. Greek merchants traded through Cetatea Albă (Ukraine, outside this area) and Chilia (see the Black Sea set: Licostomo), but no Greek-speaking community is attested in the inland towns before 1500.",
   "lat": 47.16,
   "lon": 27.59
  },
  {
   "name": "Soroca (claimed Genoese Olchionia)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Soroca",
   "country": "Moldova",
   "window": "A",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window A. A Moldavian fortress town (stone fort of 1543-1546). The claim that it stands on a Genoese trading post called Olchionia is unproven, and in any case a Genoese post is not a Greek-speaking town.",
   "lat": 48.1556,
   "lon": 28.2975
  },
  {
   "name": "Bucharest under the Phanariot princes and after",
   "greek": "Βουκουρέστιον",
   "modern": "Bucharest",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window B. The capital of Wallachia. Its Greeks spoke Greek, many of them Romanian as well; part of the merchants called Greeks were Aromanians, or Romanians and Bulgarians of Greek culture, who used Greek in writing and trade (unchecked). Under the Phanariot princes (1716-1821) Greek was the language of the court, of much of the boyar elite, of the higher clergy and of the Princely Academy at St Sava, and a Greek merchant and clerical community lived in the town. The townspeople spoke Romanian; no source describes Greek as a main language of the town's people, and no count by language or community gives the Greek share for the period. Greek used by a court, officials, clergy and schools does not make a Greek town, and the merchant community was a minority. It lived on after 1822 and is recorded as a presence point; in the census of 1930 the Greeks are not among the groups listed for the urban population of Ilfov County (649,429, mainly Bucharest), down to the Roma at 1.2%, so they were under 1.2% of it; most of Romania's 6,472 Greeks of the 2002 census (by nationality) live in and around Bucharest.",
   "lat": 44.432,
   "lon": 26.104
  },
  {
   "name": "Iași under the Phanariot princes and after",
   "greek": "Ἰάσιον",
   "modern": "Iași",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window B. The capital of Moldavia. Its Greeks spoke Greek, many of them Romanian as well. Under the Phanariot princes (1711-1821) Greek was the language of the court, the Princely Academy and many of the boyars and higher clergy; Greek abbots ran the monasteries dedicated to the Holy Places (Galata and Golia among them (unchecked)); Alexandros Ypsilantis proclaimed the Greek rising here in February 1821 (Old Style). The town spoke Romanian, with a large Jewish community in the 19th c.; the Greeks were a court, clerical and merchant minority, and no count by language or community shows them near a quarter of the town. Recorded as a presence point.",
   "lat": 47.158,
   "lon": 27.601
  },
  {
   "name": "Brăila, the Danube grain port",
   "greek": "Βραΐλα",
   "modern": "Brăila",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window B. An Ottoman fortress town (Ibrail) to 1829, then the free port of Wallachia (1836-1883) and the chief grain port of the Danube, where Greek merchants, shipowners and seamen, mostly Ionian (Cephalonian and Ithacan), led the trade. Its Greeks spoke Greek; Greek was also a language of the port and the exchange. The town was mainly Romanian-speaking, with a large Jewish community. Counts: 4,238 Greeks of 46,715 (9.1%, municipal count by nationality, 1891); 4,929 Greek citizens of 56,330 (8.75%, national census of 1899 by citizenship); no figure for Greeks in the census of 1912 was found; about 2,280 Greek citizens on the consulate's register of 1914; in 1930 the urban population of Brăila County (68,347, essentially the town) was 6.7% Greek by ethnicity and 5.8% Greek by mother tongue (about 3,960 people). The counts by citizenship leave out Greeks of Romanian or Ottoman nationality, so the community was somewhat larger, but no source puts it near a quarter of the town. No count was found for the free-port decades (1836-1883), when the Greek share may have been higher; that is the main uncertainty. A minority community (a presence point).",
   "lat": 45.271,
   "lon": 27.957
  },
  {
   "name": "Galați, the Danube grain port",
   "greek": "Γαλάτσι",
   "modern": "Galați",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Window B. The port of Moldavia, a free port from 1837 to 1883 and seat of the European Commission of the Danube from 1856. Ionian Greeks under British protection were among the first large firms of its grain trade, and the community, Greek-speaking, kept Greek schools (the Veneris Institute, 1857) and a church. Counts: 4,423 Greeks of 40,022 (about 11%, 1882, Pohrib 2013); 4,196 of 59,143 (about 7%, 1890, Pacu 1891); 3,587 of 62,545 (about 6%, 1899, Colescu 1905); in 1930 the urban population of Covurlui County (101,611, essentially Galați) was 2.9% Greek by ethnicity (no figure by mother tongue seen). The highest share found is about a ninth of the town (1882); no count exists for the free-port decades (1837-1883); the town spoke Romanian, with a large Jewish community. A minority community (a presence point).",
   "lat": 45.435,
   "lon": 28.008
  },
  {
   "name": "Craiova",
   "greek": "Κραϊόβα",
   "modern": "Craiova",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. The chief town of Oltenia, with Greek merchants and clergy from the 18th c. and a Greek church and community in the 19th c. (unchecked). A Romanian-speaking town with a small Greek minority; no count by language puts Greek speakers anywhere near a quarter.",
   "lat": 44.319,
   "lon": 23.8
  },
  {
   "name": "Giurgiu",
   "greek": "Γιούργεβο",
   "modern": "Giurgiu",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. An Ottoman Danube fortress and kaza (Yergöğü) until 1829, then a Wallachian grain port with Greek merchants (unchecked). Romanian- (before 1829 also Turkish-) speaking; no evidence that Greek was a main language; in the census of 1930 the Greeks are not among the groups listed for the urban population of Vlașca County (31,016, essentially Giurgiu), down to the Jews at 0.7%.",
   "lat": 43.904,
   "lon": 25.969
  },
  {
   "name": "Ploiești",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Ploiești",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. A Wallachian market town with Greek merchants in the 18th-19th c. (unchecked). Romanian-speaking; a small Greek minority at most; no count by language found.",
   "lat": 44.946,
   "lon": 26.036
  },
  {
   "name": "Turnu Măgurele",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Turnu Măgurele",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. An Ottoman Danube fortress (Kule, Turnu) to 1829, then a grain port with Greek merchants in the 19th c. (unchecked). Romanian-speaking; no evidence that Greek was a main language; no count by language found.",
   "lat": 43.749,
   "lon": 24.871
  },
  {
   "name": "Călărași",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Călărași",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. A Danube grain town with Greek grain merchants in the 19th c. (unchecked). Romanian-speaking; no evidence that Greek was a main language; no count by language found.",
   "lat": 44.206,
   "lon": 27.333
  },
  {
   "name": "Chișinău under Russia",
   "greek": "Κισινάου",
   "modern": "Chișinău",
   "country": "Moldova",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. A small Moldavian town that became the capital of Russian Bessarabia after 1812 and grew fast in the 19th c. Greek merchants lived there, and Greek refugees from Moldavia arrived after the failure of the 1821 rising (unchecked). The town spoke Moldavian (Romanian), Russian, Yiddish and other languages; in the Russian census of 1897 by native language Greek speakers were 0.1% of Kishinyovsky Uyezd (279,657 people, the town included), against 62.9% Moldavian, 19.5% Yiddish and 11.9% Russian; no separate figure for the town was seen. A minority community (a presence point).",
   "lat": 47.011,
   "lon": 28.863
  },
  {
   "name": "Sibiu and Brașov, the Greek companies",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Sibiu; Brașov",
   "country": "Romania",
   "window": "B",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Window B. Saxon (German) towns of Transylvania with Romanian and Hungarian populations, where the Greek companies of Balkan Orthodox merchants were chartered (Sibiu 1636, Brașov 1678 (unchecked)). Their members called themselves Greeks and spoke Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian or Serbian at home; they kept Greek churches and records (unchecked). A merchant minority whose speech was in part not Greek; the towns were never Greek-speaking.",
   "lat": 45.797,
   "lon": 24.152
  },
  {
   "name": "Uzunköprü (Makra Gefyra)",
   "greek": "Μακρά Γέφυρα",
   "modern": "Uzunköprü",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "An Ottoman foundation of Murad II (1427), named for his long bridge over the Ergene. Before 1912 it had Turks, Bulgarians, Greeks, Orthodox Albanians, Armenians and Jews; 300 Bulgarian families were driven out in 1913 (Miletich 1918, a Bulgarian source), and the Greeks left when Turkish forces retook the town on 18 November 1922. Its Greek community, the Patriarchists of the town, spoke Greek, and the Orthodox Albanians of the district, also Patriarchists, spoke Albanian at home (unchecked). They built the church of St John the Baptist in 1875 and recorded over 17,000 baptisms there to 1924, about 350 a year, so the community numbered some thousands, but those baptisms may include nearby villages and give no share. No count separating Patriarchists from Exarchists and Muslims for the town or the kaza of Cisr-i Ergene was reached (the Ottoman count of 1914 and the Patriarchate's of 1912), so the share is unknown. Kept as a presence point; it should come in as an uncertain bilingual town if a count shows the Patriarchists at about a quarter or more of the town or district.",
   "lat": 41.266,
   "lon": 26.689
  },
  {
   "name": "Saray",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Saray",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "An Ottoman Turkish town; no evidence found of a Greek-speaking community large enough to make it a bilingual town (unchecked).",
   "lat": 41.442,
   "lon": 27.921
  },
  {
   "name": "Kilitbahir",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "Kilitbahir",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Mehmed II's fortress on the European shore of the Dardanelles (1462-1463) with a Turkish garrison village; no Greek town (unchecked).",
   "lat": 40.148,
   "lon": 26.38
  },
  {
   "name": "Chora (Hoşköy)",
   "greek": "Χώρα",
   "modern": "Hoşköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Greek village of the Ganos coast and seat of the metropolis of Ganos and Chora until 1922 (unchecked), but no evidence was found that it was a town (it was not a kaza seat). Kept as a presence point.",
   "lat": 40.717,
   "lon": 27.289
  },
  {
   "name": "Kallikrateia (Mimarsinan)",
   "greek": "Καλλικράτεια",
   "modern": "Mimarsinan (Büyükçekmece)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Greek village of the Çatalca district on the Marmara coast until 1922-1923 (its people founded Nea Kallikrateia in Chalkidiki (unchecked)); a village, not a town. Kept as a presence point.",
   "lat": 41.02,
   "lon": 28.42
  },
  {
   "name": "San Stefano (Yeşilköy) and Makrochori (Bakırköy)",
   "greek": "Ἅγιος Στέφανος; Μακροχώρι",
   "modern": "Yeşilköy; Bakırköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Villages and later suburbs of Constantinople with Greek and Armenian populations; they were part of the city's area and their Greeks were counted with the city's community (Constantinople is already in the set). Kept as presence points.",
   "lat": 40.963,
   "lon": 28.82
  },
  {
   "name": "Kressa",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Left out: below rung 3. Ps.-Skylax 67 lists the cities of the Chersonese by name and then adds that 'within the river Aigos are Kressa, Krithote and Paktye', without calling Kressa a city; Krithote and Paktye are admitted on their own evidence (Athenian tribute lists, IACP), Kressa has none. Ide, Paeon and Araplus are admitted because Ps.-Skylax calls them cities. The Barrington Atlas places it (Pleiades 501483).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Deris, Kobrys and Kypasis",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Places on the Gulf of Melas in Ps.-Skylax 67: Deris is not called a polis, and Kobrys and Kypasis were trading posts of the Kardians, without civic status.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Leuke Akte, Ganiai and Neon Teichos",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Coastal forts of Propontic Thrace in Ps.-Skylax 67 and Xenophon; no polis status known.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Ergiske and Myrtenon",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Thracian forts taken by Philip II in 346 BC (Aeschines 3.82) (unchecked); forts, not towns.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Rhegion (Küçükçekmece)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A suburb-town of Constantinople on the Via Egnatia, with a port, a church and Justinian's bridge; burned by Krum in 813 and pillaged by Kaloyan in 1206. No civic institutions or see confirmed, so it is counted with Constantinople.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Epivates (Selimpaşa), Kumburgaz, Podima, İğneada and the European Bosporus villages",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Greek villages or suburbs to 1922-1923 (the Bosporus villages to 1955-1964), not towns.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Havsa, Bolayır, Muratlı, Lalapaşa, Süloğlu",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Ottoman Turkish towns; no Greek-speaking community of a quarter is known (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Diospolis/Diampolis (Yambol)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Hierocles' Diospolis, the late Roman town at Yambol 8 km from Kabyle, is treated with Kabyle's late Roman history; medieval Diampolis (Bulgarian from c. 705) has no Greek-speaking community attested, and about 20 Greek families left after 1913.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Sebastopolis (Thracia)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Admitted as an uncertain city at region level: a city of Hierocles' Thracia (rung 3), like Morizos and Sauadia in Europa.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Scaptopara and Tranupara",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Villages of Pautalia's territory; Scaptopara's Greek petition to Gordian III (238) shows Greek-speaking villagers, counted under Pautalia.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Tylis",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Seat of the Celtic kingdom of the 3rd c. BC, unlocated; not Greek.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Shumen, Pliska, Lovech, Cherven, Velbazhd, Constantia (Simeonovgrad), Krichim, Rupel",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Medieval Bulgarian towns and fortresses; Slavic-speaking, with no Greek-speaking townspeople attested (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Svilengrad (Mustafa Pasha), Ivaylovgrad (Ortaköy), Harmanli and Lyubimets",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "Towns of the lower Maritsa in Bulgaria; none reaches the line of about a quarter on the evidence found. Mustafa Pasha (Svilengrad), Ottoman to 1912: its Greek community was the Patriarchists of the town, Greek-speaking as far as is known (unchecked), with a Greek school of 60 boys and 45 girls in 1901. The Edirne yearbooks counted the kaza by religious community: 4,150 Rum of 27,138 people in 1892 (15.3%, beside 12,716 Bulgarians and 9,715 Muslims), and 4,325 Rum beside 12,910 Bulgarians, 10,432 Muslims and 417 Jews about 1901 (15%) (Sarıoğlu, from the yearbooks). No figure for the town alone was found. In the First Balkan War the Greeks fled with the Muslims and Jews, Greek houses and shops were looted under the Bulgarian occupation, and those who remained were left to assimilate or emigrate to Greece (Ginio 2023). Ortaköy (Ivaylovgrad), Ottoman to 1912-1913: no count by language or community was found, and no source seen describes a Greek town community of any size. Harmanli and Lyubimets (Hebibčevo) lay in Eastern Rumelia (unchecked), whose counts by mother tongue of 1880 and 1884 should cover them; they were not reached, and no source seen names a Greek community in either. The Bulgarian censuses of 1920 and 1926 were not reached for these towns.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Audaristos",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A town of Deuriopos in Ptolemy (unchecked); site uncertain, no civic Greek document known.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Stenae (Demir Kapija)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Hellenistic fortified town at the gorge; no civic evidence.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Eustrateia, Keleneidion, Harmonia and Zapara",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Admitted as four uncertain cities at region level: cities of Hierocles' Macedonia II (rung 3), the same evidence and the same placing by region that admitted Morizos and Sauadia.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "The Aromanian villages and small towns near Bitola (Gopeš, Malovište, Nižepole, Magarevo, Trnovo), Struga and Resen",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Villages of Aromanian-speaking Patriarchists near Bitola, many of whom had Greek schools and church and also spoke some Greek (unchecked): villages, not towns. (Resen is now recorded as a city; Struga has its own entry.)",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Harilaq, Theranda and Novo Brdo",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A late Roman fort, a Latin-speaking Roman town and a Serbian mining town with a Ragusan colony; no Greek speech.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Arnissa (Babunja)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Left out: rung 4. A town of the Illyrian Taulantii in Ptolemy, with finds of the 6th-4th c. BC; finds do not count, and no Greek coins, institutions or residents' inscriptions are known.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Codrion, Kerax, Gerous, Eugenium, Bargullum",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Dassaretian and Parthinian strongholds in Livy and Polybius; forts, no Greek civic evidence (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Lukovë, Ksamil, Pogradec, Bilisht, Ersekë, Këlcyrë",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Albanian-speaking towns or villages, or modern settlements. Pogradec was a small, mostly Muslim Ottoman town on Lake Ohrid with an Albanian-speaking Orthodox minority (unchecked); Bilisht, Ersekë and Këlcyrë were small Albanian-speaking market towns whose Orthodox minorities used Greek in church and school (unchecked); Lukovë and Ksamil had Greek-speaking or bilingual people but were villages (unchecked). None is shown to have had a Greek community of a quarter of a town.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Doclea",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Latin-speaking Roman municipium, later in Praevalitana; no Greek speech.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Bar (Antivari), Herceg Novi, Ras, Peć",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Romance- or Slavic-speaking medieval towns.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "The Roman towns of Istria, Liburnia, inland Dalmatia and Pannonia (Parentium, Aegida, Flanona, Burnum, Rider, Delminium, Siscia, Andautonia, Mursa and others)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Latin-speaking Roman towns.",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Brattia (Brač)",
   "greek": "",
   "modern": "",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "Hellenistic finds at Škrip, but no Greek town (unchecked).",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Struga",
   "greek": "Στρούγκα",
   "modern": "Struga",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A Slavic-speaking town on the outflow of Lake Ohrid, with Turkish- and Albanian-speaking Muslims: Kanchov (1900) counts 4,570 people, 3,000 Christian Bulgarians, 1,000 Turks, 350 Muslim Albanians and 220 Roma, and no Aromanians or Greeks. Its Christians, Slavic-speaking, had Greek schools in the first half of the 19th c. (the Miladinov brothers were schooled in Greek) (unchecked), but most followed the Bulgarian Exarchate after 1870; no count of a Patriarchist party near a quarter of the town was found.",
   "lat": 41.1778,
   "lon": 20.6783
  },
  {
   "name": "Vlorë (Ottoman Avlonya)",
   "greek": "Αυλώνα",
   "modern": "Vlorë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "The Ottoman town (from 1417) was a Christian and Jewish town in the 16th c.: 665 Christian and 97 Jewish households in 1506, 803 and 531 in 1520, and 658 and 211 in 1583, with no civilian Muslims recorded (Ottoman registers, in the TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi); what its Christians spoke and how they saw themselves is not shown. By the 17th c. it was mostly Muslim and Albanian-speaking (Evliya Celebi), and by the late 19th c. its Orthodox were a small minority: Ottoman figures of 1888-1889, given with the yearbook of the vilayet of Ioannina, put the kaza at 22,577 Muslims and 3,316 Orthodox (13%), and Kokolakis (2003) finds only a small number of Greek-speaking families in the town, beside Albanian-speaking Orthodox, Jews and a few Catholics. It had a Greek school by 1741. No count puts the Greek community near a quarter of the late Ottoman town. The ancient and medieval town is recorded as Aulon, to 1417; its Greek community is a presence point.",
   "lat": 40.4667,
   "lon": 19.4897
  },
  {
   "name": "Vithkuq",
   "greek": "Βυθκούκι",
   "modern": "Vithkuq",
   "country": "Albania",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": true,
   "reason": "A large Orthodox mountain settlement west of Korçë, Albanian- and Aromanian-speaking, which flourished with Moscopole in the 18th c., with a Greek school and many churches, and declined after the raids of the late 18th c. (unchecked). Its people belonged to the Greek Orthodox world by church and school, but no source used shows it as a town (it is usually called a village), so it does not meet the town rule.",
   "lat": 40.5225,
   "lon": 20.5875
  },
  {
   "name": "Kumanovo",
   "greek": "Κουμάνοβο",
   "modern": "Kumanovo",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "window": "",
   "close_call": false,
   "reason": "A Slavic- and Turkish-speaking town: Hahn (1861) counted 650 dwellings, 300 Muslim and 350 Christian Bulgarian, about 3,500 people. Its Patriarchists in the late 19th c. followed the Serbian movement and Serbian schools rather than Greek ones (unchecked); no Greek community of size is recorded.",
   "lat": 42.1322,
   "lon": 21.7144
  }
 ],
 "presence_points": [
  {
   "place": "Salona: Greek speakers of the late Roman city",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Solin",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 43.5396,
   "lon": 16.4834,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "settlers and traders from the Greek-speaking East (Syria, Asia Minor) in the capital of Roman Dalmatia",
   "from": 306,
   "until": 640,
   "until_text": "Greek Christian epitaphs run through late antiquity (AD 306-c. 640): 83 of the 825 Christian inscriptions of Salona are in Greek, the rest Latin. The city was almost abandoned by c. 640; the older view that the Avars and Slavs took and burnt it between 610 and 640 has been questioned (Goldstein 1992; Dzino 2010).",
   "fate": "Ended with the decline and abandonment of Salona in the early 7th c.; its survivors founded Split in Diocletian's palace.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 640,
     "figure": 83,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "number of Greek Christian inscriptions (of 825), AD 306-c. 640; Salona IV (2010), reviewed in BMCR 2011.02.35"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Salona IV, Inscriptions de Salone chrétienne (2010), BMCR 2011.02.35: https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/?p=52073"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Zadar: Greek Orthodox community",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Zara (Italian); church of St Elias (Sv. Ilija)",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Zadar County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.115,
   "lon": 15.2253,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek soldiers, sailors and merchants in Venetian service (late 16th c.)",
   "from": 1575,
   "until": 1754,
   "until_text": "In the later 16th c. the old church of St Elias was used by a Greek Orthodox community that included soldiers and sailors in Venetian service; in 1754 the church passed to Zadar's Serbian community, and the present church was built in 1773. Greek merchants elsewhere still left bequests to 'St Elias in Zara' in the late 18th c. (Dogo 2010).",
   "fate": "Merged into or replaced by the Serbian Orthodox parish after 1754.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ancient-history-sites.com/?p=108964",
    "Dogo 2010, The Historical Review 7: https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historicalReview/article/download/4043/3831.pdf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Pula: Greek settlers from Cyprus and Nauplion",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Pola (Italian); church of St Nicholas (formerly St Mary)",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Istria County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.8706,
   "lon": 13.8456,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "refugees from Cyprus and Nauplion settled by Venice (1583)",
   "from": 1583,
   "until": 1650,
   "until_text": "Venice settled Greek refugees from Cyprus (lost to the Ottomans in 1571) and from Nauplion (lost in 1540) in depopulated Pula; in 1583 the 6th-c. church of St Mary was given to them as the Orthodox church of St Nicholas. Their later history is not recorded in what I saw: the end date is a guess, and the church, with an 18th-c. iconostasis by the Greek painter Tomios Batos, now belongs to the Serbian Orthodox Church.",
   "fate": "Not recorded; probably absorbed into the town's Italian-speaking population; the parish continued under the Serbian Orthodox Church.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://pulainfo.hr/where/orthodox-church-of-st-nicholas/",
    "Štoković 2012, Problemi sjevernog Jadrana 11: https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php/en/clanak/127274"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Rijeka: Orthodox merchants with Greek members",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Fiume (Italian); church of St Nicholas",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "Primorje-Gorski Kotar County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.3271,
   "lon": 14.4422,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Orthodox merchants from the Ottoman lands (Ioannina, Crete, Ephesus, Sarajevo)",
   "from": 1775,
   "until": 1830,
   "until_text": "Greek merchants trading between the Ottoman lands, Hungary and Italy asked to settle in 1775 and were allowed a church c. 1785: of 18 householders, three were Greeks (from Candia, Ephesus and Ioannina) and the rest Slavic Orthodox, mostly from Sarajevo. The end date is the end of the period studied (Dogo 2010), not a recorded end.",
   "fate": "A small group overshadowed by Trieste; not recorded later as Greek.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1785,
     "figure": 3,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "3 Greek householders among 18 Orthodox merchant householders (Dogo 2010)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Dogo 2010, The Historical Review 7: https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historicalReview/article/download/4043/3831.pdf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Greek and Aromanian merchants of Habsburg Croatia and Slavonia",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Zagreb, Karlovac, Osijek, Slavonski Brod",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "admin1": "City of Zagreb; Karlovac, Osijek-Baranja and Brod-Posavina Counties",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.5,
   "lon": 16.8,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Aromanian with Greek",
   "origin": "Orthodox merchants from Macedonia, Epirus and Thessaly (18th c.)",
   "from": 1718,
   "until": 1850,
   "until_text": "After the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) Orthodox merchants from the Ottoman lands, who called themselves and were called Greeks, settled in the Habsburg towns of Croatia and Slavonia; their colonies flourished in the 18th and early 19th c. and declined from about 1840, as the merchants were absorbed into the Serbian and Croatian middle class. Many were Aromanians, who spoke Aromanian at home, or Serbs; Greek was the language of their trade, schools and church, and only some of them spoke it at home.",
   "fate": "Assimilated in the 19th c.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, Greek migration 15th-19th c.: https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Zagreb"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Dropull (the Greek villages of Lower and Upper Dropull)",
   "greek": "Δρόπολη",
   "other_names": "Dropolis; the Drino valley south of Gjirokastër; the villages of the former communes of Dropull i Poshtëm and Dropull i Sipërm, among them Derviçan, Goranxi, Jorgucat, Vrisera, Sofratikë, Bularat",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Gjirokastër County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 39.98,
   "lon": 20.22,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking population of long standing; no settlement date is known",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken. Greek has been the language of the valley since at least the late Middle Ages; the name keeps that of the medieval see of Dryinoupolis. Within the communist minority zone (Greek schools allowed); heavy emigration to Greece since 1991.",
   "fate": "All settlements of the former communes of Dropull i Poshtëm and Dropull i Sipërm are Greek-populated (Dalakoglou 2010); many houses stand empty after emigration.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1992,
     "figure": 26400,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Kallivretakis 1995 (fieldwork): about 40% Greek of 66,000 in the whole district of Gjirokastër, which also includes Pogon and the town"
    },
    {
     "year": 2023,
     "basis": "census by ethnicity (self-declared)",
     "figure": 8552,
     "source": "INSTAT 2023: Greeks in all Gjirokastër County, which includes Dropull, Pogon and the town"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Kallivretakis 1995",
    "Dalakoglou 2010",
    "Winnifrith, Badlands, Borderlands (2002)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Pogon (the Greek villages on the Albanian side)",
   "greek": "Πωγώνι",
   "other_names": "Poliçan (Politsiani), Sopik, Skore, Hllomo, Çatistë, Pepel",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Gjirokastër County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.0,
   "lon": 20.36,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking population of long standing, part of the wider Pogoni district divided by the border of 1913",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken; within the communist minority zone; emigration since 1991.",
   "fate": "All settlements of the former Pogon commune are Greek-populated except Selckë (Dalakoglou 2010); Hammond counted seven Greek-speaking villages.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1967,
     "figure": 2500,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Hammond, Epirus (1967) p. 27: Poliçan alone; Sopik 300 houses"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Hammond, Epirus (1967)",
    "Dalakoglou 2010",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Vurg (the Greek villages of the Finiq and Delvinë plain)",
   "greek": "Βούρκος",
   "other_names": "Finiq, Mesopotam, Dhivër, Livadhja, Aliko and others",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 39.88,
   "lon": 20.08,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking population of long standing around ancient Phoinike; continuity with the ancient city cannot be shown",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken; within the communist minority zone; Finiq is now the seat of a municipality where most people are Greek. Emigration since 1991.",
   "fate": "Greek-speaking villages today, much reduced by emigration.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Kallivretakis 1995",
    "Winnifrith 2002",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek-speaking villages of the Himara coast",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Dhërmi (Drymades), Palasë (Palasa), Qeparo Sipërm; bilingual or mixed: Vuno, Ilias, Pilur, Kudhës",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.152,
   "lon": 19.643,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking coastal population of long standing, beside Albanian-speaking villages",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken. Outside the communist minority zone, so without Greek schools from 1946 until after 1991; heavy emigration since 1991.",
   "fate": "Dhërmi, Palasë and Upper Qeparo are Greek-speaking; the other villages are bilingual or Albanian-speaking (Nitsiakos 2010). The town of Himarë is recorded as a city.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Nitsiakos 2010",
    "Gregorič 2008",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Narta",
   "greek": "Νάρτα",
   "other_names": "Nartë",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.5306,
   "lon": 19.4469,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "First named ('Narda') in 1520 (Kyriazis 2012); whether its Greek speakers were settled late (Demiraj 2010) or are old inhabitants (Kyriazis 2012) is disputed",
   "from": 1520,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken, by a dwindling number: the village has a northern Greek dialect and is bilingual with Albanian. It lay outside the minority zone; the Greek school founded in 1873 closed after 1912. Emigration to Greece has reduced it to about a tenth of its population of the early 1990s.",
   "fate": "Bilingual Greek-Albanian village, much emptied by emigration since 1991.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1993,
     "figure": 2500,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "BIRN 2023 (about ten times the 2023 figure)"
    },
    {
     "year": 2023,
     "figure": 250,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "BIRN 2023: no more than 250 residents"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Demiraj 2010",
    "Kyriazis 2012",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narta,_Albania"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Zvërnec and its monastery",
   "greek": "Ζβέρνετς",
   "other_names": "Panagia (Dormition) monastery on the islet of Zvërnec",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.5147,
