[
 {
  "name": "Mangup (siege)",
  "name_el": "Μάγκουπ",
  "year": 1475,
  "start": "1475-09",
  "date": "c. September – late December 1475",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Ottoman conquest of the Crimea (1475)",
  "theatre": "Crimea",
  "place": "Mangup (Doros), capital of Theodoro, Crimea",
  "lat": 44.59,
  "lon": 33.81,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Ukraine",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Theodoro"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Moldavia"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Gedik Ahmed Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Prince Alexander of Theodoro",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Principality of Theodoro; en.wikipedia Siege of Mangup (after Pilat & Cristea 2017); A. A. Vasiliev, The Goths in the Crimea (1936)",
  "borderline": "Theodoro was a Greek-speaking Orthodox principality with a mixed (Greek, Gothic, Alan, Circassian) population and a dynasty of disputed origin; flagged as borderline by the brief.",
  "note": "The siege followed the fall of Caffa (6 June 1475); en.wikipedia dates it September–December, other accounts start it in the summer. About 300 Moldavian ('Wallachian') troops sent by Stephen the Great helped hold it. After five assaults and famine Mangup surrendered at the end of December 1475; Alexander was executed in Constantinople.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 1
 },
 {
  "name": "Oitylo passes",
  "name_el": "Κλεισούρες Οιτύλου",
  "year": 1481,
  "start": "1481-01",
  "date": "January 1481 (en.wikipedia: February 1481)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Kladas' revolt in Mani (1480–81)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Passes near Oitylo (between Passavas and Oitylo), Mani",
  "lat": 36.71,
  "lon": 22.43,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Krokodeilos Kladas",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Sathas, Τουρκοκρατούμενη Ελλάς; en.wikipedia Krokodeilos Kladas; himara.gr, 'Ο εκ Χειμάρρας οπλαρχηγός Κροκόδειλος Κλαδάς' (after Sathas, Miller and Venetian records)",
  "borderline": "No standard battle name; known from Sathas and Venetian reports. Kladas' force mixed Maniots with his stradioti.",
  "note": "Ottoman losses reportedly c. 700; the survivors fell back on Mystras/Sparta (19 January 1481 in Sathas' account). en.wikipedia places the rebel victory in February 1481 'between Passavas and Oitylo'.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 2
 },
 {
  "name": "Himara (siege)",
  "name_el": "Χειμάρρα (1481)",
  "year": 1481,
  "start": "1481-08",
  "date": "August 1481 (castle taken 31 August)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Himara revolt of 1481 (Albanian rebellion of 1481–84)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Himara castle, Northern Epirus",
  "lat": 40.1,
  "lon": 19.75,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Himariotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Naples"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantin Muzaka, Krokodeilos Kladas",
  "commanders_b": "Süleyman Pasha (captured)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Albanian Rebellion of 1481–1484; en.wikipedia Himara; himara.gr article on Kladas (Italian source quoted)",
  "borderline": "Part of Gjon Kastrioti II's Albanian rebellion; the Himara rebels are claimed by both Greek and Albanian historiography. Kladas came with Neapolitan galleys.",
  "note": "The rising spread to some 50 villages; a 3,000-strong Ottoman relief force under Süleyman Pasha was routed (c. 1,000 killed or captured) and the castle fell on 31 August 1481; Sopot was taken later. The Ottomans retook Himara in summer 1484.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 3
 },
 {
  "name": "Ioannina (1611)",
  "name_el": "Ιωάννινα (1611)",
  "year": 1611,
  "start": "1611-09-10",
  "date": "night of 10–11 September 1611",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Revolt of Dionysios the Philosopher",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Ioannina",
  "lat": 39.67,
  "lon": 20.85,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Osman Pasha (Aslan Pasha in tradition)",
  "commanders_b": "Dionysios the Philosopher (Skylosophos), Delis Giorgos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Dionysios Skylosophos; Τα Νέα 17.8.2000 'Διονύσιος ο Φιλόσοφος' (after Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, vol. Ι); Vakalopoulos, Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού, vol. 3",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 700–1,100 poorly armed peasants from Thesprotia entered the town at night and burned the governor's residence; at dawn Osman Pasha's mounted guard dispersed them and c. 200 who hid in the lake reeds were burned. Dionysios was caught days later and flayed alive. His earlier Thessaly rising (November 1600) produced no named battle.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 4
 },
 {
  "name": "Koroni (siege, 1685)",
  "name_el": "Κορώνη (1685)",
  "year": 1685,
  "start": "1685-06-25",
  "date": "25 June – 11 August 1685",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Morean War (1684–99)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Koroni, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.8,
  "lon": 21.96,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Venice",
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Francesco Morosini; Pavlos Makris (Maniots)",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman garrison; the serasker's relief army",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Morean War; en.wikipedia Battle of Kalamata (1685); Setton, Venice, Austria, and the Turks",
  "borderline": "Venetian siege; the Maniot contingent was small (c. 230 men under Pavlos Makris).",
  "note": "An Ottoman relief army was beaten off in early August; the fortress was stormed on 11 August and the garrison massacred. Its fall set off the Maniot rising against the castles of Mani.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 5
 },
 {
  "name": "Zarnata (siege)",
  "name_el": "Ζαρνάτα",
  "year": 1685,
  "start": "1685-08",
  "date": "August – 10 September 1685",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Morean War (1684–99)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Zarnata castle, Kampos, Messenian Mani",
  "lat": 36.95,
  "lon": 22.23,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots",
   "Venice"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Maniot captains; Venetian detachment sent by Morosini",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Morean War; en.wikipedia Battle of Kalamata (1685)",
  "borderline": "Ended in a negotiated surrender; the scale of fighting is unclear.",
  "note": "Besieged by the Maniots after Koroni fell; surrendered to the Venetians and Maniots on 10 September 1685, the garrison being allowed to leave for Kalamata.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 6
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalamata (1685)",
  "name_el": "Καλαμάτα (1685)",
  "year": 1685,
  "start": "1685-09-14",
  "date": "14 September 1685",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Morean War (1684–99)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kalamata, Messenia",
  "lat": 37.04,
  "lon": 22.11,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Venice",
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Francesco Morosini, Hannibal von Degenfeld",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha (serasker)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kalamata (1685); en.wikipedia Morean War; Setton, Venice, Austria, and the Turks",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "c. 11,500 Venetians and Saxons with Maniots against c. 6,000 infantry and 2,000 sipahis; the Maniots held the heights on the Venetian right and pursued the Ottomans through the town. Kalamata's castle was then razed.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 7
 },
 {
  "name": "Kelefa (siege, 1685)",
  "name_el": "Κελεφά (1685)",
  "year": 1685,
  "start": "1685-09",
  "date": "August – September 1685",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Morean War (1684–99)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kelefa castle, above Oitylo bay, Mani",
  "lat": 36.68,
  "lon": 22.41,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots",
   "Venice"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Maniot captains; Francesco Morosini",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Morean War; en.wikipedia Battle of Kalamata (1685)",
  "borderline": "Ended in a capitulation once Venetian forces arrived.",
  "note": "The Maniots besieged the Ottoman garrison after Koroni fell; divided by feuds, they needed Venetian ships and troops, and the garrison capitulated in late September 1685. Venice then garrisoned Kelefa.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 8
 },
 {
  "name": "Koroni (siege, 1770)",
  "name_el": "Κορώνη (1770)",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770-03-12",
  "date": "12 March – late April 1770 (1 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Orlov revolt (Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Koroni, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.8,
  "lon": 21.96,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Russia",
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman garrison",
  "commanders_b": "Fyodor Orlov, Grigory Spiridov; Western Legion under G. M. Barkov and Antonios Psaros",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Orlov revolt; el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά; en.wikipedia Siege of Coron (1770)",
  "borderline": "Russian-led siege; the Greek (Western) Legion fought as a distinct allied unit.",
  "note": "The fortress held out for about six weeks and the siege was given up when the Russians turned on Navarino. en.wikipedia's separate 'Siege of Coron (1770)' article claims the town was taken and then retaken in June; the standard account (Orlov revolt article, Vakalopoulos) is a failed siege.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 9
 },
 {
  "name": "Tripolitsa (1770)",
  "name_el": "Τριπολιτσά (1770)",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770-03-29",
  "date": "29 March 1770",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Orlov revolt (Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Tripolitsa (Tripoli), Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.51,
  "lon": 22.37,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels",
   "Russia"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turco-Albanian reinforcements (overall command: Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha)",
  "commanders_b": "Eastern Legion (Maniots) with Russian officers",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά; en.wikipedia Orlov revolt",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The rebels besieging Tripolitsa were routed by Turco-Albanian reinforcements, and a massacre of the town's Greek inhabitants followed. The date is el.wikipedia's (calendar style not stated).",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 10
 },
 {
  "name": "Mystras (siege)",
  "name_el": "Μυστράς (1770)",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770-03",
  "date": "March 1770",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Orlov revolt (Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Mystras, Laconia",
  "lat": 37.07,
  "lon": 22.37,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels",
   "Russia"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Eastern (Spartan) Legion of P. P. Dolgorukov; Maniot captains of the Mavromichalis family",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Orlov revolt; el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Eastern Legion (mostly Maniots) took Mystras after a short siege and many of its Muslim inhabitants were killed; a provisional government under Antonios Psaros was set up there. Turco-Albanian forces later left the town in ruins.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 11
 },
 {
  "name": "Navarino (siege, 1770)",
  "name_el": "Ναυαρίνο (1770)",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770-04-10",
  "date": "early April 1770 (taken 10 April)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Orlov revolt (Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Navarino (Neokastro), Pylos, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.91,
  "lon": 21.7,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Russia",
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexei Orlov; Ivan Hannibal (siege artillery)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Orlov revolt; el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά",
  "borderline": "Russian-led siege; the Greek role was secondary.",
  "note": "The fortress surrendered after a short siege and became the Russian base; it was abandoned after the failure at Methoni (el.wikipedia's dates for this are inconsistent).",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 12
 },
 {
  "name": "Methoni (siege, 1770)",
  "name_el": "Μεθώνη (1770)",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770-05",
  "date": "late April – May 1770",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Orlov revolt (Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Methoni (Modon), Messenia",
  "lat": 36.82,
  "lon": 21.7,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Russia",
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Relief army from Tripolitsa",
  "commanders_b": "Yuri Dolgorukov",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά; en.wikipedia Siege of Coron (1770)",
  "borderline": "Russian-led siege; Greek irregulars as an allied unit.",
  "note": "The besiegers were routed by an Ottoman relief army; el.wikipedia calls this defeat the decisive end of the Orlov enterprise in the Peloponnese. The Russians then left Navarino for the Aegean.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 13
 },
 {
  "name": "Krapi (1770)",
  "name_el": "Κράπη",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770-06",
  "date": "c. May–June 1770",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Daskalogiannis' revolt (1770–71)",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Krapi plateau, between Apokoronas and Sfakia, Crete",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 24.16,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Ioannis Daskalogiannis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Daskalogiannis; Detorakis, History of Crete",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The rising began on 25 March 1770 and at first drove the Turks back; after the Ottomans massed at Vrysses (May), the rebels were crushingly defeated on the Krapi plateau and took to the mountains. Daskalogiannis surrendered in 1771 and was flayed alive in Heraklion on 17 June 1771.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 14
 },
 {
  "name": "Vromopigada",
  "name_el": "Βρωμοπηγάδα",
  "year": 1770,
  "start": "1770",
  "date": "1770 (after the Orlov revolt)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Vromopigada plain, between Skoutari and Parasyros, East Mani",
  "lat": 36.66,
  "lon": 22.48,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Exarchos Grigorakis, Tzanetos (Zanetos) Grigorakis",
  "commanders_b": "Hadji Osman Pasha (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Vromopigada; en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770); Daskalakis, Η Μάνη και η Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία (1923); Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Preceded by the three-day defence of the Grigorakis tower at Skoutari (c. 15 men), which the Ottomans mined and blew up. A Maniot night attack routed the camp; the dead were thrown into wells, hence the name ('dirty wells'). en.wikipedia names the Ottoman commander both Hadji Osman and Hasan Ghazi.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 15
 },
 {
  "name": "Trikorfa (1779)",
  "name_el": "Τρίκορφα (1779)",
  "year": 1779,
  "start": "1779-07",
  "date": "July 1779",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Expulsion of the Albanians from the Morea (1779)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Trikorfa passes, north-west of Tripolitsa, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.55,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Albanian irregulars"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά (after Theodoros Kolokotronis, Διήγησις συμβάντων)",
  "borderline": "Known from Kolokotronis' memoirs; the opponents were Albanian irregulars in revolt against the Porte, who were being destroyed by Hasan Pasha's army (so the klephts fought alongside the Ottoman effort).",
  "note": "With c. 1,000 men Kolokotronis held the passes against Albanian bodies of 4,000 and 6,000 fleeing Hasan Pasha's victory at Tripolitsa (10 July 1779) and blocked their retreat.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 16
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastanitsa (1780)",
  "name_el": "Καστάνιτσα (1780)",
  "year": 1780,
  "start": "1780",
  "date": "1780 (twelve-day siege)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Hasan Pasha's pacification of the Morea (1779–80)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kastanitsa (Kastania), towers of Panagiotaros Venetsanakis, Mani",
  "lat": 36.8,
  "lon": 22.47,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Forces of Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Konstantinos Kolokotronis (killed), Panagiotaros Venetsanakis (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ορλωφικά; Theodoros Kolokotronis, Διήγησις συμβάντων της ελληνικής φυλής; en.wikipedia Theodoros Kolokotronis",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Klephts and Maniots held two towers for twelve days; most defenders, including Theodoros Kolokotronis' father, were killed, and the ten-year-old Theodoros was among the few survivors. el.wikipedia does not name the place; Kolokotronis' memoirs give Kastanitsa (placed in Mani, though some identify it with Kastanitsa in Kynouria).",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 17
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastellorizo (1788)",
  "name_el": "Καστελλόριζο (1788)",
  "year": 1788,
  "start": "1788-07",
  "date": "July 1788",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Katsonis' campaign (Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92)",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Kastellorizo (Megisti), Dodecanese",
  "lat": 36.15,
  "lon": 29.59,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lambros Katsonis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis; en.wikipedia Ottoman Greece; samos-web.aegean.gr Megisti ('Katsonis will free the island in July 1788'); neoskosmos.com (Malkidis): 'πολιόρκησε και γκρέμισε το οχυρό το 1788'; en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis ('destruction of a Turkish pirate base at Kastellorizo')",
  "borderline": "Capture of a fort used as a pirate base; the extent of resistance is unclear.",
  "note": "Katsonis' flotilla (sailing under a Russian commission) besieged the Ottoman fort, used as a pirate base, took it and demolished it; the Ottomans reoccupied the island in 1797.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 18
 },
 {
  "name": "Karpathos (1788)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Καρπάθου (1788)",
  "year": 1788,
  "start": "1788-08-31",
  "date": "31 August 1788",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Katsonis' campaign (Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92)",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Sea east of Karpathos",
  "lat": 35.6,
  "lon": 27.35,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lambros Katsonis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Λάμπρος Κατσώνης; en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis; Peppa, speech on Lambros Katsonis (Dimos Levadeon)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Katsonis fought off the pursuing Ottoman fleet; the victory won him promotion and Catherine II's order that his squadron be styled a fleet of the Russian Empire.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 19
 },
 {
  "name": "Syros–Mykonos (1789)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία Σύρου–Μυκόνου (1789)",
  "year": 1789,
  "start": "1789-07-04",
  "date": "June / 4 July 1789 (Peppa: 4 July; en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790): June 1789)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Katsonis' campaign (Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92)",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Waters between Syros, Tinos and Mykonos",
  "lat": 37.47,
  "lon": 25.18,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lambros Katsonis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Peppa, speech on Lambros Katsonis (Dimos Levadeon); en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790) (background); en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis; dimoslevadeon.gr Peppa speech ('Στις 4 Ιουλίου ο Κατσώνης συναντήθηκε με σημαντική τουρκική δύναμη μεταξύ Σύρου και Μυκόνου και τη διασκόρπισε'); en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790): 'in June he defeated a Turkish fleet of 14 vessels between Syros and Mykonos' (summer 1789)",
  "borderline": "No standard battle name; the exact day differs between sources (June or 4 July 1789, possibly an Old/New Style difference).",
  "note": "Katsonis, newly based on Kea, met and dispersed an Ottoman squadron of 14 vessels between Syros and Mykonos. The 1788 dating in en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis (3 June 1788, Tinos–Mykonos) conflicts with en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790) and Greek sources, which put it in 1789. A second victory, between Syros and Delos, followed in July 1789.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 20
 },
 {
  "name": "Makronisos (1789)",
  "name_el": "Στενό της Μακρονήσου (1789)",
  "year": 1789,
  "start": "1789-08-03",
  "date": "3–4 August 1789 (Peppa: 3 August; en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790): 4 August)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Katsonis' campaign (Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92)",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Strait between Kea and Makronisos",
  "lat": 37.66,
  "lon": 24.22,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Barbary states",
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lambros Katsonis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Peppa, speech on Lambros Katsonis (Dimos Levadeon); en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790) (background); en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis; dimoslevadeon.gr Peppa speech ('Στις 3 Αυγούστου συνάντησε τουρκοαλγερινό στολίσκο στο στενό της Μακρονήσου ... τον ανάγκασε να καταφύγει στο Ναύπλιο'); en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790): 'defeating a joint Turkish and Algerian fleet off Eleni (Makronisos)', 4 August [1789]",
  "borderline": "No standard battle name (en.wikipedia Battle of Andros (1790) calls the site 'Eleni (Makronisos)').",
  "note": "Eight 32-gun Algerian xebecs (a Turco-Algerian squadron) were beaten, two sunk, and the rest chased into Nafplio. Days later an Ottoman fleet of 26 ships nearly trapped Katsonis at Kea and burned its harbour.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 21
 },
 {
  "name": "Andros (1790)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Άνδρου",
  "year": 1790,
  "start": "1790-05-17",
  "date": "17–18 May 1790 (6–7 May O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Katsonis' campaign (Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92)",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Off Cape Kafireas (Cavo Doro), between Euboea and Andros",
  "lat": 38.05,
  "lon": 24.65,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Barbary states"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Pasha; Algerian squadron",
  "commanders_b": "Lambros Katsonis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis; el.wikipedia Λάμπρος Κατσώνης; Peppa, speech on Lambros Katsonis; Hellenic Maritime Museum, painting no. 9463",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "On the first day Katsonis' nine ships beat off 16 Ottoman ships; next morning 13 Algerian ships joined them and his flotilla was overwhelmed. He burned his flagship Athena of the North (Minerva del Nord) and escaped with two ships to Kythira; Greek accounts give c. 565–650 of his men killed and 53 captured. The Hellenic Maritime Museum dates the battle 6 April 1790.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 22
 },
 {
  "name": "Porto Kagio (1792)",
  "name_el": "Πόρτο Κάγιο (1792)",
  "year": 1792,
  "start": "1792-06",
  "date": "June 1792 (probably 28 June; also given as 8 June), three days",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Katsonis' campaign (Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Porto Kagio, Mani",
  "lat": 36.43,
  "lon": 22.49,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Lambros Katsonis, Andreas Androutsos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Lambros Katsonis; el.wikipedia Λάμπρος Κατσώνης; Peppa, speech on Lambros Katsonis",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Katsonis had refused the 1791–92 peace and fortified Porto Kagio; about 30 Ottoman warships led by a French frigate (two French ships in el.wikipedia) attacked, and the fight went on for three days at sea and ashore. His ships were lost and he escaped to Kythira and Ithaca; Androutsos' men then fought their way overland (Androutsos' march, no single named battle).",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 23
 },
 {
  "name": "Souli (1792)",
  "name_el": "Σούλι (1792)",
  "year": 1792,
  "start": "1792-07-26",
  "date": "26–27 July 1792",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Souliote War (1789–93)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Kiafa and the Souli villages, Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.4,
  "lon": 20.55,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Botsaris, Lambros Tzavelas (mortally wounded), Moscho Tzavela",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Pasha, Mukhtar Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Souliote War (1789–1793); en.wikipedia Souliotes; Perraivos, Ιστορία του Σουλίου και της Πάργας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ali's army (c. 8,000–10,000) took Kiafa village but c. 1,300 Souliotes counter-attacked from the heights and routed it. Perraivos gives 2,000 Muslim Albanian and 74 Souliote dead (97 wounded); a Venetian chronicle gives 600 Ottoman dead. Greek accounts date the battle differently (around 20 July).",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 24
 },
 {
  "name": "Nicopolis (1798)",
  "name_el": "Νικόπολη (1798)",
  "year": 1798,
  "start": "1798-10-23",
  "date": "23 October 1798 (12 October O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Franco-Ottoman War (1798–1801)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Nicopolis, north of Preveza",
  "lat": 39.01,
  "lon": 20.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "France",
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ali Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Jean Jacques Bernardin Colaud de La Salcette; Panos Tzarlabas (Prevezan guard); Christakis Kalogeros (Souliotes)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Nicopolis (1798); en.wikipedia Ali Pasha of Yanina",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ali (4,000–11,000 men) overwhelmed 300–600 French troops and their Greek auxiliaries; the Prevezan guard held the right centre until about noon. Ali's men then sacked Preveza and executed hundreds of its inhabitants.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 25
 },
 {
  "name": "Souli (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Σουλίου",
  "year": 1800,
  "start": "1800-06",
  "date": "June 1800 – 12 December 1803",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Souliote War (1800–03)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Souli, Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.4,
  "lon": 20.55,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ali Pasha, Veli Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Fotos Tzavelas, Dimos Drakos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Souliotes; en.wikipedia Souliote War (1803); en.wikipedia Fotos Tzavelas; Perraivos, Ιστορία του Σουλίου και της Πάργας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ali's assault of June–July 1800 (c. 11,500 men) failed and he ringed Souli with towers. The final campaign took Kakosouli by treachery (3 September 1803); after the last fight at Kiafa and Kougi (7 December) the Souliotes capitulated on 12 December and left for Parga. The later attacks on departing Souliotes (Zalongo and others) are treated as massacres.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 26
 },
 {
  "name": "Kougi",
  "name_el": "Κούγκι",
  "year": 1803,
  "start": "1803-12-07",
  "date": "7 – c. 14 December 1803",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Souliote War (1800–03)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Kougi monastery (Agia Paraskevi), Souli, Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.4,
  "lon": 20.54,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Veli Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "The monk Samuel (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Souliote War (1803); en.wikipedia Souliotes; Perraivos, Ιστορία του Σουλίου και της Πάργας",
  "borderline": "A last stand inside the siege of Souli that ended with the monk Samuel blowing up the powder magazine; often treated as an event rather than a battle.",
  "note": "The last battle of Souli was fought at Kiafa and Kougi on 7 December 1803; after the capitulation (12 December) Samuel and a few men stayed in Kougi and blew up the magazine as Ali's troops entered. Exact date of the explosion varies (13–14 December).",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 27
 },
 {
  "name": "Marathonisi (siege, 1803)",
  "name_el": "Μαραθονήσι (1803)",
  "year": 1803,
  "start": "1803",
  "date": "1803",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Ottoman invasion of Mani (1803)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Marathonisi (Kranai) islet and Gytheio, Mani",
  "lat": 36.75,
  "lon": 22.57,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Tzanetos (Zanetbey) Grigorakis",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1803); en.wikipedia Mani Peninsula; Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani; en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1803) (after Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos); en.wikipedia Tzanetos Grigorakis (1803: Kranae castle could not be demolished 'despite the 2,000 cannonballs'; Antonbey then made bey and Tzanetos fled to Zakynthos)",
  "borderline": "Thinly sourced; a blockade and bombardment more than a battle.",
  "note": "The Kapudan Pasha's Turco-Albanian force camped at Gytheio and blockaded and bombarded Grigorakis' island fort; Grigorakis slipped out at night and fled inland, and the Ottomans withdrew to Tripolitsa without subduing Mani.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 28
 },
 {
  "name": "Seltsou (siege)",
  "name_el": "Μονή Σέλτσου (1804)",
  "year": 1804,
  "start": "1804-01",
  "date": "January – 7 April 1804",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Souliote War (1800–03), aftermath",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Seltsou monastery, Acheloos valley (Agrafa/Tzoumerka), Arta",
  "lat": 39.35,
  "lon": 21.24,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Beqir (Bekir) Bey, with the armatoles Zikos Michos, Tzimas Alexis and Poulis",
  "commanders_b": "Kitsos Botsaris (escaped)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Souliotes; Perraivos, Ιστορία του Σουλίου και της Πάργας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 1,200 Souliotes of the Botsaris clan who had left Souli were besieged in Agrafa; in the final assault on 7 April 1804 most were killed (tradition has women throwing themselves into the Acheloos) and c. 80 escaped. en.wikipedia calls it the Agrafa siege without naming the monastery.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 29
 },
 {
  "name": "Lefkada (siege, 1807)",
  "name_el": "Λευκάδα (1807)",
  "year": 1807,
  "start": "1807",
  "date": "spring 1807",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)",
  "theatre": "Ionian Islands",
  "place": "Lefkada channel (Santa Maura fortress and Teke), Lefkada",
  "lat": 38.83,
  "lon": 20.71,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Septinsular Republic",
   "Russia"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ioannis Kapodistrias (organiser); Russian garrison; klepht and armatole captains",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ali Pasha of Yanina; Woodhouse, Capodistria",
  "borderline": "A stand-off with skirmishes and bombardment across the channel rather than a pitched battle.",
  "note": "Kapodistrias organised Greek volunteers, c. 3,000 irregular riflemen (klephts and armatoles from the mainland) and the Russian troops; Ali gave up and left with 1,600 men to meet the Sultan's envoys.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 30
 },
 {
  "name": "Marathonisi (siege, 1807)",
  "name_el": "Μαραθονήσι (1807)",
  "year": 1807,
  "start": "1807",
  "date": "1807",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Ottoman invasion of Mani (1807)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Marathonisi (Kranai) islet and Gytheio, Mani",
  "lat": 36.75,
  "lon": 22.57,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Antonobey Grigorakis",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1807); en.wikipedia Mani Peninsula; Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani; en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1807), whose only source is Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani; no Greek source found (the ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ Mani booklet and other Greek pages checked are silent)",
  "borderline": "Thinly sourced; a blockade and bombardment more than a battle.",
  "note": "A larger Turco-Albanian force ravaged the country round Gytheio and besieged Antonobey in his island fort by sea and land; he held out until the Ottomans gave up the siege.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 31
 },
 {
  "name": "Skoutari (1815)",
  "name_el": "Σκουτάρι (1815)",
  "year": 1815,
  "start": "1815",
  "date": "1815",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Ottoman invasion of Mani (1815)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Skoutari bay, East Mani",
  "lat": 36.65,
  "lon": 22.5,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Maniots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Grigorakis",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1815); en.wikipedia Mani Peninsula; Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani; en.wikipedia Ottoman invasion of Mani (1815) (cites Showalter, Revolutionary Wars 1775–c.1815, Encyclopedia of Warfare, and Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos): Kapudan Pasha's landing at Skoutari repulsed by Theodoros Grigorakis, 115 Ottoman and 30 Maniot dead",
  "borderline": "Known only from popular secondary works; historicity and details doubtful.",
  "note": "The Skoutariots attacked an Ottoman landing party on the beach and drove it back to the ships (115 Ottoman and 30 Maniot dead); described as the last Ottoman invasion of Mani.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 32
 },
 {
  "name": "Variades (1820)",
  "name_el": "Βαριάδες (1820)",
  "year": 1820,
  "start": "1820-12-07",
  "date": "7 December 1820",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Ali Pasha's revolt (1820–22)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Variades, on the Arta–Ioannina road",
  "lat": 39.4,
  "lon": 20.85,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris; en.wikipedia Souliotes",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After the Souliotes changed sides to Ali (coalition of 4 December 1820), Botsaris seized the fort of Variades from the Sultan's forces besieging Ioannina and fortified himself there.",
  "_batch": "01",
  "id": 33
 },
 {
  "name": "Kompsades",
  "name_el": "Κομψάδες",
  "year": 1820,
  "start": "1820-12-22",
  "date": "22 December 1820",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Kompsades, Arta, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.21,
  "lon": 20.98,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Κομψάδων (title and date); en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia dates it 22 December 1820; a Souliote victory.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 34