   "lon": 19.4183,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking village of long standing beside Narta",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken: a northern Greek idiom, the northernmost pocket of modern Greek speech in Albania, with Albanian; Hammond (1967) also noted Aromanian speakers. The monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God stands on the islet in the Narta lagoon (13th-14th c. (unchecked)).",
   "fate": "Bilingual village, reduced by emigration.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 2014,
     "figure": 900,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Albanian government, Fourth Report under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (2014), p. 98: registered citizens of the Greek minority in the area"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Hammond, Epirus (1967) p. 132",
    "Kyriazis 2012",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zv%C3%ABrnec"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Delvinë and its villages",
   "greek": "Δέλβινο",
   "other_names": "Laka (the Greek suburb in 1804); Lefterhor and Kakodhiq (Greek villages nearby)",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 39.9494,
   "lon": 20.0978,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek families in the suburb of Laka (Leake 1804); later settlers from the Greek villages around",
   "from": 1804,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken. A small Greek suburb in 1804 (Leake); the Greek share of the town grew under the communist state, when Delvinë lay in the minority zone, and fell after 1991 with emigration.",
   "fate": "A Greek minority in an Albanian-majority town; Greek villages (Lefterhor, Kakodhiq) nearby (Kallivretakis 1995).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1804,
     "figure": 30,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Leake 1835: about thirty Greek families (households)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1989,
     "figure": 4000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Human Rights Watch: about half the town"
    },
    {
     "year": 1999,
     "figure": 500,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Human Rights Watch: about 25%"
    },
    {
     "year": 2014,
     "figure": 2300,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Albanian government report: Greeks among the registered citizens of the municipality"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Leake, Travels in Northern Greece (1835)",
    "Kallivretakis 1995",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delvin%C3%AB"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Gjirokastër",
   "greek": "Αργυρόκαστρο",
   "other_names": "Argyrokastro",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Gjirokastër County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.0758,
   "lon": 20.1389,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking families of the Ottoman town; later settlers from the Greek villages",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken. A small number of Greek-speaking families in the late Ottoman town (Kokolakis 2003); larger after 1945 with newcomers from Dropull and Pogon; reduced by emigration since 1991. Seat of a Greek consulate and of the minority's organisations.",
   "fate": "A minority in an Albanian-speaking town.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1989,
     "figure": 4000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Human Rights Watch (Abrahams 1996): about 4,000 of 30,000"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Kokolakis 2003",
    "Abrahams 1996 (Human Rights Watch)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Vlorë",
   "greek": "Αυλώνα",
   "other_names": "Avlona",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.4667,
   "lon": 19.4897,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking families of the Ottoman town and later newcomers from the Greek villages nearby",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still spoken. A small number of Greek-speaking families in the late Ottoman town (Kokolakis 2003); larger today, with people from Narta, Zvërnec and the Himara coast.",
   "fate": "A minority in an Albanian-speaking city.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1994,
     "figure": 8000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Pettifer 2001: 'perhaps 8000 people'"
    },
    {
     "year": 2023,
     "basis": "census by ethnicity (self-declared)",
     "figure": 12044,
     "source": "INSTAT 2023: Greeks in all Vlorë County, which since 2015 also includes Himarë, Sarandë, Delvinë, Finiq and Konispol; no figure for the town"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "Aulon",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Kokolakis 2003",
    "Pettifer 2001",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Korçë",
   "greek": "Κορυτσά",
   "other_names": "Korytsa",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Korçë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.6186,
   "lon": 20.7808,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek-speaking teachers, clergy and merchants among the Greek-schooled Orthodox of the town",
   "from": null,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A few Greek-speaking families lived among the town's Orthodox majority, who mostly spoke Albanian (and many merchant families Aromanian) at home and were schooled in Greek until the 1920s (unchecked: the closing date). In 1922 Sederholm, for the League of Nations, found Greek speakers insignificant in number but noted a Grecophile party beside the nationalist one. A small community today. The town's Greek Orthodox community as a whole is recorded with the city.",
   "fate": "Greek ceased to be a language of schooling after 1914 and 1920; a small community remains.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1914,
     "figure": 11453,
     "basis": "census by religion",
     "source": "Greek occupation census of 1914: all 11,453 Orthodox of the town's 15,453 people recorded as Greeks; a count by religion, not by language"
    },
    {
     "year": 2023,
     "basis": "census by ethnicity (self-declared)",
     "figure": 740,
     "source": "INSTAT 2023: all Korçë County"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "Korytsa (Korçë)",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Palairet 2016",
    "Sederholm 1922",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Moscopole, the merchant town (Aromanian at home)",
   "greek": "Μοσχόπολις",
   "other_names": "Voskopojë; Moschopolis",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Korçë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.63,
   "lon": 20.5878,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Aromanian with Greek",
   "origin": "Aromanian (Vlach) merchants and craftsmen, with an Albanian minority",
   "from": 1700,
   "until": 1788,
   "until_text": "Aromanian-speaking merchant town whose church, Academy (from 1744) and press (1731-1769) used Greek, and whose merchants often spoke Greek (Thunmann 1774). Sacked by Muslim Albanian bands in 1769 and razed again in 1788; its merchant families scattered to Korçë, Durrës, Vienna, Budapest and elsewhere.",
   "fate": "Destroyed in 1769 and 1788; burnt again in 1916 and during the Second World War; a village today.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1569,
     "figure": 330,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Ottoman register of 1568/9: household heads"
    },
    {
     "year": 1894,
     "figure": 220,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Weigand: families, half Albanian, half Aromanian"
    },
    {
     "year": 1900,
     "figure": 200,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Betsos (Greek consul): families, 120 Albanian, 80 Aromanian"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "Moschopolis (Moscopole)",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "Peyfuss, Die Druckerei von Moschopolis (1989)",
    "Thunmann 1774",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskopoj%C3%AB"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Monastery of Saint Nicholas, Mesopotam",
   "greek": "Μονή Αγίου Νικολάου Μεσοποτάμου",
   "other_names": "Mesopotamo",
   "country": "Albania",
   "admin1": "Vlorë County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 39.9121,
   "lon": 20.1196,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "monastery",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "13th-c. monastic foundation; founder not recorded in the sources used",
   "from": 1200,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Church of the 13th c. (MIT Dome image record) in the Greek-speaking Vurg plain; its Greek-speaking parish continues.",
   "fate": "Standing; in the Greek-speaking village of Mesopotam.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/147865",
    "Winnifrith 2002"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek and Aromanian merchant colony of Zemun",
   "greek": "Ζεμλίνο",
   "other_names": "Semlin (German); Zimony (Hungarian)",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "City of Belgrade",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.8433,
   "lon": 20.4011,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Aromanian merchants from Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and Thessaly, under the Habsburg privileges from 1690",
   "from": 1740,
   "until": 1880,
   "until_text": "The colony shrank from the mid-19th c. as trade moved and families joined the Serbian middle class; the Greek school closed in 1876.",
   "fate": "Assimilated into the Serbian population in the later 19th c.; the churches of St Nicholas (1745-1752) and of the Nativity of the Virgin (1780) remain.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1764,
     "figure": 225,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "200-250 persons (Foundation of the Hellenic World)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1816,
     "figure": 800,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Foundation of the Hellenic World"
    },
    {
     "year": 1823,
     "figure": 1000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "about 1,000 members (Foundation of the Hellenic World)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html",
    "https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/1736"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek and Aromanian community of Belgrade",
   "greek": "Βελιγράδι",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "City of Belgrade",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.8176,
   "lon": 20.4569,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Merchants from Adrianople, Salonica, Ioannina, Serres, Kastoria, Moscopole, Melnik and the Aromanian villages of Pindus",
   "from": 1718,
   "until": 1900,
   "until_text": "A Greek teacher (Stephanos Daskalos) is recorded in 1718; the community lived on through the Ottoman and early Serbian periods and was largely assimilated by about 1900 (unchecked). Greek bishops sat in Belgrade until 1831. Rigas Feraios was executed here in June 1798.",
   "fate": "Assimilated; a small modern Greek community remains (690 Greeks in all Serbia in the 2022 census).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Serbia",
    "https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/112"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek and Aromanian merchants of Novi Sad",
   "greek": "Νεόπλαντα",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "South Backa District (Vojvodina)",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.2551,
   "lon": 19.8452,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Aromanian merchants from Ottoman Macedonia and Epirus",
   "from": 1748,
   "until": 1850,
   "until_text": "One of the founding merchant groups of the free royal town (1748); Greek teachers are recorded there; the group merged into the Serbian population in the 19th c. (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Assimilated.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://novisad.rs/eng/serbian-athens",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Serbia"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Vrsac",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "South Banat District (Vojvodina)",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.1167,
   "lon": 21.3036,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Aromanian merchants",
   "from": 1780,
   "until": 1880,
   "until_text": "A church of St Nicholas and a Greek school (1822) are recorded; dates of start and end are approximate (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Assimilated.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Pancevo",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "South Banat District (Vojvodina)",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.8708,
   "lon": 20.6403,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Aromanian merchants",
   "from": 1750,
   "until": 1880,
   "until_text": "Listed among the Greek settlements of the Banat; dates approximate (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Assimilated.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Sremski Karlovci",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "South Backa District (Vojvodina)",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.2031,
   "lon": 19.9339,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Aromanian merchants",
   "from": 1720,
   "until": 1850,
   "until_text": "Listed among the Greek settlements; Greek teachers were recruited there; dates approximate (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Assimilated.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Serbia"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Smederevo",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "Podunavlje District",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.6628,
   "lon": 20.93,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Aromanian merchants",
   "from": 1800,
   "until": 1900,
   "until_text": "A Greek Orthodox church and a Greek school are recorded (the Zaglas family); dates approximate (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Assimilated; some families of Greek descent remain.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://www.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/en/v2/yugoslavia.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Bulkes (Maglic): the settlement of Greek political refugees",
   "greek": "Μπούλκες",
   "other_names": "Bulkeszi (Hungarian); Maglic (since 1949)",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "admin1": "South Backa District (Vojvodina)",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.3622,
   "lon": 19.5317,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "refugee settlement",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Some 4,650 Greek refugees, mostly former ELAS fighters, settled in May 1945 in the emptied German village of Bulkes with the help of the Yugoslav government",
   "from": 1945,
   "until": 1949,
   "until_text": "After the Tito-Stalin split (1948) the community divided; those loyal to the Cominform and the Communist Party of Greece left for the Eastern bloc in 1948-1949, and the remaining few hundred later left too; Serbian colonists settled the village from late 1949.",
   "fate": "Dissolved in 1948-1949; renamed Maglic in 1949.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1945,
     "figure": 4650,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Wikipedia, Maglic, Serbia"
    },
    {
     "year": 1949,
     "figure": 800,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "the number said to have stayed after the split (Wikipedia, Greeks in Serbia)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magli%C4%87,_Serbia",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Serbia",
    "https://neoskosmos.com/en/2013/03/15/features/bulkes-the-greek-republic-in-yugoslavia/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek-speaking families of Monastir (Bitola)",
   "greek": "Μοναστήρι",
   "other_names": "Manastir (Ottoman Turkish)",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "admin1": "Pelagonia Statistical Region",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.0314,
   "lon": 21.3347,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Greek and Hellenized Aromanian merchants and teachers",
   "from": 1800,
   "until": 1925,
   "until_text": "A small Greek-speaking element among the Patriarchists (merchants, teachers, clergy and families from Epirus and western Macedonia) left for Greece after the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the border settlement; dates approximate (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Emigrated to Greece after 1913.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1905,
     "figure": 100,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Brancoff (D. M. Mishev) 1905, by nationality"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "Monastir (Bitola)",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek quarter of Plovdiv",
   "greek": "Φιλιππούπολις",
   "other_names": "the old town on the three hills (Tepe)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Plovdiv Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 42.1505,
   "lon": 24.7525,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "continuous with the medieval Greek-speaking town (unchecked)",
   "from": 1364,
   "until": 1939,
   "until_text": "The Greek community of the old town lived round the metropolis of Philippopolis and its schools (eight in 1880; the Zariphios school, 1875). It was made up of Greek-speaking families, settlers from Stenimachos (the Langeri) and townspeople of Bulgarian origin who had joined it and spoke Bulgarian at home (the gudila), and was about a fifth to a quarter of the town in 1878. After the anti-Greek movement of 1906 and the emigration agreements of 1919-1927 most families left for Greece; about 200 Greeks were counted in 1939, the last figure found.",
   "fate": "Emigration to Greece, 1906-1920s; a few families assimilated.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1878,
     "figure": 4781,
     "basis": "count of the Russian provisional administration",
     "source": "19.9% of 24,053 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    },
    {
     "year": 1878,
     "figure": 8400,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "about 25% of c. 33,500 (Wikipedia, 'History of Plovdiv'); a different estimate"
    },
    {
     "year": 1884,
     "figure": 5497,
     "basis": "Eastern Rumelian census (basis not stated)",
     "source": "16.4% of 33,442 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    },
    {
     "year": 1887,
     "figure": 3930,
     "basis": "Bulgarian census",
     "source": "11.9% of 33,032 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    },
    {
     "year": 1900,
     "figure": 3908,
     "basis": "Bulgarian census",
     "source": "9.1% of 43,033 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    },
    {
     "year": 1910,
     "figure": 1571,
     "basis": "Bulgarian census",
     "source": "3.3% of 47,981 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    },
    {
     "year": 1926,
     "figure": 549,
     "basis": "Bulgarian census",
     "source": "0.6% of 84,655 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    },
    {
     "year": 1939,
     "figure": 200,
     "basis": "Bulgarian figure",
     "source": "of 105,643 (Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv')"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "Philippopolis",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Plovdiv",
    "S. Ploumidis, Ethnic Symbiosis in the Balkans (2016)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Sofia",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Sofia City Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 42.6977,
   "lon": 23.3219,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "A small merchant community of the Ottoman town (unchecked: the start); merchants from Macedonia, Thrace and Epirus (unchecked)",
   "from": 1800,
   "until": 1925,
   "until_text": "A small Greek merchant community with a church and school in the 19th and early 20th c.; most left after 1906 and in the 1920s. Today's Greeks in Sofia (part of the 1,356 Greeks of the 2011 census) are mostly later arrivals.",
   "fate": "Emigration; later newcomers not continuous with it.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Serdica",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Sarakatsani (Karakachans) of Bulgaria",
   "greek": "Σαρακατσάνοι",
   "other_names": "Karakachani, Каракачани",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Sliven Province (main centre); also the Balkan range, Rila and the north-east",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 42.68,
   "lon": 26.33,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "seasonal migrants from the Greek mountains, trapped in Bulgaria when the borders closed after 1947 (unchecked: the start date)",
   "from": 1850,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Transhumant Greek-speaking shepherds of the Balkan range, Rila and the Rhodopes; from the late 1930s registered in villages tied to their summer pastures, and settled for good after collectivisation (from 1957), which destroyed their flocks. Still today: their federation of associations was founded at Sliven in 1991; they speak Bulgarian and a northern Greek dialect in about equal measure.",
   "fate": "Still present; most declare themselves Bulgarian.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 2001,
     "figure": 4107,
     "basis": "census by mother tongue",
     "source": "Bulgarian census 2001 (ethnic group), via Wikipedia, Sarakatsani"
    },
    {
     "year": 2011,
     "figure": 2556,
     "basis": "census by mother tongue",
     "source": "Bulgarian census 2011 (ethnic group), via Wikipedia, Sarakatsani"
    },
    {
     "year": 1992,
     "figure": 15000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "'as many as 15,000' (Wikipedia, Sarakatsani)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek villages of Sakar and Strandzha near Kavakli and Elhovo",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Haskovo and Yambol Provinces",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 42.1,
   "lon": 26.4,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "unknown",
   "from": 1850,
   "until": 1925,
   "until_text": "Topolovgrad (Kavakli), Elhovo (Kizil Agach) and 10 villages of the Strandzha and Sakar area were Greek-inhabited (Wikipedia, Greeks in Bulgaria; the villages are not named there). About 22,000 Greeks of Kavakli and its surroundings left in 1906-1925 for Greek Macedonia.",
   "fate": "Emigration to Greek Macedonia (Koufalia and other villages), 1906-1925.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1925,
     "figure": 22000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "emigrants of 1906-1925 from Kavakli and its surroundings (Wikipedia, Topolovgrad)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "Kavakli",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolovgrad",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Nevrokop",
   "greek": "Νευροκόπι",
   "other_names": "Gotse Delchev",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Blagoevgrad Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.5667,
   "lon": 23.7333,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Patriarchist townspeople, partly Greek-speaking",
   "from": 1878,
   "until": 1913,
   "until_text": "Two Greek schools (6 teachers, 77 pupils) in 1905. The community was the town's Patriarchists: mostly Bulgarian speakers, with Aromanians and a few Greek-speaking families. Counts: 1,200 Greeks in Greek data of 1878 (by church community); 288 Patriarchist Bulgarians, 168 Vlachs and 60 Greeks in the Bulgarian Brancoff count of 1905; 595 Patriarchists of 5,900 people in a Greek count of 1908. The town passed to Bulgaria in October 1912.",
   "fate": "Left or assimilated after 1912-1913 (unchecked).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1878,
     "figure": 1200,
     "basis": "church survey",
     "source": "Greek data (Synvet 1878), via Wikipedia, Gotse Delchev"
    },
    {
     "year": 1905,
     "figure": 516,
     "basis": "church survey",
     "source": "288 Patriarchist Bulgarians, 168 Vlachs and 60 Greeks (D. M. Brancoff 1905, a Bulgarian count), via Wikipedia, Gotse Delchev; the Vlachs may not all have been Patriarchists"
    },
    {
     "year": 1908,
     "figure": 595,
     "basis": "church survey",
     "source": "Patriarchists of 5,900 people (a Greek source cited by the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Nevrekop')"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotse_Delchev,_Blagoevgrad_Province"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Bachkovo monastery",
   "greek": "Μονὴ τῆς Θεοτόκου Πετριτζονιτίσσης",
   "other_names": "Petritzos, Petritsoni; Бачковски манастир",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Plovdiv Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.9425,
   "lon": 24.8494,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "monastery",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "monks",
   "from": 1083,
   "until": 1894,
   "until_text": "Founded in 1083 by Gregory Pakourianos for Georgian monks (typikon in Greek, Georgian and Armenian); later run by Greek monks under the Patriarchate until it passed to the Bulgarian church in the 1890s (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Bulgarian monastery since the 1890s (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Typikon of Gregory Pakourianos (1083) (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Ruse",
   "greek": "Ρουστσούκι",
   "other_names": "Rusçuk (Ottoman Turkish); Ruse, Русе",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Ruse Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 43.8486,
   "lon": 25.9542,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "merchants (unchecked)",
   "from": 1800,
   "until": 1925,
   "until_text": "A Greek merchant community of the Danube port with its own church and school in the 19th c.; it dwindled after 1906 and in the 1920s (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Emigration and assimilation.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Haskovo",
   "greek": "Χάσκοβο",
   "other_names": "Hasköy (Ottoman Turkish)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Haskovo Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.9344,
   "lon": 25.5556,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "unknown",
   "from": 1850,
   "until": 1925,
   "until_text": "Named among the Greek communities of Bulgaria; no figures were found (unchecked: the dates).",
   "fate": "Emigration after 1906 and in the 1920s (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Kosti",
   "greek": "Κωστή",
   "other_names": "Kosti (Bulgarian Кости)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 42.05,
   "lon": 27.78,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "old local population (Ottoman register of 1498: 22 Christian households)",
   "from": 1828,
   "until": 1914,
   "until_text": "Described as a Greek village in the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29, with a dialect far from that of the coastal towns. It passed from the Ottoman Empire to Bulgaria in 1913, and its Greeks then moved to Greek Macedonia (Meliki, Veroia, Kerkini, Strymoniko, Agia Eleni, Mavrolefki, Langadas).",
   "fate": "Emigration to Greece after the cession of 1913; Bulgarian refugees settled in their place.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1898,
     "figure": 185,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "185 Greek and 25 Bulgarian houses (statistics of 1897-1898, cited by English Wikipedia)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosti,_Burgas_Province",
    "https://www.strandja.bg/en/info/75-Kosti-en"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Burgas",
   "greek": "Πύργος",
   "other_names": "Burgas, Pyrgos",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Burgas Province",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 42.4975,
   "lon": 27.47,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "settlers from the Greek towns of the gulf (Anchialos, Sozopolis, Mesembria)",
   "from": 1829,
   "until": 1930,
   "until_text": "Greeks from Anchialos, Sozopolis and Mesembria were among the first settlers of Ottoman Burgas and dominated its grain trade in the late 19th c. They did not leave en masse after 1906, but emigrated gradually in the 1920s under the Greek-Bulgarian voluntary exchange (A. Lyberatos).",
   "fate": "Emigration to Greece in the 1920s; the rest assimilated.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1829,
     "figure": 116,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "116 Greek Orthodox houses, about 40% of the town (Russian source, Enecholm 1830, cited by A. Lyberatos)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "b118",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/burgas/3-2-1-1/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Tulcea",
   "greek": "Τούλτσα",
   "other_names": "Tulcea, Tulça",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Tulcea County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.1787,
   "lon": 28.805,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "merchants and seamen from the Greek lands and the Black Sea ports",
   "from": 1840,
   "until": 1960,
   "until_text": "Greek merchants, shipowners and shipbuilders (a shipyard of 1847 was Greek-owned) formed a minority in a very mixed Danube town. The community shrank in the 20th c. (unchecked: the date); a small community today has run Greek classes for children since 2000.",
   "fate": "Emigration and assimilation in the 20th c.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1878,
     "figure": 324,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "L. Dima, Istro-Pontica 2 (town of 17,518)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1907,
     "figure": 1233,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Prefect I. C. Atanasiu's report, cited by L. Dima (another count gives 1,305)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://tulcealibrary.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Istro_Pontica_2_14-Ligia-Dima-Populat%CC%A6ia-oras%CC%A6ului-Tulcea.-Un-adeva%CC%86rat-mozaic-etnic-si-cultural.pdf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Karaburun (Philea)",
   "greek": "Φιλέα",
   "other_names": "Karaburun",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "İstanbul",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.3419,
   "lon": 28.6796,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "medieval Greek population (unchecked)",
   "from": 1453,
   "until": 1922,
   "until_text": "Greek village of the Thracian Black Sea coast (unchecked); left in 1922-1923 with the Greeks of Eastern Thrace.",
   "fate": "Departure of the Greeks of Eastern Thrace, 1922-1923 (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Pleiades 511361"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Bucharest",
   "greek": "Βουκουρέστι",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Bucharest",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.432,
   "lon": 26.104,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek merchants and clergy from the 16th-17th c.; officials, clergy and teachers who came with the Phanariot princes of Wallachia (1716-1821).",
   "from": 1600,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still present: the largest Greek community of Romania, with a Greek church and school and the seat of the Hellenic Union of Romania (founded 1990).",
   "fate": "The end of Phanariot rule (1822) and the secularisation of the dedicated monasteries (1863) removed the court and clerical Greeks; the merchant community lived on and partly assimilated. Under communism the property of Greek organisations was confiscated and hundreds of Greeks were arrested, some sent to the Danube-Black Sea Canal; the civil-war refugees settled from 1948-1950 mostly returned to Greece after 1982.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 2002,
     "figure": 6472,
     "basis": "census by nationality",
     "source": "Romanian census of 2002, all Romania (most of them in and around Bucharest), via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'; 'Phanariotes'",
    "A. Camariano-Cioran (1974) (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Iași",
   "greek": "Ἰάσιον",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Iași County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 47.158,
   "lon": 27.601,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek merchants and clergy from the 16th-17th c.; the court, officials and teachers of the Phanariot princes of Moldavia (1711-1821).",
   "from": 1600,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A small community is reported today (unchecked); its 19th- and 20th-c. history was not traced.",
   "fate": "Lost its court and clerical element in 1822 and 1863; Alexandros Ypsilantis proclaimed the rising here in February 1821 (Old Style); assimilation in the 19th c.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Phanariotes'; 'Wallachian uprising of 1821'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Brăila",
   "greek": "Βραΐλα",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Brăila County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.271,
   "lon": 27.957,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Grain merchants, shipowners and seamen after the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) opened the Danube trade, many from Cephalonia and Ithaca.",
   "from": 1829,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still present as a small community with a church (unchecked).",
   "fate": "The grain trade moved away after the First World War; communist confiscations after 1948 and emigration (unchecked).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1891,
     "figure": 4238,
     "basis": "census by nationality (municipal count)",
     "source": "municipal count by nationality, 9.1% of 46,715 (statistics.blacksea.gr/en/15)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1899,
     "figure": 4929,
     "basis": "census by citizenship",
     "source": "Romanian census of 1899 by citizenship (Greek citizens only), 8.75% of 56,330 (statistics.blacksea.gr/en/15)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1914,
     "figure": 2280,
     "basis": "consular register",
     "source": "Greek consular register of Greek citizens, 1914-1917 (Kontogeorgis, cities.blacksea.gr)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1930,
     "figure": 3964,
     "basis": "census by mother tongue",
     "source": "Romanian census of 1930: 5.8% Greek by mother tongue (6.7% by ethnicity) of the urban population of Brăila County, 68,347; the figure is computed from the share (Wikipedia, 'Brăila County')"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "https://statistics.blacksea.gr/en/15",
    "D. Kontogeorgis, cities.blacksea.gr/en/braila/3-2-1-1",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%83ila_County"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Galați",
   "greek": "Γαλάτσι",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Galați County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.435,
   "lon": 28.008,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Ionian Greek merchants under British protection after the free trade of 1829 (83 British subjects, mostly Ionians, in 1831), then Greeks from many places.",
   "from": 1829,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Still present as a small community (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Community organised in 1864; the Metamorphosis church (1866-1872), the Veneris Institute (1857), a commercial school (1858) and a girls' high school (1887). Decline with the grain trade after the First World War; communist confiscations; emigration (unchecked).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1882,
     "figure": 4423,
     "basis": "count by ethnicity (basis not stated by the source)",
     "source": "of 40,022 (Pohrib 2013, via statistics.blacksea.gr/en/7)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1890,
     "figure": 4196,
     "basis": "count by ethnicity (basis not stated by the source)",
     "source": "of 59,143 (Pacu 1891, via statistics.blacksea.gr/en/7)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1899,
     "figure": 3587,
     "basis": "count by ethnicity (basis not stated by the source)",
     "source": "of 62,545 (Colescu 1905, via statistics.blacksea.gr/en/7)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1930,
     "figure": 2947,
     "basis": "census by nationality",
     "source": "Romanian census of 1930: 2.9% Greek by ethnicity (not mother tongue) of the urban population of Covurlui County, 101,611; figure computed from the share (Wikipedia, 'Covurlui County')"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "A",
   "sources": [
    "https://statistics.blacksea.gr/en/7",
    "C. Ardeleanu, cities.blacksea.gr/en/galatz/3-2-1-1",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covurlui_County"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Craiova",
   "greek": "Κραϊόβα",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Dolj County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.319,
   "lon": 23.8,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek merchants and clergy in the chief town of Oltenia from the 18th c. (unchecked).",
   "from": 1700,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "End not traced; a Greek association is reported in the town today (unchecked).",
   "fate": "A small minority in a Romanian-speaking town; assimilation in the 19th-20th c. (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "(unchecked) Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Chișinău",
   "greek": "Κισινάου",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Moldova",
   "admin1": "Chișinău",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 47.011,
   "lon": 28.863,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek merchants in Russian Bessarabia after 1812 and, after 1821, Greek refugees from Moldavia, among them Eterists and the family of Alexandros Ypsilantis (unchecked).",
   "from": 1812,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A small community today; no census figure found.",
   "fate": "Assimilation in the 19th and 20th c. (unchecked). Pushkin, in exile at Chișinău (1820-1823), knew the Eterists (unchecked).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1897,
     "figure": 280,
     "basis": "census by mother tongue",
     "source": "Russian census of 1897: Greek 0.1% of Kishinyovsky Uyezd (279,657, the town included); the figure is computed from the rounded share and is only an order of magnitude (Wikipedia, 'Kishinyovsky Uyezd')"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "(unchecked)",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishinyovsky_Uyezd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The monasteries dedicated to the Holy Places (Wallachia and Moldavia)",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "the 'dedicated' monasteries (mănăstiri închinate)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Wallachia and Moldavia (several counties)",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.9,
   "lon": 26.5,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "monastery",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Monasteries whose founders dedicated them and their estates to Mount Athos, the Holy Sepulchre and the Eastern Patriarchates, mostly from the 16th-17th c. (unchecked: the start), and run by Greek abbots and monks sent from the mother houses; most of the estates were formed under the Phanariot princes. Among them Galata and Golia at Iași (unchecked). One grouped point: the monasteries were scattered over both principalities and are not located one by one here.",
   "from": 1600,
   "until": 1863,
   "until_text": "Secularised by the law of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza and Mihail Kogălniceanu, passed 93 to 3 after its introduction on 25 December 1863; the Greek abbots and monks left. Cuza's offer of 82 million lei in compensation was refused by Patriarch Sophronius III and never paid.",
   "fate": "Their estates, probably more than a quarter of the farmland, passed to the Romanian state in 1863.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Secularization of monastic estates in Romania': https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization_of_monastic_estates_in_Romania"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Tulgheș, the reception camp of the Greek refugee children",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Harghita County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 46.95,
   "lon": 25.77,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "refugee settlement",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Children evacuated from the war zones of northern Greece by the Democratic Army and the Communist Party of Greece in 1948, followed by fighters and families after the defeat of August 1949.",
   "from": 1948,
   "until": 1950,
   "until_text": "A reception camp, not a lasting settlement; the children were moved on to homes elsewhere in Romania and some to Poland, and younger children were reunited there with their parents (unchecked: the end date is approximate).",
   "fate": "Of all the children sent to the eastern bloc, the largest number went to Romania.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1950,
     "figure": 5132,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "children in Romania by 1950 (KKE figure; Frucht 2000), all Romania, via Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War'"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek political refugees of 1948-1950 in Romanian cities",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Bucharest and other cities",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 44.44,
   "lon": 26.1,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "refugee settlement",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Fighters of the Democratic Army and their families, and evacuated children, after the civil war in Greece: 5,132 children, 1,981 men and 1,939 women (about 9,050 in all; the total is a sum, not a source figure). Besides Bucharest, they lived in Brașov (then Orașul Stalin), Cluj, Oradea and Constanța (unchecked: the list of towns); the radio station 'Free Greece' broadcast from Bucharest (unchecked).",
   "from": 1948,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Most returned to Greece after the amnesty of 1982, which admitted only refugees of Greek descent; some stayed and their descendants are part of the Greek community of Romania today.",
   "fate": "Return to Greece mostly after 1982.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1950,
     "figure": 5132,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "children (KKE figure; Frucht 2000), via Wikipedia"
    },
    {
     "year": 1950,
     "figure": 3920,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "1,981 men and 1,939 women, via Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War'"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek companies of Sibiu and Brașov",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Compania grecească (Romanian); Griechische Handelskompanie (German)",
   "country": "Romania",
   "admin1": "Sibiu County; Brașov County",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 45.797,
   "lon": 24.152,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "merchant community",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Charters for Orthodox Balkan merchants: Sibiu 1636 (George I Rákóczi), Brașov 1678 (Michael Apafi) (unchecked).",
   "from": 1636,
   "until": 1850,
   "until_text": "The companies lost their privileges in the mid-19th c. and their members were assimilated (unchecked: dates); Greek churches remain in Brașov (unchecked).",
   "fate": "The members called themselves Greeks and were Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian or Serbian by home language; Greek was the language of their records and church (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "(unchecked) Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Karaağaç, the Greek suburb of Adrianople",
   "greek": "Καραγάτς",
   "other_names": "Karaağaç (Edirne)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Edirne",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.656,
   "lon": 26.538,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek community of Adrianople; the suburb grew round the railway station (1870s) (unchecked)",
   "from": 1870,
   "until": 1923,
   "until_text": "The railway suburb of Adrianople, largely Greek (unchecked). Under Lausanne it went to Turkey; its Greek people moved across the Evros and founded Nea Orestiada (1923) (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Left for Greece in 1922-1923; founded Nea Orestiada (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Hadrianopolis",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Edirne'",
    "Wikipedia, 'Orestiada' (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Panagia (Çınarlı), the chief town of Imbros",
   "greek": "Παναγία",
   "other_names": "Panagia Balomeni; Çınarlı; Gökçeada (town)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.197,
   "lon": 25.907,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek population of Imbros, continuous from antiquity",
   "from": 1456,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "The island's only town. A Greek town until the 1960s; after the measures of 1964 (school closures, expropriation, the open prison, settlement of Turks) it became mainly Turkish. A few Greek families remain (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Mainly Turkish since the 1970s; a small Greek community remains (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Imbros",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Agioi Theodoroi (Zeytinliköy), Imbros",
   "greek": "Ἅγιοι Θεόδωροι",
   "other_names": "Zeytinliköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.189,
   "lon": 25.884,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek population of Imbros",
   "from": 1456,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A Greek village; birthplace of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew (1940) (unchecked). Most of its people left after 1964; some Greeks and returnees live there today (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Much reduced after 1964; still partly Greek (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Imbros",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Schinoudi (Dereköy), Imbros",
   "greek": "Σχοινούδι",
   "other_names": "Dereköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.166,
   "lon": 25.815,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek population of Imbros",
   "from": 1456,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "Once the largest Greek village of the island (unchecked); now largely empty, though many former villagers return every 15 August.",
   "fate": "Largely abandoned after 1964; seasonal return of emigrants.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Imbros",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Glyky (Bademli), Imbros",
   "greek": "Γλυκύ",
   "other_names": "Bademli",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.211,
   "lon": 25.873,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek population of Imbros",
   "from": 1456,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A Greek village until the 1960s; most of its people left after 1964 (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Much reduced after 1964 (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Imbros",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Agridia (Tepeköy), Imbros",
   "greek": "Ἀγρίδια",
   "other_names": "Tepeköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.234,
   "lon": 25.858,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek population of Imbros",
   "from": 1456,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "The village with the largest Greek population on the island today.",
   "fate": "Still Greek, much reduced.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Imbros",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Evlampion (Yenimahalle), Imbros",
   "greek": "Εὐλάμπιον",
   "other_names": "Yenimahalle",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.22,
   "lon": 25.9,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "the Greek population of Imbros",
   "from": 1456,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A Greek village of the island; its later history follows the others' (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Much reduced after 1964 (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Imbros",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "San Stefano (Yeşilköy)",
   "greek": "Ἅγιος Στέφανος",
   "other_names": "San Stefano; Yeşilköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.963,
   "lon": 28.82,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek villagers of the Constantinople district (unchecked)",
   "from": 1453,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A Greek seaside village west of the city, with Armenians and later Levantines; the treaty of San Stefano was signed here (3 March 1878). Inside the area exempted from the exchange of 1923; reduced by 1955 and 1964; a church and a few Greek families remain (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Now a suburb of the city; a small Greek community (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Byzantium (Constantinople)",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Yeşilköy' (unchecked)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Makrochori (Bakırköy)",
   "greek": "Μακροχώρι",
   "other_names": "Makriköy; Bakırköy",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.98,
   "lon": 28.872,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "Greek villagers of the Constantinople district (unchecked)",
   "from": 1453,
   "until": null,
   "until_text": "A Greek and Armenian village, then a suburb of Constantinople; inside the area exempted from the exchange of 1923; reduced by 1955 and 1964; a few Greek families remain (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Now a district of the city; a small Greek community (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Byzantium (Constantinople)",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Bakırköy' (unchecked)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Kallikrateia (Mimarsinan)",
   "greek": "Καλλικράτεια",
   "other_names": "Kalikratya; Mimarsinan (Büyükçekmece)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Istanbul",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.02,
   "lon": 28.42,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "unknown",
   "from": 1453,
   "until": 1923,
   "until_text": "A Greek village on the Marmara coast of the Çatalca district; outside the exempted area, so its people were exchanged and founded Nea Kallikrateia in Chalkidiki (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Left in 1922-1923; founded Nea Kallikrateia (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Nea Kallikrateia' (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Chora (Hoşköy) and the Greek villages of the Ganos coast (the Ganochora)",
   "greek": "Χώρα; Γανόχωρα",
   "other_names": "Hoşköy; with Ganos (Gaziköy), Heraklitsa (Eriklice) and their neighbours",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Tekirdağ",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.717,
   "lon": 27.289,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "continuous with the medieval Greek population of Mount Ganos (unchecked)",
   "from": 1354,
   "until": 1922,
   "until_text": "The wine-growing and seafaring Greek villages of Mount Ganos; Chora was the seat of the metropolis of Ganos and Chora (unchecked). Evacuated in October 1922 after the armistice of Mudanya.",
   "fate": "Evacuated October 1922; settled in Greek Macedonia and Thrace (unchecked).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1914,
     "figure": 14146,
     "basis": "census by religion",
     "source": "Ottoman census of 1914, kaza of Mürefte (which included the Ganos coast (unchecked)), Karpat 1985"
    },
    {
     "year": 1919,
     "figure": 17754,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Rum of the kaza of Mürefte, Trakya Paşaeli statistics via Çetin (TÜBA vol. 10)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "M. Gedeon, Ganochora (1913), archive.apan.gr",
    "Wikipedia, 'Şarköy'",
    "Karpat 1985, Ottoman Population 1830-1914, pp. 170-171 (Ottoman census of 1914, by religion)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek villages of the Gallipoli peninsula (Krithia and others)",
   "greek": "Κριθιά",
   "other_names": "Krithia (Alçıtepe), Kilia (Kilye) and others",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Çanakkale",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 40.106,
   "lon": 26.233,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "continuous with the medieval population of the peninsula (unchecked)",
   "from": 1354,
   "until": 1922,
   "until_text": "Greek villages of the peninsula; the Ottoman authorities removed their people inland during the Dardanelles campaign of 1915 (unchecked); the rest left in late 1922.",
   "fate": "Removed 1915 (unchecked); left 1922.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1906,
     "figure": 65000,
     "basis": "census by religion",
     "source": "Ottoman census of 1906/07, whole sanjak of Gelibolu (Karpat 1985, via Wikipedia)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Gallipoli campaign' (unchecked)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Skopos (Üsküp, Kırklareli)",
   "greek": "Σκοπός",
   "other_names": "Üsküp",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.73,
   "lon": 27.4,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "unknown",
   "from": 1800,
   "until": 1922,
   "until_text": "A large Greek village of the Saranta Ekklisies district. In 1915-1916 the Ottoman authorities deported 4,440 of its Rum (1,884 men, 2,556 women) inland (Efiloğlu, from Ottoman records); the rest left in 1922 and founded Neos Skopos near Serres (unchecked).",
   "fate": "Deported 1915-1916; left 1922; founded Neos Skopos (unchecked).",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1915,
     "figure": 4440,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "Ottoman deportation records of 1915-1916 (Efiloğlu, TÜBA vol. 10): Rum deported from Üsküp"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
    "Efiloğlu, in TÜBA, Local History of the National Struggle 1918-1923, vol. 10 (Kırklareli chapter)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek and mixed villages of the Istranca (Strandzha) mountains",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Istranca Dağları; Strandzha",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Kırklareli",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.85,
   "lon": 27.75,
   "loc_certainty": "region only",
   "kind": "group of villages",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "unknown",
   "from": 1800,
   "until": 1922,
   "until_text": "The Turkish side of the Strandzha had Greek-speaking villages near the coast (round Midye and İğneada) and Bulgarian-speaking ones inland (unchecked). Before 1913 the Bulgarian speakers were mostly Exarchists, counted as Bulgarians; some were Patriarchists, counted as Rum and belonging to the Greek community (unchecked). The Exarchists left after 1913, and the Greek community, of both languages, in 1922.",
   "fate": "Left 1913 (Bulgarian-speakers) and 1922 (Greeks) (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Karpat 1985 (Ottoman census of 1906/07, sanjak totals, via Wikipedia 'Adrianople vilayet')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Greek community of Uzunköprü",
   "greek": "Μακρά Γέφυρα",
   "other_names": "Uzunköprü; Makrifere (name under Greek rule, 1920-1922)",
   "country": "Turkey",
   "admin1": "Edirne",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 41.266,
   "lon": 26.689,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "Greek",
   "origin": "unknown",
   "from": 1875,
   "until": 1922,
   "until_text": "The Greeks of the town built the church of St John the Baptist in 1875 and recorded over 17,000 baptisms in it to 1924; they left when Turkish forces took the town on 18 November 1922.",
   "fate": "Left 1922.",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Uzunköprü'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "Arbanasi",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "Arbanassi; Arnavutköy (Turkish) (unchecked)",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Veliko Tarnovo",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 43.1,
   "lon": 25.67,
   "loc_certainty": "secure",
   "kind": "village",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Orthodox settlers of the 16th c., perhaps partly from Epirus (unchecked); mostly Slavic names in the Ottoman registers",
   "from": 1600,
   "until": 1810,
   "until_text": "A privileged merchant village above Tarnovo whose school, church services, church inscriptions and notables' writing were Greek in the 17th-18th c.; its people spoke Bulgarian at home, and how many also spoke Greek is not known (probably the merchants and the schooled). It declined after the brigand raids of 1792-1810 (unchecked: the dates of the start and end of its Greek culture).",
   "fate": "Declined after the brigand raids of 1792-1810; a Bulgarian village later.",
   "pop": [
    {
     "year": 1542,
     "figure": 63,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "63 households in the Ottoman register of 1541-1544 (households, not people)"
    },
    {
     "year": 1640,
     "figure": 1000,
     "basis": "estimate",
     "source": "about 1,000 houses c. 1640 (houses, not people)"
    }
   ],
   "at_city": "",
   "grade": "C",
   "sources": [
    "Wikipedia, 'Arbanasi'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "place": "The Gagauz of Varna in the Greek community",
   "greek": "",
   "other_names": "",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "admin1": "Varna",
   "disputed": "",
   "lat": 43.205,
   "lon": 27.91,
   "loc_certainty": "approximate",
   "kind": "town quarter",
   "language": "mixed",
   "origin": "Gagauz of Varna and the coast, among them refugees from Kavarna in 1877",
   "from": 1845,
   "until": 1906,
   "until_text": "Turkish-speaking Orthodox (Gagauz) of Varna who belonged to the Greek church and were drawn into the Greek community through its schools from the mid-19th c. (A. Lyberatos); before 1860 they and the Bulgarians of the town worshipped together in the Greek churches, and after it some of them opposed the new Bulgarian school while others joined the Bulgarian church and school (Chardakliev 2014). The end date is that of the anti-Greek movement of 1906 (unchecked: what became of them after it).",
   "fate": "Part joined the Bulgarian community; part stayed with the Greeks (unchecked).",
   "pop": [],
   "at_city": "Odessos",
   "grade": "B",
   "sources": [
    "https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/varna/3-2-1-1 (A. Lyberatos)",
    "https://su-varna.org/izdanij/2014/KNVn-2014/pp_08_20.pdf (R. Chardakliev 2014)",
    "https://cities.blacksea.gr/en/varna/3-4-2-2 (Gagauz refugees from Kavarna, 1877)",
    "Wikipedia, 'Gagauz people' (Jireček 1891 and Pees 1894: the Gagauz of Bulgaria registered as Greeks or as Bulgarians)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "seats": [
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Albania (national capital); Tirana County",
   "level": "national capital; county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Tirana",
   "seat_native": "Tiranë",
   "population": 389323,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.327,
   "lon": 19.819
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Berat County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Berat",
   "seat_native": "Berat",
   "population": 40665,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Pulcheriopolis",
   "lat": 40.706,
   "lon": 19.952
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Durrës County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Durrës",
   "seat_native": "Durrës",
   "population": 101728,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Epidamnus",
   "lat": 41.324,
   "lon": 19.455
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Elbasan County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Elbasan",
   "seat_native": "Elbasan",
   "population": 66834,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.111,
   "lon": 20.082
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Fier County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Fier",
   "seat_native": "Fier",
   "population": 52926,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 40.725,
   "lon": 19.558
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Gjirokastër County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Gjirokastër",
   "seat_native": "Gjirokastër",
   "population": 16569,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 40.076,
   "lon": 20.139
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Korçë County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Korçë",
   "seat_native": "Korçë",
   "population": 43254,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Korytsa",
   "lat": 40.619,
   "lon": 20.781
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Kukës County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Kukës",
   "seat_native": "Kukës",
   "population": 15643,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.077,
   "lon": 20.422
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Lezhë County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Lezhë",
   "seat_native": "Lezhë",
   "population": 14687,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Lissus",
   "lat": 41.784,
   "lon": 19.644
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Dibër County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Peshkopi",
   "seat_native": "Peshkopi",
   "population": 14710,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.685,
   "lon": 20.429
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Shkodër County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Shkodër",
   "seat_native": "Shkodër",
   "population": 61633,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Skodra",
   "lat": 42.068,
   "lon": 19.513
  },
  {
   "country": "Albania",
   "unit": "Vlorë County",
   "level": "county (qark) seat",
   "seat": "Vlorë",
   "seat_native": "Vlorë",
   "population": 66320,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "INSTAT Albania, 2023 census, town (via citypopulation.de, 'Albania: Cities & Towns')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Aulon",
   "lat": 40.47,
   "lon": 19.484
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Republika Srpska",
   "level": "seat of government of the entity (de facto capital)",
   "seat": "Banja Luka",
   "seat_native": "Бања Лука / Banja Luka",
   "population": 135059,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.779,
   "lon": 17.206
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Bosnia and Herzegovina (national capital); Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital); Sarajevo Canton",
   "level": "national capital; entity capital; canton seat",
   "seat": "Sarajevo",
   "seat_native": "Сарајево / Sarajevo",
   "population": 348363,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.849,
   "lon": 18.356
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Una-Sana Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Bihać",
   "seat_native": "Bihać",
   "population": 39690,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.817,
   "lon": 15.871
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Brčko District",
   "level": "self-governing district (condominium of both entities)",
   "seat": "Brčko",
   "seat_native": "Brčko / Брчко",
   "population": 39893,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.872,
   "lon": 18.816
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Bosnian Podrinje Canton Goražde",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Goražde",
   "seat_native": "Goražde",
   "population": 11806,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.668,
   "lon": 18.976
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Canton 10",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Livno",
   "seat_native": "Livno",
   "population": 7927,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.827,
   "lon": 17.007
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Herzegovina-Neretva Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Mostar",
   "seat_native": "Mostar / Мостар",
   "population": 60195,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.343,
   "lon": 17.808
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Posavina Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Orašje",
   "seat_native": "Orašje",
   "population": 3614,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.034,
   "lon": 18.693
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Central Bosnia Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Travnik",
   "seat_native": "Travnik",
   "population": 15344,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.226,
   "lon": 17.666
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Tuzla Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Tuzla",
   "seat_native": "Tuzla",
   "population": 74457,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.538,
   "lon": 18.667
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "Zenica-Doboj Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Zenica",
   "seat_native": "Zenica",
   "population": 70553,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, settlement (via citypopulation.de, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.202,
   "lon": 17.904
  },
  {
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "unit": "West Herzegovina Canton",
   "level": "canton seat (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)",
   "seat": "Široki Brijeg",
   "seat_native": "Široki Brijeg",
   "population": 6149,
   "pop_year": 2013,
   "pop_source": "Census of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013, town (via Wikipedia 'Široki Brijeg')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.383,
   "lon": 17.594
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Bulgaria (national capital); Sofia City Province; Sofia Province",
   "level": "national capital; seat of Sofia City Province and of Sofia Province (oblast)",
   "seat": "Sofia",
   "seat_native": "София",
   "population": 1205548,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Serdica",
   "lat": 42.698,
   "lon": 23.324
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Blagoevgrad Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Blagoevgrad",
   "seat_native": "Благоевград",
   "population": 62670,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.015,
   "lon": 23.098
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Burgas Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Burgas",
   "seat_native": "Бургас",
   "population": 189014,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Pyrgos",
   "lat": 42.505,
   "lon": 27.463
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Dobrich Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Dobrich",
   "seat_native": "Добрич",
   "population": 69434,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.573,
   "lon": 27.827
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Gabrovo Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Gabrovo",
   "seat_native": "Габрово",
   "population": 44786,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.874,
   "lon": 25.318
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Haskovo Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Haskovo",
   "seat_native": "Хасково",
   "population": 63314,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.934,
   "lon": 25.556
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Kardzhali Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Kardzhali",
   "seat_native": "Кърджали",
   "population": 40937,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.645,
   "lon": 25.366
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Kyustendil Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Kyustendil",
   "seat_native": "Кюстендил",
   "population": 35100,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Pautalia",
   "lat": 42.283,
   "lon": 22.692
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Lovech Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Lovech",
   "seat_native": "Ловеч",
   "population": 27910,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.132,
   "lon": 24.718
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Montana Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Montana",
   "seat_native": "Монтана",
   "population": 36633,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.413,
   "lon": 23.222
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Pazardzhik Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Pazardzhik",
   "seat_native": "Пазарджик",
   "population": 55220,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.199,
   "lon": 24.333
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Pernik Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Pernik",
   "seat_native": "Перник",
   "population": 65799,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.597,
   "lon": 23.033
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Pleven Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Pleven",
   "seat_native": "Плевен",
   "population": 88565,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.418,
   "lon": 24.617
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Plovdiv Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Plovdiv",
   "seat_native": "Пловдив",
   "population": 329489,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Philippopolis",
   "lat": 42.154,
   "lon": 24.75
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Razgrad Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Razgrad",
   "seat_native": "Разград",
   "population": 28509,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.533,
   "lon": 26.518
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Ruse Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Ruse",
   "seat_native": "Русе",
   "population": 121168,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.849,