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalavryta (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία των Καλαβρύτων",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-03-29",
  "date": "17–21 March 1821 (O.S.; 29 March – 2 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kalavryta, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.03,
  "lon": 22.11,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Sotirios Charalambis, Nikolaos Soliotis, the Petmezas brothers",
  "commanders_b": "Arnaoutoglou (voivode of Kalavryta)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία και απελευθέρωση των Καλαβρύτων (title and dates); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως, vol. 1; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Muslim garrison shut itself in the towers of Kalavryta and surrendered on 21 March (O.S.). Traditional accounts date the start of the siege to 21 March and the surrender to 26 March; dates here follow el.wikipedia.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 35
 },
 {
  "name": "Patras (1821)",
  "name_el": "Ξεσηκωμός της Πάτρας",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-04",
  "date": "23 March – 3 April 1821 (O.S.; 4–15 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Patras and its citadel, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.24,
  "lon": 21.74,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Yusuf Pasha Serezli",
  "commanders_b": "Germanos of Patras, Andreas Londos, Andreas Zaimis, Benizelos Roufos, Panagiotis Karatzas, Ioannis Papadiamantopoulos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Patras (1821); el.wikipedia Ξεσηκωμός της Πάτρας (title and date); Trikoupis vol. 1; Finlay vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greeks took the town and besieged the Ottomans in the citadel. On 3 April Yusuf Pasha landed from Rio, relieved the citadel and burned the town, and the besiegers scattered. en.wikipedia labels it a 'Greek victory', meaning the rising itself. Fighting began on 21–22 March; the start date follows el.wikipedia. The later siege of Patras (1822) is a separate entry for the next batch.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 36
 },
 {
  "name": "Malandrino",
  "name_el": "Μαλανδρίνο",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-05",
  "date": "24–27 March 1821 (O.S.; 5–8 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Malandrino, Doris (Phocis)",
  "lat": 38.56,
  "lon": 22.13,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Μαλανδρίνου (title and dates only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia (24–27 March 1821): the Turks were taken prisoner.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 37
 },
 {
  "name": "Navarino (siege, 1821)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Νεοκάστρου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-06",
  "date": "25 March – 9 August 1821 (O.S.; 6 April – 21 August N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Navarino (Neokastro, Pylos), Messenia",
  "lat": 36.91,
  "lon": 21.7,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Messenian chieftains, with a Hydriot and Spetsiot naval blockade",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία του Νεοκάστρου (title and dates); en.wikipedia Siege of Navarino (disambiguation) and Navarino massacre; Finlay vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The starving garrison capitulated in early August and most of the Muslim population was then massacred (Navarino massacre, not a separate entry). Not to be confused with the naval battle of Navarino (1827), fought by the Allied fleets alone.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 38
 },
 {
  "name": "Agios Athanasios (Karytaina)",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Αθανάσιος Καρύταινας",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-08",
  "date": "27 March 1821 (O.S.; 8 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Karytaina, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.48,
  "lon": 22.04,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Kolokotronis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αγίου Αθανασίου Καρύταινας (title and date); Kolokotronis, Διήγησις συμβάντων της ελληνικής φυλής",
  "borderline": "Outcome based on Kolokotronis's memoirs; the el.wikipedia article could not be read to confirm it.",
  "note": "The Greeks besieging the Muslims in Karytaina castle fled at the approach of a relief force from Tripolitsa, leaving Kolokotronis with a handful of men at the chapel of Agios Athanasios. The besieged Muslims were then withdrawn to Tripolitsa.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 39
 },
 {
  "name": "Chlemoutsi (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Χλεμουτσίου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-08",
  "date": "from 27 March 1821 (O.S.; 8 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Chlemoutsi castle, Kyllini, Elis",
  "lat": 37.89,
  "lon": 21.12,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία του Χλεμουτσίου (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: neutral outcome (ουδέτερη έκβαση).",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 40
 },
 {
  "name": "Monemvasia (siege, 1821)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Μονεμβασιάς",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-09",
  "date": "28 March – 23 July 1821 (O.S.; 9 April – 4 August N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Monemvasia, Laconia",
  "lat": 36.69,
  "lon": 23.05,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Tzannetakis Grigorakis, the Petropoulakis brothers, Demetrios Ypsilantis, Alexandros Kantakouzinos",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Monemvasia (1821); el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Μονεμβασίας (title and dates); Fotakos (Chrysanthopoulos), Απομνημονεύματα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia and el.wikipedia give a start of 15 March. Chrysanthopoulos (Fotakos) puts it after 25 March, as here. The fighting included bombardment and a failed sortie of about 150 men. The garrison surrendered on 23 July and was shipped to Asia Minor.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 41
 },
 {
  "name": "Salona (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία των Σαλώνων",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-09",
  "date": "28 March – 10 April 1821 (O.S.; 9–22 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Castle of Salona (Amfissa), Phocis",
  "lat": 38.53,
  "lon": 22.38,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Panourgias, Bishop Isaias of Salona",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία των Σαλώνων (title and dates); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The garrison shut in the castle surrendered on 10 April.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 42
 },
 {
  "name": "Lidoriki (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Λιδωρικίου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-09",
  "date": "28 March 1821 (O.S.; 9 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Lidoriki, Phocis",
  "lat": 38.53,
  "lon": 22.2,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία του Λιδωρικίου (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: after two days the besieged Turks surrendered.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 43
 },
 {
  "name": "Livadeia (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Λιβαδειάς",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-11",
  "date": "30 March – 4 April 1821 (O.S.; 11–16 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Livadeia, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.44,
  "lon": 22.87,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Athanasios Diakos, Vasileios Bousgos, Ioannis Logothetis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Λιβαδειάς (title and dates); en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greeks took the town on 31 March. The garrison held out in the castle tower until 4 April. Omer Vrioni retook Livadeia on 10 June 1821.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 44
 },
 {
  "name": "Atalanti (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Αταλάντης",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-12",
  "date": "from 31 March 1821 (O.S.; 12 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Atalanti, Phthiotis (Locris)",
  "lat": 38.65,
  "lon": 23.0,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Αταλάντης (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: Diakos sent Antonios Kontosopoulos to free Atalanti (27 March 1821).",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 45
 },
 {
  "name": "Nafplio (siege, 1821–1822)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Ναυπλίου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-16",
  "date": "4 April 1821 – 30 November 1822 (O.S.; 16 April 1821 – 12 December 1822 N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Nafplio and Palamidi, Argolis",
  "lat": 37.56,
  "lon": 22.8,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Laskarina Bouboulina, Demetrios Ypsilantis, Theodoros Kolokotronis, Nikolaos Staikopoulos",
  "commanders_b": "Nafplio garrison",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία του Ναυπλίου (title and dates); Trikoupis vols. 1–2; Finlay vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A land and sea blockade (Spetsiot ships under Bouboulina) with sorties. A night escalade under Demetrios Ypsilantis failed in December 1821. Staikopoulos's night capture of Palamidi on 30 November 1822 is a distinctly named action for the 1822 batch. el.wikipedia ends the siege on 4 December 1822.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 46
 },
 {
  "name": "Vlachokerasia",
  "name_el": "Βλαχοκερασιά",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-22",
  "date": "10 April 1821 (O.S.; 22 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Vlachokerasia, near Tripolitsa, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.42,
  "lon": 22.47,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Βλαχοκερασιάς (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia (10 April 1821): a Greek camp was attacked by 3,000 Turks and broken up; Nikolopoulos and Venetsianakos fell.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 47
 },
 {
  "name": "Mendenitsa (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Μενδενίτσας",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-25",
  "date": "13 April 1821 (O.S.; 25 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Mendenitsa (Bodonitsa castle), Phthiotis",
  "lat": 38.77,
  "lon": 22.78,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Μενδενίτσας (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: Dyovouniotis besieged Mendenitsa (Bodonitsa) from 8 April 1821; the garrison, short of food, surrendered five days later.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 48
 },
 {
  "name": "Levidi",
  "name_el": "Λεβίδι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-26",
  "date": "14 April 1821 (O.S.; 26 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Levidi, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.68,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Papatsonis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Λεβιδίου (title and date); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A sortie from Tripolitsa burned much of the village but could not take the defenders' fortified houses and withdrew. Greek local tradition counts it as a successful defence. el.wikipedia (14 April 1821): the first Greek victory in the operations around Tripolitsa.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 49
 },
 {
  "name": "Patratziki",
  "name_el": "Πατρατζίκι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-30",
  "date": "18 April 1821 (O.S.; 30 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Patratziki (Ypati), Phthiotis",
  "lat": 38.86,
  "lon": 22.24,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Πατρατζικίου (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: the Greeks withdrew from Ypati by night without result.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 50
 },
 {
  "name": "Vogortsa",
  "name_el": "Βογόρτσα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04-30",
  "date": "18 April 1821 (O.S.; 30 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Vogortsa, Souli region, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.35,
  "lon": 20.65,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Βογόρτσας (title and date); en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: night of 18 April 1821, a Souliote victory.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 51
 },
 {
  "name": "Tripolitsa (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία και άλωση της Τριπολιτσάς",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-04",
  "date": "April – 23 September 1821 (O.S.; fall 5 October N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Tripolitsa (Tripoli), Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.51,
  "lon": 22.37,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Petros (Petrobey) Mavromichalis, Demetrios Ypsilantis, Anagnostaras, Dimitrios Plapoutas, Panagiotis Kefalas",
  "commanders_b": "Kehaya Mustafa Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa; el.wikipedia Πολιορκία και άλωση της Τριπολιτσάς; Trikoupis vol. 1; Finlay vol. 1; Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Taken by storm on 23 September (O.S.) and followed by a massacre of the Muslim and Jewish population. The named battles fought during the siege (Levidi, Valtetsi, Doliana and Vervena, Grana) are separate entries.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 52
 },
 {
  "name": "Alamana",
  "name_el": "Αλαμάνα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-04",
  "date": "22 April 1821 (O.S.; 4 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Alamana bridge on the Spercheios, near Thermopylae, Phthiotis",
  "lat": 38.84,
  "lon": 22.49,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Omer Vrioni, Köse Mehmed Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Athanasios Diakos (captured, executed), Dimitrios Panourgias, Ioannis Dyovouniotis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Alamana; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Αλαμάνας; Hellenic Army General Staff (army.gr, 23 April 2025); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Diakos was impaled at Lamia on 24 April. Some Greek sources date the battle to 23 April.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 53
 },
 {
  "name": "Acrocorinth (siege, 1821–1822)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Ακροκορίνθου (1821)",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-05",
  "date": "23 April 1821 – 14 January 1822 (O.S.; 5 May 1821 – 26 January 1822 N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Acrocorinth, Corinthia",
  "lat": 37.89,
  "lon": 22.87,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Garrison of Kiamil Bey of Corinth",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία του Ακροκορίνθου (1821) (title and start date); Finlay vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The garrison capitulated in January 1822. el.wikipedia has separate articles for the sieges of 1822 (Dramali's relief) and 1823.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 54
 },
 {
  "name": "Acropolis (siege, 1821)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία των Αθηνών (1821)",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-07",
  "date": "25 April – 20 July 1821 (O.S.; 7 May – 1 August N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Acropolis of Athens, Attica",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Omer Vrioni, Omer Bey of Karystos",
  "commanders_b": "Meletios Vasileiou, Dimos Antoniou",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία των Αθηνών (1821) (title and dates); en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The first siege, ended when Omer Vrioni and Omer Bey of Karystos relieved the garrison and re-entered Athens on 20 July. en.wikipedia treats this and the renewed siege as one siege (25 April 1821 – 9 June 1822, Greek victory). Here they are split to follow el.wikipedia and the opposite results.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 55
 },
 {
  "name": "Athens (1821)",
  "name_el": "Μάχη της Αθήνας (1821)",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-08",
  "date": "26–28 April 1821 (O.S.; 8–10 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Athens, Attica",
  "lat": 37.98,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Meletios Vasileiou, Dimos Antoniou",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Αθήνας (1821) (title and dates); en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Armed Atticans broke into the town; the Muslims withdrew to the Acropolis.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 56
 },
 {
  "name": "Galați",
  "name_el": "Γαλάτσι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-12",
  "date": "30 April – 1 May 1821 (O.S.; 12–13 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Danubian Principalities",
  "place": "Galați, Moldavia",
  "lat": 45.44,
  "lon": 28.05,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Romania",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Filiki Eteria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Yusuf Pasha (Berkofçalı) of Brăila, Hacı Kara Ahmed Efendi",
  "commanders_b": "Athanasios Karpenisiotis, Kottiras (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Galați (1821); el.wikipedia Μάχη του Γαλατσίου (title and dates)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 600 Eterists held a fortified line against about 5,000 Ottomans. Some 20 survivors, including Karpenisiotis, broke out, and the town was sacked. Not to be confused with the Eterist rising and massacre of local Turks at Galați on 21–22 February 1821, which was not a battle.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 57
 },
 {
  "name": "Gravia Inn",
  "name_el": "Χάνι της Γραβιάς",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-20",
  "date": "8 May 1821 (O.S.; 20 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Inn of Gravia, Phocis",
  "lat": 38.65,
  "lon": 22.42,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Odysseas Androutsos, Ioannis Gouras, Angelis Govios",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Vrioni, Köse Mehmed Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Gravia Inn; el.wikipedia Μάχη στο Χάνι της Γραβιάς; Hellenic Army General Staff (army.gr); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 120 men held the inn against repeated assaults and heavy loss to the Ottomans, then slipped away at night before artillery arrived. en.wikipedia calls the result ambiguous; it is usually counted as a Greek victory and it checked Vrioni's march on the Peloponnese.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 58
 },
 {
  "name": "Valtetsi",
  "name_el": "Βαλτέτσι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-24",
  "date": "12–13 May 1821 (O.S.; 24–25 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Valtetsi, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.52,
  "lon": 22.29,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis, Ilias Mavromichalis, Anagnostaras, Dimitrios Plapoutas, Mitropetrovas",
  "commanders_b": "Kehaya Mustafa Bey, Rubi Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Valtetsi; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Βαλτετσίου; Trikoupis vol. 1; Kolokotronis, Διήγησις",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ottoman losses are given variously as 600 dead (text) and 1,149 dead and wounded (infobox) in en.wikipedia.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 59
 },
 {
  "name": "Katsarou Straits",
  "name_el": "Στενά του Κατσαρού",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-27",
  "date": "27 May 1821",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Katsarou khans near Panopoulo, mountains of Elis",
  "lat": 37.92,
  "lon": 21.73,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Κατσαρού",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia gives 27 May 1821 (30 June in the old reckoning). el.wikipedia: Giannias and his men refused to surrender and fell fighting.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 60
 },
 {
  "name": "Doliana and Vervena",
  "name_el": "Δολιανά και Βέρβενα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-30",
  "date": "18 May 1821 (O.S.; 30 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Doliana and Vervena, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.45,
  "lon": 22.47,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikitaras (Doliana); the chieftains of the Greek camp at Vervena",
  "commanders_b": "Kehaya Mustafa Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Doliana; el.wikipedia Μάχη των Δολιανών και Βερβένων; Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "One entry, following el.wikipedia, which treats the two simultaneous fights as one battle: Kehaya Bey's two-pronged attack on the Greek camp at Vervena and on Nikitaras's post at Doliana, a few km apart, both repulsed. Split into two entries if the set counts them separately. Coordinates are for Doliana.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 61
 },
 {
  "name": "Methoni (siege, 1821)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Μεθώνης",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-05-30",
  "date": "from 18 May 1821 (O.S.; 30 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Methoni, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.82,
  "lon": 21.7,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Μεθώνης (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Methoni (like Koroni) stayed in Ottoman hands and was resupplied by sea; it surrendered to the French only in 1828. el.wikipedia: Methoni stayed in Ottoman hands.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 62
 },
 {
  "name": "Vrachori",
  "name_el": "Βραχώρι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-07",
  "date": "26 May – 11 June 1821 (O.S.; 7–23 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Vrachori (Agrinio), Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.62,
  "lon": 21.41,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Western Greek armatoles (Alexakis Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios Makris and others)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Βραχωρίου (title and dates); Trikoupis vol. 1; Finlay vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Muslim and Jewish garrison and population held out in their houses and towers until 11 June. The capture was followed by killings of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 63
 },
 {
  "name": "Eresos",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Ερεσού",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-08",
  "date": "27 May 1821 (O.S.; 8 June N.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Off Eresos, Lesbos",
  "lat": 39.12,
  "lon": 25.92,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Iakovos Tombazis (squadron), Dimitrios Papanikolis (fireship)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Dimitrios Papanikolis; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία της Ερεσού (title and date); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The first successful Greek fireship attack: an Ottoman two-decker (often called a 74-gun ship of the line, sometimes a frigate) at anchor off Eresos was burned. The rest of the Ottoman squadron withdrew to the Dardanelles.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 64
 },
 {
  "name": "Nucet",
  "name_el": "Μονή Νοτσέτου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-08",
  "date": "27–28 May 1821 (O.S.; 8–9 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Danubian Principalities",
  "place": "Nucet monastery, near Târgoviște, Wallachia",
  "lat": 44.8,
  "lon": 25.55,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Romania",
  "side_a": [
   "Filiki Eteria"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη στη Μονή Νοτσέτου (title and dates only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: 27 May 1821; the Ottoman attack on the monastery was repulsed (Ioannis Kolokotronis, Gerasimos Orfanos, Archimandrite Servos); the Greeks withdrew that night.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 65
 },
 {
  "name": "Koltsi",
  "name_el": "Κόλτσι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-11",
  "date": "11 June 1821",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Danubian Principalities",
  "place": "Mount Koltsi, on the Wallachia–Transylvania border",
  "lat": 45.4,
  "lon": 24.3,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Romania",
  "side_a": [
   "Filiki Eteria"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Archimandrite Servos",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Κόλτσι",
  "borderline": "small action; site uncertain",
  "note": "Greek and Serb fighters under Archimandrite Servos fought their way past Ottoman troops into Austrian territory after Drăgășani.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 66
 },
 {
  "name": "Derviziana",
  "name_el": "Δερβίζιανα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-13",
  "date": "1 June 1821 (O.S.; 13 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Derviziana, Ioannina regional unit, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.42,
  "lon": 20.77,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη στα Δερβίζιανα (title and date); en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "According to en.wikipedia, Botsaris used a planned ambush to destroy a regiment of Ottoman troops from Macedonia in Hurshid Pasha's army.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 67
 },
 {
  "name": "Drăgășani",
  "name_el": "Δραγατσάνι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-19",
  "date": "7 June 1821 (O.S.; 19 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Danubian Principalities",
  "place": "Drăgășani, Wallachia",
  "lat": 44.66,
  "lon": 24.26,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Romania",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Filiki Eteria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kara Ahmed",
  "commanders_b": "Alexandros Ypsilantis, Nikolaos Ypsilantis, Vasileios Karavias, Giorgakis Olympios, Athanasios Tsakalov",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Drăgășani; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Δραγατσανίου; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Karavias's premature attack led to the destruction of the Sacred Band (Ιερός Λόχος). Ypsilantis then retreated into Austrian territory.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 68
 },
 {
  "name": "Thessaloniki (1821)",
  "name_el": "Μάχη της Θεσσαλονίκης (1821)",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-20",
  "date": "8 June 1821 (O.S.; 20 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Near the present American Farm School, between Thermi and Thessaloniki",
  "lat": 40.57,
  "lon": 22.99,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Stamatios (Stamos) Kapsas (Chapsas)",
  "commanders_b": "Ahmed Bey of Giannitsa",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Stamos Kapsas (after Papaoikonomou, Prosopografia Agoniston tou 1821 apo ti Chalkidiki kai ti Thessaloniki, 2016); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Θεσσαλονίκης (title/date); en.wikipedia Stamos Kapsas: 'On the same day [8 June 1821], Kapsas' men confronted and defeated the Ottoman cavalry near the modern American Agricultural School, under Ahmed Bey of Giannitsa ... forcing the Ottomans to retreat to Thessaloniki' (dates in O.S.)",
  "borderline": "A cavalry clash during the rebel advance on the city; separate from Vasilika, fought two days later.",
  "note": "On 8 June 1821 O.S. the Chalkidiki rebels camped at Vasilika and Thermi to prepare an attack on Thessaloniki; that day Kapsas' men met and defeated the Ottoman cavalry of Ahmed Bey of Giannitsa near the present American Farm School and drove it back into the city.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 69
 },
 {
  "name": "Lalas",
  "name_el": "Λάλας",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-21",
  "date": "9–13 June 1821 (O.S.; 21–25 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Lalas (Lala), Elis",
  "lat": 37.71,
  "lon": 21.71,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Metaxas, Konstantinos Metaxas, Dimitris Plapoutas, Georgios Plapoutas (killed), Deligiannis, Tzanetos Christopoulos, Georgios Sisinis",
  "commanders_b": "Yusuf Pasha Serezli",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Lalas; el.wikipedia Πολιορκία και άλωση του Λάλα; Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Cephalonian volunteers under the Metaxas brothers took part. The Muslim Albanians of Lala and Yusuf Pasha's relief force withdrew to Patras on 14 June, and Lala was burned.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 70
 },
 {
  "name": "Vasilika (Thessaloniki)",
  "name_el": "Βασιλικά Θεσσαλονίκης",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-22",
  "date": "10 June 1821 (O.S.; 22 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Vasilika and the monastery of Agia Anastasia, Thessaloniki",
  "lat": 40.48,
  "lon": 23.14,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Bayram Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Stamatios Kapsas (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Vasilika (Thessaloniki); el.wikipedia Μάχη των Βασιλικών Θεσσαλονίκης; en.wikipedia Emmanouel Pappas",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kapsas and his men fought to the end. The defeat opened Chalkidiki to Bayram Pasha's army.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 71
 },
 {
  "name": "Rentina",
  "name_el": "Ρεντίνα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-27",
  "date": "15 June 1821 (O.S.; 27 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Rentina pass and monastery, Thessaloniki",
  "lat": 40.66,
  "lon": 23.6,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Chalkidiki rebels of Emmanouil Pappas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Rentina pass, June 1821); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Ρεντίνας (title and date)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia states only that the Chalkidiki rebels were defeated at the Rentina pass in June 1821, without naming commanders.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 72
 },
 {
  "name": "Sculeni",
  "name_el": "Σκουλένι",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-29",
  "date": "17 June 1821 (O.S.; 29 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Danubian Principalities",
  "place": "Sculeni, on the Prut, Moldavia",
  "lat": 47.32,
  "lon": 27.63,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Romania",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Filiki Eteria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Athanasios Karpenisiotis (killed); Georgios Kantakouzinos (crossed into Russia before the battle)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sculeni; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Σκουλενίου (title); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 400–500 Eterists faced some 5,000 Ottomans with their backs to the Prut. About a quarter escaped by swimming to Russian Bessarabia. en.wikipedia's infobox also lists Olympios and Pharmakis, who were not at Sculeni.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 73
 },
 {
  "name": "Roustika",
  "name_el": "Ρούστικα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-29",
  "date": "17 June 1821 (O.S.; 29 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Roustika, Rethymno",
  "lat": 35.32,
  "lon": 24.39,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Ρουστίκων (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: also called the battle of Zouridi, 16/17 June (or July) 1821, a Greek victory.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 74
 },
 {
  "name": "Makrynoros (1821)",
  "name_el": "Μακρυνόρος",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06-30",
  "date": "18 June 1821 (O.S.; 30 June N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Makrynoros pass, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 39.0,
  "lon": 21.13,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Gogos Bakolas",
  "commanders_b": "Ismail Pasha Pliassa",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη στο Μακρυνόρος (title and date only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: decisive Greek victory of c. 100 men under Gogos Bakolas over c. 4,000 under Ismail Pliassa; the article gives 18 June 1821 in its infobox and 18 June 1822 in its text.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 75
 },
 {
  "name": "Kydonies",
  "name_el": "Καταστροφή των Κυδωνιών",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-06",
  "date": "early June 1821 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Kydonies (Ayvalık), Aeolis",
  "lat": 39.32,
  "lon": 26.69,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Iakovos Tombazis (Hydriot and Psariot squadron)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Καταστροφή των Κυδωνιών (title)",
  "borderline": "Mainly the sack of a Greek town. It is included because the townsmen and men landed from the Greek squadron fought the Ottoman troops while the population was evacuated by sea.",
  "note": "Usually dated 2–3 June 1821 (O.S.), just after Eresos, when Tombazis's squadron was off Kydonies; the timeline copy of el.wikipedia's date reads 4 July, so the exact day is unconfirmed. The town was burned.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 76
 },
 {
  "name": "Variades",
  "name_el": "Βαριάδες",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-07-26",
  "date": "14 July 1821 (O.S.; 26 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Variades, near Souli, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.33,
  "lon": 20.7,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Βαριάδων (title and date); en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: the Souliotes took Variades on 14 July 1821 and razed the Ottoman fortifications.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 77
 },
 {
  "name": "Vrysakia",
  "name_el": "Βρυσάκια",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-07-27",
  "date": "15 July 1821 (O.S.; 27 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Euboea",
  "place": "Vrysakia, near Chalkis, Euboea",
  "lat": 38.49,
  "lon": 23.72,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Angelis Govios",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Bey of Karystos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Βρυσακίων (title and date); Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A victory of the Euboean rebels over the Ottoman forces of Euboea.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 78
 },
 {
  "name": "Stavros (Theodoriana)",
  "name_el": "Σταυρός Θεοδωριάνων",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-08-04",
  "date": "4 August 1821",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Stavros, between Vourgareli and Theodoriana, Arta",
  "lat": 39.42,
  "lon": 21.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Σταυρού; Μάχη του Βουργαρελίου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 5,000 Turks marched out of Arta; with reinforcements the Greeks drove them back with heavy losses. el.wikipedia also has a separate article on the battle of Vourgareli at the same place, treated here as the same action.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 79
 },
 {
  "name": "Grana",
  "name_el": "Γράνα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-08-22",
  "date": "10 August 1821 (O.S.; 22 August N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "The trench (Grana) on Loukas hill, near Tripolitsa, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.54,
  "lon": 22.39,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Dimitrios Plapoutas, Dimitrios Deligiannis, Ioannis Dagres",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Bey (mortally wounded), Kabir Kehaya (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Trench (1821); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Γράνας; en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Known in English as the Battle of the Trench. A dawn sortie of about 3,000 from Tripolitsa was routed at the trench dug to stop its foraging (about 400 Ottoman dead).",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 80
 },
 {
  "name": "Vasilika",
  "name_el": "Βασιλικά",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-09-07",
  "date": "26 August 1821 (O.S.; 7 September N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Vasilika pass, near Thermopylae, Phthiotis",
  "lat": 38.8,