   "lon": 25.953
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Shumen Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Shumen",
   "seat_native": "Шумен",
   "population": 66641,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.271,
   "lon": 26.923
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Silistra Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Silistra",
   "seat_native": "Силистра",
   "population": 27727,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.117,
   "lon": 27.261
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Sliven Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Sliven",
   "seat_native": "Сливен",
   "population": 78232,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Tzoides",
   "lat": 42.686,
   "lon": 26.326
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Smolyan Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Smolyan",
   "seat_native": "Смолян",
   "population": 24920,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.574,
   "lon": 24.712
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Stara Zagora Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Stara Zagora",
   "seat_native": "Стара Загора",
   "population": 121582,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Augusta Traiana",
   "lat": 42.432,
   "lon": 25.643
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Targovishte Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Targovishte",
   "seat_native": "Търговище",
   "population": 32957,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.251,
   "lon": 26.572
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Varna Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Varna",
   "seat_native": "Варна",
   "population": 318737,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, official estimate at 31 Dec 2024 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Odessos",
   "lat": 43.214,
   "lon": 27.915
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Veliko Tarnovo Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Veliko Tarnovo",
   "seat_native": "Велико Търново",
   "population": 59166,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.081,
   "lon": 25.629
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Vidin Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Vidin",
   "seat_native": "Видин",
   "population": 34797,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.992,
   "lon": 22.882
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Vratsa Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Vratsa",
   "seat_native": "Враца",
   "population": 49569,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.211,
   "lon": 23.563
  },
  {
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "unit": "Yambol Province",
   "level": "province (oblast) seat",
   "seat": "Yambol",
   "seat_native": "Ямбол",
   "population": 60641,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "NSI Bulgaria, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Bulgaria')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.482,
   "lon": 26.5
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  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Croatia (national capital); City of Zagreb; Zagreb County",
   "level": "national capital; city with county status; seat of Zagreb County",
   "seat": "Zagreb",
   "seat_native": "Zagreb",
   "population": 663592,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.814,
   "lon": 15.978
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Bjelovar-Bilogora County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Bjelovar",
   "seat_native": "Bjelovar",
   "population": 24392,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.898,
   "lon": 16.851
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Dubrovnik-Neretva County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Dubrovnik",
   "seat_native": "Dubrovnik",
   "population": 26922,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.641,
   "lon": 18.109
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Lika-Senj County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Gospić",
   "seat_native": "Gospić",
   "population": 6362,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.546,
   "lon": 15.375
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Karlovac County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Karlovac",
   "seat_native": "Karlovac",
   "population": 41869,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.492,
   "lon": 15.55
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Koprivnica-Križevci County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Koprivnica",
   "seat_native": "Koprivnica",
   "population": 22262,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.164,
   "lon": 16.83
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Krapina-Zagorje County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Krapina",
   "seat_native": "Krapina",
   "population": 4201,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.161,
   "lon": 15.874
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Osijek-Baranja County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Osijek",
   "seat_native": "Osijek",
   "population": 75535,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.551,
   "lon": 18.694
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Istria County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Pazin",
   "seat_native": "Pazin",
   "population": 3981,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.239,
   "lon": 13.939
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Požega-Slavonia County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Požega",
   "seat_native": "Požega",
   "population": 16867,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.34,
   "lon": 17.685
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Primorje-Gorski Kotar County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Rijeka",
   "seat_native": "Rijeka",
   "population": 107964,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.327,
   "lon": 14.442
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Sisak-Moslavina County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Sisak",
   "seat_native": "Sisak",
   "population": 27859,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.466,
   "lon": 16.377
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Brod-Posavina County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Slavonski Brod",
   "seat_native": "Slavonski Brod",
   "population": 45005,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.162,
   "lon": 18.016
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Split-Dalmatia County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Split",
   "seat_native": "Split",
   "population": 149830,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.509,
   "lon": 16.439
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Varaždin County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Varaždin",
   "seat_native": "Varaždin",
   "population": 36187,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.304,
   "lon": 16.338
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Virovitica-Podravina County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Virovitica",
   "seat_native": "Virovitica",
   "population": 13486,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.834,
   "lon": 17.386
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Vukovar-Srijem County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Vukovar",
   "seat_native": "Vukovar",
   "population": 22255,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.352,
   "lon": 19.002
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Zadar County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Zadar",
   "seat_native": "Zadar",
   "population": 67309,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.116,
   "lon": 15.225
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Međimurje County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Čakovec",
   "seat_native": "Čakovec",
   "population": 15078,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.384,
   "lon": 16.434
  },
  {
   "country": "Croatia",
   "unit": "Šibenik-Knin County",
   "level": "county (županija) seat",
   "seat": "Šibenik",
   "seat_native": "Šibenik",
   "population": 31115,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), 2021 census, town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Croatia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.734,
   "lon": 15.894
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Kosovo (capital); Pristina District",
   "level": "capital; district seat",
   "seat": "Pristina",
   "seat_native": "Prishtinë / Приштина",
   "population": 204925,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.673,
   "lon": 21.167
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Ferizaj District",
   "level": "district seat",
   "seat": "Ferizaj",
   "seat_native": "Ferizaj / Урошевац",
   "population": 55931,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.371,
   "lon": 21.155
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Gjakova District",
   "level": "district seat",
   "seat": "Gjakova",
   "seat_native": "Gjakovë / Ђаковица",
   "population": 44370,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.38,
   "lon": 20.431
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Gjilan District",
   "level": "district seat",
   "seat": "Gjilan",
   "seat_native": "Gjilan / Гњилане",
   "population": 53279,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.46,
   "lon": 21.47
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Mitrovica District",
   "level": "district seat",
   "seat": "Mitrovica",
   "seat_native": "Mitrovicë / Митровица",
   "population": 46597,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.883,
   "lon": 20.867
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Peja District",
   "level": "district seat",
   "seat": "Peja",
   "seat_native": "Pejë / Пећ",
   "population": 42497,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.659,
   "lon": 20.288
  },
  {
   "country": "Kosovo",
   "unit": "Prizren District",
   "level": "district seat",
   "seat": "Prizren",
   "seat_native": "Prizren / Призрен",
   "population": 90209,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2024 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Kosovo')",
   "disputed": "declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.214,
   "lon": 20.74
  },
  {
   "country": "Moldova",
   "unit": "Moldova (national capital); Municipality of Chișinău",
   "level": "national capital (municipality)",
   "seat": "Chișinău",
   "seat_native": "Chișinău",
   "population": 567038,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova, 2024 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Moldova')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 47.009,
   "lon": 28.859
  },
  {
   "country": "Moldova",
   "unit": "Gagauzia (autonomous territorial unit)",
   "level": "capital of the autonomous territorial unit",
   "seat": "Comrat",
   "seat_native": "Comrat",
   "population": 19120,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova, 2024 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Moldova')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.295,
   "lon": 28.657
  },
  {
   "country": "Moldova",
   "unit": "Municipality of Bălți",
   "level": "municipality",
   "seat": "Bălți",
   "seat_native": "Bălți",
   "population": 90954,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova, 2024 census (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Moldova')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 47.763,
   "lon": 27.929
  },
  {
   "country": "Moldova",
   "unit": "Transnistria (in Moldovan law, the administrative-territorial units of the left bank of the Dniester)",
   "level": "chief town of Transnistria, seat of its de facto authorities",
   "seat": "Tiraspol",
   "seat_native": "Tiraspol / Тирасполь",
   "population": 158069,
   "pop_year": 2004,
   "pop_source": "Census held by the de facto Transnistrian authorities, 2004 (via Wikipedia 'Tiraspol')",
   "disputed": "outside the Moldovan government's control since 1992",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.843,
   "lon": 29.628
  },
  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Montenegro (capital); Podgorica Municipality",
   "level": "capital",
   "seat": "Podgorica",
   "seat_native": "Подгорица / Podgorica",
   "population": 179505,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "MONSTAT, 2023 census (reference date 31 Oct 2023), first results release of 15 Oct 2024, municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.441,
   "lon": 19.263
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Bar Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Bar",
   "seat_native": "Бар / Bar",
   "population": 45812,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "MONSTAT, 2023 census (reference date 31 Oct 2023), first results release of 15 Oct 2024, municipality",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.094,
   "lon": 19.098
  },
  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Berane Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Berane",
   "seat_native": "Беране / Berane",
   "population": 24645,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "MONSTAT, 2023 census (reference date 31 Oct 2023), first results release of 15 Oct 2024, municipality",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 19.873
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Bijelo Polje Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Bijelo Polje",
   "seat_native": "Бијело Поље / Bijelo Polje",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 19.748
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Budva Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Budva",
   "seat_native": "Будва / Budva",
   "population": 27445,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "MONSTAT, 2023 census (reference date 31 Oct 2023), first results release of 15 Oct 2024, municipality",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 18.839
  },
  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Cetinje Municipality (Old Royal Capital)",
   "level": "old royal capital (Prijestonica); municipality seat",
   "seat": "Cetinje",
   "seat_native": "Цетиње / Cetinje",
   "population": 14494,
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 18.914
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Herceg Novi Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Herceg Novi",
   "seat_native": "Херцег Нови / Herceg Novi",
   "population": 30824,
   "pop_year": 2023,
   "pop_source": "MONSTAT, 2023 census (reference date 31 Oct 2023), first results release of 15 Oct 2024, municipality",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 18.538
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Nikšić Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Nikšić",
   "seat_native": "Никшић / Nikšić",
   "population": 65705,
   "pop_year": 2023,
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 18.944
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Pljevlja Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Pljevlja",
   "seat_native": "Пљевља / Pljevlja",
   "population": 24134,
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   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.357,
   "lon": 19.358
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  {
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "unit": "Ulcinj Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 10,000)",
   "seat": "Ulcinj",
   "seat_native": "Улцињ / Ulcinj / Ulqin",
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   "pop_year": 2023,
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 19.224
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   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "national capital (City of Skopje, 10 municipalities)",
   "seat": "Skopje",
   "seat_native": "Скопје",
   "population": 526502,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.996,
   "lon": 21.431
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "unit": "Bitola Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Bitola",
   "seat_native": "Битола",
   "population": 69287,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "disputed": "",
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   "lon": 21.336
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "unit": "Gevgelija Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Gevgelija",
   "seat_native": "Гевгелија",
   "population": 15156,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "disputed": "",
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   "lat": 41.143,
   "lon": 22.501
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Gostivar",
   "seat_native": "Гостивар",
   "population": 32814,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 20.908
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Kavadarci",
   "seat_native": "Кавадарци",
   "population": 32038,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
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   "lon": 22.012
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "unit": "Kičevo Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Kičevo",
   "seat_native": "Кичево",
   "population": 23428,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.513,
   "lon": 20.959
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "unit": "Kočani Municipality",
   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Kočani",
   "seat_native": "Кочани",
   "population": 24632,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 41.916,
   "lon": 22.413
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Kumanovo",
   "seat_native": "Куманово",
   "population": 75051,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.133,
   "lon": 21.716
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Ohrid",
   "seat_native": "Охрид",
   "population": 38818,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Lychnidus",
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   "lon": 20.802
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Prilep",
   "seat_native": "Прилеп",
   "population": 63308,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
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   "lon": 21.554
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Struga",
   "seat_native": "Струга",
   "population": 15009,
   "pop_year": 2021,
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "lon": 20.679
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Strumica",
   "seat_native": "Струмица",
   "population": 33825,
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   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
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   "lon": 22.643
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Tetovo",
   "seat_native": "Тетово",
   "population": 63176,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, 2021 census, town (via Wikipedia 'List of cities in North Macedonia')",
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   "lon": 20.971
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Veles",
   "seat_native": "Велес",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "North Macedonia",
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   "level": "municipality seat (town of over 15,000)",
   "seat": "Štip",
   "seat_native": "Штип",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
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   "city_on_site": "",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Alba Iulia",
   "seat_native": "Alba Iulia",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Alexandria",
   "seat_native": "Alexandria",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Arad",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Bacău",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Baia Mare",
   "seat_native": "Baia Mare",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Bistrița",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Botoșani",
   "seat_native": "Botoșani",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Brașov",
   "seat_native": "Brașov",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Brăila",
   "seat_native": "Brăila",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Buzău",
   "seat_native": "Buzău",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Cluj-Napoca",
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   "population": 286598,
   "pop_year": 2021,
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Constanța",
   "seat_native": "Constanța",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census (via Wikipedia)",
   "disputed": "",
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   "lon": 28.638
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Craiova",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Deva",
   "seat_native": "Deva",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "seat": "Drobeta-Turnu Severin",
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   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Focșani",
   "seat_native": "Focșani",
   "population": 66648,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Galați",
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   "population": 217851,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Giurgiu",
   "seat_native": "Giurgiu",
   "population": 54551,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Iași",
   "seat_native": "Iași",
   "population": 271692,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 47.167,
   "lon": 27.6
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Harghita County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Miercurea Ciuc",
   "seat_native": "Miercurea Ciuc",
   "population": 34484,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.35,
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Bihor County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Oradea",
   "seat_native": "Oradea",
   "population": 183105,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 47.046,
   "lon": 21.918
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Neamț County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Piatra Neamț",
   "seat_native": "Piatra Neamț",
   "population": 79679,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.917,
   "lon": 26.333
  },
  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Argeș County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Pitești",
   "seat_native": "Pitești",
   "population": 141275,
   "pop_year": 2021,
   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.85,
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  },
  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Prahova County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Ploiești",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Reșița",
   "seat_native": "Reșița",
   "population": 58393,
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Râmnicu Vâlcea",
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   "disputed": "",
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   "lat": 45.1,
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Satu Mare County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Satu Mare",
   "seat_native": "Satu Mare",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Sfântu Gheorghe",
   "seat_native": "Sfântu Gheorghe",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Sibiu",
   "seat_native": "Sibiu",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Slatina",
   "seat_native": "Slatina",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Slobozia",
   "seat_native": "Slobozia",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Suceava",
   "seat_native": "Suceava",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Timișoara",
   "seat_native": "Timișoara",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Tulcea",
   "seat_native": "Tulcea",
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   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Târgoviște",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Târgu Jiu",
   "seat_native": "Târgu Jiu",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
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  },
  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Târgu Mureș",
   "seat_native": "Târgu Mureș",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
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   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Vaslui",
   "seat_native": "Vaslui",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Romania",
   "unit": "Sălaj County",
   "level": "county (județ) seat",
   "seat": "Zalău",
   "seat_native": "Zalău",
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   "pop_source": "INS Romania, 2021 census, municipality (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Romania')",
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Serbia (national capital); City of Belgrade",
   "level": "national capital (city with district status)",
   "seat": "Belgrade",
   "seat_native": "Београд / Beograd",
   "population": 1197114,
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   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 44.804,
   "lon": 20.465
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Bor District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Bor",
   "seat_native": "Бор",
   "population": 28822,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 44.075,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Jagodina",
   "seat_native": "Јагодина",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 43.977,
   "lon": 21.261
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Kikinda",
   "seat_native": "Кикинда",
   "population": 32084,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 45.83,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Šumadija District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Kragujevac",
   "seat_native": "Крагујевац",
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   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.017,
   "lon": 20.917
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Kraljevo",
   "seat_native": "Краљево",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.726,
   "lon": 20.689
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "seat": "Kruševac",
   "seat_native": "Крушевац",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.58,
   "lon": 21.334
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Jablanica District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Leskovac",
   "seat_native": "Лесковац",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.998,
   "lon": 21.946
  },
  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Nišava District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Niš",
   "seat_native": "Ниш",
   "population": 178976,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.325,
   "lon": 21.903
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "South Bačka District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Novi Sad",
   "seat_native": "Нови Сад",
   "population": 260438,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.252,
   "lon": 19.837
  },
  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Pančevo",
   "seat_native": "Панчево",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 44.872,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
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   "seat_native": "Пирот",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Požarevac",
   "seat_native": "Пожаревац",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "seat": "Smederevo",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Sombor",
   "seat_native": "Сомбор",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 45.774,
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  },
  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Srem District",
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   "seat_native": "Сремска Митровица",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Subotica",
   "seat_native": "Суботица",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
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   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Užice",
   "seat_native": "Ужице",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.859,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Kolubara District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Valjevo",
   "seat_native": "Ваљево",
   "population": 56145,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 44.275,
   "lon": 19.898
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Pčinja District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Vranje",
   "seat_native": "Врање",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 42.551,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Zaječar District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Zaječar",
   "seat_native": "Зајечар",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 43.904,
   "lon": 22.264
  },
  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Central Banat District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Zrenjanin",
   "seat_native": "Зрењанин",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 45.384,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Moravica District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Čačak",
   "seat_native": "Чачак",
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   "pop_year": 2022,
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  {
   "country": "Serbia",
   "unit": "Mačva District",
   "level": "district (okrug) seat",
   "seat": "Šabac",
   "seat_native": "Шабац",
   "population": 51163,
   "pop_year": 2022,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2022 census, city/town proper (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Serbia')",
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   "lat": 44.747,
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   "country": "Slovenia",
   "unit": "Slovenia (national capital); City Municipality of Ljubljana",
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   "seat": "Ljubljana",
   "seat_native": "Ljubljana",
   "population": 293244,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 46.051,
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  {
   "country": "Slovenia",
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   "level": "town of over 20,000 (urban municipality seat)",
   "seat": "Celje",
   "seat_native": "Celje",
   "population": 38175,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Slovenia",
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   "seat": "Koper",
   "seat_native": "Koper / Capodistria",
   "population": 26579,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Slovenia",
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   "level": "town of over 20,000 (urban municipality seat)",
   "seat": "Kranj",
   "seat_native": "Kranj",
   "population": 38089,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Slovenia",
   "unit": "City Municipality of Maribor",
   "level": "town of over 20,000 (urban municipality seat)",
   "seat": "Maribor",
   "seat_native": "Maribor",
   "population": 98097,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Slovenia",
   "unit": "City Municipality of Novo Mesto",
   "level": "town of over 20,000 (urban municipality seat)",
   "seat": "Novo Mesto",
   "seat_native": "Novo mesto",
   "population": 24741,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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  {
   "country": "Slovenia",
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   "level": "town of over 20,000 (urban municipality seat)",
   "seat": "Velenje",
   "seat_native": "Velenje",
   "population": 25617,
   "pop_year": 2026,
   "pop_source": "Statistical Office of Slovenia (SURS), settlement population at 1 Jan 2026 (via Wikipedia 'List of cities and towns in Slovenia', column '2026 pop.')",
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   "city_on_site": "",
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  {
   "country": "Turkey",
   "unit": "Edirne Province",
   "level": "province (il)",
   "seat": "Edirne",
   "seat_native": "Edirne",
   "population": 198428,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, central district (merkez ilçe), as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Hadrianopolis",
   "lat": 41.677,
   "lon": 26.556
  },
  {
   "country": "Turkey",
   "unit": "İstanbul Province",
   "level": "province (il)",
   "seat": "Istanbul",
   "seat_native": "İstanbul",
   "population": 15701602,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, whole province (= the metropolitan municipality), via Wikipedia 'Districts of Turkey'",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Byzantium",
   "lat": 41.008,
   "lon": 28.978
  },
  {
   "country": "Turkey",
   "unit": "Kırklareli Province",
   "level": "province (il)",
   "seat": "Kırklareli",
   "seat_native": "Kırklareli",
   "population": 114800,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, central district (merkez ilçe), via Wikipedia 'Districts of Turkey'",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Saranta Ekklisies",
   "lat": 41.735,
   "lon": 27.225
  },
  {
   "country": "Turkey",
   "unit": "Tekirdağ Province",
   "level": "province (il)",
   "seat": "Tekirdağ",
   "seat_native": "Tekirdağ",
   "population": 223068,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, Süleymanpaşa district (the town of Tekirdağ), as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "Bisanthe",
   "lat": 40.978,
   "lon": 27.511
  },
  {
   "country": "Turkey",
   "unit": "Çanakkale Province",
   "level": "province (il)",
   "seat": "Çanakkale",
   "seat_native": "Çanakkale",
   "population": 204454,
   "pop_year": 2024,
   "pop_source": "TÜİK, ADNKS results at 31 Dec 2024, central district (merkez ilçe), as reposted by nufusu.com",
   "disputed": "",
   "city_on_site": "",
   "lat": 40.156,
   "lon": 26.413
  }
 ],
 "later_greeks": {
  "timeline": [
   {
    "year": 1354,
    "year_text": "March 1354",
    "place": "Gallipoli (Gelibolu)",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "After an earthquake (2 March 1354) brought down the walls, Ottoman troops under Süleyman Pasha, son of Sultan Orhan, occupy Gallipoli, the first Ottoman foothold in Europe. The Greek population of the peninsula lives on under Ottoman rule until 1922.",
    "persons": [
     "Orhan",
     "Süleyman Pasha"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Gallipoli' and 'Fall of Gallipoli'",
     "Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans (1987)"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1369,
    "year_text": "c. 1369 (dates from 1361 to 1371 are given)",
    "place": "Adrianople (Edirne)",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "Murad I takes Adrianople, which becomes the Ottoman capital in Europe. Its Greek community survives the conquest and remains one of the city's main communities until the Greek departure of 1922-1923.",
    "persons": [
     "Murad I"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Edirne'",
     "Inalcik, 'The conquest of Edirne' (1971) (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": "The date is disputed; 1369 is the most cited."
   },
   {
    "year": 1393,
    "year_text": "17 July 1393",
    "place": "Tarnovo (Veliko Tarnovo)",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "event": "Bayezid I takes Tarnovo. Patriarch Euthymius is exiled and the Bulgarian Patriarchate is abolished; its sees are placed under the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which appoints mostly Greek bishops in the Bulgarian lands in the following centuries.",
    "persons": [
     "Bayezid I",
     "Euthymius of Tarnovo"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans (1987)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Bulgarian Patriarchate'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1453,
    "year_text": "29 May 1453",
    "place": "Constantinople",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "Mehmed II takes Constantinople. The Greek community lives on as one of the city's main communities; the Patriarchate is restored under Gennadios Scholarios in 1454.",
    "persons": [
     "Mehmed II",
     "Gennadios Scholarios"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set), timeline",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": "The Black Sea coast of Thrace (Mesembria, Anchialos) also submitted in 1453 (set 23)."
   },
   {
    "year": 1456,
    "year_text": "1456",
    "place": "Imbros",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "Imbros passes to the Ottomans; the Imbriot scholar Michael Kritoboulos negotiates the surrender of Imbros and the neighbouring islands and becomes the Sultan's governor of the island. Imbros stays almost wholly Greek until the 1960s.",
    "persons": [
     "Mehmed II",
     "Michael Kritoboulos"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'; 'Michael Critobulus'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1694,
    "year_text": "c. 1694 (founding date given variously as 1679-1694)",
    "place": "Bucharest",
    "country": "Romania",
    "event": "The Princely Academy of Bucharest, at the monastery of St Sava, takes shape under Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu, teaching in Greek; Sevastos Kyminitis of Trebizond teaches there until his death (1702) (unchecked). A Greek-language academy follows at Iași (from 1707 (unchecked)). They remain the main Greek higher schools north of the Danube until 1821.",
    "persons": [
     "Constantin Brâncoveanu",
     "Sevastos Kyminitis"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Camariano-Cioran, Les Academies princieres de Bucarest et de Jassy (1974) (unchecked)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Princely Academy of Bucharest'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": "The founding dates of both academies are given differently by different authors."
   },
   {
    "year": 1711,
    "year_text": "1711 (Moldavia), 1716 (Wallachia)",
    "place": "Iași and Bucharest",
    "country": "Romania",
    "event": "After Dimitrie Cantemir sides with Peter the Great (1711), the Porte begins appointing Phanariot Greeks of Constantinople as princes: Nicholas Mavrocordatos in Moldavia (1711) and in Wallachia (1716). The Phanariot period lasts to 1821; the princes bring Greek officials, clergy and teachers, and Greek becomes the language of the courts, the academies and much of the boyar elite.",
    "persons": [
     "Nicholas Mavrocordatos",
     "Dimitrie Cantemir",
     "Ahmed III"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Phanariotes'",
     "Mazower, The Balkans (2000)"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1718,
    "year_text": "1718",
    "place": "Belgrade",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "event": "First mention of a Greek school in Serbia, at Belgrade, with Stephanos Daskalos as teacher, during the Austrian occupation of the city (1717-1739).",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1731,
    "year_text": "1731 (first dated book)",
    "place": "Moscopole (Voskopojë)",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "The monk Georgios Konstantinidis sets up a printing press at Moscopole, the second Greek press in the Ottoman lands after a short-lived one at Constantinople (1627). It prints about twenty books, all in Greek, marked 'En Moschopolei', until 1769 (nineteen to twenty-one in different counts).",
    "persons": [
     "Georgios Konstantinidis"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Peyfuss, Die Druckerei von Moschopolis 1731-1769 (1989)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Moscopole'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1744,
    "year_text": "1744",
    "place": "Moscopole (Voskopojë)",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "The school of Moscopole becomes the 'New Academy' (Hellenikon Frontistirion), funded by the town's merchants abroad and teaching in Greek; Theodoros Kavalliotis later directs it. The townspeople spoke Aromanian at home, and many also Greek.",
    "persons": [
     "Theodoros Kavalliotis"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Moscopole' (after Peyfuss; Thunmann 1774)"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1766,
    "year_text": "1766 (Peć), January 1767 (Ohrid)",
    "place": "Peć and Ohrid",
    "country": "Kosovo / North Macedonia",
    "event": "At the request of Patriarch Samuel Hantzeris, Sultan Mustafa III abolishes the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (1766) and the Archbishopric of Ohrid (1767); their sees pass to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which fills them with Greek bishops.",
    "persons": [
     "Mustafa III",
     "Samuel Hantzeris"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Archbishopric of Ohrid'; 'Serbian Patriarchate of Peć'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": "Peć is in Kosovo: declared independence from Serbia in 2008; recognised by about half of UN members; Serbia does not recognise it."
   },
   {
    "year": 1769,
    "year_text": "1769",
    "place": "Moscopole (Voskopojë)",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "Muslim Albanian irregulars sack Moscopole in reprisal for the townspeople's part in the preparations for the Russian-backed Orlov revolt; many merchants and craftsmen leave for Macedonia, Thessaly, Vienna, Budapest and Transylvania.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Moscopole'",
     "Peyfuss (1989)"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1788,
    "year_text": "1788",
    "place": "Moscopole (Voskopojë)",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "Troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina raze what was left of Moscopole; the town never recovers.",
    "persons": [
     "Ali Pasha of Ioannina"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Moscopole'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1798,
    "year_text": "24 June 1798",
    "place": "Belgrade",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "event": "Rigas Velestinlis (Feraios), arrested at Trieste in December 1797 by the Austrian police with the Charta of Greece and his revolutionary 'Constitution' printed in Vienna, is handed to the Ottomans and strangled with seven companions in the Nebojša tower of Belgrade.",
    "persons": [
     "Rigas Velestinlis (Feraios)"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Rigas Feraios'",
     "Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinlis (1995) (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": "The date is given as 24 June 1798 (New Style); some writers give 13 June (Old Style)."
   },
   {
    "year": 1821,
    "year_text": "22 February 1821 (Old Style; 6 March New Style)",
    "place": "Sculeni on the Prut; Iași",
    "country": "Moldova / Romania",
    "event": "Alexandros Ypsilantis, head of the Filiki Eteria and a Russian general, crosses the Prut at Sculeni into Moldavia with a small band, and at Iași proclaims the rising ('Fight for Faith and Fatherland'). Prince Michael Soutzos of Moldavia joins him.",
    "persons": [
     "Alexandros Ypsilantis",
     "Michael Soutzos"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Wallachian uprising of 1821'; 'Alexandros Ypsilantis (1792-1828)'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1821,
    "year_text": "22 April 1821 (10 April Old Style, Easter Sunday)",
    "place": "Constantinople",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "In reprisal for the risings, Sultan Mahmud II has Patriarch Gregory V hanged at the gate of the Patriarchate; killings of Greeks of the city follow in the next weeks.",
    "persons": [
     "Mahmud II",
     "Gregory V"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1821,
    "year_text": "19 June 1821 (7 June Old Style)",
    "place": "Drăgășani",
    "country": "Romania",
    "event": "The Ottoman army defeats Ypsilantis's force at Drăgășani; the Sacred Band, mostly Greek students from the Principalities and the diaspora, is destroyed. Ypsilantis flees to Austria, where he is interned. In Wallachia, Tudor Vladimirescu, who had risen separately, had been killed by Eterist officers on Ypsilantis's orders (May 1821).",
    "persons": [
     "Alexandros Ypsilantis",
     "Tudor Vladimirescu",
     "Georgakis Olympios"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Battle of Drăgășani'; 'Sacred Band (1821)'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1822,
    "year_text": "July 1822",
    "place": "Bucharest and Iași",
    "country": "Romania",
    "event": "The Porte ends Phanariot rule, appointing native princes (Grigore IV Ghica in Wallachia, Ioan Sturdza in Moldavia). Greek officials and clergy lose their place at the courts, but the Greek merchant communities remain.",
    "persons": [
     "Mahmud II",
     "Grigore IV Ghica",
     "Ioan Sturdza"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Phanariotes'; 'Greeks in Romania'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1829,
    "year_text": "14 September 1829",
    "place": "Adrianople (Edirne)",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "The Treaty of Adrianople ends the Russo-Turkish war and frees the trade of the Principalities. Greek merchants and shipowners, many of them Ionians under British protection, take a leading place in the grain trade of Brăila and Galați and in the shipping of the lower Danube.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "C. Ardeleanu, 'Greek community', cities.blacksea.gr/en/galatz",
     "Wikipedia, 'Treaty of Adrianople (1829)'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1863,
    "year_text": "25 December 1863 (13 December Old Style)",
    "place": "Bucharest",
    "country": "Romania",
    "event": "The law of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza and Mihail Kogălniceanu secularises the monastic estates, among them those of the 'dedicated' monasteries whose revenues went to the Holy Places, Mount Athos and the Eastern Patriarchates. The Greek abbots and monks who ran them leave; the Patriarchates protest in vain.",
    "persons": [
     "Alexandru Ioan Cuza",
     "Mihail Kogălniceanu"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Secularization of monastic estates in Romania'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1870,
    "year_text": "12 March 1870 (28 February Old Style)",
    "place": "Constantinople; the Bulgarian lands",
    "country": "Turkey / Bulgaria / North Macedonia",
    "event": "A firman of Sultan Abdülaziz creates the Bulgarian Exarchate; the Patriarchate declares it schismatic (September 1872). Towns with mixed congregations divide into Patriarchists and Exarchists. The contemporary counts in Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace treat the Patriarchists as the Greek community, whatever their home language, and the Exarchists as the Bulgarian one.",
    "persons": [
     "Abdülaziz",
     "Exarch Antim I"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Bulgarian Exarchate'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1878,
    "year_text": "13 July 1878",
    "place": "Plovdiv (Philippopolis)",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "event": "The Treaty of Berlin creates the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, with its capital at Philippopolis. The Russian count of 1878 gives 4,781 Greeks in the town (19.9%); a Greek minority of the coast, Philippopolis, Stenimachos and Kavakli lives on in Eastern Rumelia, united with Bulgaria in 1885.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv' (population table)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Eastern Rumelia'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1879,
    "year_text": "1879",
    "place": "Belgrade",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "event": "The Patriarchate of Constantinople recognises the autocephaly of the Church of the Principality of Serbia; Greek bishops no longer serve there.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Serbian Orthodox Church'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1885,
    "year_text": "25 April 1885",
    "place": "Bucharest",
    "country": "Romania",
    "event": "Patriarch Joachim IV recognises the autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church (declared in 1865 and 1872).",
    "persons": [
     "Joachim IV"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Romanian Orthodox Church'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1903,
    "year_text": "2-13 August 1903",
    "place": "Kruševo",
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "event": "In the Ilinden rising the rebels hold Kruševo, a town of Slavic speakers, Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians, divided between Patriarchists, Exarchists and Romanian-leaning families, for ten days; the Ottoman army retakes and burns much of it. Its Greeks were mostly Aromanian-speaking Patriarchists, schooled in Greek.",
    "persons": [
     "Nikola Karev",
     "Bahtiyar Pasha"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Kruševo Republic'",
     "Brown, A Past in Question (2003) (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1906,
    "year_text": "Summer 1906 (Anchialos burnt on 30 July 1906, Old Style)",
    "place": "Plovdiv, Stenimachos, Varna, Anchialos and other towns of Bulgaria",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "event": "Anti-Greek riots in Bulgaria during the Greek-Bulgarian struggle over Macedonia. Anchialos is burnt by Bulgarian rioters (set 23). Greek churches, schools and community property in Philippopolis, Stenimachos, Varna and other towns are taken over, the Greek metropolitans leave, and teaching in Bulgarian replaces Greek in the Greek municipal school of Stenimachos.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set), timeline 1906",
     "Lyberatos (2013)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Asenovgrad'; 'Plovdiv'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": "Philippopolis's Greeks fell from 3,908 (1900) to 1,571 (1910) in the Bulgarian censuses."
   },
   {
    "year": 1913,
    "year_text": "26 March 1913; July 1913",
    "place": "Adrianople (Edirne)",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "Bulgarian and Serbian troops take Adrianople after a five-month siege (26 March 1913); in the Second Balkan War the Ottoman army under Enver retakes it (21-23 July 1913; sources differ). Eastern Thrace stays Ottoman.",
    "persons": [
     "Enver Pasha",
     "Nikola Ivanov",
     "Şükrü Pasha"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Siege of Adrianople (1912-1913)'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1913,
    "year_text": "10 August 1913",
    "place": "Bucharest; Melnik",
    "country": "Romania / Bulgaria / North Macedonia",
    "event": "The Treaty of Bucharest gives Melnik and Strumica to Bulgaria, Bitola, Ohrid and Gevgelija to Serbia. On the express orders of the Greek government the Greeks of Melnik leave before the Bulgarian takeover, mostly for Sidirokastro, Serres and Thessaloniki.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Treaty of Bucharest (1913)'; 'Melnik, Bulgaria'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1913,
    "year_text": "17 December 1913",
    "place": "Florence",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "The Protocol of Florence of the six Great Powers fixes Albania's southern border, giving Korçë and Gjirokastër with their Greek-speaking villages to Albania.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Protocol of Florence'; 'Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1914,
    "year_text": "28 February 1914; 17 May 1914",
    "place": "Gjirokastër (Argyrokastro); Corfu",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "Local Greeks under Georgios Christakis-Zografos proclaim the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus at Gjirokastër (28 February). The Protocol of Corfu (17 May 1914) grants the districts of Gjirokastër and Korçë autonomy under Albanian sovereignty, with Greek schools and church; it was never put into effect. The Greek army occupied the area from October 1914 to 1916.",
    "persons": [
     "Georgios Christakis-Zografos"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus'; 'Protocol of Corfu'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1914,
    "year_text": "Spring and summer 1914",
    "place": "Eastern Thrace",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "Under the Committee of Union and Progress government, Greeks of many villages and towns of Eastern Thrace are driven from their homes by officials and irregulars, and many flee to Greece; Greek men are later drafted into the labour battalions. Figures differ widely by source.",
    "persons": [
     "Talat Pasha"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greek genocide'",
     "Pentzopoulos, The Balkan Exchange of Minorities (2002) (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "C",
    "note": "No figure is given here; Greek figures for the expelled run to over 100,000 (unchecked) and need checking."
   },
   {
    "year": 1920,
    "year_text": "July 1920; 10 August 1920",
    "place": "Eastern Thrace and Imbros",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "The Greek army occupies Eastern Thrace (Adrianople taken 25 July 1920 (unchecked)); the Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920, never ratified) assigns Eastern Thrace to the Chatalja line, with Imbros and Tenedos, to Greece.",
    "persons": [
     "Eleftherios Venizelos"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Treaty of Sèvres'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1922,
    "year_text": "11 October 1922 onward",
    "place": "Eastern Thrace",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "The armistice of Mudanya requires the Greek army and administration to leave Eastern Thrace; the Greek population leaves with them, by road over the Evros with carts and animals and by sea, and the Greeks of the Gallipoli peninsula follow a few days later. Ernest Hemingway reported the refugee columns from Adrianople.",
    "persons": [
     "Refet Pasha (Bele)",
     "Ernest Hemingway"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'The exchange of populations' (fhw.gr)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Armistice of Mudanya'",
     "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'Chronos' (the armistice of Mudanya)",
     "Library of America, 'Story of the Week' (Hemingway, 1922)"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": "About 250,000 civilians left Eastern Thrace with the Greek army (Foundation of the Hellenic World); Hemingway's dispatch from Adrianople of 17 October 1922 describes the main column as twenty miles long."
   },
   {
    "year": 1923,
    "year_text": "30 January 1923; 24 July 1923",
    "place": "Lausanne; Constantinople; Imbros",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "The Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations (30 January) makes the exchange compulsory and by religion; it exempts the Greeks 'established' in Constantinople before 30 October 1918 (art. 2). The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July) gives Imbros and Tenedos to Turkey with a promised special administration (art. 14).",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set), timeline 1923",
     "Treaty of Lausanne, art. 14"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1937,
    "year_text": "12 April 1937",
    "place": "Tirana; Korçë",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "The Patriarchate recognises the autocephaly of the Albanian Orthodox Church, proclaimed by the Congress of Berat in 1922 under Fan Noli; Greek-speaking parishes of the south come under the Albanian church.",
    "persons": [
     "Fan Noli",
     "Kristofor Kisi"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Albanian Orthodox Church'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1945,
    "year_text": "25 May 1945",
    "place": "Bulkes (Maglić), Vojvodina",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "event": "The first 1,454 Greek refugees, mostly former ELAS fighters who had left Greece after the Varkiza agreement, arrive at Bulkes from Kumanovo; Yugoslavia gives them the emptied German village, where they run a Greek commune with its own school, newspaper and currency. It reached 4,023 people by 1946 [Wikipedia; another figure is 4,650].",
    "persons": [
     "Josip Broz Tito"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War'; 'Maglić, Serbia'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1949,
    "year_text": "1948-1950",
    "place": "Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and the eastern bloc",
    "country": "Romania / Bulgaria / Serbia / North Macedonia",
    "event": "With the defeat of the Democratic Army (August 1949), its fighters and families, and the children evacuated from northern Greece in 1948, are settled in the communist states. The Communist Party of Greece reported 55,881 political refugees in 1950; among the children's figures for 1950 are 5,132 in Romania and 672 in Bulgaria.",
    "persons": [
     "Nikos Zachariadis"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War' (KKE report of 1950)"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": "The KKE figure excludes the many refugees in Yugoslavia, where the Slav Macedonians from Greece were the majority."
   },
   {
    "year": 1955,
    "year_text": "6-7 September 1955",
    "place": "Constantinople",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "The Constantinople pogrom: crowds attack the Greeks of the city after false press reports that Greeks had bombed Atatürk's birthplace in Thessaloniki; 13-16 Greeks killed by some counts, 37 by a compiled list; 5,317 properties damaged (set 23).",
    "persons": [
     "Adnan Menderes",
     "Fatin Rüştü Zorlu"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set), timeline",
     "Wikipedia (en), article on the pogrom of September 1955"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1964,
    "year_text": "16 March 1964 onward",
    "place": "Constantinople; Imbros",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "The İnönü government denounces the Greek-Turkish convention of 1930; more than 12,000 Greek citizens are expelled from Constantinople within two years and tens of thousands of Turkish citizens of Greek origin leave with them (set 23). On Imbros the Greek schools are closed (1964) and the expropriation of farmland begins.",
    "persons": [
     "İsmet İnönü"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set), timeline",
     "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1965,
    "year_text": "1965",
    "place": "Imbros",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "An open prison for convicts from the mainland is set up on Imbros (closed in 1992). With the land expropriations (98% of usable land by 1990) and the settlement of Turks from Anatolia (1973, 1984, 2000), it drives most Imbriot Greeks away; the exodus peaks in 1974.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1967,
    "year_text": "1967",
    "place": "Albania",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "Enver Hoxha's regime bans all religion; churches in the Greek villages of the south are closed or turned to other uses. Greek-language schooling continues only within the official 'minority zones' of Gjirokastër, Sarandë and Delvinë.",
    "persons": [
     "Enver Hoxha"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Minority Rights Group, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1971,
    "year_text": "1971",
    "place": "Halki, Constantinople",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "A law nationalising private higher education closes the theological school of Halki, the Patriarchate's seminary (set 23).",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set), timeline"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 1982,
    "year_text": "1982",
    "place": "Athens",
    "country": "",
    "event": "A Greek amnesty law allows the political refugees of the civil war to return from Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, the USSR and other states, but only those of Greek descent, excluding Slav Macedonians born in Greece.",
    "persons": [
     "Andreas Papandreou"
    ],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": "The return took place in Greece, outside this set's area; it emptied most refugee communities of Romania and Bulgaria."