  "lon": 22.66,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ioannis Gouras, Dimitrios Panourgias, Ioannis Dyovouniotis, Odysseas Androutsos",
  "commanders_b": "Behram Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Vasilika; el.wikipedia Μάχη των Βασιλικών Φθιώτιδας; Trikoupis vol. 1",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A relief army marching to Omer Vrioni and the Peloponnese was destroyed (about 700 dead, 7 cannon taken). Vrioni then left Attica.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 81
 },
 {
  "name": "Secu Monastery",
  "name_el": "Μονή Σέκου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-09-20",
  "date": "September 1821; explosion 8 September (O.S.; 20 September N.S.), surrender of Pharmakis 22 September (O.S.; 4 October N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Danubian Principalities",
  "place": "Secu Monastery, Neamț, Moldavia",
  "lat": 47.16,
  "lon": 26.19,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Romania",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Filiki Eteria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Giorgakis Olympios (killed), Yiannis Pharmakis (captured, executed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Μονής Σέκκου (title and date); en.wikipedia Battle of Sculeni; en.wikipedia Giorgakis Olympios; en.wikipedia Yiannis Pharmakis; National Historical Museum, Athens (item 9619)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Olympios blew up the powder store rather than surrender. Pharmakis held out about two more weeks and surrendered on a promise of amnesty, then was executed in Constantinople. It was the last action of the Eterist campaign.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 82
 },
 {
  "name": "Pente Pigadia (1821)",
  "name_el": "Πέντε Πηγάδια",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-09-27",
  "date": "15–17 September 1821 (O.S.; 27–29 September N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Pente Pigadia pass, Ioannina–Arta road, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.38,
  "lon": 20.92,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Πέντε Πηγαδιών (title and dates); en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: a Souliote victory at the Pente Pigadia junction (Kleisoura, Preveza). Distinct from the December 1820 action.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 83
 },
 {
  "name": "Galaxidi",
  "name_el": "Καταστροφή του Γαλαξειδίου",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-10-04",
  "date": "22–23 September 1821 (O.S.; 4–5 October N.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Galaxidi, Phocis",
  "lat": 38.38,
  "lon": 22.38,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ismail Gibraltar",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Καταστροφή του Γαλαξειδίου (title and dates); en.wikipedia Siege of Tripolitsa (19 September)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia (Siege of Tripolitsa) dates the attack to 19 September. Dozens of Galaxidiot ships were captured or burned.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 84
 },
 {
  "name": "Kassandra",
  "name_el": "Κασσάνδρα",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-11-11",
  "date": "30 October 1821 (O.S.; 11 November N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Isthmus of Kassandra (Potidaea), Chalkidiki",
  "lat": 40.19,
  "lon": 23.33,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mehmed Emin Pasha (Ebu Lubut), vali of Thessaloniki",
  "commanders_b": "Emmanouil Pappas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Vasilika (Thessaloniki); en.wikipedia Emmanouel Pappas; en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Κασσάνδρας (title and date)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 14,000 Ottomans stormed the fortified wall at Potidaea, then sacked Kassandra. Pappas escaped by sea and died on the way to Hydra. The revolt in Chalkidiki ended, and Mount Athos capitulated without a battle.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 85
 },
 {
  "name": "Arta (siege, 1821)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Άρτας",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-11-24",
  "date": "12 November – 4 December 1821 (O.S.; 24 November – 16 December N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Arta, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.16,
  "lon": 20.99,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries",
   "Souliotes"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Ali Pasha"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Markos Botsaris, Gogos Bakolas and other armatoles of Western Greece, with Muslim Albanian beys of Ali Pasha's party",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Άρτας (title and dates); en.wikipedia Souliotes; en.wikipedia Markos Botsaris",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The allies took and plundered most of the town (en.wikipedia) but not the castle. The Muslim Albanians broke with the Greeks after news of the killings at Tripolitsa, and the Greeks withdrew; scored on the failed siege. Hurshid Pasha then counter-attacked.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 86
 },
 {
  "name": "Acropolis (siege, 1821–1822)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Ακρόπολης (1821–1822)",
  "year": 1821,
  "start": "1821-11",
  "date": "November 1821 – 10 June 1822 (O.S.; surrender 22 June 1822 N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Acropolis of Athens, Attica",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Meletios Vasileiou, Dimos Antoniou, Olivier Voutier (artillery, 1822)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822); el.wikipedia Άλωση της Ακρόπολης (10 June 1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The siege was renewed after Omer Vrioni left Attica in autumn 1821; the start month is approximate. The garrison capitulated on 9/10 June 1822 (O.S.), after which many of those who surrendered were killed. This is the same event as el.wikipedia's 'Άλωση της Ακρόπολης'; the 1822 batch should not list it again.",
  "_batch": "02",
  "id": 87
 },
 {
  "name": "Styra",
  "name_el": "Στύρα",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-01-24",
  "date": "12 January 1822 (O.S. assumed; 24 January N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Euboea",
  "place": "Styra, Euboea (Agios Vasileios and the Kokkinomylos windmill)",
  "lat": 38.16,
  "lon": 24.23,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Omer Bey of Karystos",
  "commanders_b": "Ilias Mavromichalis (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "IMOPH, Η μάχη των Στύρων (2021); en.wikipedia Ilias Mavromichalis; Trikoupis vol. 2; imoph.org 'Η μάχη των Στύρων' ('στὶς 12 Ἰανουαρίου τοῦ 1822'; 'Ἧττα τῶν ἑλληνικῶν δυνάμεων στὰ Στύρα'); en.wikipedia Ilias Mavromichalis (died at Styra, 12 January 1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ilias Mavromichalis landed at Aliveri with about 600 Maniots on 5 January and marched on Styra; he first beat the Ottomans at Agios Vasileios and besieged Styra, but Omer Bey of Karystos outflanked and surrounded the Greeks, most of whom fled; Mavromichalis held out in the Kokkinomylos windmill with seven men until killed. Omer sent his head to the Sultan.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 88
 },
 {
  "name": "Dovra monastery",
  "name_el": "Μονή Δοβρά",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-02-19",
  "date": "19 February 1822 (el.wikipedia)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Panagia Dovra monastery, near Veroia",
  "lat": 40.51,
  "lon": 22.15,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mehmed Aga",
  "commanders_b": "Anastasios Karatasos, Zafeirakis Theodosiou, Angelis Gatsos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Μονής Δοβράς (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: a Greek attack from Dovra monastery near Veroia during the Naousa revolt that failed, though it alarmed the Turks of the town.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 89
 },
 {
  "name": "Patras (siege 1822)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Πάτρας (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-02",
  "date": "February – July 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Patras citadel, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.24,
  "lon": 21.74,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Yusuf Pasha (Serezli)",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Andreas Zaimis, Andreas Londos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Πάτρας (1822); en.wikipedia Siege of Patras (1821); Kolokotronis, Διήγησις συμβάντων",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Renewed Greek siege of the Patras citadel after the 1821 siege; the garrison held and the siege was given up when Dramali invaded in July 1822. The battle of Gerokomeio is a separate entry.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 90
 },
 {
  "name": "Gerokomeio",
  "name_el": "Γηροκομείο",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-02",
  "date": "February 1822 (en.wikipedia; some Greek accounts give March 1822)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Gerokomeio monastery, above Patras",
  "lat": 38.24,
  "lon": 21.77,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_b": "Yusuf Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Γηροκομείου; en.wikipedia Siege of Patras (1821)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek victory over a sortie of the Patras garrison, after which Kolokotronis renewed the siege. Exact day unverified.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 91
 },
 {
  "name": "Patras (sea)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία των Πατρών (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03-04",
  "date": "4–5 March 1822 (20–21 February O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Gulf of Patras, off Patras",
  "lat": 38.25,
  "lon": 21.62,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman fleet (commander unverified)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία της Πάτρας (1822); navalhistory.gr; Eleftheros Typos, Οι μεγάλες ναυμαχίες της Επανάστασης του 1821; Trikoupis vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First Greek fleet action fought in line (5½ hours). The Ottoman fleet, which had brought reinforcements to Patras, withdrew to Zakynthos; Greek sources call it a victory, some historians indecisive. navalhistory.gr dates it 26 February.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 92
 },
 {
  "name": "Saravali",
  "name_el": "Σαραβάλι",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03-09",
  "date": "9 March 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Saravali, near Patras",
  "lat": 38.21,
  "lon": 21.77,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Σαραβαλίου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "During the first siege of Patras.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 93
 },
 {
  "name": "Chios (1822)",
  "name_el": "Χίος (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03-23",
  "date": "23 March – 12 April 1822 (11–31 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Chios town and castle",
  "lat": 38.37,
  "lon": 26.14,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha (Kara Ali); Vehbi Pasha (castle garrison)",
  "commanders_b": "Lykourgos Logothetis, Antonios Bournias",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Trikoupis vol. 2; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution; en.wikipedia Chios massacre",
  "borderline": "Fighting was limited: a Samian landing and a loose siege of the castle, then brief resistance to the Ottoman landing of 11 April (N.S.); the massacre that followed is excluded",
  "note": "The Samian landing (Logothetis, Bournias) besieged the Ottoman garrison in the castle; the Kapudan Pasha's fleet landed troops on 30 March/11 April and the revolt collapsed.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 94
 },
 {
  "name": "Naousa (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Νάουσας",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03-26",
  "date": "26 March – 18 April 1822 (14 March – 6 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Naousa, Imathia",
  "lat": 40.63,
  "lon": 22.07,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mehmed Emin Pasha (Abdul Abud), vali of Thessaloniki",
  "commanders_b": "Zafeirakis Theodosiou, Anastasios Karatasos, Angelis Gatsos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Naousa massacre; el.wikipedia Καταστροφή της Νάουσας; Vakalopoulos, Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Assaults on 16–19 March and bombardment from 24 March (O.S. dates as in Greek accounts; en.wikipedia gives them without calendar). The town was stormed and a massacre followed, ending the revolt in central Macedonia.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 95
 },
 {
  "name": "Dyo Vouna (Euboea)",
  "name_el": "Δύο Βουνά Ευβοίας",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03-28",
  "date": "28 March 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Euboea",
  "place": "Dyo Vouna, Euboea",
  "lat": 38.6,
  "lon": 23.55,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kenan Aga",
  "commanders_b": "Angelis Govios (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στα Δυο Βουνά Ευβοίας (1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "An Ottoman victory; Angelis Govios fell.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 96
 },
 {
  "name": "Kolindros",
  "name_el": "Κολινδρός",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03",
  "date": "March 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kolindros, Pieria",
  "lat": 40.48,
  "lon": 22.48,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mehmed Emin Pasha (Abdul Abud), vali of Thessaloniki",
  "commanders_b": "Olympus revolutionaries (commanders not confirmed in the sources checked)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; Vakalopoulos, Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας; Kasomoulis, Ενθυμήματα στρατιωτικά",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of Mehmed Emin's suppression of the Olympus–Vermio revolt of 1822.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 97
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastania",
  "name_el": "Καστανιά",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-03",
  "date": "March 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kastania, Mt Vermio (Imathia)",
  "lat": 40.42,
  "lon": 22.07,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mehmed Emin Pasha (Abdul Abud)",
  "commanders_b": "Macedonian revolutionaries (commanders not confirmed in the sources checked)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence; Vakalopoulos, Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Site taken as Kastania on Mt Vermio; it may be Kastania in Pieria. Preceded the siege of Naousa.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 98
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastellos (Rethymno)",
  "name_el": "Καστέλλος Ρεθύμνης",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-04-08",
  "date": "8–14 April 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kastellos, Rethymno",
  "lat": 35.3,
  "lon": 24.45,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Καστέλλου Ρεθύμνης",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 99
 },
 {
  "name": "Mylopotamos (Crete)",
  "name_el": "Μυλοπόταμος Κρήτης",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-04",
  "date": "mid-April 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Mylopotamos province, Crete",
  "lat": 35.35,
  "lon": 24.75,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στον Μυλοπόταμο (Κρήτης)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 100
 },
 {
  "name": "Malevizi",
  "name_el": "Μαλεβίζι",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-04",
  "date": "mid-April 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Malevizi province, Crete",
  "lat": 35.3,
  "lon": 25.0,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Μαλεβίζι",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Turks were shut up in Heraklion afterwards.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 101
 },
 {
  "name": "Chalandritsa",
  "name_el": "Χαλανδρίτσα",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-05-26",
  "date": "26 May 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Chalandritsa, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.11,
  "lon": 21.78,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Plapoutas, Gennaios Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη της Χαλανδρίτσας; en.wikipedia Battle of Chalandritsa",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 102
 },
 {
  "name": "Souli (1822)",
  "name_el": "Ναβαρίκο, Χώνια και Κιάφα (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-05",
  "date": "May 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Navariko, Chonia and Kiafa, Souli (Thesprotia)",
  "lat": 39.37,
  "lon": 20.59,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Souliote captains (Notis Botsaris and others)",
  "commanders_b": "army of Hurshid Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη στο Ναβαρίκο, Χώνια και Κιάφα (1822); en.wikipedia Souliotes; Battle of Peta",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 2,000 Souliotes repelled an Ottoman army of c. 15,000; Souli nevertheless capitulated after Peta (July 1822) and was evacuated in September. Exact day unverified.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 103
 },
 {
  "name": "Chesme (1822)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία του Τσεσμέ (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-05",
  "date": "May – June 1822 (unverified)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Chios strait off Çeşme",
  "lat": 38.35,
  "lon": 26.25,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha (Kara Ali)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία του Τσεσμέ (1822) (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 104
 },
 {
  "name": "Tsoukalaria",
  "name_el": "Τσουκαλαριά",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-06-12",
  "date": "12 June 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Tsoukalaria, Crete",
  "lat": 35.25,
  "lon": 25.1,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στα Τσουκαλαριά",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "c. 2,000 Greeks against c. 12,000 Turks; a Turkish victory after the first Greek success at Malaxa.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 105
 },
 {
  "name": "Chios (fireship attack)",
  "name_el": "Πυρπόληση της τουρκικής ναυαρχίδας στη Χίο",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-06-18",
  "date": "night of 18/19 June 1822 (6/7 June O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Chios roadstead",
  "lat": 38.38,
  "lon": 26.16,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Kanaris, Andreas Pipinos",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha (Kara Ali), killed",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "Trikoupis vol. 2; en.wikipedia Konstantinos Kanaris, Chios massacre; el.wikipedia Πυρπόληση Τουρκικής Ναυαρχίδας στη Χίο (1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kanaris burned the 84-gun flagship Mansur al-Liwa during the Bayram festivities; about 2,000 died, including the Kapudan Pasha.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 106
 },
 {
  "name": "Kompoti",
  "name_el": "Κομπότι",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-06-22",
  "date": "22 June 1822 (10 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Kompoti, Arta",
  "lat": 39.1,
  "lon": 21.08,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris, Karl von Normann (under Alexandros Mavrokordatos)",
  "commanders_b": "Ismail Pasha Pliasas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kompoti; Trikoupis vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Prelude to Peta; Greek victory over Ottoman cavalry from Arta. en.wikipedia gives 10 June 1822 without calendar (O.S. assumed).",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 107
 },
 {
  "name": "Splantza",
  "name_el": "Σπλάντζα",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-07-04",
  "date": "4 July 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "harbour of Splantza (Ammoudia), Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.24,
  "lon": 20.48,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη της Σπλάντζας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Both sides withdrew; el.wikipedia calls it a Greek success but says it can be seen as an Ottoman one, since the Greek march was stopped.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 108
 },
 {
  "name": "Peta",
  "name_el": "Πέτα",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-07-16",
  "date": "16 July 1822 (4 July O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Peta, Arta",
  "lat": 39.17,
  "lon": 21.03,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Omer Vrioni",
  "commanders_b": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Markos Botsaris, Karl von Normann, Panagiotis Rodios; Philhellene Battalion",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Peta; Trikoupis vol. 2; St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Πέτα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Defeat blamed on Gogos Bakolas abandoning his position; the Philhellene Battalion was destroyed (c. 67 killed).",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 109
 },
 {
  "name": "Argos (Larissa castle)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του κάστρου της Λάρισας (Άργος)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-07-24",
  "date": "24 July – 3 August 1822 (12–22 July O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Larissa castle, Argos",
  "lat": 37.64,
  "lon": 22.71,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Ypsilantis",
  "commanders_b": "Mahmud Dramali Pasha",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Dervenakia, Mahmud Dramali Pasha; Trikoupis vol. 2; Fotakos, Απομνημονεύματα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 700 Greeks held the castle for twelve days, delaying Dramali while Kolokotronis seized the passes, then broke out at night for lack of water; the Ottomans occupied the empty castle. Greek accounts treat it as a successful defence.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 110
 },
 {
  "name": "Dervenakia",
  "name_el": "Δερβενάκια",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-08-07",
  "date": "7–8 August 1822 (26–27 July O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Dervenakia pass, Corinthia",
  "lat": 37.79,
  "lon": 22.75,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Nikitaras, Dimitrios Ypsilantis, Papaflessas",
  "commanders_b": "Mahmud Dramali Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "Trikoupis vol. 2; Kolokotronis, Διήγησις; en.wikipedia Battle of Dervenakia; el.wikipedia Μάχη των Δερβενακίων",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Includes the ambushes at Agios Sostis and Agios Vasileios (Nikitaras 'Tourkofagos'). en.wikipedia gives 6–8 August N.S.; 26 July O.S. = 7 August N.S. Dramali's second attempt via Agionori is a separate entry.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 111
 },
 {
  "name": "Agionori",
  "name_el": "Αγιονόρι",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-08-09",
  "date": "9 August 1822 (28 July O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Agionori and the Kleisoura defile, Corinthia",
  "lat": 37.77,
  "lon": 22.68,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikitaras, Papaflessas, Dimitrios Ypsilantis",
  "commanders_b": "Mahmud Dramali Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Agionori; Trikoupis vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Dramali broke through to Corinth with his bodyguard but lost 600–1,000 men and his baggage. The fighting in the Kleisoura defile on the Agionori road is included here.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 112
 },
 {
  "name": "Aetos",
  "name_el": "Αετός",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-08-10",
  "date": "10 August 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Aetos, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.71,
  "lon": 21.12,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Varnakiotis",
  "commanders_b": "Mehmed Reshid Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Αετού",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 113
 },
 {
  "name": "Kiato",
  "name_el": "Κιάτο",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-08-12",
  "date": "12 August 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kiato, Corinthia",
  "lat": 38.01,
  "lon": 22.75,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Κιάτου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Against the remnants of Dramali's army after Dervenakia.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 114
 },
 {
  "name": "Sklavokampos",
  "name_el": "Σκλαβόκαμπος",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-08-31",
  "date": "31 August 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Sklavokampos, Crete",
  "lat": 35.3,
  "lon": 24.92,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Zervoudakis, Chourdos",
  "commanders_b": "Hasan Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στον Σκλαβόκαμπο",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Turkish force retreated towards Knossos.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 115
 },
 {
  "name": "Spetses (1822)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία των Σπετσών",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-09-20",
  "date": "20–25 September 1822 (8–13 September O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Strait between Spetses and the Argolid, Argolic Gulf",
  "lat": 37.27,
  "lon": 23.16,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Egypt",
   "Barbary states"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis, Georgios Androutsos (Spetses), Nikolis Apostolis (Psara); fireship captain Kosmas Barbatsis",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha Kara Mehmed",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Nauplia (1822); navalhistory.gr; ellinoistorin.gr; el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία των Σπετσών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the battle of Nauplia or of the Argolic Gulf. The Ottoman-Egyptian fleet (84 ships, with Barbary contingents) failed to relieve Nafplio and withdrew; includes the indecisive clash off Spetsopoula on 12/24 September.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 116
 },
 {
  "name": "Dadi",
  "name_el": "Δαδί",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-11-01",
  "date": "1 November 1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Dadi (Amfikleia), Phthiotis",
  "lat": 38.64,
  "lon": 22.58,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Köse Mehmed Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Odysseas Androutsos, Georgios Lepeniotis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Δαδίου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 117
 },
 {
  "name": "Missolonghi (first siege)",
  "name_el": "Πρώτη πολιορκία του Μεσολογγίου",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-11-06",
  "date": "6 November 1822 – 12 January 1823 (25 October – 31 December 1822 O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.37,
  "lon": 21.43,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Markos Botsaris, Athanasios Razikotsikas",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Vrioni, Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia First siege of Missolonghi; Trikoupis vol. 2; el.wikipedia Πρώτη πολιορκία του Μεσολογγίου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The main Ottoman assault on Christmas night (24/25 December O.S. = 5/6 January 1823 N.S.) was repulsed; more than 500 Ottoman troops drowned crossing the Achelous in the retreat.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 118
 },
 {
  "name": "Tenedos (fireship attack)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Τενέδου (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-11-09",
  "date": "night of 9/10 November 1822 (28/29 October O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "off Tenedos (Bozcaada)",
  "lat": 39.83,
  "lon": 26.03,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Kanaris",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman fleet of Kapudan Pasha Kara Mehmed",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Konstantinos Kanaris; el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία της Τενέδου (1822); Trikoupis vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kanaris burned the Kapudan Bey's ship of the line at anchor off Tenedos; the Ottoman fleet withdrew into the Dardanelles.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 119
 },
 {
  "name": "Palamidi (capture)",
  "name_el": "Άλωση του Παλαμηδίου",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822-12-11",
  "date": "night of 11/12 December 1822 (29/30 November O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Palamidi fortress, Nafplio",
  "lat": 37.56,
  "lon": 22.81,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Staikos Staikopoulos, Dimitrios Moschonisiotis (under Theodoros Kolokotronis)",
  "commanders_b": "starving Ottoman garrison",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Trikoupis vol. 2; Kolokotronis, Διήγησις; en.wikipedia Battle of Nauplia (1822)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Nafplio town surrendered on 3/15 December 1822, ending the siege begun in 1821 (separate entry).",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 120
 },
 {
  "name": "Plaka (1822)",
  "name_el": "Πλάκα",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822",
  "date": "1822 (unverified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Plaka, Epirus (site unverified)",
  "lat": 39.3,
  "lon": 20.7,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek revolutionaries / Souliotes",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman forces",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Πλάκας (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: an attempt to relieve Souli after Kompoti (10 June 1822); the revolutionaries prevailed but did not exploit the victory.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 121
 },
 {
  "name": "Malaxa (1822)",
  "name_el": "Μαλάξα (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822",
  "date": "1822 (unverified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Malaxa, Apokoronas (Chania)",
  "lat": 35.48,
  "lon": 24.11,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Hasan Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Sifakas, Chalis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Μαλάξας (1822) (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: June 1822; after an initial Greek success the Turks won on 13 or 14 June.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 122
 },
 {
  "name": "Karystos (siege 1822)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Καρύστου (1822)",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822",
  "date": "1822 (months unverified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Euboea",
  "place": "Karystos castle (Castello Rosso), Euboea",
  "lat": 38.03,
  "lon": 24.42,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Euboean revolutionaries (Nikolaos Kriezotis), Ilias Mavromichalis",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Bey of Karystos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία της Καρύστου (1822) (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek attempt on the Ottoman stronghold of southern Euboea, followed by the battle of Styra. el.wikipedia: the Greeks won the battle and the Ottomans fell back into the fortress; Androutsos was then ordered to leave Euboea.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 123
 },
 {
  "name": "Tympaki",
  "name_el": "Τυμπάκι",
  "year": 1822,
  "start": "1822",
  "date": "mid-1822",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Tympaki, Crete",
  "lat": 35.07,
  "lon": 24.77,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Τυμπάκι",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 124
 },
 {
  "name": "Akrata",
  "name_el": "Ακράτα",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-01-06",
  "date": "6–8 January 1823",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Akrata, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.16,
  "lon": 22.31,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Londos, Andreas Zaimis, Petimezas",
  "commanders_b": "remnants of Dramali's army",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Andreas Londos; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Ακράτας; Trikoupis vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Some 3,000–4,000 Ottoman troops marching from Corinth to Patras along the coast were surrounded and destroyed; few escaped on ships sent by Yusuf Pasha.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 125
 },
 {
  "name": "Agios Vlasios",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Βλάσιος",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-01",
  "date": "January 1823",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Agios Vlasios pass (Agrafa / Aetolia-Acarnania)",
  "lat": 38.68,
  "lon": 21.55,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Karaiskakis",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman detachment retreating from Missolonghi",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Georgios Karaiskakis; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αγίου Βλασίου (Αιτωλοακαρνανία)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Karaiskakis attacked c. 3,000 Ottoman troops retreating through Agrafa after the failed first siege of Missolonghi. Exact site unverified (en.wikipedia: 'Agios Vlasios pass, Agrafa').",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 126
 },
 {
  "name": "Lechaio (1823)",
  "name_el": "Λέχαιο (1823)",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-07-11",
  "date": "11 July 1823",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Lechaio, Corinth",
  "lat": 37.93,
  "lon": 22.88,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek besiegers of Corinth",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman garrison of Corinth",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Λεχαίου (1823) (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: an Ottoman attempt to resupply besieged Acrocorinth was beaten off.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 127
 },
 {
  "name": "Karpenisi",
  "name_el": "Καρπενήσι",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-08-21",
  "date": "night of 20/21 August 1823 (8/9 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Karpenisi, Evrytania",
  "lat": 38.92,
  "lon": 21.79,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Markos Botsaris (killed), Kostas Botsaris, Kitsos Tzavelas",
  "commanders_b": "Mustafa Pasha Bushatli of Scutari, Djelaleddin Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Karpenisi, Markos Botsaris; Trikoupis vol. 3; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Καρπενησίου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Night attack by c. 350–450 Souliotes (of c. 1,200) on the Albanian vanguard camp; heavy Ottoman losses and booty, but Botsaris was killed and the Greeks withdrew. en.wikipedia rates it inconclusive; Greek historiography a victory.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 128
 },
 {
  "name": "Amourgelles",
  "name_el": "Αμουργέλλες",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-09-01",
  "date": "1 September 1823 (20 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Amourgelles, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.17,
  "lon": 25.27,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Hasan Pasha (en.wikipedia names Hussein Bey)",
  "commanders_b": "Emmanouil Tombazis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Emmanouil Tombazis, Greek War of Independence; Detorakis, History of Crete",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 3,000 Cretans assembled at Gergeri were defeated by the Egyptian army, losing c. 300. The 20 August date is taken as O.S. Village sited in Minoa Pediada (Heraklion), location approximate.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 129
 },
 {
  "name": "Kaliakouda",
  "name_el": "Καλιακούδα (Κεφαλόβρυσο)",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-09-10",
  "date": "10 September 1823 (29 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Kefalovryso, Mt Kaliakouda (Evrytania)",
  "lat": 38.8,
  "lon": 21.76,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Pasha Bushatli",
  "commanders_b": "Greek revolutionaries of western Roumeli (commanders unverified)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Second siege of Missolonghi (Mount Kaliakouda action, 29 August 1823); el.wikipedia Μάχη του Κεφαλόβρυσου",