   },
   {
    "year": 1991,
    "year_text": "January 1991 onward",
    "place": "Southern Albania",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "As Albania's communist regime opens its borders, most of the Greek minority emigrates to Greece; Omonoia, the minority's organisation, is founded (January 1991) and wins five seats in the elections of March 1991. More than 80% of the Greek Albanians are estimated to have emigrated by 2005.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Minority Rights Group, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 2015,
    "year_text": "September 2015",
    "place": "Imbros",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "event": "A Greek school reopens on Imbros after 51 years; the island's Greeks, about 318 in 2015, rise to over 400 by 2022 with returnees.",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
    ],
    "grade": "B",
    "note": ""
   },
   {
    "year": 2023,
    "year_text": "2023 (results published 2024)",
    "place": "Albania",
    "country": "Albania",
    "event": "The Albanian census counts 23,485 Greeks (0.98% of the population), 12,044 of them in Vlorë county and 8,552 in Gjirokastër county; Greek groups dispute the count, as they did that of 2011 (24,243).",
    "persons": [],
    "sources": [
     "INSTAT census 2023, via Wikipedia 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "A",
    "note": ""
   }
  ],
  "communities": [
   {
    "city": "Constantinople, the Greek community",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from antiquity; under Ottoman rule from 29 May 1453",
    "peak": "205,375 Greek Orthodox",
    "peak_year": 1914,
    "peak_basis": "census by religion (Ottoman census of 1914)",
    "series": "1914: 205375 [census by religion (Ottoman); Karpat 1985 via Wikipedia]; 1923: 130000 [estimate ('more than 130,000' stayed, with Imbros and Tenedos); Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs]; 1955: 65108 [census by mother tongue (Greek speakers); Tsilenis, via Wikipedia 'Constantinople pogrom']; 1960: 49081 [census by mother tongue; Tsilenis, via Wikipedia]; 1978: 7000 [estimate; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey']; 2006: 2500 [estimate; Human Rights Watch, via Wikipedia]; 2012: 2000 [estimate; United Nations, via Wikipedia]",
    "institutions": "The Ecumenical Patriarchate at the Phanar; the Greek schools (Megali tou Genous Scholi, Zografeion, Zappeion (unchecked)); the theological school of Halki (closed 1971); Greek newspapers (Apoyevmatini, Iho (unchecked)); Balıklı hospital (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Exempted from the exchange of 1923 (those established in the city before 30 October 1918).",
    "end": "The Wealth Tax (law 4305, 11 November 1942); the pogrom of 6-7 September 1955; the expulsion of Greek citizens after 16 March 1964 (more than 12,000 expelled, 30,000-40,000 others leaving with them); emigration.",
    "today": "About 2,000-3,000 (estimates).",
    "lat": 41.03,
    "lon": 28.95,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey'",
     "Wikipedia (en), article on the pogrom of September 1955",
     "Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, page on the Greek minority and its foundations in Constantinople, Imbros and Tenedos"
    ],
    "grade": "A"
   },
   {
    "city": "The Greek villages and suburbs of the Bosporus (Tarabya/Therapia, Yeniköy, Arnavutköy/Mega Revma, Büyükdere, Kuzguncuk and others)",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from antiquity",
    "peak": "not found separately (counted with Constantinople)",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "estimate",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Parish churches and schools in each village (unchecked).",
    "notable": "The summer villages of the Phanariots and the embassies (Therapia) (unchecked).",
    "end": "As for Constantinople: 1942, 1955, 1964 and emigration.",
    "today": "A few Greek families and working parishes remain (unchecked).",
    "lat": 41.1,
    "lon": 29.05,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey'",
     "set 23 presence point 'The Greek villages of the Bosporus'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Imbros (Gökçeada), the Greek villages",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek from antiquity; under Ottoman rule from 1456, with a Greek population in all its villages (Panagia, Agioi Theodoroi, Schinoudi, Glyki, Agridia, Evlampio, Kastro).",
    "peak": "8,506 Greeks (an absolute Greek majority)",
    "peak_year": 1912,
    "peak_basis": "estimate (Greek source cited by Wikipedia)",
    "series": "1912: 8506 [estimate (Greek source); Wikipedia, 'Imbros']; 1927: 6555 (96.9%) [Turkish census of 1927 (6,555 Greeks of 6,762 people); Wikipedia, 'Imbros']; 2000: 400 [estimate ('only 400 Greeks remained, while the Turks were around 8,000'; the same article also gives about 300); Wikipedia, 'Imbros']; 2015: 318 [estimate; Wikipedia, 'Imbros']; 2022: 400 [estimate ('over 400', with returnees); Wikipedia, 'Imbros']",
    "institutions": "The metropolis of Imbros and Tenedos; Greek schools (closed 1964; one reopened September 2015; three schools with 53 pupils in 2020).",
    "notable": "Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was born at Agioi Theodoroi (Zeytinliköy) on 29 February 1940. Exempted from the exchange of 1923; article 14 of the Treaty of Lausanne promised a special administration that Turkey never put into effect.",
    "end": "Greek schools closed (1964); farmland expropriated from 1964 (98% of usable land by 1990); an open prison set up (1965); Turks settled from Anatolia (1973, 1984, 2000); the island renamed Gökçeada (1970). Most Greeks left between 1964 and the 1970s; the exodus peaked in 1974.",
    "today": "Over 400 Greeks (2022), many of them older people and returnees; a Greek school reopened in 2015.",
    "lat": 40.17,
    "lon": 25.85,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'",
     "Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, page on the Greek minority and its foundations in Constantinople, Imbros and Tenedos (via set 23)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Adrianople (Edirne), the Greek community",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek (with Turkish-speaking and Bulgarian-speaking Orthodox in the district (unchecked))",
    "start": "Continuous from the medieval city; under Ottoman rule from c. 1369.",
    "peak": "113,500 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak of Edirne",
    "peak_year": 1910,
    "peak_basis": "census by religion (Ottoman official statistics, by millet)",
    "series": "1910: 113500 [count by millet, sanjak of Edirne (not a count of Greek speakers); Ottoman official statistics of 1910, as given by Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (a count by millet: Patriarchate Orthodox counted as Greek, whatever their language)]",
    "institutions": "The metropolis of Adrianople; Greek schools and a Greek quarter; the railway suburb of Karaağaç was largely Greek (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Taken by the Bulgarian and Serbian armies on 26 March 1913 and retaken by the Ottomans on 22 July 1913; under Greek rule from July 1920 to October 1922.",
    "end": "The Greeks left with the Greek army after the armistice of Mudanya (11 October 1922) and under the exchange of 1923. The people of Karaağaç, given to Turkey at Lausanne, founded Nea Orestiada in Greece in 1923 (unchecked).",
    "today": "No Greek community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 41.677,
    "lon": 26.556,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace'; 'Edirne'",
     "Foundation of the Hellenic World (fhw.gr), 'The exchange of populations'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Rodosto (Tekirdağ), the Greek community",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from the medieval town (Raidestos); under Ottoman rule from the 1350s-1360s (unchecked).",
    "peak": "56,000 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak of Tekirdağ",
    "peak_year": 1910,
    "peak_basis": "census by religion (Ottoman official statistics, by millet)",
    "series": "1910: 56000 [count by millet, sanjak of Tekirdağ; Ottoman official statistics of 1910, as given by Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (a count by millet: Patriarchate Orthodox counted as Greek, whatever their language)]",
    "institutions": "Seat of the metropolitan of Heraclea (unchecked); Greek schools and churches; Greek merchants of the grain and wine trade (unchecked).",
    "notable": "A port town of Greeks, Armenians, Turks and Jews (unchecked); under Greek rule 1920-1922.",
    "end": "The Greeks left in October-November 1922 after the armistice of Mudanya; the rest were exchanged in 1923.",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 40.978,
    "lon": 27.511,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace'; 'Tekirdağ'",
     "fhw.gr, 'The exchange of populations'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Gallipoli (Gelibolu) and Madytos (Eceabat), the Greek communities of the peninsula",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from antiquity; under Ottoman rule from 1354.",
    "peak": "70,500 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak of Gelibolu",
    "peak_year": 1910,
    "peak_basis": "census by religion (Ottoman official statistics, by millet)",
    "series": "1910: 70500 [count by millet, sanjak of Gelibolu (includes the north shore of the Sea of Marmara (unchecked)); Ottoman official statistics of 1910, as given by Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (a count by millet: Patriarchate Orthodox counted as Greek, whatever their language)]",
    "institutions": "The metropolises of Gallipoli and Madytos (unchecked); Greek schools.",
    "notable": "During the Dardanelles campaign of 1915 the Ottoman authorities removed the Greeks of the peninsula's villages inland (unchecked).",
    "end": "The Greeks of the peninsula left a few days after those of the rest of Eastern Thrace, in October 1922 (fhw.gr); the rest were exchanged in 1923.",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 40.41,
    "lon": 26.67,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace'",
     "fhw.gr, 'The exchange of populations'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Saranta Ekklisies (Kırklareli), the Greek community",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek (with Bulgarian speakers in the district (unchecked))",
    "start": "A Greek town of the Ottoman centuries (the Greek and Turkish names both mean 'forty churches') (unchecked).",
    "peak": "77,000 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak of Kırk Kilise",
    "peak_year": 1910,
    "peak_basis": "census by religion (Ottoman official statistics, by millet)",
    "series": "1910: 77000 [count by millet, sanjak of Kırk Kilise (includes Vize, Midye and the Strandzha villages (unchecked)); Ottoman official statistics of 1910, as given by Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (a count by millet: Patriarchate Orthodox counted as Greek, whatever their language)]",
    "institutions": "Metropolis; Greek schools (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Occupied by the Bulgarian army after the battle of Kırk Kilise (October 1912) and returned to the Ottomans in 1913.",
    "end": "The Greeks left in October-November 1922 after the armistice of Mudanya and under the exchange of 1923.",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 41.735,
    "lon": 27.225,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace'",
     "fhw.gr, 'The exchange of populations'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "The Greek towns and villages of the Marmara coast of Thrace (Myriophyto, Peristasis, Ganos, Chora and their neighbours)",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek villages and small towns of the Ganos mountain (the 'Ganochora') from the medieval period; wine-growing and seafaring (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Parish churches and schools; the metropolis of Myriophyto and Peristasis (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Ganos and Peristasis appear in this set's city list as ancient and medieval towns.",
    "end": "The Greeks left in October 1922 after the armistice of Mudanya; many settled in Greek Macedonia and Thrace (unchecked).",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 40.68,
    "lon": 27.25,
    "sources": [
     "fhw.gr, 'The exchange of populations'",
     "set 16 records for Peristasis and Ganos"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Selymbria (Silivri) and the Greek villages of the Çatalca district",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from antiquity; under Ottoman rule from 1453.",
    "peak": "48,500 Greeks (Orthodox) in the sanjak of Çatalca",
    "peak_year": 1910,
    "peak_basis": "census by religion (Ottoman official statistics, by millet)",
    "series": "1910: 48500 [count by millet, sanjak of Çatalca; Ottoman official statistics of 1910, as given by Wikipedia, 'East Thrace' (a count by millet: Patriarchate Orthodox counted as Greek, whatever their language)]",
    "institutions": "The metropolis of Selymbria (unchecked); parish churches and schools.",
    "notable": "Outside the prefecture of Constantinople as defined in 1912, so not exempted from the exchange (unchecked).",
    "end": "The Greeks left in October-November 1922 and under the exchange of 1923 (unchecked).",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 41.074,
    "lon": 28.247,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'East Thrace'",
     "Convention of Lausanne, art. 2 (via set 23)"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Ainos (Enez), the Greek town",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek from antiquity (a city in this set); under Ottoman rule from 1456.",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "The metropolis of Ainos (unchecked).",
    "notable": "A small port at the mouth of the Evros (Maritsa), declining as the river silted up (unchecked).",
    "end": "The Greeks left in October 1922 for Greek Thrace, across the river (unchecked).",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 40.725,
    "lon": 26.085,
    "sources": [
     "set 16 record for Aenus",
     "fhw.gr, 'The exchange of populations'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Varna, the Greek community",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from the medieval Greek metropolis and merchant community; a minority in Bulgarian Varna after 1878.",
    "peak": "5,367 people of Greek mother tongue (21.9%)",
    "peak_year": 1881,
    "peak_basis": "census by mother tongue (Bulgarian census of 1881)",
    "series": "1881: 5367 (21.9%) [census by mother tongue; Lyberatos]",
    "institutions": "Greek metropolis; first Greek secondary school 1840; seven Greek schools with 1,200-1,500 pupils in 1907; Greek theatre in the 1890s-1900s.",
    "notable": "Local Greeks joined the Filiki Eteria.",
    "end": "The anti-Greek riots of 1906 (Greek churches and schools taken over (unchecked)); emigration after the Balkan wars and under the 1919 convention; assimilation.",
    "today": "A small community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 43.21,
    "lon": 27.91,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "A. Lyberatos, 'Greek community', cities.blacksea.gr/en/varna",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Burgas, the Greek community",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greeks from Anchialos, Sozopol and Mesembria among the first settlers of Ottoman Burgas; they led its grain trade in the late 19th c.",
    "peak": "116 Greek Orthodox houses, about 40% of the town",
    "peak_year": 1829,
    "peak_basis": "estimate (Russian source, Enecholm 1830)",
    "series": "1829: 116 (40.0%) [houses; Lyberatos]",
    "institutions": "",
    "notable": "Many of the rioters who burnt Anchialos on 30 July 1906, Old Style came from Burgas (Athens reports, August 1906).",
    "end": "No mass flight in 1906; gradual emigration in the 1920s under the Greek-Bulgarian exchange; the rest assimilated.",
    "today": "No distinct community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 42.5,
    "lon": 27.47,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "A. Lyberatos, cities.blacksea.gr/en/burgas"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Pomorie (Anchialos), the Greek town after 1906",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A Greek town from antiquity.",
    "peak": "about 82% Greek of some 6,000 people",
    "peak_year": 1900,
    "peak_basis": "estimate",
    "series": "1900:  (82.0%) [estimate; Wikipedia, 'Pomorie']",
    "institutions": "Metropolis of Anchialos; Greek schools.",
    "notable": "Burnt on 30 July 1906, Old Style; more than half its Greeks left and founded Nea Anchialos near Volos.",
    "end": "The rest left in the following years and under the 1919 convention; Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace were settled in their place.",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 42.56,
    "lon": 27.64,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Pomorie'; 'Nea Anchialos'",
     "A. Lyberatos (2013)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Nesebar (Mesembria) and Sozopol (Sozopolis), the Greek towns",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek towns from antiquity.",
    "peak": "Nesebar: 89% Greek of about 1,900",
    "peak_year": 1900,
    "peak_basis": "estimate",
    "series": "1900:  (89.0%) [estimate (Nesebar); set 23]",
    "institutions": "Greek metropolises; Greek churches and schools (seized at Sozopol after 1906).",
    "notable": "Locals took part in the Filiki Eteria and the war of 1821.",
    "end": "Emigration under the 1919 convention, much of it to Chalkidiki (Sozopol) (set 23).",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 42.66,
    "lon": 27.73,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "set 23",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Plovdiv (Philippopolis), the Greek community",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Continuous from the medieval city; under Ottoman rule from 1363-1371. A Greek-speaking merchant elite lived in the old town on the three hills, beside a larger Bulgarian and Turkish population.",
    "peak": "5,497 Greeks (16.4% of 33,442)",
    "peak_year": 1884,
    "peak_basis": "census (Eastern Rumelian census of 1884; basis not stated by the source)",
    "series": "1878: 4781 (19.9%) [count of the Russian provisional administration (total 24,053); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1884: 5497 (16.4%) [Eastern Rumelian census; Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1887: 3930 (11.9%) [Bulgarian census (total 33,032); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1892: 3906 (10.8%) [Bulgarian census (total 36,033); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1900: 3908 (9.1%) [Bulgarian census (total 43,033); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1910: 1571 (3.3%) [Bulgarian census (total 47,981); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1920: 1071 (1.7%) [Bulgarian census (total 64,415); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1926: 549 (0.6%) [Bulgarian census (total 84,655); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1934: 340 (0.3%) [Bulgarian census (total 99,883); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']; 1939: 200 (0.19%) [Bulgarian figure (total 105,643); Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv']",
    "institutions": "The Greek metropolis of Philippopolis (Greek and Bulgarian bishops in the city until 1906); eight Greek schools, among them the Zariphios school (1875).",
    "notable": "A minority-Greek city: in the counts of 1878-1900 the Greeks were 9-20% of the town. Born there: Georgios Kleovoulos (unchecked), Apostolos Nikolaidis.",
    "end": "The anti-Greek riots of 1906 (churches and schools taken over; the Greek metropolitan left); emigration under the Greek-Bulgarian convention of 1919: 3,908 Greeks in 1900, 1,571 in 1910, 549 in 1926, 200 in 1939.",
    "today": "No organised community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 42.148,
    "lon": 24.751,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Plovdiv'; 'Greeks in Bulgaria'; 'Eastern Rumelia'"
    ],
    "grade": "A"
   },
   {
    "city": "Stenimachos (Asenovgrad), the Greek town",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A Greek-speaking town below the Bachkovo monastery in the Ottoman centuries (unchecked: the start date).",
    "peak": "Greeks 52% of the town",
    "peak_year": 1900,
    "peak_basis": "share (Dragostinova, Between Two Motherlands (2011), pp. 26-27, as cited by Wikipedia; basis not stated)",
    "series": "1900:  (52.0%) [share of the town; Wikipedia, 'Asenovgrad']",
    "institutions": "A Greek municipal primary school (the Old School of St George); Greek churches (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Born there: the archaeologist Christos Tsountas, the educator Vlasios Skordelis, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, and the family of the planner Konstantinos A. Doxiadis.",
    "end": "Teaching in Bulgarian replaced Greek at the Greek municipal school in 1906; the Greeks left after the First World War under the Greek-Bulgarian convention, mostly for Naousa and Kilkis in Greek Macedonia, and Bulgarian refugees from Greece settled in their place.",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 42.012,
    "lon": 24.873,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Asenovgrad'; 'Greeks in Bulgaria'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Melnik, the Greek town",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A medieval Greek town (Melenikon) under the Ottomans from the 1370s-1380s; its Greek merchants grew rich on wine and tobacco in the 18th c. (unchecked).",
    "peak": "2,650 Greek Christians of 4,330",
    "peak_year": 1900,
    "peak_basis": "estimate by nationality (V. Kanchov, a Bulgarian statistician)",
    "series": "1900: 2650 (61.2%) [Kanchov: 2,650 Greek Christians, 950 Turks, 500 Bulgarians, 200 Roma, 30 Vlachs; Kanchov (1900) via Wikipedia]",
    "institutions": "The metropolis of Melnik; Greek schools (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Born there: the jurist and historian Anastasios Polyzoidis.",
    "end": "Assigned to Bulgaria by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913); on the express orders of the Greek government the Greeks left before the handover, mostly for Sidirokastro, with fewer to Serres and Thessaloniki.",
    "today": "A town of about 385 people (2008), the smallest in Bulgaria; no Greek community.",
    "lat": 41.523,
    "lon": 23.393,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Melnik, Bulgaria'",
     "Kanchov (1900)"
    ],
    "grade": "A"
   },
   {
    "city": "Kavakli (Topolovgrad), the Greek town",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A Greek-speaking town of northern Thrace in the Ottoman centuries (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Greek school and church (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "In Eastern Rumelia from 1878 and Bulgaria from 1885; most Greeks left after the riots of 1906 and under the convention of 1919 (unchecked).",
    "today": "No Greek community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 42.083,
    "lon": 26.333,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Topolovgrad' (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Sofia, the Greek community",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A small Greek merchant community of the Ottoman town (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "",
    "notable": "Sofia was never a Greek-speaking town; its Greeks were a small minority.",
    "end": "Emigration after 1906 and 1919 (unchecked); a small number of political refugees of 1949 later lived in the city (unchecked).",
    "today": "Part of Bulgaria's 1,625 Greeks (2021 census) (unchecked: the city's share).",
    "lat": 42.697,
    "lon": 23.322,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "The Sarakatsani (Karakachani) of Bulgaria",
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek (a northern Greek dialect)",
    "start": "Greek-speaking transhumant shepherds who wintered in Thrace and summered in the Balkan range and the Rhodopes; the border closures after 1913 and 1919 left some families in Bulgaria (unchecked).",
    "peak": "7,251 Karakachani (census of 1910)",
    "peak_year": 1910,
    "peak_basis": "census by nationality",
    "series": "1905: 6128 (0.2%) [census by ethnic group (Karakachani counted apart from Greeks); Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']; 1910: 7251 (0.2%) [census by ethnic group; Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']; 1956: 2085 [census by ethnic group; Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']; 1992: 5144 (0.1%) [census by ethnic group; Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']; 2001: 4107 (0.1%) [census by ethnic group (Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria', dates the same figure to 2006); Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']; 2011: 2556 [census by ethnic group; Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']; 2021: 2071 [census by ethnic group; Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria']",
    "institutions": "Cultural associations; a yearly gathering at Karandila near Sliven (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Mainly in Sliven and Kotel. Settled by force when the herds were collectivised under communism (1950s) (unchecked). Greek organisations' estimates of about 25,000 Greeks in Bulgaria include them.",
    "end": "Settlement and assimilation under communism; emigration to Greece after 1990 (unchecked).",
    "today": "A few thousand people of Sarakatsan descent; Greek spoken mainly by the old (unchecked).",
    "lat": 42.75,
    "lon": 26.35,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria'; 'Sarakatsani'",
     "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Constanța, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A new Greek community grew after the Cernavodă-Constanța (Köstence) railway of 1860, with no tie to ancient Tomis.",
    "peak": "2,460 Greeks of 10,419 people",
    "peak_year": 1894,
    "peak_basis": "estimate (town count)",
    "series": "1880: 1543 (29.7%) [town count (second group after the Turks); Ardeleanu]; 1894: 2460 (23.6%) [town count; Ardeleanu]; 1916: 2326 (6.9%) [town count; Ardeleanu]",
    "institutions": "Greek church and school; Greek merchants and shipowners (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Brăila and Galați, upstream on the Danube and outside this set's area, had the largest Greek merchant communities of Romania in the 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "end": "A minority once the town became mainly Romanian in the late 1890s; emigration and assimilation in the 20th c.; property of Greek organisations confiscated by the communist state; some Greeks imprisoned at the Danube-Black Sea Canal.",
    "today": "A small community with a church and Greek classes.",
    "lat": 44.17,
    "lon": 28.64,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "C. Ardeleanu, 'Greek community', cities.blacksea.gr/en/constantza",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Tulcea, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek merchants, shipowners and shipbuilders from about 1840 (a Greek-owned shipyard of 1847).",
    "peak": "1,233 Greeks (another count 1,305)",
    "peak_year": 1907,
    "peak_basis": "estimate (prefect's report)",
    "series": "1878: 324 (1.8%) [estimate (of 17,518); L. Dima, Istro-Pontica 2]; 1907: 1233 [prefect I. C. Atanasiu's report; L. Dima]",
    "institutions": "",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Emigration and assimilation in the 20th c.",
    "today": "A small community; Greek classes for children since 2000.",
    "lat": 45.18,
    "lon": 28.8,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "L. Dima, 'Populația orașului Tulcea', Istro-Pontica 2"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Sulina, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek pilots and lightermen after the Treaty of Adrianople (1829); base of the works of the European Commission of the Danube (seated at Galați) from 1856.",
    "peak": "1,653 Greeks of 2,875",
    "peak_year": 1879,
    "peak_basis": "estimate (count, Sturdza 1880)",
    "series": "1879: 1653 (57.5%) [count; Sturdza 1880]; 1930:  (20.8%) [census by nationality; set 23]; 2011:  (1.7%) [census by nationality (1.69%); Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania']",
    "institutions": "Church of St Nicholas (1866-1867); Greek boys' and girls' schools (from c. 1870).",
    "notable": "Greek was the language of daily life in the 19th c.; it is counted as a Greek town of the later period in this set.",
    "end": "The port declined after 1939; the Greeks left or were assimilated in the communist period ((unchecked): the timing).",
    "today": "1.7% Greek in 2011.",
    "lat": 45.16,
    "lon": 29.65,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "hrmars.com, 'Ekistic heritage and enhancement: the case of Sulina' (Engelhardt 1862; Sturdza 1880)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Sulina'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Izvoarele (Tulcea county), a Greek village",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Settled by Greek farmers in the 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "peak": "43.8% Greek",
    "peak_year": 2011,
    "peak_basis": "census by nationality (Romanian census of 2011)",