  "borderline": "Identification of el.wikipedia's 'Μάχη του Κεφαλόβρυσου' with the Kaliakouda action is probable but unverified",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: the battle of Kaliakouda, 28 August 1823 (O.S.), on the mountain of that name in Evrytania; an Ottoman victory. Not the night attack at Kefalovryso where Botsaris died, which is the battle of Karpenisi.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 130
 },
 {
  "name": "Anatolikon (siege 1823)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Αιτωλικού (1823)",
  "year": 1823,
  "start": "1823-10-02",
  "date": "2 October – 12 December 1823 (20 September – 30 November O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Aitoliko (Anatolikon), Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.44,
  "lon": 21.35,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Metaxas, Kitsos Tzavelas",
  "commanders_b": "Mustafa Pasha Bushatli, Omer Vrioni",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Second siege of Missolonghi; Trikoupis vol. 3",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "English Wikipedia calls it the Second siege of Missolonghi; the Ottoman effort centred on bombarding and assaulting Anatolikon, which held. Source dates taken as O.S. (en.wikipedia text also gives 20 November for the lifting).",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 131
 },
 {
  "name": "Nafplio (siege 1824)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Ναυπλίου (1824)",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-03",
  "date": "March – June 1824",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Nafplio, Argolis",
  "lat": 37.57,
  "lon": 22.8,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (Kountouriotis)",
  "faction_b": "Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_a": "government forces (Georgios Kountouriotis' executive)",
  "commanders_b": "Panos Kolokotronis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek civil wars of 1823–1825; Trikoupis vol. 3",
  "borderline": "Blockade with skirmishes; ended by negotiated surrender",
  "note": "First civil war. Panos Kolokotronis surrendered Nafplio to Londos and Zaimis in June 1824 after his father's submission.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 132
 },
 {
  "name": "Tripolitsa (siege 1824)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς (1824)",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-04-03",
  "date": "from 3 April 1824 (22 March O.S.), about two weeks",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Tripolitsa (Tripoli), Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.51,
  "lon": 22.37,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (Kountouriotis)",
  "faction_b": "Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Londos, Andreas Zaimis",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Petros Mavromichalis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek civil wars of 1823–1825; Trikoupis vol. 3",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First civil war. About two weeks of fighting ended by agreement; Kolokotronis left the city and the old executive was dissolved. The first civil war formally ended on 22 May 1824 (O.S.).",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 133
 },
 {
  "name": "Koutsi",
  "name_el": "Κούτσι",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-05",
  "date": "May 1824",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Greek civil war (1823–25)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Koutsi, Argolid–Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.62,
  "lon": 22.8,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government",
  "faction_b": "Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Κούτσι",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A government victory in the first phase of the civil war.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 134
 },
 {
  "name": "Kasos",
  "name_el": "Κάσος",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-06-18",
  "date": "18–19 June 1824 (6–7 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Kasos (landing behind Agia Marina)",
  "lat": 35.4,
  "lon": 26.91,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ismail Gibraltar, Hüseyin Bey Djeritli",
  "commanders_b": "Kasiot defenders (Captain Markos at the western batteries)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Kasos massacre; ellinoistorin.gr",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Two days of bombardment and artillery duels, then a night landing by c. 1,500 Albanians; resistance at the batteries was overcome and a massacre and enslavements followed. Commemorated on 7 June (O.S.). Naval bombardment folded in.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 135
 },
 {
  "name": "Psara",
  "name_el": "Ψαρά",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-07-02",
  "date": "2–3 July 1824 (20–21 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Psara",
  "lat": 38.54,
  "lon": 25.56,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kapudan Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Psariot captains and primates",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Destruction of Psara; Trikoupis vol. 3; el.wikipedia Καταστροφή των Ψαρών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Amphibious assault; the last defenders of Palaiokastro (Mavri Rachi) blew up the powder magazine. Most of the population was killed or enslaved.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 136
 },
 {
  "name": "Marathon (1824)",
  "name_el": "Μαραθώνας (1824)",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-07-03",
  "date": "3 July 1824",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Marathon, Attica",
  "lat": 38.15,
  "lon": 23.96,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Giannis Gouras, Dionysios Evmorfopoulos",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Pasha of Karystos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη στον Μαραθώνα (1824) (title only)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: at Oinoe in the plain of Marathon; Gouras held a fortified position until Evmorfopoulos arrived, then the Greeks sallied and won.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 137
 },
 {
  "name": "Samos (1824)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Σάμου",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-08-17",
  "date": "17 August 1824 (5 August O.S.), after clashes from late July",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Strait of Mycale (Eptastadio), off Samos",
  "lat": 37.68,
  "lon": 27.07,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Barbary states"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Sachtouris, Konstantinos Kanaris",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Samos; greekcitytimes.com; navalhistory.gr; el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία της Σάμου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the battle of Mykale or of Eptastadio (the Samos–Mycale strait). Kanaris' fireship blew up a 54-gun frigate; a Tunisian brig and a Tripolitan corvette were also destroyed and the landing on Samos was abandoned.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 138
 },
 {
  "name": "Kos (1824)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Κω",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-09-05",
  "date": "5 September 1824 (24 August O.S.) and following days",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Strait between Kos and Bodrum (Halicarnassus)",
  "lat": 36.97,
  "lon": 27.35,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Barbary states"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis",
  "commanders_b": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, Ibrahim Pasha, Ismail Gibraltar",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία της Κω (title); ellinoistorin.gr; navalhistory.gr; orthodoxianewsagency.gr",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First clash after the Ottoman and Egyptian fleets joined; indecisive, five days before Gerontas.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 139
 },
 {
  "name": "Gerontas",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία του Γέροντα",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-09-10",
  "date": "10 September 1824 (29 August O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Gulf of Gerontas, off Cape Posidi opposite Leros",
  "lat": 37.28,
  "lon": 27.05,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Barbary states"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis, Dimitrios Papanikolis",
  "commanders_b": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, Ibrahim Pasha, Ismail Gibraltar",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Gerontas; el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία του Γέροντα; orthodoxianewsagency.gr; ellinoistorin.gr",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fireships destroyed a 44-gun Egyptian frigate and a brig; the allied fleet withdrew to Bodrum and Samos was saved. ellinoistorin.gr dates it 28 August O.S.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 140
 },
 {
  "name": "Chios Strait (1824)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Χίου (1824)",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-10-06",
  "date": "night of 6/7 October 1824 (24 September O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Between Chios, Lesbos and the Karaburun peninsula",
  "lat": 38.75,
  "lon": 26.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis; fireship captains Kalogiannis and Nikodimos",
  "commanders_b": "Kapudan Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "HuffPost Greece, 'Ανδρέας Μιαούλης ... οι ναυμαχίες του 1824 στο Αιγαίο'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek fireships destroyed a 12-gun vessel and a 20-gun corvette at night and the Ottoman fleet withdrew to Mytilene; sometimes called the action off Mytilene. The source gives 24 September without calendar (O.S. assumed).",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 141
 },
 {
  "name": "Roumeliot campaign in the Peloponnese",
  "name_el": "Εκστρατεία Ρουμελιωτών στην Πελοπόννησο",
  "year": 1824,
  "start": "1824-11",
  "date": "November 1824 – January 1825",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Peloponnese (Corinth, Tripolitsa, Achaea)",
  "lat": 37.7,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (Kountouriotis–Kolettis)",
  "faction_b": "Peloponnesian notables (Kolokotronis, Londos, Zaimis)",
  "commanders_a": "Ioannis Gouras, Georgios Karaiskakis, Kitsos Tzavelas, Ioannis Kolettis",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Kolokotronis, Panos Kolokotronis (killed), Andreas Londos, Andreas Zaimis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Εκστρατεία Ρουμελιωτών στην Πελοπόννησο (εμφύλια σύγκρουση); en.wikipedia Greek civil wars of 1823–1825",
  "borderline": "A campaign of several clashes rather than one named battle",
  "note": "Second civil war: Panos Kolokotronis was killed near Tripolitsa (13/25 November 1824); Gouras occupied Corinth (23 November/5 December); Karaiskakis and Tzavelas drove Londos and Zaimis out of Achaea; Kolokotronis and his allies were arrested in January 1825.",
  "_batch": "03",
  "id": 142
 },
 {
  "name": "Schinolakka",
  "name_el": "Σχινόλακκα",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-03-27",
  "date": "27 March 1825 (15 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Schinolakka, near Pylos, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.95,
  "lon": 21.74,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Anastasios Karatasos, Georgakis Giatrakos, Angelis Gatsos",
  "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1821, vol. 2, ch. 24 (Η μάχη της Σχινόλακκας, 15 Μαρτίου 1825); imoph.org anniversary note 'Μάχη Σχινόλακκας' (citing Karatasos' report)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Egyptian regulars attacked about 200 Macedonians under Karatasos holding the village, about 1.5 hours from Neokastro; reinforced by other Greek bands and helped by heavy afternoon rain that disabled Egyptian muskets, they held, and the Egyptians withdrew to their siege camp. Called the first Greek success against Ibrahim. Casualty claims vary (Karatasos: about 500 Egyptian dead and wounded).",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 143
 },
 {
  "name": "Neokastro (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Νεοκάστρου",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-03",
  "date": "March – May 1825",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Neokastro (New Navarino), Pylos, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.91,
  "lon": 21.7,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Georgios Mavromichalis, Hatzichristos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2; en.wikipedia Battle of Sphacteria (1825)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ibrahim's first siege in the Morea, with Egyptian assaults and bombardment. Old Navarino (Paliokastro) surrendered for lack of water just after Sphacteria (late April/early May O.S.); the Neokastro garrison capitulated in May 1825 (c. 11/23 May; date not verified) and was allowed to leave, with chiefs kept as hostages. Schinolakka and Kremmydi, fought during the siege, are separate entries.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 144
 },
 {
  "name": "Kremmydi",
  "name_el": "Κρεμμύδι",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-04-19",
  "date": "19 April 1825 (7 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kremmydi (Kremmydia), north-east of Pylos, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.97,
  "lon": 21.76,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Kyriakos Skourtis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kremmydi; Kargakos, Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1821, vol. 2, ch. 24 (Μάχη στο Κρεμμύδι, 7 Απριλίου 1825); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The main Greek army (figures vary from 3,000 to 7,000) tried to relieve Neokastro; it was routed by a frontal infantry attack combined with a cavalry flank attack, losing over 500 killed.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 145
 },
 {
  "name": "Missolonghi (third siege)",
  "name_el": "Γ΄ Πολιορκία του Μεσολογγίου",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-04-27",
  "date": "27 April 1825 – 22 April 1826 (15 April 1825 – 10 April 1826 O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.37,
  "lon": 21.43,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı), Ibrahim Pasha (from December 1825)",
  "commanders_b": "Notis Botsaris, Kitsos Tzavelas, Dimitrios Makris, Athanasios Razikotsikas, Christos Kapsalis; at sea Andreas Miaoulis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kasomoulis, Ενθυμήματα στρατιωτικά; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 30–31",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Numbered the second siege by Greek writers such as Kargakos. Includes mine warfare, sorties and the repulse of the Egyptian assaults of February 1826. Vasiladi, Klisova, the Exodus and Miaoulis' relief actions (Skrofes, Dragamestos, Cape Papas) are separate entries.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 146
 },
 {
  "name": "Sphacteria",
  "name_el": "Σφακτηρία",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-05-08",
  "date": "8 May 1825 (26 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Sphacteria island, Navarino Bay, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.94,
  "lon": 21.66,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Anagnostaras, Anastasios Tsamados, Santorre di Santa Rosa (all killed), Alexandros Mavrokordatos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sphacteria (1825); Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 24 (Η μάχη της Σφακτηρίας; Η έξοδος του «Άρεως»); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Combined land and sea action: about 1,500 Egyptians landed from the fleet and overran the island garrison (about 350 Greeks killed). In the bay the Hydriot brig Ares (Nikolaos Votsis) fought its way out through the Egyptian fleet carrying Mavrokordatos; other Greek ships escaped.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 147
 },
 {
  "name": "Modon (fireship attack)",
  "name_el": "Πυρπόληση της Μεθώνης",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-05-12",
  "date": "12 May 1825 (30 April O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Methoni (Modon) harbour, Messenia",
  "lat": 36.82,
  "lon": 21.7,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sphacteria (1825); en.wikipedia Andreas Miaoulis; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 26 (επιχείρηση κατά της Μεθώνης); Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek fireships sent into the harbour burned an Egyptian frigate and many smaller warships and transports (en.wikipedia: 12 vessels; figures vary). It did not save Neokastro or stop Ibrahim's supply.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 148
 },
 {
  "name": "Cape Kafireas",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία του Καφηρέα",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-06-01",
  "date": "1 June 1825 (20 May O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Channel between Cape Kafireas (Cavo Doro), Euboea, and Andros",
  "lat": 38.13,
  "lon": 24.58,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Sachtouris",
  "commanders_b": "the Kapudan Pasha's fleet",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 26 (Η ναυμαχία του Καφηρέα, 20 Μαΐου); Argolic Library article 'Η Ναυμαχία του Καφηρέα και η θυσία του Επιδαύριου πυρπολητή'; Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Ottoman fleet sailing from the Dardanelles to support the western sieges was attacked with fireships; Greek accounts report Ottoman warships burned (a frigate in Greek tradition) and the self-sacrifice of a fireship captain from Epidaurus, but the fleet went on to Souda. Commander as in general accounts; possibly the same action some lists call the battle off Andros.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 149
 },
 {
  "name": "Maniaki",
  "name_el": "Μανιάκι",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-06-01",
  "date": "1 June 1825 (20 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Maniaki, east of Gargalianoi, Messenia",
  "lat": 37.05,
  "lon": 21.72,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Grigorios Dikaios (Papaflessas), Pieros Voidis (both killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Maniaki; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 24 (Η μάχη στο Μανιάκι, 20 Μαΐου 1825); greece2021.gr timeline",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Papaflessas' force shrank by desertion from about 3,000 to under 1,000 before Ibrahim attacked with over 6,000; almost all the defenders were killed. Finlay's '1 June' is the New Style date of the same day.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 150
 },
 {
  "name": "Trikorfa (1825)",
  "name_el": "Τρίκορφα (1825)",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-06-24",
  "date": "24 June 1825",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Trikorfa heights, west of Tripolitsa, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.54,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Kolokotronis",
  "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "task checklist (Greek Wikipedia); cf. Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 25 (Μάχες γύρω από την Τρίπολη)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: near Tripolitsa; Ibrahim won and the Greeks lost about 200 men.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 151
 },
 {
  "name": "Lerna Mills",
  "name_el": "Μύλοι",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-06-25",
  "date": "25 June 1825 (13 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Myloi (Lerna), Argolis",
  "lat": 37.55,
  "lon": 22.71,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Yannis Makrygiannis, Dimitrios Ypsilantis, Konstantinos Mavromichalis, Andreas Metaxas",
  "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Lerna Mills; Makrygiannis, Απομνημονεύματα; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 24 (Η μάχη των Μύλων, 13 Ιουνίου 1825)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 350 Greeks with two gunboats held the walled mills against some 5,000 Egyptians; Ibrahim gave up the march on Nafplio and returned to Tripolitsa. The first clear Greek victory over Ibrahim's main army.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 152
 },
 {
  "name": "Drampala",
  "name_el": "Δραμπάλα",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-06",
  "date": "June 1825, just before Ibrahim entered Tripolitsa on 11/23 June",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Drampala, near Tripolitsa, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.47,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Kolokotronis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 24 (Η μάχη της Δραμπάλας – Κατάληψη Τριπολιτσάς); Kolokotronis, Διήγησις συμβάντων",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kolokotronis' attempt to bar Ibrahim's road to Tripolitsa failed, and Ibrahim occupied the abandoned, partly burned town on 11/23 June 1825. Site identification approximate.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 153
 },
 {
  "name": "Skrofes",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία στις Σκρόφες",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-08-04",
  "date": "4 August 1825 (23 July O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Off Skrofes, Missolonghi coast",
  "lat": 38.3,
  "lon": 21.33,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Miaoulis",
  "commanders_b": "the Kapudan Pasha's fleet",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 30 (Η ναυμαχία στις Σκρόφες, 23 Ιουλίου 1825); en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Miaoulis' fleet attacked the Ottoman fleet blockading Missolonghi, drove it off and got supplies into the town.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 154
 },
 {
  "name": "Alexandria (1825)",
  "name_el": "Επιχείρηση της Αλεξάνδρειας (1825)",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-08-10",
  "date": "10 August 1825 (29 July O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Egypt",
  "place": "Alexandria harbour",
  "lat": 31.2,
  "lon": 29.88,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Egypt",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Muhammad Ali",
  "commanders_b": "Konstantinos Kanaris",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 26 (εκστρατεία κατά της Αλεξάνδρειας); Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2; Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kanaris' fireships entered the harbour to burn the fleet being fitted out for Ibrahim; the wind dropped and the attack failed, and Egyptian warships chased the Greeks off.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 155
 },
 {
  "name": "Kakosalesi",
  "name_el": "Κακοσάλεσι",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-09-26",
  "date": "26 September 1825",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Kakosalesi (Avlonas), Attica",
  "lat": 38.25,
  "lon": 23.7,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Κακοσάλεσι; en.wikipedia Battle of Kakosalesi",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 156
 },
 {
  "name": "Vartholomio",
  "name_el": "Βαρθολομιό",
  "year": 1825,
  "start": "1825-11-08",
  "date": "8 November 1825",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Vartholomio, Elis",
  "lat": 37.86,
  "lon": 21.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Βαρθολομιού",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Against Ibrahim's forces; indecisive, the fighting was broken off.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 157
 },
 {
  "name": "Vasiladi",
  "name_el": "Βασιλάδι",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-03-09",
  "date": "9–10 March 1826 (25–26 February O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Vasiladi islet, Missolonghi lagoon",
  "lat": 38.34,
  "lon": 21.42,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Hussein Bey",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 1,000 Egyptians in flat boats stormed the fortified islet held by 61 men after a day's fighting; Dolmas, the islet of Poros and Anatoliko surrendered in the following days, closing the lagoon to Greek supply.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 158
 },
 {
  "name": "Karystos (1826)",
  "name_el": "Εκστρατεία της Καρύστου (1826)",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-03",
  "date": "February – March 1826 (approx.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Karystos, southern Euboea",
  "lat": 38.02,
  "lon": 24.42,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Omer Pasha of Euboea",
  "commanders_b": "Charles Fabvier",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fabvier's new regular corps, with irregulars, landed to take Karystos; after fighting the garrison and Ottoman relief forces it had to re-embark.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 159
 },
 {
  "name": "Klisova",
  "name_el": "Κλείσοβα",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-04-06",
  "date": "6 April 1826 (25 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Klisova islet, Missolonghi lagoon",
  "lat": 38.35,
  "lon": 21.46,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kitsos Tzavelas, Panagiotis Sotiropoulos, Kitsos Paschos (killed)",
  "commanders_b": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı), Ibrahim Pasha; Hussein Bey (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kleisova; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 31",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 130 defenders beat off six attacks by Kütahı's Albanians (Kütahı wounded) and then three Egyptian battalions under Hussein Bey, who was killed. A celebrated victory that did not change the fate of Missolonghi.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 160
 },
 {
  "name": "Exodus of Missolonghi",
  "name_el": "Έξοδος του Μεσολογγίου",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-04-22",
  "date": "night of 22–23 April 1826 (10–11 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Missolonghi and the slopes of Mount Zygos (Agios Symeon)",
  "lat": 38.38,
  "lon": 21.44,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı), Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Notis Botsaris, Kitsos Tzavelas, Dimitrios Makris; Christos Kapsalis and Bishop Joseph of Rogoi (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Third siege of Missolonghi; Kasomoulis, Ενθυμήματα στρατιωτικά; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 31",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Breakout of the starving garrison and population: of some 7,000–9,000 who tried, about 1,000–2,000 reached safety. Kapsalis and Bishop Joseph died blowing up the powder stores; the town fell on Palm Sunday. The relief attack promised by Karaiskakis did not come.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 161
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastraki",
  "name_el": "Καστράκι",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-05-17",
  "date": "17 May 1826 (5 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kastraki on Mount Helmos, near Solos, Kalavryta, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.04,
  "lon": 22.22,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Golfinos Petimezas, Nikolaos Soliotis, Spilios Rodopoulos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kastraki",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ibrahim, marching from Missolonghi to Tripolitsa, stormed a fortified refuge sheltering thousands of civilians of the Kalavryta villages; hundreds were killed or fell from the cliff and about 1,000 captured. en.wikipedia gives 5 May, taken here as Old Style.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 162
 },
 {
  "name": "Varnakova (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Βαρνάκοβας",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-06-01",
  "date": "1–7 June 1826 (20–26 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Panagia Varnakova Monastery, Phocis",
  "lat": 38.44,
  "lon": 22.06,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Bey, Kehaya Bey",
  "commanders_b": "Ioannis Fragkistas (Kalyvas), Triantafyllos (Apokouritis), Kastaniotis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of Varnakova",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 150 men sent by Karaiskakis held the monastery for six days against some 4,000 Ottomans and Albanians, then withdrew; the monastery was blown up. en.wikipedia gives 20–26 May, taken here as Old Style.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 163
 },
 {
  "name": "Verga",
  "name_el": "Βέργα",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-07-04",
  "date": "4 July 1826 (22 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Verga wall near Almyros, Messenian Mani",
  "lat": 37.0,
  "lon": 22.16,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Maniot chiefs of the Mavromichalis clan (en.wikipedia names Petros Mavromichalis)",
  "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 33 (Μάχη της Βέργας, 22 Ιουνίου 1826); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 7,000 Egyptians, supported by ships firing from the sea, assaulted the fortified line held by some 2,000 Maniots and refugees and were repulsed eight times; Ibrahim withdrew when Kolokotronis threatened his rear. Egyptian losses claimed up to 2,500. en.wikipedia gives 21 June for the start of the attack.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 164
 },
 {
  "name": "Diros",
  "name_el": "Διρός",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-07-05",
  "date": "5–8 July 1826 (23–26 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Bay of Diros, near Areopoli (Tsimova), Mani",
  "lat": 36.64,
  "lon": 22.38,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "local Maniots, men and women",
  "commanders_b": "landing force sent by Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 33 (Η μάχη του Διρού); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 1,500 Egyptians landed to take Tsimova from the rear while Verga was attacked; they were driven back to the ships with heavy loss (about 1,000). The part of the women is remembered ('the Amazons of Diros'). The landing is dated 23 or 24 June O.S.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 165
 },
 {
  "name": "Mehmetaga",
  "name_el": "Μεχμέταγα",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-07-30",
  "date": "night of 30–31 July 1826 (18 July O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Mehmetaga (modern Garea), near Tripolitsa, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.45,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikitaras, Hatzimichalis Dalianis, Antonio Figueira d'Almeida (under Theodoros Kolokotronis)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "protothema.gr, 'Η νίκη των Ελλήνων επί του Ιμπραήμ στο Μεχμέταγα (Ιούλιος 1826)'; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Night attack that seized the Egyptian post at Mehmetaga; about 200 Egyptians reported killed and Egyptian reinforcements from Tripolitsa withdrew. The tower was later besieged and blown up by Ibrahim. Site identification approximate.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 166
 },
 {
  "name": "Acropolis (siege, 1826–27)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Ακρόπολης (1826–1827)",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-07",
  "date": "summer 1826 – 5 June 1827 (24 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Acropolis of Athens",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "commanders_b": "Yannis Gouras (killed), Yannis Makrygiannis, Charles Fabvier, Nikolaos Kriezotis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827); Makrygiannis, Απομνημονεύματα; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 33–35",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kütahı invested Athens in the summer of 1826 and took the lower town in August; Gouras was killed on the walls in the autumn and Fabvier broke in with men and powder in December 1826. The relief battles (Chaidari, Kamatero, Kastella, Keratsini, Agios Spyridon, Phaleron) are separate entries; the garrison capitulated a month after Phaleron. Exact start date not verified (en.wikipedia infobox read as 25 June/August 1826 O.S.).",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 167
 },
 {
  "name": "Chaidari",
  "name_el": "Χαϊδάρι",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-08-18",
  "date": "18–20 August 1826 (6–8 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Chaidari, west of Athens, Attica",
  "lat": 38.01,
  "lon": 23.66,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Karaiskakis, Charles Fabvier",
  "commanders_b": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 34 (Μάχη Χαϊδαρίου, 6–8 Αυγούστου 1826); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First attempt to relieve the Acropolis: Kütahı's attack on the Greek camp was beaten off, Fabvier's regulars holding in square, but quarrels between Karaiskakis and Fabvier and lack of supplies made the Greeks withdraw and the siege went on; some accounts call it an Ottoman success.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 168
 },
 {
  "name": "Polyaravos",
  "name_el": "Πολυάραβος",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-09-09",
  "date": "9 September 1826 (28 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Polyaravos, Mani",
  "lat": 36.56,
  "lon": 22.46,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "local Maniots",
  "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 33 (Β΄ φάση – Μάχη Πολυαράβου)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ibrahim's second thrust into Mani, from Laconia, was held up at the Stathakos tower near Kariopoli and then thrown back at Polyaravos by a Maniot sally; his last attempt on Mani. Strength figures conflict (4,000 or 8,000 Egyptians).",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 169
 },
 {
  "name": "Arachova",
  "name_el": "Αράχωβα",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-11-30",
  "date": "30 November – 6 December 1826 (18–24 November O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Arachova, Mount Parnassus, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.48,
  "lon": 22.58,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Karaiskakis, Nikitaras",
  "commanders_b": "Mustafa Bey (mortally wounded), Kehaya Bey (killed), Abdullah Agha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Arachova; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 34; greece2021.gr timeline",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Mustafa Bey's force of about 2,000 was surrounded in Arachova in snow; relief failed and its breakout on the last day was destroyed (about 1,700 killed, Greek losses slight). Karaiskakis built a trophy of heads. en.wikipedia states 18–24 November as New Style, but these are the Old Style dates of Greek historiography. Preceded by Karaiskakis' siege of Domvraina (27 October – 14 November O.S.).",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 170
 },
 {
  "name": "Tourkochori",
  "name_el": "Τουρκοχώρι",
  "year": 1826,
  "start": "1826-12-05",
  "date": "5 December 1826",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Tourkochori, near Arachova",
  "lat": 38.5,
  "lon": 22.62,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Τουρκοχώρι",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After Arachova, a body of 700 under Mehmed Pasha was beaten.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 171
 },
 {
  "name": "Distomo (1827)",
  "name_el": "Δίστομο (1827)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-01",
  "date": "early 1827 (c. January; date not verified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Distomo, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.43,
  "lon": 22.67,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Karaiskakis",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Pasha of Karystos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "task checklist (Greek Wikipedia); cf. Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 35 (Karaiskakis' successes, 1827)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: a Greek victory over a larger force under Omer Pasha of Karystos.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 172
 },
 {
  "name": "Kamatero",
  "name_el": "Καματερό",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-02-08",
  "date": "night of 8–9 February 1827 (27 January O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Kamatero, near Menidi, Attica",
  "lat": 38.06,