    "series": "2011:  (43.8%) [census by nationality; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania']",
    "institutions": "",
    "notable": "The commune with the highest Greek share in Romania.",
    "end": "",
    "today": "43.8% Greek in 2011.",
    "lat": 45.03,
    "lon": 28.56,
    "sources": [
     "set 23 (Black Sea set)",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Bucharest, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek (with Romanian; the Phanariot elite was bilingual)",
    "start": "Greek merchants and clergy from the 16th-17th c.; a Greek court and administration under the Phanariot princes of Wallachia (1716-1821).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "2002:  [census by nationality: most of Romania's 6,472 Greeks lived in and around Bucharest; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania']",
    "institutions": "The Princely Academy at St Sava (teaching in Greek to 1821); Greek-run 'dedicated' monasteries (to 1863); Greek churches and schools; the seat of the Hellenic Union of Romania (founded 1990).",
    "notable": "Under the Phanariots Greek was the language of the court, the academy and much of the boyar elite; the townspeople spoke Romanian, so Bucharest was never a Greek-speaking city.",
    "end": "The end of Phanariot rule (1822), the secularisation of 1863 and assimilation in the 19th c.; property confiscations and arrests under communism ('hundreds' of Greeks imprisoned, some at the Danube-Black Sea Canal); emigration of the civil-war refugees after 1982.",
    "today": "The largest Greek community of Romania; Greek church, school and the Hellenic Union.",
    "lat": 44.432,
    "lon": 26.104,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'; 'Phanariotes'",
     "Camariano-Cioran (1974) (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Iași, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek (with Romanian)",
    "start": "Greek merchants and clergy from the 16th-17th c.; the Greek court of the Phanariot princes of Moldavia (1711-1821).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "The Princely Academy of Iași (teaching in Greek, from 1707 (unchecked)); Greek-run dedicated monasteries (to 1863), among them Golia and Trei Ierarhi (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Alexandros Ypsilantis proclaimed the Greek rising at Iași in late February 1821 (Old Style), with the support of Prince Michael Soutzos.",
    "end": "The end of Phanariot rule (1822); assimilation in the 19th c.",
    "today": "No large community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 47.158,
    "lon": 27.601,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Phanariotes'; 'Wallachian uprising of 1821'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Brăila, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek grain merchants, shipowners and seamen after the Treaty of Adrianople (1829), many of them Ionians (unchecked: the start).",
    "peak": "about 2,280 Greek citizens on the consulate's register (sum of its tables)",
    "peak_year": 1914,
    "peak_basis": "consular count (Greek Legation, Bucharest, and Greek Consulate at Brăila, register of 1914-1917)",
    "series": "1914: 2280 [consular count of Greek citizens only (Ottoman and Romanian subjects of Greek speech not included): 38% from Cephalonia, 11% Cyclades, 11% Ithaca; Kontogeorgis, cities.blacksea.gr]",
    "institutions": "Greek church and schools (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Ship captains on the register: 48% from Cephalonia, 29% from Ithaca. The writer Panait Istrati (born at Brăila, 1884) was the son of a Cephalonian smuggler (unchecked).",
    "end": "The grain trade moved away after the First World War; communist confiscations and emigration after 1948 (unchecked).",
    "today": "A small community with a church (unchecked).",
    "lat": 45.271,
    "lon": 27.957,
    "sources": [
     "D. Kontogeorgis, cities.blacksea.gr/en/braila/3-2-1-1",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
    ],
    "grade": "A"
   },
   {
    "city": "Galați, the Greek community",
    "country": "Romania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek, chiefly Ionian, merchants after the free trade of 1829: 83 British subjects, mostly Ionians, in 1831.",
    "peak": "4,196 Greeks",
    "peak_year": 1890,
    "peak_basis": "count (as given by Ardeleanu)",
    "series": "1831: 83 [British subjects, mostly Ionian Greeks; Ardeleanu]; 1835: 184 [Ionians registered; Ardeleanu]; 1859: 190 [Ionians among 237 British subjects (133 from Cephalonia, 33 from Ithaca); Ardeleanu]; 1890: 4196 [Greeks recorded; Ardeleanu]",
    "institutions": "Community organised in 1864 (charter of 1899); the Metamorphosis church (founded 1866, consecrated 1872); the Veneris Institute (1857: 4,358 pupils in 25 years, 2,743 of them Greek), a Greek commercial school (1858) and a girls' high school (1887).",
    "notable": "Ionian Greeks under British protection were the first large firms of the Danube grain trade.",
    "end": "Decline with the grain trade after the First World War; communist confiscations; emigration (unchecked).",
    "today": "A small community (unchecked).",
    "lat": 45.435,
    "lon": 28.008,
    "sources": [
     "C. Ardeleanu, cities.blacksea.gr/en/galatz/3-2-1-1"
    ],
    "grade": "A"
   },
   {
    "city": "Chișinău, the Greek community",
    "country": "Moldova",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek merchants and, after 1821, Greek refugees from Moldavia, among them Eterists and the family of Alexandros Ypsilantis, in Russian Bessarabia (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "A Greek church (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Pushkin, in exile at Chișinău (1820-1823), knew the Eterists (unchecked).",
    "end": "Assimilation in the 19th and 20th c. (unchecked).",
    "today": "A small community; no census figure found.",
    "lat": 47.011,
    "lon": 28.863,
    "sources": [
     "(unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Belgrade, the Greek community",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek and Aromanian",
    "start": "Greek and Greek-Aromanian ('Cincar') merchants in the Ottoman and Austrian town; a Greek school from 1718.",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "2022: 690 [census by ethnicity: all Serbia; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia']",
    "institutions": "Greek school (1718, teacher Stephanos Daskalos).",
    "notable": "Rigas Velestinlis and seven companions were strangled in the Nebojša tower on 24 June 1798.",
    "end": "Assimilation into the Serbian middle class in the 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "today": "690 Greeks in all Serbia (2022 census); the Association of Greeks in Serbia estimates 4,500 people of Greek descent.",
    "lat": 44.82,
    "lon": 20.46,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'; 'Rigas Feraios'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Zemun, the Greek-Aromanian merchant colony",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek and Aromanian",
    "start": "Greek and Aromanian merchants on the Habsburg side of the Danube-Sava border, from the 18th c. (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "A Greek school (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Assimilated into Serbs in the 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "today": "No community.",
    "lat": 44.845,
    "lon": 20.41,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Novi Sad, Sremski Karlovci, Pančevo and Vršac, the Greek merchant colonies of Vojvodina",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek and Aromanian",
    "start": "Greek and Aromanian merchants in the Habsburg towns of the Military Frontier and southern Hungary in the 18th c. (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Greek church communities and schools (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Assimilated into Serbs (and some Hungarians) by the mid-19th c. (unchecked).",
    "today": "No community.",
    "lat": 45.255,
    "lon": 19.845,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Bulkes (Maglić), the Greek refugee commune",
    "country": "Serbia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "refugee settlement",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "On 25 May 1945 the first 1,454 Greek refugees, mostly former ELAS fighters, arrived from Kumanovo at the emptied German village of Bulkes.",
    "peak": "4,023 people",
    "peak_year": 1946,
    "peak_basis": "estimate",
    "series": "1945: 1454 [first group, 25 May 1945; Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War']; 1946: 4023 [estimate; Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War']; 1945: 4650 ['4,650 Greek refugees' settled in May 1945 (a different figure); Wikipedia, 'Maglić, Serbia']",
    "institutions": "A self-governing Greek commune (described as 'a sui generis case of Greek extraterritorial jurisdiction', 1945-1948), with a Greek school, a newspaper and its own currency.",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "After the Tito-Stalin split (June 1948) the Greeks divided; those loyal to the Cominform left for the eastern bloc, the rest dispersed in 1949, some staying in Yugoslavia and some later going to Greece; Serb settlers came in 1949-1953 and the village was renamed Maglić in 1949.",
    "today": "A few Greek families only.",
    "lat": 45.36,
    "lon": 19.53,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Maglić, Serbia'; 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War'",
     "Neos Kosmos, 'Bulkes: the Greek republic in Yugoslavia' (2013)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Bitola (Monastir), the Greek community",
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic and some Greek",
    "start": "A Patriarchist community in the Ottoman town and, from 1874, the seat of the vilayet of Monastir (unchecked); a Greek consulate and Greek schools in the late 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "2002: 422 [census by ethnicity: all North Macedonia (mostly Gevgelija and Bitola); Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia']; 2021: 294 [census by ethnicity: all North Macedonia; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia']",
    "institutions": "A Greek gymnasium and girls' school; the Greek consulate (unchecked).",
    "notable": "The Ottoman counts by millet count the Patriarchists as Greeks; many of them spoke Aromanian or Slavic at home.",
    "end": "Assigned to Serbia by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913); Greek schools closed; many Patriarchist families, Aromanian- and Slavic-speaking with Greek identity, left for Greek Macedonia (Florina, Thessaloniki) after the Balkan Wars and the First World War.",
    "today": "A small Greek minority, with civil-war refugees and their descendants.",
    "lat": 41.031,
    "lon": 21.335,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Kruševo, the Greek community (Aromanian at home)",
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Aromanian (Greek in church and school)",
    "start": "Settled in the 18th c. by Aromanians, some from Moscopole after 1769 and 1788, and by Orthodox Albanians and Slavs.",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Greek schools and churches of the Patriarchate (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Held by the Ilinden rebels for ten days (2-13 August 1903) and burnt by the Ottoman army.",
    "end": "After 1913 in Serbia; Greek schools closed; some families left for Greece (unchecked).",
    "today": "An Aromanian and Macedonian town; no Greek community.",
    "lat": 41.37,
    "lon": 21.248,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Kruševo'; 'Kruševo Republic'; 'Moscopole'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Ohrid, the Greek (Patriarchist) community",
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Macedonian Slavic and Aromanian, with Greek in church and school",
    "start": "The seat of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, Greek in its hierarchy and church language, until its abolition in 1767; a Patriarchist community after.",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Greek schools (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Assigned to Serbia in 1913 (unchecked: the departures).",
    "today": "No Greek community.",
    "lat": 41.117,
    "lon": 20.802,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Archbishopric of Ohrid'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Gevgelija, Strumica and Dojran, the Greek communities",
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Macedonian Slavic, Greek and Aromanian",
    "start": "Patriarchist communities of the Ottoman towns, with some Greek-speaking families (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "2021: 294 [census by ethnicity: all North Macedonia; Gevgelija and Bitola hold most; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia']",
    "institutions": "Greek schools (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Dojran was destroyed on the Macedonian front (1916-1918) (unchecked).",
    "end": "Strumica went to Bulgaria in 1913 and to Serbia in 1919; Gevgelija and Dojran to Serbia in 1913; Patriarchist families left for Greece (unchecked).",
    "today": "Gevgelija is one of the two main homes of North Macedonia's small Greek minority.",
    "lat": 41.141,
    "lon": 22.502,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Himara and the Greek-speaking coastal villages (Dhërmi, Palasë)",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek (Himarë town, Dhërmi, Palasë); Albanian in most other villages of the coast, many people bilingual (unchecked)",
    "start": "Greek-speaking from the Middle Ages; under the Ottomans the Himariots kept a wide self-government in return for military service (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "2023: 12044 (8.21%) [census by ethnicity: Greeks in all Vlorë county; INSTAT census 2023, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania']",
    "institutions": "Greek schools (from the 17th-18th c. (unchecked)); parish churches and the monasteries of the coast.",
    "notable": "Himara rose with the Greeks of 1914 and was outside the communist 'minority zones', so Greek schooling was not allowed there under communism.",
    "end": "Emigration to Greece after 1991; disputes over property and over the Greek minority's status (unchecked).",
    "today": "A Greek-speaking community in the town and two villages; the election in 2023 of Fredi Beleri, a member of the Greek minority, as mayor while under arrest, and his conviction for vote buying, caused a dispute between Greece and Albania (unchecked).",
    "lat": 40.101,
    "lon": 19.745,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Minority Rights Group, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Winnifrith, Badlands, Borderlands (2002)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Dropull, the Greek villages",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek-speaking villages of the Drino valley south of Gjirokastër, from the Middle Ages (unchecked).",
    "peak": "56,452 Greeks (36.6% of 154,141) in the districts of Gjirokastër, Delvinë and Sarandë",
    "peak_year": 1994,
    "peak_basis": "survey (Bërxholi, Protopapa and Prifti)",
    "series": "1994: 56452 (36.6%) [survey: Gjirokastër, Delvinë and Sarandë districts together; Bërxholi, Protopapa and Prifti, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania']; 2023: 8552 (14.25%) [census by ethnicity: all Gjirokastër county; INSTAT census 2023, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania']",
    "institutions": "Greek-language village schools of the minority zone; churches (closed 1967-1990).",
    "notable": "Part of the communist 'minority zone' (99 villages of the Gjirokastër, Sarandë and Delvinë districts); Dropull is one of the three municipalities where minority-language rights apply (20% rule).",
    "end": "Most of the young emigrated to Greece after 1991; village schools closed for lack of pupils.",
    "today": "Municipality of Dropull; ageing villages, many houses rebuilt by emigrants.",
    "lat": 39.98,
    "lon": 20.18,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Minority Rights Group, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Pogon, the Greek villages",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "The Albanian part of Pogoni, Greek-speaking villages on the Greek border east of Dropull (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Village schools of the minority zone (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Emigration to Greece after 1991 (unchecked).",
    "today": "Part of the municipality of Dropull since 2015 (unchecked); small, ageing population.",
    "lat": 39.98,
    "lon": 20.37,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Vurg and Finiq, the Greek villages of the Delvinë-Sarandë plain",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek-speaking villages of the plain of Vurg below Phoinike, from the Middle Ages (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Village schools of the minority zone.",
    "notable": "Finiq is one of the three municipalities where minority-language rights apply (20% rule).",
    "end": "Emigration to Greece after 1991.",
    "today": "Municipality of Finiq.",
    "lat": 39.87,
    "lon": 20.07,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Minority Rights Group, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Narta, the Greek village near Vlorë",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "village group",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "A Greek-speaking village on the lagoon north of Vlorë (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "2023: 12044 (8.21%) [census by ethnicity: all Vlorë county (Himara included); INSTAT census 2023, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania']",
    "institutions": "Parish church; the monastery of Zvërnec nearby (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Outside the communist minority zones; no Greek schooling under communism (unchecked).",
    "end": "Emigration after 1991 (unchecked).",
    "today": "A Greek-speaking village (unchecked).",
    "lat": 40.52,
    "lon": 19.47,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Delvinë, the Greek community",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek and Albanian",
    "start": "A town of Muslim Albanians and Orthodox Greek speakers in the Ottoman centuries (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Church and Greek school (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Emigration after 1991 (unchecked).",
    "today": "A mixed town (unchecked).",
    "lat": 39.95,
    "lon": 20.1,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Sarandë (Agioi Saranta), the Greek community",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Greek and Albanian",
    "start": "A small port that grew in the 19th and 20th c., with Greek and Albanian speakers (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "Greek-language school (unchecked).",
    "notable": "",
    "end": "Emigration after 1991 (unchecked).",
    "today": "A mixed town and resort (unchecked).",
    "lat": 39.875,
    "lon": 20.005,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Gjirokastër (Argyrokastro), the Greek community",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Greek (minority) and Albanian",
    "start": "An Orthodox Greek-speaking minority in a mainly Muslim Albanian town (unchecked).",
    "peak": "8,552 Greeks (14.25%) in Gjirokastër county",
    "peak_year": 2023,
    "peak_basis": "census by ethnicity",
    "series": "2023: 8552 (14.25%) [census by ethnicity: Gjirokastër county; INSTAT census 2023, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania']",
    "institutions": "The metropolis of Dryinoupolis; Greek schools (unchecked); today the Greek consulate general and the seat of Omonoia (unchecked).",
    "notable": "The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was proclaimed here on 28 February 1914.",
    "end": "Emigration after 1991.",
    "today": "The centre of the Greek minority's institutions.",
    "lat": 40.075,
    "lon": 20.139,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "city": "Korçë, the Greek community",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "city community",
    "language": "Albanian and Aromanian; Greek as school and church language",
    "start": "An Orthodox community of the Ottoman town, Greek in church and school, with Aromanian merchants (some from Moscopole after 1769 and 1788) (unchecked).",
    "peak": "740 Greeks (0.42%) in Korçë county",
    "peak_year": 2023,
    "peak_basis": "census by ethnicity",
    "series": "2023: 740 (0.42%) [census by ethnicity: Korçë county; INSTAT census 2023, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania']",
    "institutions": "Greek schools and the metropolis of Korçë; the first Albanian-language school opened here in 1887 (unchecked).",
    "notable": "Held by the Greek army in 1912-1914 and 1940-1941; included in the autonomy of the Protocol of Corfu (1914).",
    "end": "Greek schools closed after 1914 and in the 1920s-1930s (unchecked); the Orthodox of Korçë passed to the Albanian church (autocephalous 1922, recognised 1937).",
    "today": "A very small Greek minority.",
    "lat": 40.618,
    "lon": 20.781,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'",
     "Winnifrith (2002)"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Moscopole (Voskopojë), the Greek town (Aromanian at home)",
    "country": "Albania",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "town",
    "language": "Aromanian at home; Greek written and taught, and spoken by many (Thunmann, 1774)",
    "start": "An Aromanian town that grew rich on trade in the late 17th and 18th c.",
    "peak": "estimates from 3,500 to 70,000; Peyfuss thinks the truth closer to 3,500",
    "peak_year": 1750,
    "peak_basis": "estimate",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "A printing press (from 1731: nineteen books, all in Greek); the New Academy (from 1744); many churches.",
    "notable": "Peyfuss judges 'the truth may be closer to [3,500] than to 70,000'.",
    "end": "Sacked by Muslim Albanian irregulars in 1769 and razed by the troops of Ali Pasha in 1788; its people dispersed to Macedonia, Thessaly, Vienna, Budapest and Transylvania.",
    "today": "A small village.",
    "lat": 40.632,
    "lon": 20.588,
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Moscopole'",
     "Peyfuss, Die Druckerei von Moschopolis (1989)"
    ],
    "grade": "A"
   },
   {
    "city": "Sarajevo, the Greek and Aromanian merchant community",
    "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek, Aromanian and Serbian (unchecked)",
    "start": "Greek and Aromanian Orthodox merchants in the Ottoman town (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "",
    "notable": "Small.",
    "end": "Assimilated into the Serbian Orthodox community in the 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "today": "No community.",
    "lat": 43.859,
    "lon": 18.431,
    "sources": [
     "(unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "city": "Dubrovnik and the Bay of Kotor, the Greek merchants",
    "country": "Croatia",
    "disputed": "",
    "kind": "merchant community",
    "language": "Greek",
    "start": "Greek Orthodox merchants and seamen in Ragusa and the Venetian Bay of Kotor in the 18th and 19th c. (unchecked).",
    "peak": "not found",
    "peak_year": null,
    "peak_basis": "",
    "series": "",
    "institutions": "",
    "notable": "Small; the large Greek merchant colonies of the Adriatic were at Trieste and Venice, outside this set's area.",
    "end": "Assimilated (unchecked).",
    "today": "No community.",
    "lat": 42.641,
    "lon": 18.108,
    "sources": [
     "(unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   }
  ],
  "figures": [
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1881,
    "figure": 11152,
    "basis": "census by mother tongue: the Principality of Bulgaria only (without Eastern Rumelia), 0.6%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1884,
    "figure": 65756,
    "basis": "the Principality (1881) and Eastern Rumelia (1884) together, 2.2%; basis not stated by the source (this implies about 54,600 in Eastern Rumelia)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria' (table; basis not stated)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1887,
    "figure": 58326,
    "basis": "census by mother tongue (united Bulgaria), 1.8%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1892,
    "figure": 58518,
    "basis": "census by mother tongue, 1.8%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1892,
    "figure": 58296,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 1.76%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1900,
    "figure": 70887,
    "basis": "basis not stated by the source (probably mother tongue), 1.89%",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria' (table; basis not stated)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1900,
    "figure": 66635,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 1.8%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1905,
    "figure": 69761,
    "basis": "basis not stated by the source (probably mother tongue, with the Karakachani), 1.73%",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria' (table; basis not stated)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1905,
    "figure": 63487,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 1.6% (Karakachani apart: 6,128)",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1910,
    "figure": 50886,
    "basis": "basis not stated by the source (probably mother tongue, with the Karakachani), 1.17%",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria' (table; basis not stated)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1910,
    "figure": 43275,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 1.0% (Karakachani apart: 7,251)",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1920,
    "figure": 46759,
    "basis": "basis not stated by the source (probably mother tongue), 0.96%",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria' (table; basis not stated)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1920,
    "figure": 42074,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 0.9%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1926,
    "figure": 10564,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 0.2% (after the emigration under the convention of Neuilly)",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1934,
    "figure": 9601,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, 0.2%",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1956,
    "figure": 7437,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group (Karakachani apart: 2,085); includes political refugees from Greece",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1965,
    "figure": 8241,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 1992,
    "figure": 4930,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group (Karakachani apart: 5,144)",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 2001,
    "figure": 3408,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group (Karakachani apart: 4,107); Wikipedia's 'Greeks in Bulgaria' gives 3,219",
    "source": "NSI Bulgaria, census of 2001, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria' (also set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 2011,
    "figure": 1379,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, voluntary question (Karakachani apart: 2,556); Wikipedia's 'Greeks in Bulgaria' gives 1,356",
    "source": "NSI Bulgaria, census of 2011, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria' (also set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 2011,
    "figure": 3224,
    "basis": "census by mother tongue (Greek); the year is inferred from the table's total of respondents (unchecked)",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Bulgaria",
    "year": 2021,
    "figure": 1625,
    "basis": "census by ethnic group, voluntary question (Karakachani apart: 2,071)",
    "source": "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1899,
    "figure": 8445,
    "basis": "Northern Dobruja only (Constanța and Tulcea), 3%; no national figure for Greeks found for 1899 or 1912",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Northern Dobruja' (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1930,
    "figure": 26495,
    "basis": "census by nationality (Greater Romania), 0.1%; the count by mother tongue was not obtained",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1948,
    "figure": 8696,
    "basis": "census by mother tongue",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1956,
    "figure": 11166,
    "basis": "census by nationality",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1966,
    "figure": 9088,
    "basis": "census by nationality",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1977,
    "figure": 6262,
    "basis": "census by nationality",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 1992,
    "figure": 3940,
    "basis": "census by nationality (Wikipedia's 'Greeks in Romania' gives 19,594, probably an error)",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 2002,
    "figure": 6472,
    "basis": "census by nationality; most in and around Bucharest, then Tulcea, Constanța, Brăila and Galați",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'; Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 2011,
    "figure": 3668,
    "basis": "census by nationality",
    "source": "Romanian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 2011,