  "lon": 23.71,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "commanders_b": "Denis Bourbaki (Dionysios Vourvachis, killed), Vasos Mavrovouniotis, Panagiotis Notaras",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kamatero; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Makrygiannis, Απομνημονεύματα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A relief force of about 3,500 camped at Kamatero was broken by Ottoman cavalry and artillery; 300–500 Greeks were killed, among them the French philhellene Bourbaki, whose head was sent to the Sultan. Trikoupis blames Bourbaki, Makrygiannis Mavrovouniotis.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 173
 },
 {
  "name": "Treis Pyrgoi",
  "name_el": "Τρεις Πύργοι",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-02-20",
  "date": "20 February 1827",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Treis Pyrgoi, near Piraeus",
  "lat": 37.95,
  "lon": 23.66,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kiutahi)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη των Τριών Πύργων",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A heavy Greek defeat (c. 300 dead) in the campaign to relieve the Acropolis.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 174
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastella",
  "name_el": "Καστέλλα",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-02",
  "date": "February 1827 (date not verified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Kastella (Munychia hill), Piraeus",
  "lat": 37.94,
  "lon": 23.66,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Thomas Gordon",
  "commanders_b": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kamatero (Gordon fortifying Munychia); Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Gordon landed at Piraeus, seized and fortified Munychia and held it against Ottoman attacks, giving the Greeks a base for the relief of the Acropolis.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 175
 },
 {
  "name": "Keratsini",
  "name_el": "Κερατσίνι",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-03",
  "date": "early 1827 (February–March; exact date not verified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Keratsini, west of Piraeus, Attica",
  "lat": 37.96,
  "lon": 23.62,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Karaiskakis",
  "commanders_b": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greece2021.gr timeline 'Μάχη στο Κερατσίνι' (placed between Arachova and June 1827); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kütahı attacked Karaiskakis' newly fortified camp at Keratsini and was repulsed with loss.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 176
 },
 {
  "name": "Oropos (1827)",
  "name_el": "Ωρωπός (1827)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-03",
  "date": "March 1827",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Oropos (Skala Oropou), Attica",
  "lat": 38.32,
  "lon": 23.76,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Frank Abney Hastings",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "eefshp.org article on Karteria; en.wikipedia Frank Abney Hastings; eefshp.org/en/?p=14724 (Oropos, March 1827: 'neutralized the Turkish fort and blew up its gunpowder depot', two cargo ships seized); en.wikipedia Frank Abney Hastings ('Oropos and Volos in March and April 1827')",
  "borderline": "A raid by the steam warship Karteria (shore bombardment and capture of ships), not a battle with a standard name.",
  "note": "Karteria anchored about 200 m off the Ottoman fort at Oropos, the supply base of Kütahı's army besieging the Acropolis, silenced it with continuous fire and blew up its powder magazine, and took two cargo ships that had come from Euboea; she then withdrew to Aegina as Ottoman reinforcements arrived.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 177
 },
 {
  "name": "Volos (1827)",
  "name_el": "Βόλος (1827)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-04",
  "date": "8 April 1827 (calendar not stated in source)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Volos, Pagasetic Gulf",
  "lat": 39.35,
  "lon": 22.94,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Frank Abney Hastings",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "eefshp.org article on Karteria; en.wikipedia Frank Abney Hastings; eefshp.org/en/?p=14724 (Volos, 8 April 1827: 300 shells over about four hours, depots and fortifications destroyed, most Turkish ships sunk, four cargo ships captured); en.wikipedia Frank Abney Hastings",
  "borderline": "A raid by the steam warship Karteria on the port of Volos, not a battle with a standard name.",
  "note": "Karteria bombarded Volos, the main Ottoman supply port of Thessaly, for about four hours (some 300 shells), destroying powder magazines and fortifications and sinking most of the Ottoman vessels in the harbour; on the way back she took four cargo ships bound for the Ottoman army.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 178
 },
 {
  "name": "Agios Spyridon (Piraeus)",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Σπυρίδων (Πειραιάς)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-04",
  "date": "April 1827 (garrison capitulated c. 15/27 April; date not verified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Monastery of Agios Spyridon, Piraeus",
  "lat": 37.94,
  "lon": 23.64,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Karaiskakis, Richard Church, Lord Cochrane",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 35 (Μάχη Αγίου Σπυρίδωνος); en.wikipedia Georgios Karaiskakis; Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Albanian garrison of the fortified monastery surrendered under bombardment from land and sea and was massacred while marching out, despite the terms.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 179
 },
 {
  "name": "Phaleron",
  "name_el": "Φάληρο (Ανάλατος)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-05-06",
  "date": "6 May 1827 (24 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Phaleron plain (Analatos), Athens",
  "lat": 37.95,
  "lon": 23.71,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "commanders_b": "Richard Church, Lord Cochrane; Ioannis Notaras and Tousias Botsaris (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Phaleron; Makrygiannis, Απομνημονεύματα; Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 35; army.gr (ΓΕΣ) commemoration",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Night landing at Phaleron to march on the Acropolis; the advanced force was caught in the open by Ottoman cavalry and destroyed (1,500–2,000 killed), the worst Greek defeat of the war. Karaiskakis had been mortally wounded in a skirmish on 22 April/4 May and died the next day.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 180
 },
 {
  "name": "Alexandria (1827)",
  "name_el": "Πυρπόληση στην Αλεξάνδρεια (1827)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-06-16",
  "date": "16 June 1827",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Egypt",
  "place": "Alexandria harbour",
  "lat": 31.2,
  "lon": 29.88,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Egypt",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lord Cochrane",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greece2021.gr timeline 'Πυρπόληση του εχθρικού στόλου στην Αλεξάνδρεια' (placed just before the Treaty of London, July 1827); Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. 2",
  "borderline": "fireship raid with limited fighting",
  "note": "Cochrane's fireships attacked the Egyptian fleet in harbour; little was burned before the Egyptian fleet came out and the Greeks withdrew.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 181
 },
 {
  "name": "Megalo Spilaio",
  "name_el": "Μέγα Σπήλαιο",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-06",
  "date": "summer 1827 (c. June; date not verified)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Mega Spilaio monastery, near Kalavryta, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.09,
  "lon": 22.18,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "monks of the monastery with local fighters",
  "commanders_b": "Ibrahim Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 35 (events in the Peloponnese: Μέγα Σπήλαιο); Trikoupis, Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ibrahim's attack on the fortified cave monastery was repulsed.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 182
 },
 {
  "name": "Kafkaria",
  "name_el": "Καυκαριά",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-09-07",
  "date": "7–8 September 1827 (26–27 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kafkaria (site not identified; western Peloponnese)",
  "lat": 37.6,
  "lon": 21.9,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Egypt"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 35 (Η μάχη της Καυκαριάς, 26 και 27 Αυγούστου 1827)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fought during Ibrahim's 1827 campaign in the western Peloponnese. el.wikipedia (26–27 August 1827): a Greek victory.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 183
 },
 {
  "name": "Itea",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Ιτέας",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-09-30",
  "date": "29–30 September 1827 (17–18 September O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Bay of Itea (Salona), Gulf of Corinth",
  "lat": 38.42,
  "lon": 22.42,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Frank Abney Hastings",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Itea; en.wikipedia Karteria; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 35 (Ναυμαχία της Ιτέας, 18 Σεπτεμβρίου 1827); eefshp.org 'The naval battle of Agali (Itea) – September 17, 1827'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the battle of Agali. First action fought by a steam warship: the Karteria with a brig and two gunboats destroyed or captured most of an Ottoman flotilla anchored under shore batteries. Ibrahim's angry reaction contributed to the run-up to Navarino.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 184
 },
 {
  "name": "Chios (siege, 1827–28)",
  "name_el": "Εκστρατεία της Χίου (1827–1828)",
  "year": 1827,
  "start": "1827-10",
  "date": "October 1827 – March 1828",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Chios town and castle",
  "lat": 38.37,
  "lon": 26.14,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Yusuf Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Charles Fabvier; Lord Cochrane (fleet)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Chios expedition; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 37–38; greece2021.gr timeline 'Εκστρατεία στην Χίο'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fabvier's expedition landed, drove the garrison into the castle and besieged it without a sea blockade; a Greek success against a sortie on 12 January 1828 was not decisive, and after an Ottoman squadron landed 3,000 reinforcements at the end of February the Greeks withdrew in March 1828.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 185
 },
 {
  "name": "Frangokastello",
  "name_el": "Φραγκοκάστελλο",
  "year": 1828,
  "start": "1828-05-29",
  "date": "29–30 May 1828 (17–18 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Frangokastello, Sfakia, Crete",
  "lat": 35.18,
  "lon": 24.23,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Naili Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Hatzimichalis Dalianis (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek War of Independence (Crete); en.wikipedia Hatzimichalis Dalianis; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 38 (Η μάχη στο Φραγκοκάστελλο)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Dalianis, who had landed with about 700 men and occupied the castle in March, was overwhelmed by some 8,000 Ottomans; he and about 385 men were killed and the castle surrendered days later. Sfakians ambushed the returning Ottomans. Origin of the Drosoulites legend. English sources mix dates (17 March, 13 May).",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 186
 },
 {
  "name": "Vonitsa (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Βόνιτσας",
  "year": 1828,
  "start": "1828-12",
  "date": "December 1828 (approx.) – 17 March 1829 (5 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Western Greece",
  "place": "Vonitsa, Ambracian Gulf, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.92,
  "lon": 20.89,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Richard Church",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Koronisia (1829) (Vonitsa Greek again on 5 March 1829); Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 39–40; castleroute.culture.gov.gr Vonitsa ('In 1828, Greek troops, led by ... Sir Richard Church, conquered the city once and for all after a battle. The Ottoman garrison, besieged in the castle, surrendered in March 1829'); en.wikipedia Battle of Koronisia (1829) ('On March 5, 1829, Vonitsa became Greek again'); IMOPH, Richard Church",
  "borderline": "start date and course of the siege not verified in this session",
  "note": "Church's forces, supported by Greek gunboats in the Ambracian Gulf, took the town and blockaded the castle, which passed to the Greeks on 5/17 March 1829, the day of Koronisia.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 187
 },
 {
  "name": "Martino",
  "name_el": "Μαρτίνο",
  "year": 1829,
  "start": "1829-02-10",
  "date": "10 February 1829",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Martino, Locris",
  "lat": 38.57,
  "lon": 23.23,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Vasos Mavrovouniotis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Μαρτίνου; en.wikipedia Battle of Martino",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 250 Ottomans killed.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 188
 },
 {
  "name": "Koronisia",
  "name_el": "Κορωνησία",
  "year": 1829,
  "start": "1829-03-17",
  "date": "17 March 1829 (5 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Koronisia, Ambracian Gulf, near Arta",
  "lat": 39.01,
  "lon": 20.92,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Richard Church, Athanasios Koutsonikas",
  "commanders_b": "Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Kütahı)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Koronisia (1829); Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 39 (Είσοδος στον Αμβρακικό – Μάχη Κορωνησίας)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Souliote militia under Koutsonikas held the islet against Kütahı's attempt to cross into western Rumeli. Kargakos places the battle with the Greek entry into the Ambracian Gulf in 1828; en.wikipedia dates it 5 March 1829 (taken here as Old Style).",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 189
 },
 {
  "name": "Mesovouni",
  "name_el": "Μεσοβούνι",
  "year": 1829,
  "start": "1829-07-29",
  "date": "29 July 1829",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Mesovouni, eastern Rumeli (probably Boeotia; site not identified)",
  "lat": 38.35,
  "lon": 23.25,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 40 (Η μάχη του Μεσοβουνίου)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "el.wikipedia: near Thebes, during Dimitrios Ypsilantis' last campaign; a Greek victory.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 190
 },
 {
  "name": "Petra",
  "name_el": "Πέτρα",
  "year": 1829,
  "start": "1829-09-24",
  "date": "24 September 1829 (12 September O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek War of Independence",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Pass of Petra, between Thebes and Livadeia, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.4,
  "lon": 23.07,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Ypsilantis, Georgios Dyovouniotis, Nikolaos Kriezotis",
  "commanders_b": "Aslan Bey, Osman Aga",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Petra; en.wikipedia Demetrios Ypsilantis; Kargakos, vol. 2, ch. 40 (Η μάχη της Πέτρας, 12 Σεπτεμβρίου 1829); eurohoops.net/el 'Η μάχη της Πέτρας: η τελευταία σύγκρουση του αγώνα του 1821'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Last battle of the war: Aslan Bey's force withdrawing north was defeated and capitulated, agreeing to evacuate eastern Rumeli.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 191
 },
 {
  "name": "Poros (1831)",
  "name_el": "Τα γεγονότα του Πόρου (1831)",
  "year": 1831,
  "start": "1831-08",
  "date": "early August 1831 (Hellas blown up 1/13 August)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greek civil strife of 1831–1832",
  "theatre": "Saronic Gulf",
  "place": "Poros, Saronic Gulf",
  "lat": 37.5,
  "lon": 23.46,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek revolutionaries"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Russia"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (Kapodistrias)",
  "faction_b": "Hydriot opposition (Miaoulis)",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Kallergis; Russian admiral Pyotr Rikord",
  "commanders_b": "Andreas Miaoulis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ioannis Kapodistrias; en.wikipedia Andreas Miaoulis; Finlay, History of Greece, vol. 7",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Hydriot constitutionalists had seized the national fleet at Poros in July 1831. Rikord's squadron sank the corvette Spetses and the Bourtzi fort was overrun while Kallergis' regulars and irregulars attacked by land; Miaoulis blew up the frigate Hellas and the corvette Hydra rather than surrender them, and the government troops sacked Poros.",
  "_batch": "04",
  "id": 192
 },
 {
  "name": "Provarma",
  "name_el": "Πρόβαρμα",
  "year": 1841,
  "start": "1841",
  "date": "spring 1841 (revolt declared 22 Feb 1841 O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1841",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Provarma, western Crete (Chania district)",
  "lat": 35.45,
  "lon": 24.1,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "forces of the governor Mustafa Naili Pasha (incl. Albanian levies)",
  "commanders_b": "Vasileios Chalis, Ioannis Koumis, Emmanouil Patelaros, Anagnostis Tsouderos, the Chairetis brothers",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1841 (after Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, vol. ΙΓ); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841): 'they lost, having sustained heavy casualties, at the battles of Provarma, Vafe, Ksida and Vryses' (citing Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους vol. ΙΓ, pp. 81–83); revolt declared 22 February 1841",
  "borderline": "called a συμπλοκή (clash); exact site and date not established",
  "note": "One of four clashes (Provarma, Vafes, Xyda, Vryses of Pediada) in which the rebels suffered heavy losses; the revolt was over by about April 1841.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 193
 },
 {
  "name": "Vafes (1841)",
  "name_el": "Βαφές (1841)",
  "year": 1841,
  "start": "1841",
  "date": "spring 1841",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1841",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Vafes, Apokoronas, Chania",
  "lat": 35.4,
  "lon": 24.17,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "forces of the governor Mustafa Naili Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Cretan chieftains of 1841 (Chalis, Koumis, Tsouderos and others)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1841; en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841) ('Vafe'), after Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους vol. ΙΓ",
  "borderline": "called a συμπλοκή (clash); date not established",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 194
 },
 {
  "name": "Xyda",
  "name_el": "Ξυδάς",
  "year": 1841,
  "start": "1841",
  "date": "spring 1841",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1841",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Xydas (now Lyttos), Pediada, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.21,
  "lon": 25.37,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman forces of Crete",
  "commanders_b": "Cretan chieftains of 1841",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1841; en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841) ('Ksida'); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841) ('Ksida'), after Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους vol. ΙΓ",
  "borderline": "called a συμπλοκή (clash); date not established",
  "note": "Identified with the village of Xydas, renamed Lyttos.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 195
 },
 {
  "name": "Vryses (Pediada, 1841)",
  "name_el": "Βρύσες Πεδιάδος (1841)",
  "year": 1841,
  "start": "1841",
  "date": "spring 1841",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1841",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Vryses, Pediada province, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.23,
  "lon": 25.33,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman forces of Crete",
  "commanders_b": "Cretan chieftains of 1841",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1841; en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1841) ('Vryses'; the leaders then fled to Greece with women and children), after Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους vol. ΙΓ",
  "borderline": "called a συμπλοκή (clash); site and date not established",
  "note": "After this defeat the leaders fled to Greece with many women and children.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 196
 },
 {
  "name": "Chalkida (1847)",
  "name_el": "Χαλκίδα (Κριεζωτικά)",
  "year": 1847,
  "start": "1847",
  "date": "1847",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Kriezotis revolt (1847)",
  "theatre": "Euboea",
  "place": "Coast of Chalkida, Euboea",
  "lat": 38.46,
  "lon": 23.6,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government",
  "faction_b": "Kriezotis",
  "commanders_a": "Gardikiotis Grivas",
  "commanders_b": "Nikolaos Kriezotis (badly wounded)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Νικόλαος Κριεζώτης",
  "borderline": "series of clashes in an anti-government revolt, not a standard named battle",
  "note": "Kriezotis, freed by his followers, fortified himself on the shore of Chalkida and proclaimed an anti-dynastic revolt; government troops defeated him and he fled to Ottoman territory. Theodoros Grivas' simultaneous 1847 revolt in Acarnania produced no named battle found in the sources.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 197
 },
 {
  "name": "Argostoli (1848)",
  "name_el": "Αργοστόλι (1848)",
  "year": 1848,
  "start": "1848-09",
  "date": "September 1848",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cephalonian revolts (1848–1849)",
  "theatre": "Ionian Islands",
  "place": "Argostoli and Lixouri, Cephalonia",
  "lat": 38.18,
  "lon": 20.49,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "British garrison of Cephalonia",
  "commanders_b": "Cephalonian radical (pro-enosis) insurgents",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia United States of the Ionian Islands; el.wikipedia Κεφαλονιά",
  "borderline": "skirmishes ('αψιμαχίες') of armed peasants with the British garrison; no standard battle name",
  "note": "The attack on the towns failed; Britain responded by restricting the press.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 198
 },
 {
  "name": "Skala (1849)",
  "name_el": "Σκάλα (1849)",
  "year": 1849,
  "start": "1849-08",
  "date": "from 15 August 1849",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cephalonian revolts (1848–1849)",
  "theatre": "Ionian Islands",
  "place": "Skala and south-east Cephalonia",
  "lat": 38.08,
  "lon": 20.8,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lord High Commissioner Henry George Ward",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Vlachos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia United States of the Ionian Islands",
  "borderline": "rural rising put down by British troops and martial law; individual clashes not named in the sources used",
  "note": "Calendar of the 15 August date not stated; ringleaders executed after the suppression.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 199
 },
 {
  "name": "Skoulikaria (January 1854)",
  "name_el": "Σκουληκαριά (Ιανουάριος 1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-02",
  "date": "late January/February 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Skoulikaria, Tzoumerka, north-east of Arta",
  "lat": 39.3,
  "lon": 21.12,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "an officer who resigned from the Greek army on 20 Jan 1854 at the head of Acarnanian volunteers",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Επανάσταση της Ηπείρου (1854); el.wikipedia Επανάσταση της Ηπείρου (1854) (per the batch); en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854 does not mention a January action at Skoulikaria; no other source found",
  "borderline": "described as an attack, not a named battle; commander not named in the text",
  "note": "The rebels drove the Turks back to Arta; the opening action of the revolt.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 200
 },
 {
  "name": "Arta (siege, 1854)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Άρτας (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-02",
  "date": "February–March 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Arta",
  "lat": 39.16,
  "lon": 20.99,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman garrison and relief force (1,600 + 3,000 men with heavy artillery)",
  "commanders_b": "Spyridon Karaiskakis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Σπυρίδων Καραϊσκάκης (επικεφαλής στην πολιορκία της Άρτας); en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia says Karaiskakis captured Arta with 2,500 irregulars before Ottoman troops retook it with heavy artillery; Greek sources speak of a siege. Either way the Ottomans held or regained the town.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 201
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalambaka (1854)",
  "name_el": "Καλαμπάκα (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-03-21",
  "date": "9 March 1854 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Thessaly revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Kalambaka",
  "lat": 39.71,
  "lon": 21.63,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Christodoulos Hatzipetros, Leotsakos, Dimitrios Petropoulakis (wounded)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Χριστόδουλος Χατζηπέτρος, Δημήτριος Πετροπουλάκης; en.wikipedia Christodoulos Hatzipetros",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek biography: about 1,000 men under Hatzipetros and Leotsakos held off 12,000 Turks all day and routed them with the sword after sunset. en.wikipedia: Hatzipetros was defeated and nearly captured near Kalambaka. Accounts conflict (possibly two separate actions).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 202
 },
 {
  "name": "Metsovo (1854)",
  "name_el": "Μέτσοβο (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-03",
  "date": "early March – 27 March 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Metsovo",
  "lat": 39.77,
  "lon": 21.18,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman troops with Albanian irregulars",
  "commanders_b": "Theodoros Grivas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854; el.wikipedia Θεόδωρος Γρίβας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Grivas took Metsovo in early March; after repeated Ottoman attacks he withdrew on 27 March and the town was looted and partly burned.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 203
 },
 {
  "name": "Peta (1854)",
  "name_el": "Πέτα (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-04-13",
  "date": "13 April 1854 (calendar not stated)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Peta, east of Arta (rebel headquarters)",
  "lat": 39.17,
  "lon": 21.04,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "6,000-strong Ottoman force",
  "commanders_b": "Kitsos Tzavelas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854; en.wikipedia Kitsos Tzavelas",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia states the Ottomans had British and French artillery support (the Crimean War allies); after heavy losses Tzavelas retreated behind the Greek border.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 204
 },
 {
  "name": "Ormylia (1854)",
  "name_el": "Ορμύλια (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-04-22",
  "date": "22 April 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Ormylia, Chalkidiki",
  "lat": 40.29,
  "lon": 23.55,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "300 bashi-bazouks, later a 3,000-man force",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios (Tsamis) Karatasos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1854 Macedonian rebellion; el.wikipedia Μακεδονική επανάσταση του 1854",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Karatasos attacked the Ottoman camp but a counter-attack drove him back; he was defeated again near Athos on 28 May and left on a French ship.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 205
 },
 {
  "name": "Plaka (1854)",
  "name_el": "Πλάκα (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-04",
  "date": "spring 1854 (after Peta)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Plaka, Arachthos valley (Tzoumerka)",
  "lat": 39.46,
  "lon": 21.06,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Spyridon Karaiskakis, Nikolaos Zervas",
  "commanders_b": "14,000 Ottomans with 1,500 Albanians",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Ottoman force was forced to retreat, the Albanians suffering heavy losses. Site identified with Plaka on the Arachthos (approx.).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 206
 },
 {
  "name": "Kleidi (1854)",
  "name_el": "Κλειδί (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-05-12",
  "date": "12 May 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Kleidi, Arta region",
  "lat": 39.2,
  "lon": 21.05,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854; en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854: 'After a number of vicious battles in Voulgareli, Skoulikaria and in Kleidi on 12 May, the revolt was doomed and the Epirotes retreated behind the Greek border'",
  "borderline": "site not securely identified",
  "note": "After Voulgareli, Skoulikaria and Kleidi the Epirote rebels retreated behind the Greek border.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 207
 },
 {
  "name": "Spilaio (1854)",
  "name_el": "Σπήλαιο Γρεβενών (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-05-28",
  "date": "28 May – 1 June 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Spilaio, Grevena (Pindus)",
  "lat": 40.07,
  "lon": 21.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Ziakas",
  "commanders_b": "Abdi Pasha (c. 12,000 men); Mehmet Tagu at Parorio",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Θεόδωρος Ζιάκας; en.wikipedia 1854 Macedonian rebellion",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ziakas with about 300 men repulsed the first Ottoman assaults (en.wikipedia calls the 28 May action 'Houn Havral'), then accepted British and French mediation; armistice of 31 May and withdrawal to Greece with about 1,000 civilians.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 208
 },
 {
  "name": "Karpero (1854)",
  "name_el": "Καρπερό (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-05",
  "date": "May 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Karpero, Grevena",
  "lat": 39.93,
  "lon": 21.65,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Ziakas",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1854 Macedonian rebellion; el.wikipedia Θεόδωρος Ζιάκας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "'A serious defeat' of the Ottoman army, immediately before the Spilaio battle.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 209
 },
 {
  "name": "Voulgareli (1854)",
  "name_el": "Βουλγαρέλι (1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-05",
  "date": "May 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Voulgareli (Drosopigi), Tzoumerka",
  "lat": 39.36,
  "lon": 21.19,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854; en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854 (as above)",
  "borderline": "only listed by name among the 'vicious battles' that ended the revolt",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 210
 },
 {
  "name": "Skoulikaria (May 1854)",
  "name_el": "Σκουληκαριά (Μάιος 1854)",
  "year": 1854,
  "start": "1854-05",
  "date": "May 1854",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1854",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Skoulikaria, Tzoumerka",
  "lat": 39.3,
  "lon": 21.12,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854; en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1854 (as above); an Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung report of May 1854 (marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info) shows Skoulikaria as the rebels' fallback village after Peta",
  "borderline": "only listed by name among the battles that ended the revolt",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 211
 },
 {
  "name": "Nafplion (1862)",
  "name_el": "Ναυπλιακά (1862)",
  "year": 1862,
  "start": "1862-02",
  "date": "1 Feb – 24 March 1862 (O.S.); main assault 1 March (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Nafplion revolt (1862)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Nafplion and its approaches",
  "lat": 37.57,
  "lon": 22.8,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government",
  "faction_b": "Nafplion rebels",
  "commanders_a": "Maj. Gen. Hahn",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Grivas, Petros A. Mavromichalis, Dimitrios Botsaris, Panos Koronaios (wounded and captured 1 March)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ναυπλιακή Επανάσταση, Πάνος Κορωναίος, Επανάσταση της 23ης Οκτωβρίου 1862",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Army units in Nafplion rose against King Otto; government troops based at Corinth stormed the rebel positions on 1 March and the rebels capitulated on 24 March with an amnesty.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 212
 },
 {
  "name": "Iouniana (Athens, 1863)",
  "name_el": "Ιουνιανά",
  "year": 1863,
  "start": "1863-06-28",
  "date": "16–20 June 1863 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Iouniana (1863)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Athens (palace, barracks, National Bank, Plaka)",
  "lat": 37.98,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Oreinoi (government)",
  "faction_b": "Pedinoi",
  "commanders_a": "Panos Koronaios",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Papadiamantopoulos, Leotsakos (6th Battalion), Michos",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ιουνιανά",
  "borderline": "street fighting between army factions in the capital; may be classed as civil strife rather than a battle",
  "note": "About 200 dead; Papadiamantopoulos' attempt to seize the palace failed; fighting stopped under an ultimatum of the three protecting Powers.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 213
 },
 {
  "name": "Vryses (1866)",
  "name_el": "Βρύσες Αποκορώνου (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-09-07",
  "date": "late August 1866 (O.S.), five days after the Askyfou proclamation",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Vryses, Apokoronas",
  "lat": 35.37,
  "lon": 24.2,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "rebels of Apokoronas",
  "commanders_b": "Sahin Pasha (Egyptian, c. 5,000 men)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869 (after Detorakis, History of Crete); politistiko-rethymno.org 'Η Μεγάλη Κρητική Επανάσταση 1866-1869'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First major rebel victory: the Egyptian force trying to cut the road to Sfakia was besieged and retreated to Chania, abandoning its supplies. Egyptian troops fought as Ottoman vassals.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 214
 },
 {
  "name": "Almyros (1866)",
  "name_el": "Αλμυρός Ηρακλείου (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-09-20",
  "date": "8 September 1866 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Almyros, west of Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.33,
  "lon": 25.04,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "rebels of Malevizi",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "minor repulse, named only by place",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 215
 },
 {
  "name": "Malaxa (1866)",
  "name_el": "Μαλάξα (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-09-20",
  "date": "8–11 September 1866 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Malaxa, south-east of Chania",
  "lat": 35.47,
  "lon": 24.09,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Naili Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Μαλάξας (disambiguation lists Μάχη της Μαλάξας (1866))",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Mustafa's first offensive after the rebels rejected his ultimatum (Assembly of Kambi, 7 Sept).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 216