    "figure": 14000,
    "basis": "estimate of the Greek General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad (people of Greek descent; the year of the estimate is not given)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Romania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Romania",
    "year": 2021,
    "figure": 2086,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity",
    "source": "Romanian census of 2021 (via Wikipedia, 'Minorities in Romania')"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 1989,
    "figure": 58758,
    "basis": "census by nationality (communist definition: mainly the minority zones)",
    "source": "Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities, 'Albania: Greeks'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 1994,
    "figure": 58758,
    "basis": "the same total analysed by Berxholi, Protopapa and Prifti: 57,602 in southern Albania (56,452 in the districts of Gjirokastër, Delvinë and Sarandë, 36.6% of their 154,141 people) and 1,156 elsewhere",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 2001,
    "figure": 58000,
    "basis": "figure used by the Albanian government (Pettifer 2001; about 60,000 in Bideleux and Jeffries)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 2007,
    "figure": 300000,
    "basis": "estimate of the Greek government ('upwards of 300,000'), as reported by Bideleux and Jeffries 2007",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 2007,
    "figure": 200000,
    "basis": "'most Western estimates' (Bideleux and Jeffries 2007)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 2011,
    "figure": 24243,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity, voluntary question, 0.87%; Greek minority groups disputed it (unchecked: Omonoia urged a boycott of the ethnic question)",
    "source": "Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities, 'Albania: Greeks'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 2013,
    "figure": 287000,
    "basis": "Omonoia's own count of the Greek minority (not recognised by the Albanian government); Omonoia elsewhere says it represents about 100,000-150,000 ethnic Greeks",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Albania",
    "year": 2023,
    "figure": 23485,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity, voluntary question, 0.98% (Vlorë county 12,044; Gjirokastër county 8,552; Korçë county 740)",
    "source": "INSTAT, census of 2023, via Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Albania'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Serbia (and Yugoslavia)",
    "year": 2002,
    "figure": 572,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity (unchecked)",
    "source": "Statistical Office of Serbia, census of 2002 (unchecked)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Serbia (and Yugoslavia)",
    "year": 2011,
    "figure": 725,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity (unchecked)",
    "source": "Statistical Office of Serbia, census of 2011 (unchecked)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Serbia (and Yugoslavia)",
    "year": 2022,
    "figure": 690,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Serbia (and Yugoslavia)",
    "year": null,
    "figure": 4500,
    "basis": "estimate of the Association of Greeks in Serbia (people of Greek descent; undated)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'"
   },
   {
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "year": 2002,
    "figure": 422,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia'"
   },
   {
    "country": "North Macedonia",
    "year": 2021,
    "figure": 294,
    "basis": "census by ethnicity",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in North Macedonia'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Moldova",
    "year": 1989,
    "figure": 601,
    "basis": "Soviet census by nationality (Moldavian SSR, including the left bank of the Dniester)",
    "source": "Demoscope Weekly, 1989 census, Moldavian SSR"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1910,
    "figure": 365500,
    "basis": "Eastern Thrace: Rum Orthodox in the sanjaks of Edirne (113,500), Kırk Kilise (77,000), Gelibolu (70,500), Tekirdağ (56,000) and Çatalca (48,500), summed here; a count by millet, not by language",
    "source": "Ottoman official statistics of 1910, via Wikipedia, 'East Thrace'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1914,
    "figure": 205375,
    "basis": "Constantinople: census by religion (Greek Orthodox; Ottoman census)",
    "source": "Karpat 1985 (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1923,
    "figure": 130000,
    "basis": "Constantinople, Imbros and Tenedos: estimate of the Greeks exempted from the exchange ('more than 130,000')",
    "source": "Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1927,
    "figure": 119822,
    "basis": "all Turkey: census (basis not stated by the source, probably mother tongue)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey' (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1955,
    "figure": 65108,
    "basis": "Constantinople: census by mother tongue",
    "source": "Tsilenis, via Wikipedia (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1960,
    "figure": 49081,
    "basis": "Constantinople: census by mother tongue",
    "source": "Tsilenis, via Wikipedia (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1978,
    "figure": 7000,
    "basis": "Constantinople: estimate",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey' (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 2006,
    "figure": 2500,
    "basis": "Constantinople: estimate of Human Rights Watch",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey' (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 2008,
    "figure": 3500,
    "basis": "Constantinople: estimate of the Turkish Foreign Ministry ('3,000-4,000' citizens of Greek descent; midpoint shown)",
    "source": "set 23"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 2012,
    "figure": 2000,
    "basis": "Constantinople: estimate of the United Nations (Rum Orthodox)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Turkey' (set 23)"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1912,
    "figure": 8506,
    "basis": "Imbros: estimate (Greek source)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 1927,
    "figure": 6555,
    "basis": "Imbros: Turkish census (6,555 Greeks and 157 Turks; 97.7%)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 2000,
    "figure": 400,
    "basis": "Imbros: estimate ('only 400 Greeks remained'; the same article also gives about 300)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 2015,
    "figure": 318,
    "basis": "Imbros: estimate",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   },
   {
    "country": "Turkey: Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and Imbros",
    "year": 2022,
    "figure": 400,
    "basis": "Imbros: estimate ('over 400', with returnees)",
    "source": "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'"
   }
  ],
  "events": {
   "phanariots": "In 1711, after the Moldavian prince Dimitrie Cantemir went over to Peter the Great, the Porte stopped trusting native boyars and gave the thrones of Moldavia (1711) and Wallachia (1716) to Greeks of the Phanar, the Patriarchate's quarter of Constantinople; Nicholas Mavrocordatos was the first in both. For 110 years the princes came from a few families (Mavrocordatos, Ghica, Callimachi, Racoviță, Mourouzis, Ypsilantis, Soutzos, Karatzas), some of them Hellenized Romanian or Albanian houses. They bought their appointments and were often moved after two or three years. Greek became the language of the courts, the high clergy, the Princely Academies of Bucharest and Iași and much of the boyars' culture; Constantine Mavrocordatos abolished serfdom in Wallachia (1746) and Moldavia (1749). Greek merchants and clerics followed the princes, and Greek monasteries held the estates of the 'dedicated' monasteries until 1863. The towns themselves spoke Romanian: Greek was a language of rule, learning and trade, not of the townspeople. After the rising of 1821 the Porte appointed native princes (July 1822).",
   "eteria_1821": "The Filiki Eteria, a secret society founded at Odessa in 1814 by Nikolaos Skoufas, Emmanouil Xanthos and Athanasios Tsakalof, struck first in the Danubian Principalities, where Greek princes, officials and merchants were already in place. Its head, Alexandros Ypsilantis, a general of the Russian army and son of a former prince, crossed the Prut at Sculeni on 22 February 1821 (Old Style) and proclaimed the rising at Iași; Prince Michael Soutzos of Moldavia joined him. In Wallachia Tudor Vladimirescu had risen in January, as much against the Phanariot regime as against the Porte. Tsar Alexander I disowned Ypsilantis, and Patriarch Gregory V, under Ottoman pressure, excommunicated the rebels. Ottoman troops entered the Principalities in May; Eterist officers seized Vladimirescu and killed him near Târgoviște; and on 19 June (7 June Old Style) the Sacred Band was destroyed at Drăgășani. Ypsilantis fled to Austria, which held him until 1827. Giorgakis Olympios blew himself up in the monastery of Secu in September 1821 (unchecked). The rising in the Peloponnese, begun in March, survived.",
   "moscopole": "Moscopole (Voskopojë), in the hills west of Korçë, was an Aromanian town that grew rich in the late 17th and 18th centuries on caravan trade with Venice, Vienna, Leipzig and Hungary. Its people spoke Aromanian at home; Greek was the language of its church, school, books and business, and many merchants also spoke it. Estimates of its size range from a few thousand to a much-repeated 60,000-70,000; Peyfuss thinks the truth closer to the lowest figures. A Greek school existed by 1700 and became the New Academy in 1744, headed by Sevastos Leontiadis and from 1750 by Theodoros Kavalliotis. A press founded by the monk Georgios Konstantinidis printed about twenty Greek books from 1731 to the 1760s. In 1769, in reprisal for the townspeople's part in the preparations for the Russian-backed Orlov revolt (1770), Muslim Albanian irregulars sacked the town; in 1788 troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina destroyed what was left. Its families scattered to Macedonia, Thessaly, Vienna, Budapest and Transylvania, where some, such as the Sinas of Vienna, became great patrons of Greek learning. Moscopole counts here as a Greek-educated Aromanian town, not a Greek-speaking one.",
   "northern_epirus": "In the First Balkan War the Greek army took Korçë (December 1912) and Gjirokastër (March 1913 (unchecked)). The Great Powers' Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) gave both, with the Greek-speaking villages of Dropull, Pogon, the Delvinë plain and Himara, to the new Albania. As the Greek army withdrew, local Greeks led by Georgios Christakis-Zografos, a former Greek foreign minister, proclaimed the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus at Gjirokastër (28 February 1914). The Protocol of Corfu (17 May 1914), approved by the Powers, granted the districts of Gjirokastër and Korçë self-government under Albanian sovereignty, with Greek in schools and church; the First World War stopped it from taking effect. Greek troops held the area from October 1914 to 1916; the Conference of Ambassadors confirmed the 1913 frontier in November 1921. When Albania closed private schools in 1933, the Greek minority's among them, the Permanent Court of International Justice found in 1935 that this broke Albania's minority declaration of 1921 (unchecked). The communist state recognised the minority only in 99 villages of Gjirokastër, Sarandë and Delvinë, leaving out Himara and Narta.",
   "bulgaria_1906_1919": "The Bulgarian Exarchate (1870) split the Orthodox of the Bulgarian lands. After 1878 the Greek communities of Philippopolis, Stenimachos, Varna, Anchialos, Mesembria, Sozopolis and Burgas kept their own Patriarchist churches, schools and metropolitans. In the summer of 1906, while Greek and Bulgarian bands fought in Ottoman Macedonia, Bulgarian crowds seized Greek churches, schools and community property in Varna, Philippopolis, Stenimachos and other towns, and on 30 July (Old Style) burnt Anchialos (set 23). The Greek metropolitans left, and many Greeks emigrated to Greece, where refugees from Anchialos founded Nea Anchialos in Thessaly. In 1913, before Melnik passed to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Bucharest, its Greeks left for Greek Macedonia on the Greek government's orders. On 27 November 1919, beside the Treaty of Neuilly, Greece and Bulgaria signed a convention on 'reciprocal and voluntary emigration', carried out by a Mixed Commission until 1931, with the Mollov-Kafantaris agreement (1927) on property. The Greeks of Bulgaria fell from 42,074 by ethnic group in 1920 (46,759 in another series) to 10,564 in 1926.",
   "eastern_thrace_1922": "The Ottoman count of 1910 gave Eastern Thrace about 365,000 Rum Orthodox, most of them Greek-speaking, in towns such as Adrianople, Rodosto, Saranta Ekklisies, Gallipoli and Silivri and in hundreds of villages. In 1914 Committee of Union and Progress officials and irregulars drove the Greeks from many villages, especially near the coast; many fled to Greece, and men were sent to the labour battalions. The Greek army occupied Eastern Thrace in July 1920, and the Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920, never ratified) gave it to Greece. After the defeat in Asia Minor, the armistice of Mudanya, signed on 11 October 1922 by İsmet Pasha and the British, French and Italian generals, required the Greek army to leave Eastern Thrace, as far as the Maritsa, within fifteen days. About 250,000 civilians left with it (Foundation of the Hellenic World), by road over the Evros and by sea; on 17 October Ernest Hemingway saw a column twenty miles long cross the Maritsa at Adrianople. The Greeks handed the region to the Allies, who passed it to the Turks. The Lausanne exchange of 1923 made the departure final.",
   "constantinople_imbros": "The Greeks of Constantinople and Imbros were the only Greek communities of this region allowed to stay in Turkey after 1923. The Lausanne convention (30 January 1923) exempted the Greeks 'established' in Constantinople before 30 October 1918, and article 14 of the treaty promised Imbros and Tenedos local self-government; more than 130,000 stayed (Greek Foreign Ministry), against 205,375 Greek Orthodox counted in the city in 1914. Four blows followed: the Wealth Tax of 1942, assessed far more heavily on non-Muslims; the pogrom of 6-7 September 1955, after the press spread false news that Greeks had bombed Atatürk's birthplace in Thessaloniki; the İnönü government's denunciation of the 1930 convention (16 March 1964) and the expulsion of more than 12,000 Greek citizens, with many more leaving with them; and the closure of the Halki seminary (1971). Greek speakers in the city fell from 65,108 (1955) to about 2,000-3,000 today. On Imbros the Greek schools were closed in 1964, most farmland was expropriated, an open prison was opened (1965) and settlers were brought in; the Greeks fell from 6,555 (1927) to about 300-400.",
   "refugees_1949": "When the Democratic Army of Greece lost its last battles on Grammos and Vitsi in August 1949, its fighters, their families and many villagers of northern Greece crossed into Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria and were sent on to the communist states. The Communist Party of Greece reported 55,881 political refugees in 1950, not counting those in Yugoslavia; the largest groups went to the USSR (Tashkent), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania. Children had been taken across the borders from 1948: the Greek government called it the 'paidomazoma' (the gathering-up of children), the Communist Party a rescue, and their numbers are disputed. In 1950 Romania held 5,132 of the children and Bulgaria 672. Yugoslavia had received Greek communists earlier, at Bulkes (Maglić) in Vojvodina (1945-1949), until the Tito-Stalin split sent most of them east. In Romania many of the children were first housed in camps such as Tulgheș. Greece's amnesty of 1982, limited to those of Greek descent, let most return and excluded the Slav Macedonians born in Greece; the refugee communities of Romania and Bulgaria largely emptied.",
   "today": "The old Greek communities of the region are small today, except in southern Albania. Albania's census of 2023 counted 23,485 Greeks (0.98%), most in Vlorë and Gjirokastër counties; the Greek government and the minority's organisation Omonoia give far higher figures, and most of the minority has lived in Greece since the 1990s, many returning in summer to Dropull, Pogon, the Delvinë plain and Himara. Greek is still the village language there and in Narta, and Greek schools work in the former minority zones. In Turkey about 2,000-3,000 Greeks live in Constantinople, where the Ecumenical Patriarchate remains at the Phanar, and about 400 on Imbros, where a Greek school reopened in 2015. Bulgaria's census of 2021 counted 1,625 Greeks and 2,071 Karakachani; Romania's of 2011, 3,668 Greeks, represented by the Hellenic Union of Romania (founded 1990); Serbia's of 2022, 690; North Macedonia's of 2021, 294. Greek businesspeople and students who came after 1990 to Sofia, Bucharest, Skopje, Belgrade and Tirana form new communities, not continuous with the old ones (unchecked)."
  },
  "special": [
   {
    "title": "The New Academy of Moscopole",
    "text": "In 1744 the Greek school of Moscopole, the Aromanian trading town in the hills west of Korçë, was refounded as the 'New Academy', paid for by the town's merchants. Sevastos Leontiadis headed it until 1750 and Theodoros Kavalliotis from 1750 to 1769. Kavalliotis taught grammar, poetry, philosophy and theology in Greek; his Protopeiria (Venice, 1770) set Greek, Aromanian and Albanian words side by side. The town's press printed books for the school. When Albanian irregulars sacked Moscopole in 1769, the Academy closed for good. Its pupils spoke Aromanian at home: the Academy taught them Greek as the language of learning.",
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'New Academy (Moscopole)'",
     "Peyfuss 1989",
     "Wikipedia, 'Moscopole printing house'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "Rigas's map and his death at Belgrade",
    "text": "Rigas Velestinlis, called Feraios, a Thessalian who had served the Phanariot prince Nicholas Mavrogenes in Bucharest, printed in Vienna in 1796-1797 his Charta of Greece, a great map in twelve sheets (unchecked), and a revolutionary constitution with the war song Thourios, calling all the peoples of the Balkans to rise against the Sultan. In December 1797 the Austrian police arrested him at Trieste: a Greek merchant, Dimitrios Oikonomou of Kozani, had opened his papers and handed them over. Austria gave him and his companions to the Ottoman governor of Belgrade, where they were strangled on 24 June 1798 and thrown into the Danube. A statue of Rigas stands in Belgrade, on the street named after him.",
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Rigas Feraios'",
     "Woodhouse 1995 (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "The Princely Academies of Bucharest and Iași",
    "text": "The princes of Wallachia and Moldavia kept Greek-language higher schools at their capitals. In Bucharest the Princely Academy at the monastery of St Sava took shape under Constantin Brâncoveanu around 1694, with Sevastos Kyminitis of Trebizond as one of its first heads; in Iași the Princely Academy was founded in 1707 by Antioh Cantemir (1714 in some accounts) and reorganised by Grigore III Ghica in 1776. Teachers such as Nikiforos Theotokis and Iosipos Moisiodax at Iași, and Lambros Photiadis and Neophytos Doukas at Bucharest (unchecked), taught philosophy, mathematics and the sciences to boys from the whole Orthodox Balkans. The rising of 1821 ended them; Romanian schools took their place.",
    "sources": [
     "Camariano-Cioran, 'Les Académies princières de Bucarest et de Jassy' (1974) (unchecked)",
     "set 23, 'The Greek school of Ottoman Trebizond'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "title": "Ypsilantis crosses the Prut",
    "text": "On 22 February 1821 (Old Style), Alexandros Ypsilantis, a general of the Russian army who had lost his right arm in the war against Napoleon (1813), crossed the Prut from Russian Bessarabia into Moldavia at Sculeni with a handful of companions, among them his brothers (unchecked). At Iași two days later he proclaimed the rising: 'Fight for Faith and Fatherland'. He expected the Tsar's support and a rising of all the Balkan Christians. Neither came. Four months later his army was crushed at Drăgășani and he fled to Austria. But the news of his crossing helped set off the rising in the Peloponnese a month later.",
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Alexander Ypsilantis (1792-1828)'",
     "Clogg, A Concise History of Greece (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "Melnik's last Greeks, 1913",
    "text": "Melnik, a small town of wine merchants under the Pirin mountains, was largely Greek-speaking: in 1900 the Bulgarian geographer Vasil Kanchov counted 2,650 Greek Christians there, beside 950 Turks, 500 Bulgarians, 200 Roma and 30 Vlachs. The Treaty of Bucharest (10 August 1913) gave it to Bulgaria. On the Greek government's orders its Greeks left before the Bulgarian army arrived and settled mostly at Sidirokastro across the new border, with others at Serres and Thessaloniki. Melnik, birthplace of the jurist and historian Anastasios Polyzoidis, is now a town of a few hundred people, the smallest in Bulgaria, known for its wine and its sandstone pyramids.",
    "sources": [
     "Kanchov 1900, via Wikipedia, 'Melnik'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Melnik'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "Bulkes, a Greek commune in Vojvodina",
    "text": "In May 1945, after the Varkiza agreement, Greek communist fighters who feared reprisals at home were settled by Tito's government at Bulkes, a village in Bačka emptied of its German inhabitants. The first 1,454 arrived from Kumanovo on 25 May; by 1946 there were about 4,000 (another source gives 4,650). The commune ran itself almost as a piece of Greece, with Greek schools, a newspaper and its own money. The Tito-Stalin split of 1948 broke it: those loyal to the Cominform left for the eastern bloc, the rest dispersed, some staying in Yugoslavia, and in 1949 the village was renamed Maglić and given to Serb settlers. A few Greek families stayed.",
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Refugees of the Greek Civil War'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Maglić, Serbia'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Serbia'"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "The Sarakatsani",
    "text": "The Sarakatsani (Karakachani in Bulgarian) are Greek-speaking shepherds who once drove their flocks between winter pastures in the plains of Thrace and summer pastures in the Balkan range and the Rhodopes. The borders drawn after 1913 and 1919 cut off some families in Bulgaria. Bulgarian censuses counted them apart from the Greeks: 6,128 in 1905, 7,251 in 1910, 2,085 in 1956, 5,144 in 1992 and 2,071 in 2021. Under communism their flocks were collectivised and they were settled in villages, mostly around Sliven and Kotel (unchecked). They speak a northern Greek dialect; most Sarakatsani live in Greece.",
    "sources": [
     "Bulgarian census tables, via Wikipedia, 'Demographic history of Bulgaria'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Greeks in Bulgaria'",
     "Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage (1964) (unchecked)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "Himara's privileges",
    "text": "Himara and its coastal villages, under the Ceraunian mountains, kept a wide self-government under the Ottomans. By the usual account, after Suleiman's expedition of 1537 failed to subdue them, the Himariots received local self-government, the right to bear arms and freedom from taxes in return for service in war; local tradition says the terms were cut on bronze tablets. Himariots also served abroad: the Royal Macedonian Regiment of the Kingdom of Naples was first formed from them (1735). A Greek school is recorded at Himara from 1627, and Kosmas the Aetolian founded a school there in 1770. On 5 November 1912 (Old Style) Spyros Spyromilios led the Himariots in revolt against the Ottomans; in 1913 Himara was given to Albania.",
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Himara'",
     "Wikipedia, 'Himara revolt of 1912'"
    ],
    "grade": "C"
   },
   {
    "title": "Imbros",
    "text": "Imbros, Turkey's largest island (renamed Gökçeada in 1970), was almost wholly Greek until the 1960s: the Turkish census of 1927 counted 6,555 Greeks and 157 Turks. Article 14 of the Treaty of Lausanne promised it local self-government, which never came. From 1964 the Greek schools were closed, most farmland was expropriated, an open prison for mainland convicts was opened (1965; closed in 1992) and settlers were brought in from Anatolia; most Greeks left, above all in 1974. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was born in the village of Agioi Theodoroi on 29 February 1940. About 400 Greeks live there today, many returned in old age, and a Greek school reopened in 2015.",
    "sources": [
     "Wikipedia, 'Imbros'",
     "Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs (via set 23)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   },
   {
    "title": "Twenty miles of carts, October 1922",
    "text": "On 17 October 1922 Ernest Hemingway, reporting from Adrianople, watched the Greeks of Eastern Thrace leave. 'The main column crossing the Maritza River at Adrianople is twenty miles long,' he wrote: carts, animals and families walking in the rain. Under the armistice of Mudanya the Greek army had to leave Eastern Thrace, and about 250,000 civilians went with it. The bridge over the Maritsa, the Evros to Greeks, became the way out of a land where Greeks had lived for some two and a half thousand years. Hemingway used the scene again in a short vignette of In Our Time (1925) (unchecked).",
    "sources": [
     "Library of America, 'Story of the Week' (Hemingway, 1922)",
     "Foundation of the Hellenic World, 'Chronos' (the armistice of Mudanya)"
    ],
    "grade": "B"
   }
  ],
  "open_points": [
   "Bulgaria: Wikipedia's 'Greeks in Bulgaria' table (70,887 in 1900; 69,761 in 1905; 50,886 in 1910; 46,759 in 1920) does not state its basis; the figures match Greeks plus Karakachani by ethnic group closely enough to be counts by mother tongue, but this was not confirmed from the census volumes. The same article's 33,650 for 1900 is unexplained.",
   "Bulgaria: the figure for Eastern Rumelia alone in 1884 was not obtained (65,756 is the Principality of 1881 and Eastern Rumelia of 1884 together); the mother-tongue figure of 3,224 is dated 2011 only from the table's total; 2001 and 2011 differ between sources (3,408 or 3,219; 1,379 or 1,356).",
   "Bulgaria: the number of Greeks who left under the Greek-Bulgarian convention of 1919 (Ladas's figures) was not obtained; the census fall from 1920 to 1926 is given instead.",
   "Romania: no national figure for Greeks was found for the censuses of 1899 and 1912 (Greeks are under 'others'), nor the count by mother tongue of 1930, nor the census of 2021; Wikipedia's 'Greeks in Romania' gives 19,594 for 1992 against 3,940 in the census tables.",
   "Serbia and Yugoslavia: the Serbian figures for 2002 (572) and 2011 (725) are from memory, and no Yugoslav census figure for Greeks (1948-1991) was found.",
   "Moldova: only the Soviet census of 1989 (601 Greeks in the Moldavian SSR) was found; the Moldovan censuses of 2004 and 2014 and the size of the 19th-century Greek community of Chișinău remain open.",
   "Albania: the Albanian censuses before 1989 were not obtained; whether Omonoia formally boycotted the ethnic question of 2011 is from memory; the Greek government's 'upwards of 300,000' and Omonoia's 287,000 (2013) count people of Greek descent or Orthodox faith in a wider sense than the census, and none of the figures is a count of Greek speakers.",
   "Eastern Thrace: the number of Greeks driven out in 1914 was not settled (Greek figures run over 100,000, unchecked); the 250,000 who left in 1922 is the Foundation of the Hellenic World's round figure; the Ottoman 1910 figures are by millet and include non-Greek-speaking Orthodox.",
   "Moscopole: its population (from about 3,500 to 70,000 in different sources), the number of books of its press (nineteen in Peyfuss, twenty in Wikipedia) and the identity of the printer Georgios Konstantinidis (identified by some with Gregory of Durrës) remain disputed.",
   "Rigas Feraios: the number executed with him at Belgrade (seven companions in the usual Greek account, five in Wikipedia) and the exact date (24 June 1798 New Style is given) are not settled.",
   "Himara: the Ottoman privileges (the expedition of 1537, the bronze tablets, freedom from taxes) are known from secondary and local accounts, not from the Ottoman documents; Albanian and Greek writers disagree on the history of Himara's schools and on the place of Albanian and Greek in the region.",
   "The political refugees of 1948-1950: the total by country (the Communist Party of Greece's 55,881 of 1950 excludes Yugoslavia) and the number of children taken from Greece remain disputed between the Greek government's and the party's figures.",
   "The Princely Academies of Bucharest and Iași: the founding dates (Bucharest c. 1679-1694; Iași 1707 or 1714) and the lists of teachers are from memory and the standard account of Camariano-Cioran, not checked here."
  ]
 }
}