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastamonitsa (1866)",
  "name_el": "Κασταμονίτσα (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-09-25",
  "date": "13 September 1866 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kastamonitsa and Amariano, Pediada, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.27,
  "lon": 25.27,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "c. 8,000 Ottoman troops",
  "commanders_b": "Emmanouil Tyllianakis (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The rebels retreated after losing 70 men.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 217
 },
 {
  "name": "Kandanos (siege, 1866)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Κανδάνου (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-09",
  "date": "August–September 1866",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kandanos, Selino",
  "lat": 35.33,
  "lon": 23.74,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Naili Pasha (relief)",
  "commanders_b": "Konstantinos Kriaris",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kriaris took the Selino strongholds (Stavros and others) and penned the Turks in Kandanos; Mustafa relieved the garrison after Malaxa. On his return his troops were ambushed (21 Sept O.S., site not named).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 218
 },
 {
  "name": "Vafes (1866)",
  "name_el": "Βαφές (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-10-24",
  "date": "12 October 1866 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Vafes, Apokoronas",
  "lat": 35.4,
  "lon": 24.17,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Naili Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Ioannis Zymvrakakis; Greek volunteer officers (Thrasyvoulos Manos wounded and captured)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη στο Βαφέ, Βαφές Χανίων, Θρασύβουλος Μάνος; fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869; en.wikipedia Cretan revolt (1866–1869)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Cretans and philhellene volunteers fought a Turco-Egyptian force five times larger and retreated with heavy losses; the defeat demoralised the rebels and many villages submitted.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 219
 },
 {
  "name": "Keramia (1866)",
  "name_el": "Κεραμειά (1866)",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-10",
  "date": "late September/early October 1866 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Keramia, Kydonia, Chania",
  "lat": 35.44,
  "lon": 23.98,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "rebels of Kydonia",
  "commanders_b": "Mustafa Naili Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869; G. Paraschos' melodrama 'Η μάχη των Κεραμειών' (cited on el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση (1866-1869))",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "During Mustafa's drive into the hills near Chania (Lakkoi, Theriso and Meskla were burned) his troops were repulsed at Aliakes and lost about 1,500 men at Keramia, forcing him back to the plain.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 220
 },
 {
  "name": "Arkadi (siege)",
  "name_el": "Ολοκαύτωμα της Μονής Αρκαδίου",
  "year": 1866,
  "start": "1866-11-20",
  "date": "8–9 November 1866 (O.S.; 20–21 Nov N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Arkadi Monastery, Rethymno",
  "lat": 35.31,
  "lon": 24.63,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Naili Pasha, Suleyman Bey",
  "commanders_b": "Hegumen Gavriil Marinakis, 2nd Lt Ioannis Dimakopoulos, Konstantinos Giaboudakis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μονή Αρκαδίου, Κρητική Επανάσταση (1866-1869); en.wikipedia Arkadi Monastery; fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 15,000 Ottoman troops with 30 guns stormed the monastery held by 259 armed men sheltering some 700 women and children; the defenders blew up the powder magazine. About 850 of 964 inside died; Ottoman losses put at 1,500. Commemorated on 8 November.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 221
 },
 {
  "name": "Tylissos (1867)",
  "name_el": "Τύλισος (1867)",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-01-27",
  "date": "15 January 1867 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Tylissos, Malevizi, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.3,
  "lon": 25.02,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Pavlos Dedidakis (killed); Petropoulakis' volunteers in the area",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 600 Ottoman soldiers reported killed.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 222
 },
 {
  "name": "Fodele (1867)",
  "name_el": "Φόδελε (1866/67)",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-01",
  "date": "end of December 1866 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Fodele, Malevizi, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.38,
  "lon": 24.96,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Col. Dimitrios Petropoulakis (350 Maniot volunteers)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "attack on a landing party, not a named battle",
  "note": "Petropoulakis' volunteers, landed from the Panhellenion, were attacked at once and forced into the mountains.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 223
 },
 {
  "name": "Katre (1867)",
  "name_el": "Κατρέ (1867)",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-02",
  "date": "January–February 1867 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Katre gorge, between Krapi and Askyfou, Sfakia",
  "lat": 35.31,
  "lon": 24.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Sfakiot rebels",
  "commanders_b": "Mustafa Naili Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "ambush",
  "note": "Returning from his winter campaign in Sfakia (Frangokastello), Mustafa's army was ambushed in the Katre gorge and lost about 500 men.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 224
 },
 {
  "name": "Lasithi (1867)",
  "name_el": "Οροπέδιο Λασιθίου (1867)",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-06-02",
  "date": "21–29 May 1867 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Lasithi plateau",
  "lat": 35.18,
  "lon": 25.47,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Omer Pasha (Latas), Ismail Selim (Egyptian), Ali Sarchos",
  "commanders_b": "Michail Korakas, Panos Koronaios",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Οροπέδιο Λασιθίου; fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869; Mamalakis, 'Ο Πάνος Κορωναίος και η εκστρατεία του Ομέρ στο Λασίθι', Κρητικά Χρονικά 5 (1951)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Omer crossed Mount Efendis from Kastelli and broke into the plateau on 21 May after hard fighting; the plateau was ravaged and Kroustallenia monastery destroyed, but the rebels returned after he left.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 225
 },
 {
  "name": "Gergeri (1867)",
  "name_el": "Γέργερη (1867)",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-06-25",
  "date": "13 June 1867 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Gergeri, Messara side of Ida",
  "lat": 35.13,
  "lon": 24.95,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "part of Omer Pasha's army",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Ottoman column suffered heavy losses.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 226
 },
 {
  "name": "Askyfou (1867)",
  "name_el": "Ασκύφου (1867)",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-07",
  "date": "late June 1867 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Askyfou plateau and Kares, Sfakia",
  "lat": 35.29,
  "lon": 24.19,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Sfakiot chieftains",
  "commanders_b": "Omer Pasha, Mehmet Pasha, Reşid Pasha",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ασκύφου, Ασή Γωνιά Χανίων; fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek local history: the Sfakians repulsed Mehmet Pasha and trapped his men at Kares until Reşid Pasha relieved them; heat and lack of water then forced the Turks to abandon Askyfou. Detorakis (via fr.wikipedia): Omer forced his way into Sfakia and burned Sfakia village before the water shortage made him withdraw. A 'fierce battle' near Asi Gonia in June 1867 belongs to the same campaign.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 227
 },
 {
  "name": "Arkadion (sea)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία του «Αρκαδίου»",
  "year": 1867,
  "start": "1867-08-18",
  "date": "6–7 August 1867 (O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Off Agia Roumeli, south-west Crete",
  "lat": 35.22,
  "lon": 23.96,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman warships led by the Izzeddin",
  "commanders_b": "Captain Anastasios Kourentis (blockade-runner Arkadion)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ru.wikipedia Аркади (пароход); el.wikipedia Ένωσις (ατμόπλοιο); fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "engagement of an armed blockade-runner of the Central Committee for Crete (crewed by Greek navy sailors) rather than a named fleet battle",
  "note": "The Arkadion fought Ottoman warships, tried to ram and board the Izzeddin, then was beached, unloaded its cargo to the rebels and was burned by its crew.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 228
 },
 {
  "name": "Enosis (sea)",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της «Ενώσεως»",
  "year": 1868,
  "start": "1868-12-02",
  "date": "2 December 1868",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Off Syros (Ermoupoli)",
  "lat": 37.43,
  "lon": 24.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek privateers"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Captain Nikolaos Sourmelis (blockade-runner Enosis)",
  "commanders_b": "Hobart Pasha (frigate Hudavendigar, corvette Izzeddin)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ένωσις (ατμόπλοιο); N. Sourmelis, 'Οι εις Κρήτην είκοσι πέντε πλόες ... και η ναυμαχία της Ενώσεως' (1869); fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Ambushed by Hobart's ships, the Enosis returned fire, damaged the Izzeddin's paddle and broke through into Syros, where Hobart blockaded it. el.wikipedia dates this 2 December 1867, but the Syros blockade it describes (and fr.wikipedia) belong to December 1868, leading to the Ottoman ultimatum to Greece.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 229
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalonykti (1868)",
  "name_el": "Καλονύκτης (1868)",
  "year": 1868,
  "start": "1868-12-20",
  "date": "8 or 9 December 1868 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kalonykti and Valsamonero (or the Agiasmatsi tower), Rethymno",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 24.45,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman detachment from Rethymno and reinforcements",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Petropoulakis, Georgios Iliakis (Chalikis), Anagnostis Tsouchlarakis (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Καλονύκτη (after Psilakis, Kriaris, Kallonas)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The rebels first repulsed the Ottoman detachment but withdrew to Roustika in the afternoon when superior reinforcements arrived.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 230
 },
 {
  "name": "Chainospilio (1868)",
  "name_el": "Χαϊνόσπηλιο (1868)",
  "year": 1868,
  "start": "1868-12-23",
  "date": "11 December 1868 (O.S.; 23 Dec N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1866–1869",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Chainospilio cave near Asi Gonia, Apokoronas",
  "lat": 35.3,
  "lon": 24.27,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "members of the Provisional Government (Skouloudis, Bobolakis, killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση (1866-1869) ('η Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση πολιορκήθηκε στη Γωνιά'), Ασή Γωνιά Χανίων; fr.wikipedia Révolte crétoise de 1866-1869; politistiko-rethymno.org",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Siege of the revolutionary Provisional Government, which ended the revolt in western Crete. el.wikipedia places it at 'Gonia of Kissamos' on 11 Dec; local sources place it at the Chainospilio cave of Asi Gonia on 23 Dec (the same day in the other calendar); three Asigoniots broke out after hard fighting.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 231
 },
 {
  "name": "Plaka (1878)",
  "name_el": "Πλάκα (1878)",
  "year": 1878,
  "start": "1878-02",
  "date": "February 1878",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1878",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Plaka, Epirus",
  "lat": 39.46,
  "lon": 21.06,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Christos Mitsios (resigned Greek army officer)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1878",
  "borderline": "capture of an outpost",
  "note": "The Epirotes overcame the Ottoman outpost but retreated when 2,000 Ottoman troops arrived from Ioannina.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 232
 },
 {
  "name": "Kolindros (1878)",
  "name_el": "Κολινδρός (1878)",
  "year": 1878,
  "start": "1878-02",
  "date": "20 February 1878",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian revolt of 1878 (Olympus)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kolindros, Pieria",
  "lat": 40.48,
  "lon": 22.48,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "chieftain Vangelis Chostevas (300 men); Bishop Nikolaos Lousis",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish guard of Kolindros",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Επανάσταση του Λιτοχώρου",
  "borderline": "attack on a garrison",
  "note": "The Turks retook the area on 25 February; the bishop burned the cathedral to keep it from them.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 233
 },
 {
  "name": "Litochoro (1878)",
  "name_el": "Λιτόχωρο (1878)",
  "year": 1878,
  "start": "1878-03",
  "date": "4 March 1878",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian revolt of 1878 (Olympus)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Litochoro, Pieria",
  "lat": 40.1,
  "lon": 22.5,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Asaf Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Capt. Kosmas Doumpiotis (did not arrive in time)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Επανάσταση του Λιτοχώρου, Μακεδονική επανάσταση του 1878; en.wikipedia 1878 Macedonian rebellion",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Ottomans retook Litochoro, burning 9 churches and 320 houses; 2,800 rifles landed for the rebels were captured.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 234
 },
 {
  "name": "Saranda (1878)",
  "name_el": "Άγιοι Σαράντα (1878)",
  "year": 1878,
  "start": "1878-03",
  "date": "March 1878",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Epirus revolt of 1878",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Saranda (Agioi Saranta), Delvina region",
  "lat": 39.87,
  "lon": 20.01,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "military commander of Ioannina (6,000 regulars) with Albanian irregulars",
  "commanders_b": "Minoas Lappas, Georgios Stephanou",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Epirus Revolt of 1878",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia gives 'March 4' for the end of the fighting, which sits awkwardly with its own chronology (Botsi declaration 12 March); about 20 villages of Delvina were burned afterwards.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 235
 },
 {
  "name": "Mouzaki (1878)",
  "name_el": "Μουζάκι (1878)",
  "year": 1878,
  "start": "1878-05-04",
  "date": "4 May 1878 (calendar not stated)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Thessaly revolt of 1878",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Mouzaki, Karditsa",
  "lat": 39.43,
  "lon": 21.66,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lts Georgios Alexandris and Takis Stournaris; chieftains Thanasis Ziakas and Stylianos Tzavaras; Col. Konstantinos Ischomachos (HQ at Loutro)",
  "commanders_b": "Moussa Gkeka (captured)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Μουζακίου; en.wikipedia Battle of Mouzaki",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Irregulars supported by Greek regular troops (Greece officially uninvolved) defeated the detachment sent from Trikala. el.wikipedia Θεσσαλική Επανάσταση του 1878 says the movement failed 'after several unsuccessful battles', which are not named.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 236
 },
 {
  "name": "Vryses (1895)",
  "name_el": "Βρύσες (1895)",
  "year": 1895,
  "start": "1895-11-27",
  "date": "27 November 1895 (calendar not stated)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1895–1898",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Vryses, Apokoronas",
  "lat": 35.37,
  "lon": 24.2,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Transition (Metapolitefsis) Committee under Manousos Koundouros",
  "commanders_b": "Tayyar Pasha (c. 3,000 men)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1897–1898); el.wikipedia Κρητική Επανάσταση (1895-1898), Πολιορκία του Βάμου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After a day-long (el.wikipedia: several-day) fight the Ottomans retreated, losing 200 men. The Vamos article lists for November 1895 the battles of Alikambos, Kares Apokoronou and Pyrgos Kefala (probably the same operations), after first clashes at Asi Gonia on 11 and 19 October (O.S.).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 237
 },
 {
  "name": "Vamos (siege)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία του Βάμου",
  "year": 1896,
  "start": "1896-05-18",
  "date": "6/18 May 1896 for about fifteen days",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1895–1898",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Vamos, Apokoronas",
  "lat": 35.41,
  "lon": 24.2,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Manousos Koundouros, Iosif Lekanidis, Papa-Malekos and about 25 chieftains",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman garrison (c. 1,600); relief by Emin Pasha, Hüseyin Batris and 1,200 Algerians",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Πολιορκία του Βάμου, Κρητική Επανάσταση (1895-1898); en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 1,400 Cretans besieged the fortified government seat and defeated the relief forces in ten days of fighting from Almyrida to Armeni, the Turks fleeing with some 800 casualties. en.wikipedia: siege 4–18 May, fort captured 18 May (calendar not stated).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 238
 },
 {
  "name": "Demir Kapija (1896)",
  "name_el": "Σιδηρές Πύλες Αξιού (Ντεμίρ Καπού, 1896)",
  "year": 1896,
  "start": "1896-07",
  "date": "late July 1896",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian revolt of 1896",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Iron Gates of the Axios (Demir Kapija), Tikves",
  "lat": 41.41,
  "lon": 22.24,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "North Macedonia",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Athanasios Bruphas (killed), Dimitrios Kannavos (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μακεδονική επανάσταση του 1896",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A battle of many hours in which the leader of the 1896 bands fell. The bands of 1896, sent in by the Ethniki Etaireia, are forerunners of the Macedonian Struggle bands.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 239
 },
 {
  "name": "Voukolies",
  "name_el": "Βουκολιές",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-02-18",
  "date": "6 February 1897 (O.S.; 18 Feb N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Voukolies blockhouse, Kissamos/Platanias, Chania",
  "lat": 35.45,
  "lon": 23.8,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Timoleon Vassos' expeditionary force (one infantry battalion, artillery section)",
  "commanders_b": "Fuad Bey (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Βουκολιών, Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897; en.wikipedia Cretan Revolt (1897–1898), Template:Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The fort fell after a day's bombardment; the escaping garrison was ambushed by Cretan bands and the rest surrendered (c. 240 Ottoman casualties, 25 Greek). en.wikipedia dates the capture 19 February.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 240
 },
 {
  "name": "Livadeia (Crete)",
  "name_el": "Λειβάδια",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-02-19",
  "date": "7 February 1897 (O.S.; 19 Feb N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Leivadia barracks and the olive groves west of Chania (from Monodendri hill)",
  "lat": 35.48,
  "lon": 23.93,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Timoleon Vassos; chieftain Hatzimichalis (Cretan bands)",
  "commanders_b": "four Ottoman battalions with Turco-Cretan irregulars (c. 4,000)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Λειβαδιών; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897), International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greek battalion stormed the barracks and the Ottomans fled to Chania (c. 600 Ottoman dead, c. 100 Greek casualties); the Powers' admirals then forbade any further advance.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 241
 },
 {
  "name": "Akrotiri (Profitis Ilias)",
  "name_el": "Ακρωτήρι (Προφήτης Ηλίας, 1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-02-21",
  "date": "9 February 1897 (O.S.; 21 Feb N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1895–1898",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Profitis Ilias hill, Akrotiri peninsula, Chania",
  "lat": 35.52,
  "lon": 24.05,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Great Powers"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Vice Adm. Felice Canevaro (International Squadron); HMS Revenge, Dryad, Harrier, Imperator Aleksandr II, Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia, Kaiserin Augusta",
  "commanders_b": "Eleftherios Venizelos and the Akrotiri insurgents (Spyros Kayales)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898), Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)",
  "borderline": "naval bombardment of an insurgent camp by the Great Powers' fleets; the insurgents had little means of reply",
  "note": "Insurgents with Greek-army artillery took the heights east of Chania and attacked the town on 13 Feb (N.S.), repelled by Ottoman troops and bashi-bazouks; when they raised the Greek flag and refused to disperse the squadron shelled them. A military success for the Powers, but the legend of Kayales holding up the flagpole made it a Cretan symbol. French and Italian ships were present but did not fire.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 242
 },
 {
  "name": "Malaxa (Aptera blockhouse, 1897)",
  "name_el": "Μαλάξα (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-02-28",
  "date": "28 February – 25 March 1897 (N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1895–1898",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Ottoman blockhouse at Aptera on Malaxa mountain, above Souda Bay",
  "lat": 35.46,
  "lon": 24.14,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain",
   "France",
   "Russia",
   "Italy",
   "Austria-Hungary",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "blockhouse garrison; ironclad Mukaddeme-i Hayir; International Squadron (cruiser Giovanni Bausan and smaller ships)",
  "commanders_b": "Cretan insurgents of Apokoronas and Kydonia",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898), Cretan Revolt (1897–1898); el.wikipedia Μαλάξα Χανίων",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The first attack (28 Feb) was driven off by Ottoman naval gunfire with the admirals' permission; on 25 March the insurgents captured the blockhouse but were shelled out of it by the International Squadron.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 243
 },
 {
  "name": "Kissamos (siege, 1897)",
  "name_el": "Πολιορκία της Κισσάμου (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-03",
  "date": "late March 1897",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cretan revolt of 1895–1898",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Ottoman fort of Kastelli-Kissamos",
  "lat": 35.5,
  "lon": 23.66,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Austria-Hungary"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman garrison; HMS Rodney; landing party of 200 Royal Marines and 130 Austro-Hungarian sailors",
  "commanders_b": "Cretan insurgents",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)",
  "borderline": "insurgent attempt to mine the fort walls, broken up by naval gunfire",
  "note": "After these March actions organised insurgent operations against Ottoman and European forces ceased.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 244
 },
 {
  "name": "Baltino (1897)",
  "name_el": "Βαλτινό (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-09",
  "date": "27/28 March 1897 (O.S.; 9 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Baltino (now Kallithea), Grevena",
  "lat": 39.92,
  "lon": 21.55,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Mylonas, Georgios Kapsalopoulos (Ethniki Etaireia irregulars)",
  "commanders_b": "two companies of nizam",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Εισβολή Ελλήνων ατάκτων στη Μακεδονία (1897); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "capture of a garrison after partial resistance",
  "note": "en.wikipedia records armed resistance at Baltino by local Aromanian fighters on the Ottoman side. The irregular raid gave the Porte its casus belli.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 245
 },
 {
  "name": "Kritades (1897)",
  "name_el": "Κριτάδες (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-10",
  "date": "c. 28–29 March 1897 (O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kritades (Gkrintades, now Aimilianos), Grevena",
  "lat": 39.98,
  "lon": 21.5,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Mylonas (wounded), then Giannoulis Zermas and Christos Lazos",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman post of c. 400 men",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Εισβολή Ελλήνων ατάκτων στη Μακεδονία (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The last success of the irregulars (150 rifles and 25 prisoners taken; five Macedonian chieftains killed). A nizam regiment had also been repulsed at Velemitsi.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 246
 },
 {
  "name": "Krania (1897)",
  "name_el": "Κρανιά (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-11",
  "date": "c. 30–31 March 1897 (O.S.; 11–12 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Krania, Grevena",
  "lat": 39.9,
  "lon": 21.46,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Edhem Pasha's detachments from Deskati, Makovo and Grevena",
  "commanders_b": "Ethniki Etaireia irregulars (c. 500); Georgios Doukas (Davelis), Amilcare Cipriani",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Εισβολή Ελλήνων ατάκτων στη Μακεδονία (1897); tirnavospress.gr 'Ο ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897 σε θεσσαλικό έδαφος'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Encircled by three Ottoman columns, the irregulars fought a last battle around Krania and dispersed; a late group under Sinsinikos heading for Nezeros was scattered too. All activity was over by 31 March/12 April.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 247
 },
 {
  "name": "Melouna",
  "name_el": "Μελούνα",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-17",
  "date": "17–18 April 1897 (N.S.; 5–6 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Melouna pass (Hasan Melouna – Melouna – Menexes), north of Tyrnavos",
  "lat": 39.85,
  "lon": 22.17,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Edhem Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Crown Prince Constantine; Col. Christos Mastrapas (2nd Brigade)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μελούνα; stratistoria.wordpress.com 'Μάχη της Μελούνας (17–18 Απρ 1897)'; tr.wikipedia Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı (1897) ('Milona geçidi'); tirnavospress.gr",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Outpost fighting began on 17 April; the main Ottoman attack on 18 April drove the thin Greek line (3.5 companies on a 4 km front) back to Lygaria and Mati in disorder, opening Thessaly. Votanochori held until mid-afternoon; Tafil-Vrysi counter-attacked successfully before withdrawing.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 248
 },
 {
  "name": "Nezeros",
  "name_el": "Νεζερός",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-17",
  "date": "4–5 April 1897 O.S. (16–17 April N.S.); withdrawal 9–10 April O.S.",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Nezeros, foot of Lower Olympus",
  "lat": 39.87,
  "lon": 22.36,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nezeros Detachment of the Greek 1st Division (three evzone battalions and two companies of the 5th Infantry Regiment, based at Rapsani)",
  "commanders_b": "Edhem Pasha (overall)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1st Infantry Division (Greece) (1897 section); searchculture.gr (Μάχη στον κάτω Όλυμπο κοντά στο χωριό Νέζερο: evzones attacking Profitis Ilias hill); en.wikipedia Template:Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War (1897); en.wikipedia 1st Infantry Division (Greece): '[5 April] the Nezerou Detachment launched a major attack, captured most of the Turkish outposts', later forced back when the centre was 'overwhelmed by twenty-two Turkish battalions'; searchculture.gr photo record of the battle near Nezeros",
  "borderline": "A local Greek success on the right flank; the position was given up a few days later in the general retreat after Mati, so the result could also be read as indecisive.",
  "note": "After outpost skirmishing at Bairaktari on 4 April O.S., the Nezeros Detachment attacked on 5 April and took most of the Ottoman outposts on Lower Olympus (including the Profitis Ilias height), but the Greek centre was overwhelmed at Melouna–Mati and the detachment withdrew towards the Pineios on 9–10 April O.S.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 249
 },
 {
  "name": "Arta (1897)",
  "name_el": "Άρτα (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-18",
  "date": "6–7 April 1897 (O.S.; 18–19 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Arta bridge, Imaret fort and the Arachthos crossings (Peranthi, Neochori, Pachykalamos)",
  "lat": 39.16,
  "lon": 20.99,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Thrasyvoulos Manos (Army of Epirus)",
  "commanders_b": "Ahmed Hifzi Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897, Αμυντικός Στρατώνας Άρτας, Σαλαώρα; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Artillery duel between the Arta barracks and the Ottoman Imaret fort and an Ottoman attack on the bridge, repulsed; next day Greek troops crossed by a pontoon bridge and took Neochori, Pachykalamos and Akropotamia after hard fighting; the Ottomans abandoned the Arta plain and Filippiada by 10/22 April.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 250
 },
 {
  "name": "Preveza (sea, 1897)",
  "name_el": "Πρέβεζα (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-18",
  "date": "from 6 April 1897 (O.S.; 18 April N.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Strait of Preveza and the Ambracian Gulf (Salaora)",
  "lat": 38.96,
  "lon": 20.75,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Capt. Dimitrios Kriezis (Western Squadron: Spetsai, Vasilefs Georgios, gunboats)",
  "commanders_b": "forts of Preveza and Salaora",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897, Σαλαώρα",
  "borderline": "ship-versus-fort bombardment rather than a fleet battle",
  "note": "The transport Makedonia was hit at the Preveza narrows and ran aground; Greek gunboats silenced Salaora's two Armstrong guns and Salaora was occupied on 10/22 April, but Preveza itself was not reduced. The Ottoman fleet stayed in the Dardanelles; the Eastern Squadron's bombardments of the Macedonian coast had no opposing force.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 251
 },
 {
  "name": "Reveni (Damasi)",
  "name_el": "Ρεβένι (Δαμάσι)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-18",
  "date": "6–10 April 1897 (O.S.; 18–22 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Reveni pass near Damasi, west of Tyrnavos",
  "lat": 39.71,
  "lon": 22.19,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Konstantinos Smolenskis (3rd Brigade)",
  "commanders_b": "Edhem Pasha's divisions",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κωνσταντίνος Σμολένσκη, Δαμάσι Λάρισας; en.wikipedia Template:Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War (1897) ('Damasi')",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Smolenskis held the passes he had fortified in 1885–86 for four days and the Ottomans withdrew without success; on 10 April (O.S.) GHQ ordered him to fall back with the rest of the army. en.wikipedia's campaign box calls the fighting in this sector 'Battle of Damasi' (probably the same action).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 252
 },
 {
  "name": "Mati",
  "name_el": "Μάτι",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-21",
  "date": "21–23 April 1897 (N.S.; 9–11 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Mati, covering the road to Tyrnavos",
  "lat": 39.78,
  "lon": 22.27,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Edhem Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Crown Prince Constantine; Maj. Gen. Nikolaos Makris (1st Division)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897) ('outside the town of Tyrnavos'); tirnavospress.gr",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Hard fighting on 21–22 April; on 23 April the Ottoman left advanced, the Greek staff ordered a withdrawal and the retreat turned into the panic of Tyrnavos and Larissa (Larissa occupied 27 April N.S.). Also called the battle of Tyrnavos.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 253
 },
 {
  "name": "Deleria",
  "name_el": "Δελέρια",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-22",
  "date": "22–23 April 1897 (N.S.; 10–11 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Deleria (Deliler) and Mousalar, Lousfaki–Deleria line, Larissa",
  "lat": 39.73,
  "lon": 22.32,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Edhem Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Crown Prince Constantine; 1st Division",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Δελέρια Λάρισας; tirnavospress.gr 'Στα Δελέρια μάχη, στον Τύρναβο λεηλασία το 1897'; en.wikipedia Template:Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Deleria and Mousalar fell on the night of 11 April (O.S.), followed by the disorderly Greek retreat through Larissa to Farsala.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 254
 },
 {
  "name": "Pente Pigadia (1897)",
  "name_el": "Πέντε Πηγάδια (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-23",
  "date": "23–29 April 1897 (N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Pente Pigadia, Arta–Ioannina road",
  "lat": 39.3,
  "lon": 20.84,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ahmed Hifzi Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Col. Thrasyvoulos Manos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897; en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897), Template:Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "en.wikipedia says Manos captured Pente Pigadia on 23 April but the advance stalled for lack of reinforcements; el.wikipedia says Greek attacks on the fortified Ottoman position on 27–29 April achieved nothing. The Greek army then fell back towards Arta.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 255
 },
 {
  "name": "Velestino",
  "name_el": "Βελεστίνο (Α΄ μάχη)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-04-27",
  "date": "27–30 April 1897 (N.S.; 15–18 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Velestino (Feres), Magnesia",
  "lat": 39.38,
  "lon": 22.75,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Konstantinos Smolenskis",
  "commanders_b": "Edhem Pasha; Naim Pasha, Mahmud Muhtar",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Velestino; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Βελεστίνου, Κωνσταντίνος Σμολένσκη",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The only clear Greek victory of the Thessalian campaign; the Ottoman assaults of 29 and 30 April failed and Smolenskis became a national hero.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 256
 },
 {
  "name": "Velestino (second battle)",
  "name_el": "Βελεστίνο (Β΄ μάχη)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-05-05",
  "date": "5–6 May 1897 (N.S.; 23–24 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Velestino (Feres), Magnesia",
  "lat": 39.38,
  "lon": 22.75,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Hakki Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Col. Konstantinos Smolenskis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Velestino; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Βελεστίνου",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greek left held on 5 May but was broken on 6 May; ordered to retire after Farsala, Smolenskis withdrew unmolested to Almyros. Volos fell on 8 May.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 257
 },
 {
  "name": "Farsala (1897)",
  "name_el": "Φάρσαλα (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-05-05",
  "date": "5 May 1897 (N.S.; 23 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Farsala (Drisklioi, Tatari, Teke heights, railway station)",
  "lat": 39.3,
  "lon": 22.38,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Edhem Pasha (three divisions and the Albanian column)",
  "commanders_b": "Crown Prince Constantine; Col. Georgios Mavromichalis (2nd Division), Maj. Gen. Nikolaos Makris (1st Division)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη των Φαρσάλων (1897) (after Μεγάλη Στρατιωτική και Ναυτική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια); en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The evzone outposts and the Philhellenic Legion fought a delaying action; by evening the Ottomans held the Enipeus crossings and the station and the Greeks withdrew in fair order overnight to Domokos. 'Italy' in allies_b stands for the Philhellene/Garibaldian volunteers, not the Italian state (volunteers serving in the Greek army count as Greece).",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 258
 },
 {
  "name": "Nikopolis (1897)",
  "name_el": "Νικόπολη (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-05-12",
  "date": "12 May 1897 (N.S.; 30 April O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Nikopolis (Smyrtoula), north of Preveza",
  "lat": 39.01,
  "lon": 20.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Preveza garrison",
  "commanders_b": "Army of Epirus (left wing) with Epirote volunteers",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greco-Turkish War (1897); el.wikipedia Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897, Νικόπολη Πρέβεζας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The attempt to cut off Preveza failed with heavy Greek casualties.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 259
 },
 {
  "name": "Gribovo (1897)",
  "name_el": "Γρίμποβο (1897)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-05-13",
  "date": "1–3 May 1897 (O.S.; 13–15 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Gribovo ridge, north of Arta",
  "lat": 39.26,
  "lon": 21.0,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Osman Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Bairaktaris (gendarmerie units), Army of Epirus right wing",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Γρίμποβο Άρτας, Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897; en.wikipedia Template:Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War (1897)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greeks failed to take the ridge; with the right wing stopped, the whole second Epirus offensive was called off on 15 May. Not to be confused with the Battle of Gribovo of October 1912.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 260
 },
 {
  "name": "Strevina (Kryopigi)",
  "name_el": "Στρεβίνα (Κρυοπηγή)",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-05-13",
  "date": "13–15 May 1897 (N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Strevina (now Kryopigi), Preveza",
  "lat": 39.27,
  "lon": 20.8,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Thrasyvoulos Manos (Greek centre)",
  "commanders_b": "Ahmed Hifzi Pasha",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greek centre attacked on the 13th and, reinforced from the left, took and held a defensive position on the 14th, but withdrew on 15 May after the failure at Gribovo.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 261
 },
 {
  "name": "Domokos",
  "name_el": "Δομοκός",
  "year": 1897,
  "start": "1897-05-17",
  "date": "17 May 1897 (N.S.; 5 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Domokos and Mount Narthaki (Kasidiari), Phthiotis",
  "lat": 39.13,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Edhem Pasha; Hayri, Neşat, Memduh and Hamdi Pashas",
  "commanders_b": "Crown Prince Constantine; Col. Christos Mastrapas, Col. Markos Antoniadis, Dimitrios Tertipis; Ricciotti Garibaldi (volunteers)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Δομοκού, Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1897; en.wikipedia Battle of Domokos",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Garibaldian and Philhellenic volunteers (c. 3,000, mostly Italian) pinned the Ottoman right, but the Ottoman left turned the Greek right and the army withdrew that night to the Fourka pass. 'Italy' in allies_b stands for the Garibaldian volunteers, not the Italian state.",
  "_batch": "05",
  "id": 262
 },
 {
  "name": "Ostima",
  "name_el": "Όστιμα",
  "year": 1904,
  "start": "1904-10-03",
  "date": "20–21 September 1904 O.S. (3–4 October N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Ostima (Trigono), Florina",
  "lat": 40.73,
  "lon": 21.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Efthymios Kaoudis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Όστιμας»; en.wikipedia Efthymios Kaoudis",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 20 Greeks under the Cretan Kaoudis against about 87 komitadjis; the Greeks took a hill and inflicted the losses until an Ottoman detachment intervened. Dates vary: 18 September (Kaoudis article) or 20–21 September 1904; one passage of the battle-sites page gives 1905.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 263
 },
 {
  "name": "Statista",
  "name_el": "Στάτιστα",
  "year": 1904,
  "start": "1904-10-26",
  "date": "13 October 1904 O.S. (26 October N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Statista (Melas), Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.59,
  "lon": 21.24,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Pavlos Melas (\"Mikis Zezas\"), Lakis Pyrzas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Στάτιστας – Θάνατος Παύλου Μελά»; en.wikipedia Pavlos Melas; army.gr; Dakin, The Greek Struggle in Macedonia",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Melas and about 11 men, surrounded in two houses by an Ottoman detachment (allegedly tipped off by the IMRO chief Mitros Vlachos), fought until nightfall; Melas was mortally wounded during the breakout and most of his men escaped. The exact circumstances of his death are disputed. The village was renamed Melas.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 264
 },
 {
  "name": "Zelovo",
  "name_el": "Ζέλοβο",
  "year": 1904,
  "start": "1904-12-13",
  "date": "30 November 1904 O.S. (13 December N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Zelovo (Antartiko) and Mount Giamise, Florina",
  "lat": 40.71,
  "lon": 21.17,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Katechakis (Kapetan Rouvas), Efthymios Kaoudis, Pavlos Kyrou, Ioannis Karavitis, Pavlos Gyparis, Dimitrios Dalipis",
  "commanders_b": "Mitros Vlachos, Atanas Kersakov",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Ζελόβου»; D. Karamitsos, Μακεδονικός Αγώνας 1904-1908 (AUTh); istorikakastorias.blogspot.com, Ο Μακεδονικός Αγώνας μέρος 3ο",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 33–35 Greeks, with armed villagers of Pisoderi, against about 70 komitadjis; the Bulgarian dead are given as 12 (Karamitsos) or 24 (battle-sites project). Ended when Ottoman troops intervened; a Kastoria local history describes it as a failed encirclement from which the Bulgarians escaped. Dalipis's article dates it to 1905.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 265
 },
 {
  "name": "Theriso revolt",
  "name_el": "Επανάσταση του Θερίσου",
  "year": 1905,
  "start": "1905-03-23",
  "date": "10 March – November 1905 O.S. (23 March – November 1905 N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Theriso revolt",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Theriso and western Crete (Chania, Rethymno)",
  "lat": 35.4,
  "lon": 23.99,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Cretan rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Cretan State"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Russia",
   "Britain",
   "France",
   "Italy"
  ],
  "faction_a": "Theriso rebels (Eleftherios Venizelos)",
  "faction_b": "Prince George's government (Cretan Gendarmerie)",
  "commanders_a": "Eleftherios Venizelos, Konstantinos Foumis, Konstantinos Manos",
  "commanders_b": "Prince George of Greece",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "Brief (named as a civil case); general histories of the Cretan State (Holland & Markides; Kitromilides, Eleftherios Venizelos); not verified online this session",
  "borderline": "a revolt with scattered skirmishes between rebels, the Cretan Gendarmerie and the international troops, not one named battle; no individually named engagement could be verified (Greek Wikipedia blocked, English page rate-limited)",
  "note": "Rebels at Theriso demanded union with Greece; clashes with the gendarmerie and international detachments through spring and summer 1905. Ended in November 1905 with an amnesty and concessions; Prince George left Crete in 1906. 'Cretan rebels' is used here for 1905 (the brief lists it to 1898).",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 266
 },
 {
  "name": "Zagoritsani",
  "name_el": "Ζαγορίτσανη",
  "year": 1905,
  "start": "1905-04-07",
  "date": "25 March 1905 O.S. (7 April N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Zagoritsani (Vasileiada), Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.55,
  "lon": 21.34,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Tsontos (Kapetan Vardas), Stefanos Doukas (Kapetan Mallios), Efthymios Kaoudis, Pavlos Gyparis, Georgios Dikonymos-Makris, Ioannis Karavitis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Ζαγορίτσανης»; istorikakastorias.blogspot.com, Ο Μακεδονικός Αγώνας μέρος 3ο; D. Karamitsos, Μακεδονικός Αγώνας 1904-1908 (AUTh); en.wikipedia Greek Struggle for Macedonia",
  "borderline": "an attack by 160–200 andartes on a fortified Exarchist village; the armed defence was brief and most of the 60–79 dead were villagers, so it is often called a massacre",
  "note": "Greek accounts call it the battle of Zagoritsani; Bulgarian and many modern accounts the Zagorichani massacre. Armed komitadjis were among the dead and the village was burned.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 267
 },
 {
  "name": "Mouriki",
  "name_el": "Μουρίκι",
  "year": 1905,
  "start": "1905-05-05",
  "date": "21–22 April 1905 O.S. (4–5 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Mouriki height, north-west of Vlasti, Kozani",
  "lat": 40.47,
  "lon": 21.48,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Petros Manos (Kapetan Vergas), Georgios Katechakis (Kapetan Rouvas), Pavlos Gyparis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Μουρικίου»; istorikakastorias.blogspot.com, Ο Μακεδονικός Αγώνας μέρος 3ο",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 115 andartes against about 100 Ottoman troops, reinforced by about 200 from Vlasti; the Ottomans, hit from three sides in fog, retreated in disorder. Greek losses 3 killed and 3 wounded; Ottoman losses unknown. Afterwards about 3,000 troops hunted the bands, which largely dispersed.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 268
 },
 {
  "name": "Aetozi",
  "name_el": "Αετόζι",
  "year": 1905,
  "start": "1905-07-04",
  "date": "21 June 1905 O.S. (4 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "west of Aetozi (Aetos), Florina",
  "lat": 40.66,
  "lon": 21.6,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Ioannis Kalogerakis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Αετοζίου»",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A Greek ambush party set for an Exarchist band was betrayed and attacked by an Ottoman detachment from Sorovits (Amyntaio); Kalogerakis and three Cretans were killed.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 269
 },
 {
  "name": "Osnitsani",
  "name_el": "Οσνίτσανη",
  "year": 1906,
  "start": "1906-05-20",
  "date": "7 May 1906 O.S. (20 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Osnitsani (Kastanofyto), Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.45,
  "lon": 21.2,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mitros Vlachos, Kyriazos (komitadjis); Ottoman commander not named",
  "commanders_b": "Antonios Vlachakis (Kapetan Litsas), Leonidas Petropoulakis, Evangelos Bairaktaris (Kapetan Akylas), Ioannis Christopoulos (Kapetan Vourkanos), Loukas Kokkinos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Οσνίτσανης»; D. Karamitsos, Μακεδονικός Αγώνας 1904-1908 (AUTh); en.wikipedia Stergios Goutas",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 85 andartes attacked about 100 komitadjis in the village; about 750 Ottoman troops intervened. Litsas and L. Petropoulakis were killed when their bomb exploded early; after about eight hours the Greeks retreated with about 24 dead (Karamitsos: 16), against 9 komitadjis and a claimed 140 or more Ottoman dead. Commemorated annually under Presidential Decree 759/1960. Site position approximate.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 270
 },
 {
  "name": "Gornitsovo",
  "name_el": "Γκορνίτσοβο",
  "year": 1906,
  "start": "1906-07-28",
  "date": "15 July 1906 O.S. (28 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Gornitsovo (Kelli), Florina",
  "lat": 40.79,
  "lon": 21.56,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Tane (Exarchist chief); Ottoman commander not named",
  "commanders_b": "Evangelos Nikoloudis, Ioannis Karavitis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Γκορνιτσόβου»",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A Greek attack on the Exarchist band of Tane in the village was betrayed (allegedly by the guide Sapountzis); waiting Ottoman troops surrounded the attackers and 12 andartes, including Nikoloudis, were killed.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 271
 },
 {
  "name": "Paleochori",
  "name_el": "Παλαιοχώρι",
  "year": 1907,
  "start": "1907-05-21",
  "date": "8 May 1907 O.S. (21 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Paleochori (Foufas), Kozani",
  "lat": 40.4,
  "lon": 21.42,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Zacharias Papadas (Kapetan Foufas), Grigorios Falireas (Kapetan Zakas)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Παλαιοχωρίου»",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 60 andartes attacked about ten armed Exarchists barricaded in a stone house; Foufas and four others were killed and Zakas led the retreat to Vogatsiko. The village was renamed Foufas in 1932. Site position approximate.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 272
 },
 {
  "name": "Grentsi",
  "name_el": "Γκρέντση",
  "year": 1907,
  "start": "1907-07-16",
  "date": "3 July 1907 O.S. (16 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Grentsi (Ptelea), Korestia, Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.62,
  "lon": 21.18,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgarian bands",
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Tombras (Kapetan Roupakias), Nikolaos Platanias (Kapetan Lachtaras)",
  "commanders_b": "Atanas Kersakov (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Γκρέντσης»",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Kersakov's komitadjis counter-attacked from the hills and withdrew after Kersakov was mortally wounded (19 komitadjis killed, 7 Greeks wounded); an Ottoman detachment then fought for about two hours before withdrawing. Captured villagers who tried to escape were shot.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 273
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalogeriko",
  "name_el": "Καλογερικό",
  "year": 1907,
  "start": "1907-07-29",
  "date": "16 July 1907 O.S. (29 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kalogeriko ravine near Losnitsa (Germas), Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.47,
  "lon": 21.33,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Nikolaos Tsotakos (Kapetan Germas), Grigorios Falireas (Kapetan Zakas), Vasileios Tsimbidaros",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Καλογερικού»",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 150 Ottoman soldiers surrounded the band in the ravine; 23 andartes, including Germas and Tsimbidaros, were killed and 11 captured, and Zakas escaped wounded. Losnitsa was renamed Germas in 1928.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 274
 },
 {
  "name": "Kostenetsi",
  "name_el": "Κωστενέτσι",
  "year": 1908,
  "start": "1908-05-25",
  "date": "night of 12–13 May 1908 O.S. (25–26 May N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Macedonian Struggle",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kostenetsi (Ieropigi), Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.59,
  "lon": 21.03,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek bands (Macedonia)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Dikonymos-Makris, Loukas Papaloukas (Kapetan Roumeliotis), Evangelos Koropoulis, Georgios Souliou",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Western Macedonian Battle Sites project (maxesditikismakedonias.gr), «Μάχη Κωστενετσίου»",
  "borderline": "attack on an Exarchist village with heavy loss of life and burning of houses",
  "note": "About 80 andartes surrounded and attacked the village from west and east; about 40 Exarchists were killed and 27 houses burned, for 2 Greek dead. Ottoman cavalry from Biglista (Albania) ended the fighting.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 275
 },
 {
  "name": "Typaldos revolt",
  "name_el": "Κίνημα Τυπάλδου",
  "year": 1909,
  "start": "1909-10-31",
  "date": "18–19 October 1909 O.S. (31 October – 1 November N.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Typaldos naval revolt",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Salamis Naval Base and the Salamis strait",
  "lat": 37.96,
  "lon": 23.57,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (loyal navy and army)",
  "faction_b": "Typaldos mutineers",
  "commanders_a": "government of Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis (naval commander not verified)",
  "commanders_b": "Lt. Cdr. Konstantinos Typaldos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "general histories of the 1909 Goudi period (e.g. Mavrogordatos; Papacosma, The Military in Greek Politics); not verified online this session",
  "borderline": "a naval mutiny with a short exchange of fire, not a battle in the usual sense; date not re-verified",
  "note": "Officers and sailors under Typaldos seized the Salamis arsenal and torpedo boats; loyal ships and shore artillery opened fire and the mutineers gave up after a short fight with a few killed. Mainly naval, with shore artillery.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 276
 },
 {
  "name": "Icaria revolt",
  "name_el": "Επανάσταση της Ικαρίας",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-07-30",
  "date": "17–18 July 1912 O.S. (30–31 July N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Icarian Revolution 1912",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Icaria (fighting at Chrysostomos)",
  "lat": 37.61,
  "lon": 26.29,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ioannis Malachias, Evangelos Koukoudeas, Georgios Spanos (killed)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Free State of Icaria; en.wikipedia Evangelos Koukoudeas; mytilene.gr (message of the North Aegean regional union president, 16 July 2021); en.wikipedia Free State of Icaria ('a battle on 17 July 1912' commemorated at Chrysostomos; Spanos 'the sole Ikarian killed in the fighting'; locals 'expelled the Turkish garrison'); mytilene.gr: 'μετά από διάφορες επικίνδυνες αψιμαχίες, είχαν αφοπλίσει και συλλάβει όλους τους Τούρκους του νησιού'",
  "borderline": "a revolt with only brief fighting against a small Ottoman gendarmerie garrison, not a named battle",
  "note": "On 17 July 1912 (O.S.) the islanders rose and, after several skirmishes in which one Icarian (Georgios Spanos of Evdilos) was killed at Chrysostomos, disarmed and captured the Ottoman garrison, which was shipped to Anatolia. The Free State of Icaria was declared on 18 July and joined Greece on 4 November 1912. 'Greek rebels' is used here for a 1912 revolt (the brief defines it before 1821).",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 277
 },
 {
  "name": "Samos revolt",
  "name_el": "Σαμιακή επανάσταση του 1912",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-09-20",
  "date": "7–23 September 1912 O.S. (20 September – 6 October N.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Samos revolt 1912",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Samos; main fight at Bayraktari near Palaiokastro (east of Vathy)",
  "lat": 37.73,
  "lon": 27.01,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek rebels"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Themistoklis Sofoulis, Pavlos Gyparis, Ioannis Karavitis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "samosin.gr, The Unification of Samos with Greece; en.wikipedia Principality of Samos; en.wikipedia Pavlos Gyparis and Ioannis Karavitis; samosin.gr/?p=9827 (landing 7 September 1912; battle at Bayraktari, Paleokastro, 'lasted for a whole day, with many dead and wounded on both sides'; truce 13–18 September; 'on September 23, 1912 the Turkish army left Samos'); en.wikipedia Principality of Samos (garrison withdrew to Anatolia; enosis 11/24 November 1912)",
  "borderline": "The entry is the revolt as a whole; its one distinct named fight is Bayraktari (Palaiokastro).",
  "note": "Sofoulis landed at Ormos Marathokampou with armed Samians, Cretans and Icarians on 7/20 September 1912; the fiercest fight was a day-long battle at Bayraktari near Palaiokastro, where the Ottoman artillery stood, with many dead and wounded on both sides. After a truce brokered by the British consul (13–18 September O.S.), the garrison capitulated and left for Asia Minor on 23 September/6 October 1912. Union with Greece was declared on 11/24 November 1912; Greek troops landed on 2 March 1913.",
  "_batch": "06",
  "id": 278
 },
 {
  "name": "Elassona",
  "name_el": "Ελασσόνα",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-10-19",
  "date": "19 October 1912 (6 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Elassona, Thessaly",
  "lat": 39.89,
  "lon": 22.19,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Crown Prince Constantine",
  "commanders_b": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 (list of battles of the Macedonian front); Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913; en.wikipedia Battle of Yenidje (chronology)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Short opening battle on the first day of the Greek offensive; the Ottoman covering force fell back to Sarantaporo.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 279
 },
 {
  "name": "Gribovo",
  "name_el": "Γρίμποβο",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-10-19",
  "date": "19–24 October 1912 (6–11 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Gribovo heights, north of Arta",
  "lat": 39.2,
  "lon": 20.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Sapountzakis",
  "commanders_b": "Esad Pasha",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Pente Pigadia and Battle of Bizani (background); Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Army of Epirus crossed the Arta bridge and took the Gribovo heights (6 Oct O.S.); an Ottoman counter-attack (9 Oct) pushed it back towards Arta on the night of 10–11 Oct, but the Ottomans then withdrew and the Greeks took Filippiada unopposed on 12 Oct (O.S.). Greek accounts treat it as a repulse of the Ottoman attack.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 280
 },
 {
  "name": "Sarantaporo",
  "name_el": "Σαραντάπορο",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-10-22",
  "date": "22–23 October 1912 (9–10 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Sarantaporo pass, between Elassona and Servia",
  "lat": 40.04,
  "lon": 22.05,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Crown Prince Constantine",
  "commanders_b": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913; en.wikipedia Battle of Sarantaporo",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First major Greek victory; opened the way to Servia and Kozani.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 281
 },
 {
  "name": "Thessaloniki harbour (Feth-i Bülend)",
  "name_el": "Τορπιλισμός του Φετχί Μπουλέντ",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-10-31",
  "date": "night of 31 October–1 November 1912 (18–19 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Thessaloniki harbour",
  "lat": 40.63,
  "lon": 22.93,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Nikolaos Votsis (torpedo boat No. 11)",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman ironclad Feth-i Bülend",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Ottoman ironclad Feth-i Bülend; en.wikipedia First Balkan War; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Torpedo boat 11 slipped through the harbour defences and sank the ironclad Feth-i Bülend (used as a barracks/guard ship) with two torpedoes; 7 Ottoman dead, no Greek loss.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 282
 },
 {
  "name": "Yenidje",
  "name_el": "Γιαννιτσά",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-01",
  "date": "1–2 November 1912 (19–20 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Yenidje (Giannitsa), Pella",
  "lat": 40.79,
  "lon": 22.41,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Crown Prince Constantine",
  "commanders_b": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913; en.wikipedia Battle of Yenidje; el.wikipedia Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Decisive battle that opened the road to Thessaloniki; related fighting at Burgas, the Balitzas bridge and Gida.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 283
 },
 {
  "name": "Nicopolis",
  "name_el": "Νικόπολη",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-01",
  "date": "1–3 November 1912 (19–21 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Nicopolis, north of Preveza",
  "lat": 39.01,
  "lon": 20.73,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Panagiotis Spiliadis",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman garrison of Preveza",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia First Balkan War and Preveza; en.wikipedia Battle of Pente Pigadia; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Attack on the Preveza defences with the support of the Ionian squadron; Preveza surrendered on 21 Oct (O.S.).",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 284
 },
 {
  "name": "Sorovich",
  "name_el": "Σόροβιτς (Αμύνταιο)",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-03",
  "date": "3–6 November 1912 (21–24 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Sorovich (Amyntaio) and Banitsa (Vevi), Florina",
  "lat": 40.69,
  "lon": 21.68,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ottoman 16th, 17th and 18th Divisions",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos (5th Division)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 (listed as 'Σόροβιτς (Αμυνταίου), 23-24 Οκτ.'); Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913; en.wikipedia Battle of Sorovich",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek 5th Division attacked at Banitsa/Zabardeni (21 Oct O.S.), held at Sorovich on 22–23 Oct, routed by a dawn attack on 24 Oct. The 'Battle of Vevi' in the en.wikipedia First Balkan War article is this action. ΓΕΣ dates it 23–24 Oct O.S.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 285
 },
 {
  "name": "Pente Pigadia",
  "name_el": "Πέντε Πηγάδια",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-04",
  "date": "4–12 November 1912 (22–30 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Pente Pigadia (Beshpinar), on the Preveza–Ioannina road",
  "lat": 39.38,
  "lon": 20.92,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Sapountzakis",
  "commanders_b": "Esad Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 (dated 24 Oct 1912 O.S.); en.wikipedia Battle of Pente Pigadia; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Two Evzone battalions took and held the pass against repeated Ottoman counter-attacks; Ottomans withdrew to Pesta.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 286
 },
 {
  "name": "Metsovo",
  "name_el": "Μέτσοβο",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-13",
  "date": "13 November 1912 (31 Oct O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Metsovo, Ioannina",
  "lat": 39.77,
  "lon": 21.18,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek detachment with Cretan volunteers and Epirote bands",
  "commanders_b": "Ottoman garrison of Metsovo (c. 205 men, 2 guns)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Metsovo; en.wikipedia Battle of Driskos (chronology)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Troops, Epirote bands and local volunteers crossed the Katara–Zygos ridge and attacked the garrison, which surrendered at 4 pm. en.wikipedia Driskos gives 27 Oct (O.S.) for the capture.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 287
 },
 {
  "name": "Himara",
  "name_el": "Χειμάρρα",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-18",
  "date": "18 November 1912 (5 Nov O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Himarë, southern Albania",
  "lat": 40.1,
  "lon": 19.74,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "Himariotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Spyros Spyromilios",
  "commanders_b": "Ekrem Bey Vlora (Ottoman forces)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Himara Revolt; en.wikipedia List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century; el.wikipedia Εξέγερση της Χειμάρρας (1912)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Landing from Corfu and local rising expelled the Ottoman garrison; later Albanian attacks (Dec 1912) were repulsed. en.wikipedia First Balkan War and Battle of Bizani give 5 November without calendar; the Himara article gives 18 Nov N.S.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 288
 },
 {
  "name": "Lesbos",
  "name_el": "Λέσβος (Κλαπάδος)",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-21",
  "date": "21 November–21 December 1912 (8 Nov–8 Dec O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Mytilene to Filia and Klapados, Lesbos",
  "lat": 39.26,
  "lon": 26.14,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Pavlos Kountouriotis, Apollodoros Syrmakezis",
  "commanders_b": "Abdul Ghani Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Lesbos (1912); en.wikipedia List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Landing at Mytilene on 21 Nov (N.S.); the garrison withdrew to the fortified camp at Filia; the decisive fighting (Leimonas monastery, Filia–Klapados, 18–20 Dec N.S.) ended in the surrender of 21 Dec. Greek tradition calls the final action the battle of Klapados.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 289
 },
 {
  "name": "Chios",
  "name_el": "Χίος",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-11-24",
  "date": "24 November 1912–3 January 1913 (11 Nov–21 Dec O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Chios (Karyes, Aipos heights, Vrontados, Anavatos)",
  "lat": 38.4,
  "lon": 26.08,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Nikolaos Delagrammatikas, Ioannis Damianos",
  "commanders_b": "Lt Col. Zihni Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Chios (1912); el.wikipedia Απελευθέρωση της Χίου; en.wikipedia List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Landing at Kontari; fighting for Karyes and the Aipos heights; final assault 2 Jan 1913 (N.S.) and surrender at Anavatos/Pityous on 3 Jan. 36 Greeks killed; c. 1,800 Ottomans captured.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 290
 },
 {
  "name": "Driskos",
  "name_el": "Δρίσκος",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-12-09",
  "date": "9–11 December 1912 (26–28 Nov O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Mount Driskos, east of Ioannina",
  "lat": 39.67,
  "lon": 20.97,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Esad Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos (Metsovo Detachment), Alexandros Romas, Ricciotti and Peppino Garibaldi",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Driskos; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Δρίσκου; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Garibaldini (mostly Greek volunteers with some Italians) and Cretan volunteers served within the Greek army, so count as Greece. The poet Lorentzos Mavilis was killed here.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 291
 },
 {
  "name": "Pesta",
  "name_el": "Πεστά",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-12-12",
  "date": "12–13 December 1912 (29–30 Nov O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Pesta, south of Ioannina",
  "lat": 39.54,
  "lon": 20.83,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Sapountzakis",
  "commanders_b": "Esad Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 (listed as 'Πεστών, 29 Νοεμ. 1912'); el.wikipedia Μάχη των Πεστών; ELISME, Η Μάχη των Πεστών (2022)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Cretan student company of the Independent Cretan Regiment led the capture of Pesta; Ottomans fell back to the Bizani line.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 292
 },
 {
  "name": "Manoliassa",
  "name_el": "Μανωλιάσσα",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-12-14",
  "date": "14–16 December 1912 (1–3 Dec O.S.); assault continued to 22 Dec",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Manoliassa, south-west of Ioannina (Bizani line)",
  "lat": 39.57,
  "lon": 20.75,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Esad Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Konstantinos Sapountzakis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 (listed as 'Μανωλιάσσας, 1-3 Δεκ. 1912'); en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani (first attack 14–22 Dec 1912)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First Greek attack on the Ioannina fortified zone; en.wikipedia says it was repulsed and the Ottomans gained some ground. Greek accounts treat Manoliassa as a battle in its own right and do not call it a defeat.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 293
 },
 {
  "name": "Elli",
  "name_el": "Έλλη",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-12-16",
  "date": "16 December 1912 (3 Dec O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Off Cape Helles, mouth of the Dardanelles",
  "lat": 40.03,
  "lon": 26.08,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Pavlos Kountouriotis",
  "commanders_b": "Ramiz Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Elli; el.wikipedia Ναυμαχία της Έλλης; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Averof's charge forced the Ottoman fleet back into the Straits. en.wikipedia gives 40°12′N 26°24′E, which lies inside the Straits; the action was fought just outside the entrance.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 294
 },
 {
  "name": "Korytsa",
  "name_el": "Κατάληψη της Κορυτσάς",
  "year": 1912,
  "start": "1912-12-20",
  "date": "20 December 1912 (7 Dec O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Korçë, south-eastern Albania",
  "lat": 40.62,
  "lon": 20.78,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Damianos",
  "commanders_b": "Djavid Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Korytsa; el.wikipedia Κατάληψη της Κορυτσάς; en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek forces from western Macedonia drove Djavid Pasha's corps out of the Korçë area, cutting Ioannina's last supply route. en.wikipedia First Balkan War wrongly gives 20 November.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 295
 },
 {
  "name": "Lemnos (sea)",
  "name_el": "Λήμνος",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-01-18",
  "date": "18 January 1913 (5 Jan O.S.)",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "About 12 nautical miles south-east of Mudros, Lemnos",
  "lat": 39.73,
  "lon": 25.45,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Pavlos Kountouriotis",
  "commanders_b": "Ramiz Bey",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Lemnos (1913); Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Last sortie of the Ottoman fleet; afterwards it stayed in the Dardanelles for the rest of the war.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 296
 },
 {
  "name": "Aetorrachi",
  "name_el": "Αετοράχη",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-01-20",
  "date": "20–25 January 1913 (7–12 Jan O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Aetorrachi ridge, south of Bizani",
  "lat": 39.57,
  "lon": 20.85,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Sapountzakis",
  "commanders_b": "Esad Pasha",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 (listed as 'Αετοράχης, 7 Ιαν. 1913'); en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani (second attack, 20 Jan 1913)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Second Greek assault on the Bizani line: it gained ground and pushed the defenders back to the forts but was suspended after heavy losses and bad weather; Sapountzakis was then replaced.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 297
 },
 {
  "name": "Bizani",
  "name_el": "Μπιζάνι",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-03-04",
  "date": "4–6 March 1913 (19–21 Feb O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "First Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Bizani forts, south of Ioannina",
  "lat": 39.58,
  "lon": 20.84,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Crown Prince Constantine",
  "commanders_b": "Esad Pasha, Vehip Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913; en.wikipedia Battle of Bizani; el.wikipedia Απελευθέρωση των Ιωαννίνων",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Final battle of the siege of Ioannina (Dec 1912–Mar 1913); the earlier assaults are entered as Manoliassa and Aetorrachi. Ioannina surrendered on the night of 6 March (21 Feb O.S.).",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 298
 },
 {
  "name": "Angista (Pangaion)",
  "name_el": "Αγγίστα (Παγγαίο)",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-05-23",
  "date": "23–24 May 1913 (9–10 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek-Bulgarian clashes of 1913",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Angitis river and Angista, Pangaion hills, Serres",
  "lat": 41.04,
  "lon": 23.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikola Ivanov (2nd Army), Mihail Savov",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Angitis; en.wikipedia Second Balkan War (table of Greek–Bulgarian battles); EAAS, Ο Β΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος; en.wikipedia Battle of Angitis (23–24 May [O.S. 9–10 May] 1913, 'Bulgarian victory'; the Greeks were pushed back several km; Geshov ordered a halt on 10 May); EAAS, Ο Β΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος ('Την περίοδο από 10/23 έως 17/30 Μαΐου, στην περιοχή του Παγγαίου όρους η συμπλοκή εξελίχθηκε σε μάχη εκ του συστάδην', no result given)",
  "borderline": "Clash between nominal allies before the formal outbreak of the Second Balkan War.",
  "note": "Bulgarian accounts claim a victory, with the Greeks pushed back several km; Greek accounts describe close-quarter fighting on Pangaion on 23–30 May (10–17 May O.S.). Preceded by skirmishes in April–May at Paleochori, the Valchishta bridge and Levtera.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 299
 },
 {
  "name": "Thessaloniki (1913)",
  "name_el": "Θεσσαλονίκη (βουλγαρική φρουρά)",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-06-30",
  "date": "30 June–1 July 1913 (17–18 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Thessaloniki",
  "lat": 40.64,
  "lon": 22.94,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Kallaris (II Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Bulgarian garrison of Thessaloniki",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "EAAS, Ο Β΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος ('10ωρη μάχη', 1,259 prisoners); en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "Usually described as the disarming of the Bulgarian garrison rather than a named battle, although there was some ten hours of fighting.",
  "note": "The isolated Bulgarian battalion in the city was overrun after the Bulgarian surprise attack of 16 June (O.S.).",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 300
 },
 {
  "name": "Kilkis–Lachanas",
  "name_el": "Κιλκίς–Λαχανάς",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-07-02",
  "date": "2–4 July 1913 (19–21 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kilkis and Lachanas, Central Macedonia",
  "lat": 40.99,
  "lon": 22.87,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "King Constantine I",
  "commanders_b": "Nikola Ivanov",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913; en.wikipedia Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas; el.wikipedia Μάχη Κιλκίς-Λαχανά",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Coordinates are Kilkis; the Lachanas wing (1st and 6th Divisions) fought about 30 km east (40.95, 23.25). Includes the recapture of Gevgelija and the Kalinovo hills (21 June O.S.); the 'Battle of Kalinovo' (Bulgarian victory) in the en.wikipedia Second Balkan War table is a sector of this battle.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 301
 },
 {
  "name": "Doiran",
  "name_el": "Δοϊράνη",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-07-05",
  "date": "5–6 July 1913 (22–23 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Doiran (Dojran), south-west shore of Lake Doiran",
  "lat": 41.18,
  "lon": 22.72,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "North Macedonia",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Leonidas Paraskevopoulos (10th Division), Konstantinos Damianos (3rd Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Pravoslav Tenev, Konstantin Kavarnaliev (killed), Hristo Pakov",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Doiran (1913); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Δοϊράνης (1913); en.wikipedia Second Balkan War",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek accounts sometimes date it 24–25 June (O.S.). Fighting ranged from the Doiran railway station (now Greece) to the town (now North Macedonia).",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 302
 },
 {
  "name": "Vetrina (Demir Hisar)",
  "name_el": "Βέτρινα (Δεμίρ Ισσάρ)",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-07-09",
  "date": "9–10 July 1913 (26–27 June O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Vetrina (Neo Petritsi) near Demir Hisar (Sidirokastro), Serres",
  "lat": 41.27,
  "lon": 23.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "King Constantine I",
  "commanders_b": "Nikola Ivanov (2nd Army)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "EAAS, Ο Β΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος ('διήμερη μάχη της Βετρίνας, ή Δεμίρ Ισάρ')",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Two-day battle that opened the way to Serres and Sidirokastro; the Bulgarians burned Serres and Demir Hisar as they withdrew.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 303
 },
 {
  "name": "Kresna Gorge",
  "name_el": "Στενά της Κρέσνας",
  "year": 1913,
  "start": "1913-07-21",
  "date": "21–31 July 1913 (8–18 July O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second Balkan War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kresna gorge to Simitli and Gorna Dzhumaya, Struma valley",
  "lat": 41.8,
  "lon": 23.16,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Bulgaria",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "King Constantine I",
  "commanders_b": "Mihail Savov, Nikola Ivanov",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kresna Gorge; en.wikipedia Second Balkan War; EAAS, Ο Β΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος; Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912-1913",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greeks forced the gorge (completed 10/23 July) and took Simitli (26 July N.S.), then the Bulgarian counter-offensive threatened to encircle them: fighting at Hill 1378 near Gorna Dzhumaya (where Ioannis Velissariou fell on 13/26 July), the Predela pass (Predel Han) towards Razlog/Mehomia, and Pehčevo–Berovo. Ended by the armistice of 31 July (N.S.). Greek accounts stress the forcing of the gorge, Bulgarian ones the near-encirclement; en.wikipedia gives a stalemate.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 304
 },
 {
  "name": "Korçë (1914)",
  "name_el": "Κορυτσά (1914)",
  "year": 1914,
  "start": "1914-03-19",
  "date": "19–23 March 1914",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Northern Epirus struggle (1914)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Korçë, south-eastern Albania",
  "lat": 40.62,
  "lon": 20.78,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Albania"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Northern Epirotes"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Albanian gendarmerie (Dutch officers)",
  "commanders_b": "Sacred Band unit from Bilisht with local guerrillas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Autonomists held part of the city for several days before gendarmerie reinforcements retook it on 27 March. Later (before the armistice of 7 May 1914) autonomist forces seized the Morava heights over Korçë.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 305
 },
 {
  "name": "Cepo monastery",
  "name_el": "Τσεπό",
  "year": 1914,
  "start": "1914-04-20",
  "date": "20–23 April 1914",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Northern Epirus struggle (1914)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Cepo (Tsepo), north of Gjirokastër",
  "lat": 40.15,
  "lon": 20.12,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Northern Epirotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Albania"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Albanian gendarmerie (Dutch officers)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "An Albanian gendarmerie push south into autonomist-held territory failed.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 306
 },
 {
  "name": "Berat (1914)",
  "name_el": "Μπεράτι (1914)",
  "year": 1914,
  "start": "1914-09",
  "date": "early September 1914",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Northern Epirus struggle (1914)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Berat citadel, central Albania",
  "lat": 40.71,
  "lon": 19.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Northern Epirotes"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Albanian irregulars"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "An Epirote unit attacked the garrison and held the citadel for several days before withdrawing. el.wikipedia: \"Κατάληψη του Βερατίου\", 14 September 1914.",
  "_batch": "07",
  "id": 307
 },
 {
  "name": "Thessaloniki (National Defence coup)",
  "name_el": "Θεσσαλονίκη (Κίνημα Εθνικής Αμύνης)",
  "year": 1916,
  "start": "1916-08-30",
  "date": "30 August 1916 (17 August O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "National Schism (World War I)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "III Corps headquarters, Thessaloniki",
  "lat": 40.63,
  "lon": 22.95,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "National Defence (Venizelists)",
  "faction_b": "royalists",
  "commanders_a": "Epameinondas Zymvrakakis, Neokosmos Grigoriadis",
  "commanders_b": "Col. Vagias (III Corps loyalist company)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia National Defence coup d'état; en.wikipedia Provisional Government of National Defence; el.wikipedia Κίνημα Εθνικής Αμύνης",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 600 Cretan gendarmes and volunteers blockaded III Corps HQ; a loyalist company tried to break out, 2 gendarmes killed and 3-4 soldiers hit before French officers stopped the shooting; loyalist troops were disarmed and shipped south. A standoff at the Mikro Karabournou artillery barracks the day before (29 Aug) ended without shooting.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 308
 },
 {
  "name": "Noemvriana (Athens)",
  "name_el": "Νοεμβριανά",
  "year": 1916,
  "start": "1916-12-01",
  "date": "1–2 December 1916 (18–19 November O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "World War I (National Schism)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Athens (Zappeion, Ardittos, approaches from Piraeus)",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "France",
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ioannis Metaxas, Sofoklis Dousmanis, Anastasios Papoulas",
  "commanders_b": "Louis Dartige du Fournet, Henri Pugliesi-Conti, C. D'O. Harmar",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Noemvriana; el.wikipedia Νοεμβριανά του 1916; Leon, Greece and the Great Powers 1914-1917",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Royalist army (I Corps) and reservists (Epistratoi) against c. 2,500 French and British marines landed at Piraeus; Allied losses 191-227, royalist c. 82; the Allied squadron at Phaleron shelled parts of the city; the landing force withdrew under a compromise. Followed by royalist attacks on Venizelists in Athens (not a battle).",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 309
 },
 {
  "name": "Nebyan cave (Otkaya)",
  "name_el": "Νεμπιέν Νταγ (Σπήλαιο της Παναγίας)",
  "year": 1917,
  "start": "1917-04",
  "date": "April 1917 (c. 9 days)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Pontic Greek resistance (1916–1923)",
  "theatre": "Pontus",
  "place": "Cave of the Virgin Mary near the monastery of Otkaya, Mount Nebyan (Nebiyan Dağı), Bafra–Samsun",
  "lat": 41.33,
  "lon": 35.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Pontic Greek guerrillas"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mehmet Ali; Dalip Çavuş (gendarmerie)",
  "commanders_b": "Pantel Amisou (Pantelis Anastasiadis)'s band (60 armed men)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek resistance during the Greek genocide; el.wikipedia Αντίσταση των Ποντίων στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα",
  "borderline": "A siege that ended in collective suicide and massacre (Turkish sources: 'Meryemana Mağarası katliamı'); identification and date uncertain.",
  "note": "About 60 guerrillas defended 600–650 civilians for about a week against gendarmes, then an artillery-supported regiment; most civilians were killed after the defenders' suicide. Greek Wikipedia places a last stand of Pantel Amisou's band at Nebien Dağ in late 1917; probably the same event.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 310
 },
 {
  "name": "Skra-di-Legen",
  "name_el": "Σκρα",
  "year": 1918,
  "start": "1918-05-29",
  "date": "29–31 May 1918 (main assault 30 May; 17 May O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "World War I (Macedonian front)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Skra (Liumnitsa) fortified position, north of Mt Paiko, Kilkis",
  "lat": 41.09,
  "lon": 22.43,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "France"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Emmanouil Zymvrakakis, Adolphe Guillaumat, Auguste Gérôme",
  "commanders_b": "Ivan Bonchev",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Skra-di-Legen; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Σκρα; en.wikipedia Archipelago Division; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός κατά τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Archipelago, Crete and Serres Divisions of the National Defence Corps with French support (British Empire also listed in the infobox). Greek losses c. 440 killed, c. 2,200 wounded, c. 160 missing; c. 2,000+ Bulgarians captured.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 311
 },
 {
  "name": "Dobro Pole",
  "name_el": "Ντόμπρο Πόλε",
  "year": 1918,
  "start": "1918-09-15",
  "date": "15–18 September 1918",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "World War I (Macedonian front, Vardar offensive)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Dobro Pole, Zborsko and Sousnitsa heights, Kozhuf/Nidže range",
  "lat": 41.12,
  "lon": 21.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "North Macedonia",
  "side_a": [
   "France",
   "Serbia",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, Živojin Mišić, Panagiotis Gargalidis",
  "commanders_b": "Georgi Todorov, Friedrich von Scholtz",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Dobro Pole; en.wikipedia Vardar offensive; en.wikipedia Archipelago Division",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek Archipelago, 3rd and 4th Divisions (Gargalidis) on the French-Serbian flank: Franco-Greek regiments twice repulsed at Zborsko (c. 158 Greek dead), Greek units at Sousnitsa and on Mt Preslap (17 Sept), 6th Regiment took Zovik-Staravina-Cebren (18 Sept). Breakthrough that decided the Vardar offensive.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 312
 },
 {
  "name": "Doiran (1918)",
  "name_el": "Δοϊράνη (1918)",
  "year": 1918,
  "start": "1918-09-18",
  "date": "18–19 September 1918",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "World War I (Macedonian front, Vardar offensive)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Hills west of Lake Doiran (Pip Ridge, Grand Couronné) and between the lake and Belasica",
  "lat": 41.22,
  "lon": 22.7,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "North Macedonia",
  "side_a": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Vladimir Vazov, Stefan Nerezov",
  "commanders_b": "George Milne, Henry Wilson",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Doiran (1918); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Δοϊράνης (1918); en.wikipedia Vardar offensive; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ stelexi.army.gr Doirani dossier",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek Serres and Crete Divisions (and the 14th Division on 19 Sept) with the British XII and XVI Corps; Greek losses 3,404-3,948. The Bulgarians repulsed all attacks but withdrew on 21 Sept after the Dobro Pole breakthrough.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 313
 },
 {
  "name": "Kherson (1919)",
  "name_el": "Χερσώνα",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-03-02",
  "date": "2–10 March 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Allied intervention in southern Russia",
  "theatre": "Ukraine",
  "place": "Kherson",
  "lat": 46.64,
  "lon": 32.61,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Ukraine",
  "side_a": [
   "Bolsheviks"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece",
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "White Russians"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nykyfor Hryhoriv (Grigoriev)",
  "commanders_b": "Konstantinos Vlachos (I/34th Regiment), Philippe d'Anselme (Allied command)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Εκστρατεία στη Μεσημβρινή Ρωσία 1919 (dis.army.gr); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Χερσώνας; ru.wikipedia Украинский поход греческой армии; en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "c. 700-850 Greeks (I/34th Regt, then two battalions of the 1st Regt) and c. 150 French plus some Volunteer Army troops against Grigoriev's brigade; Greek losses c. 257 (12 officers, 245 men); the Allies evacuated by sea on 10 March. Local Greek civilians were killed after the fall of the city.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 314
 },
 {
  "name": "Mykolaiv (1919)",
  "name_el": "Νικολάιεφ",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-03-07",
  "date": "7–14 March 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Allied intervention in southern Russia",
  "theatre": "Ukraine",
  "place": "Mykolaiv (Nikolaev)",
  "lat": 46.97,
  "lon": 32.0,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Ukraine",
  "side_a": [
   "Bolsheviks"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece",
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nykyfor Hryhoriv (Grigoriev)",
  "commanders_b": "Col. Legué (French)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Εκστρατεία στη Μεσημβρινή Ρωσία 1919 ('occupation and abandonment of Nikolaev'); ru.wikipedia Украинский поход греческой армии; en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention",
  "borderline": "Mostly a negotiated evacuation; fighting limited to Grigoriev's failed attack of 7 March and skirmishes east of the city",
  "note": "c. 500 Greeks (7th Regiment) and two weak French companies, with an unreliable German garrison of c. 12,000; after the fall of Kherson the Allies withdrew by agreement on 14 March and Grigoriev entered the city, seizing large stocks of arms.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 315
 },
 {
  "name": "Berezivka",
  "name_el": "Μπερεζόφκα",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-03-18",
  "date": "18 March 1919 (attacks from 7 March; 5 March O.S.)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Allied intervention in southern Russia",
  "theatre": "Ukraine",
  "place": "Berezivka (Berezovka) and Vasylynove, north-east of Odessa",
  "lat": 47.2,
  "lon": 30.91,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Ukraine",
  "side_a": [
   "Bolsheviks"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "France",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "White Russians"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nykyfor Hryhoriv (Grigoriev)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Εκστρατεία στη Μεσημβρινή Ρωσία 1919 ('Επιχειρήσεις Βασιλίνοβο και Μπερεζόφκα'); ru.wikipedia Украинский поход греческой армии; 'How Odessa became Red' (Battle of Berezovka, 18 March 1919)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A battalion of the Greek 34th Regiment with French zouaves, French Renault tanks and two Volunteer Army squadrons; attacks on 7 and 17 March were repulsed, but on 18 March an attack with armoured trains routed the French (who abandoned tanks and wounded); the Greeks fell back to Serbka. Greek losses 9 officers and 135 men.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 316
 },
 {
  "name": "Serbka–Buyalyk",
  "name_el": "Σέρμπκα – Μπουγιαλίκ",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-03-19",
  "date": "19 March – 3/5 April 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Allied intervention in southern Russia",
  "theatre": "Ukraine",
  "place": "Serbka station, Velykyi Buyalyk and Kapitanka line, north-east of Odessa",
  "lat": 46.86,
  "lon": 30.7,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Ukraine",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "France"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bolsheviks"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "White Russians"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Kondylis (3rd Regiment), Nikolaos Plastiras (5/42 Evzone Regiment), Gen. Nerel (French)",
  "commanders_b": "Nykyfor Hryhoriv (Grigoriev)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Εκστρατεία στη Μεσημβρινή Ρωσία 1919 ('Επιχειρήσεις Σέρμπκα και Μπολ. Μπουγιαλίκ'); ru.wikipedia Украинский поход греческой армии; 'How Odessa became Red' (Cerbka retaken 27 March, turned 31 March)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Defence of the Odessa front: Kondylis's 3rd Regiment retook Serbka station and repulsed the general Red attack of 5 April; a Greek battalion at Pavlinka was nearly encircled; the line was abandoned when White units gave way and the Allies evacuated Odessa (3-7 April) without a final battle.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 317
 },
 {
  "name": "Sevastopol (1919)",
  "name_el": "Σεβαστούπολη (1919)",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-04-15",
  "date": "15–16 April 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Allied intervention in southern Russia",
  "theatre": "Ukraine",
  "place": "Sevastopol, Crimea",
  "lat": 44.6,
  "lon": 33.52,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Ukraine",
  "side_a": [
   "France",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bolsheviks"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "White Russians"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Jean-François-Charles Amet (French squadron)",
  "commanders_b": "Pavel Dybenko",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Εκστρατεία στη Μεσημβρινή Ρωσία 1919 ('Επιχειρήσεις στην Κριμαία', 24 March–28 April); ru.wikipedia Украинский поход греческой армии; en.wikipedia Southern Russia intervention",
  "borderline": "Greek role was the garrison (2nd Regiment, XIII Division) and naval gunfire; the repulse is credited mainly to French ships in English sources",
  "note": "The Red attack on the city was repulsed by fire from French and Russian ships and the Greek battleship Kilkis and destroyer Panthir; a truce followed on 17 April and the Allies evacuated by 28-29 April. Earlier fighting at the Perekop isthmus (Ishun) was by White units; a Greek company's clash with mutinous French sailors on 19 April was an incident, not a battle.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 318
 },
 {
  "name": "Smyrna landing",
  "name_el": "Απόβαση στη Σμύρνη",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-05-15",
  "date": "15 May 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Smyrna (İzmir) harbour and the Sarı Kışla barracks",
  "lat": 38.42,
  "lon": 27.14,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Ottoman Empire"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Nikolaos Zafeiriou (1st Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Nadir Pasha (XVII Corps)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek landing at Smyrna; el.wikipedia Ελληνική απόβαση στη Σμύρνη; Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, ch. 5",
  "borderline": "Largely unopposed Allied-sanctioned occupation; the fighting was a shooting incident at the barracks, not a pitched battle.",
  "note": "The Ottoman garrison had orders not to resist; after the first shot (attributed to Hasan Tahsin) Greek troops fired on the Sarı Kışla barracks and the garrison surrendered. Royal Navy and French warships were present. Turkish soldiers and civilians were killed in the aftermath.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 319
 },
 {
  "name": "Urla",
  "name_el": "Βουρλά",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-05-16",
  "date": "16–17 May 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Urla (Vourla), west of Smyrna",
  "lat": 38.32,
  "lon": 26.77,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "unknown (two Greek army companies and about 800 local Greek irregulars)",
  "commanders_b": "Lt. Col. Kâzım Bey (Ottoman 173rd Regiment)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Urla clashes; tr.wikipedia Urla Olayları",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Urla Olayları. The Turks were the local Ottoman garrison and a newly formed 120-man militia, counted as the first Kuva-yi Milliye unit. Greek troops landed from a warship and occupied Urla.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 320
 },
 {
  "name": "Ayvalık",
  "name_el": "Κυδωνίες (Αϊβαλί)",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-05-26",
  "date": "26–29 May 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Ayvalık (Kydonies)",
  "lat": 39.32,
  "lon": 26.69,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Nikolaos Zafeiriou",
  "commanders_b": "Lt. Col. Ali Bey (Çetinkaya), Ottoman 172nd Regiment",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "tr.wikipedia Ayvalık Cephesi; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "Local resistance to the occupation of Ayvalık; Turkish 'Ayvalık Cephesi' is more a front than a single battle.",
  "note": "Turkish name Ayvalık Cephesi. In Turkish tradition Ali Bey's men fired the first shots of armed resistance to the Greek occupation. The town was occupied by a Cretan detachment (8th Cretan Regiment) on 29 May.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 321
 },
 {
  "name": "Bergama (raid)",
  "name_el": "Πέργαμος (αιφνιδιασμός)",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-15",
  "date": "night of 14/15–16 June 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Bergama (Pergamon)",
  "lat": 39.12,
  "lon": 27.18,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kemal Muratoğlu; Yusuf İzzet Pasha (per Turkish accounts)",
  "commanders_b": "Maj. Apostolos Sermakezis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bergama; tr.wikipedia Bergama Baskını; ΔΙΣ, Επίτομος ιστορία της εις Μικράν Ασίαν εκστρατείας (1967); Μεγάλη Στρατιωτική και Ναυτική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια, 'Πέργαμος'",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Bergama Baskını. The first Greek defeat of the war: the newly arrived Greek garrison was surprised by Kuva-yi Milliye and regular troops, lost heavily and fell back to Menemen. English and Turkish Wikipedia treat the raid and the Greek recapture of 19–20 June as one event; they are split here because the outcomes differ.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 322
 },
 {
  "name": "Malgaç bridge raid",
  "name_el": "Γέφυρα Μαλγκάτς",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-15",
  "date": "15–16 June 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Malgaç railway bridge, 1–2 km east of Sultanhisar (Aydın–Nazilli railway)",
  "lat": 37.89,
  "lon": 28.18,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Yörük Ali Efe, Kıllıoğlu Hüseyin Efe, Capt. Ahmet Bey",
  "commanders_b": "Capt. 'Yorgiyes' (Georgios)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Malgaç Raid; tr.wikipedia Malgaç Baskını",
  "borderline": "Small raid (about 60 attackers against a 20-man bridge guard).",
  "note": "Turkish name Malgaç Baskını. The bridge guard was wiped out and the bridge destroyed.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 323
 },
 {
  "name": "Bergama (recapture)",
  "name_el": "Πέργαμος (ανακατάληψη)",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-19",
  "date": "19–20 June 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Heights SW and N of Bergama; Bakırçay bridge",
  "lat": 39.11,
  "lon": 27.16,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col. Charalambos Tseroulis, Col. Mavroudis (under Lt. Gen. Konstantinos Nider)",
  "commanders_b": "Kemal Muratoğlu",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Bergama; tr.wikipedia Bergama Baskını; ΔΙΣ, Επίτομος ιστορία (1967)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Two Greek columns (6th Archipelago Regiment from Dikili and a detachment from Menemen) converged on the town; a Turkish rearguard covered the withdrawal to Soma and the Greeks entered Bergama on 20 June.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 324
 },
 {
  "name": "Erbeyli",
  "name_el": "Ερμπεϊλί",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-20",
  "date": "20–21 June 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Erbeyli railway station, between İncirliova and Aydın",
  "lat": 37.84,
  "lon": 27.76,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "unknown (Evzone detachment, reinforced by an Evzone battalion)",
  "commanders_b": "Lt. Kadri Bey (Muğla volunteer detachment)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Raid on Erbeyli; tr.wikipedia Erbeyli Baskını",
  "borderline": "Small raid.",
  "note": "Turkish name Erbeyli Baskını. A Kuva-yi Milliye raid on the station guard; the raiders withdrew when Greek reinforcements arrived (both wikis score it as a Greek victory, though Greek losses were about 30 killed). Civilians were massacred in reprisal.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 325
 },
 {
  "name": "Erikli",
  "name_el": "Ερικλί",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-21",
  "date": "21–22 June 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Erikli, west of Aydın near Erbeyli",
  "lat": 37.85,
  "lon": 27.79,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "unknown (Kuva-yi Milliye detachment, about 40 men)",
  "commanders_b": "unknown (two Evzone companies)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Raid on Erikli; tr.wikipedia Erikli Baskını",
  "borderline": "Small raid.",
  "note": "Turkish name Erikli Baskını. Turkish account: Greek losses 30 killed and 40 wounded; the raiders returned to their positions afterwards.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 326
 },
 {
  "name": "Tellidede",
  "name_el": "Τελλιντεντέ",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-24",
  "date": "24/25–26 June 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Tellidede ridges (Ovaemir–Yeniköy–Kadıköy line), south of Aydın",
  "lat": 37.79,
  "lon": 27.8,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "unknown (about 800 men)",
  "commanders_b": "Selami Bey (Koçarlı detachment)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Tellidede; tr.wikipedia Tellidede muharebeleri",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Tellidede muharebeleri (dated 24–29 June there; English Wikipedia gives 25–26 June). The Turkish militia withdrew.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 327
 },
 {
  "name": "Aydın",
  "name_el": "Αϊδίνιο",
  "year": 1919,
  "start": "1919-06-27",
  "date": "27 June – 4 July 1919",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Aydın (Aidini) and surroundings",
  "lat": 37.85,
  "lon": 27.84,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Kondylis, Col. Alexandros Schinas, Col. Dionysios Stavrianopoulos",
  "commanders_b": "Yörük Ali Efe",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Aydın; tr.wikipedia Aydın Savunması; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Aydın Savunması ('Defence of Aydın'). Kuva-yi Milliye forces drove the Greeks out of the town on about 29–30 June; the 4th Infantry Regiment retook it on about 3–4 July. Much of the town burned and both Greek and Turkish civilians were massacred. Turkish accounts stress the temporary liberation.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 328
 },
 {
  "name": "Greek Summer Offensive (1920)",
  "name_el": "Θερινή επίθεση του 1920",
  "year": 1920,
  "start": "1920-06-22",
  "date": "22 June – early September 1920",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Western Anatolia: Akhisar, Soma, Salihli, Alaşehir (Philadelphia), Balıkesir, Bursa, Uşak",
  "lat": 39.0,
  "lon": 28.0,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt. Gen. Leonidas Paraskevopoulos",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Fuat Pasha (Western Front)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Summer Offensive; tr.wikipedia 1920 Yunan Yaz Taarruzu; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας; Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, ch. 8",
  "borderline": "A named offensive made up of many small actions rather than a single battle (listed as such in the campaign boxes).",
  "note": "Turkish name 1920 Yunan Yaz Taarruzu. Akhisar (22 June), Salihli and Soma (24 June), Alaşehir (25 June), Balıkesir (30 June), Bursa (8 July), Uşak (29 August). The Archipelago Division stormed fortified positions at Keresun near Soma on 29 June. British forces took Mudanya; Ottoman Kuva-yi Inzibatiye also fought the nationalists.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 329
 },
 {
  "name": "Eastern Thrace (1920)",
  "name_el": "Επιχειρήσεις Ανατολικής Θράκης (1920)",
  "year": 1920,
  "start": "1920-07-20",
  "date": "20–25 July 1920",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Eastern Thrace",
  "place": "Eastern Thrace: Evros crossing, Uzunköprü, Lüleburgaz, Adrianople; landings at Rodosto and Marmara Ereğlisi",
  "lat": 41.4,
  "lon": 27.36,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek Army of Thrace",
  "commanders_b": "Cafer Tayyar (Eğilmez), Turkish I Corps",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "tr.wikipedia Trakya'nın İşgali; tr.wikipedia Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı kronolojisi",
  "borderline": "An offensive against limited resistance; no single named battle found in the sources consulted.",
  "note": "Turkish name Trakya'nın İşgali. Adrianople (Edirne) fell on 24–25 July 1920 and Cafer Tayyar was captured. Greek forces occupied Eastern Thrace until the Mudanya armistice (Oct 1922).",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 330
 },
 {
  "name": "Gediz",
  "name_el": "Τσεντίζ",
  "year": 1920,
  "start": "1920-10-24",
  "date": "24 October – 12 November 1920",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Gediz, Kütahya",
  "lat": 39.0,
  "lon": 29.41,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Manetas (13th Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Ali Fuat Pasha, Çerkes Ethem",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Gediz; tr.wikipedia Gediz Muharebeleri; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Gediz Muharebeleri. The Turks attacked on 24–25 October and entered Gediz on 26 October. The Greek 13th Division counter-attacked and re-entered it on 31 October, then evacuated Gediz on 12 November. English and Greek accounts score it as a Greek victory; Turkish accounts stress the first Greek withdrawal from occupied ground. The irregulars' poor showing led Ankara to build a regular army.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 331
 },
 {
  "name": "Servetiye front (Izmit)",
  "name_el": "Μέτωπο Νικομήδειας (Σερβετιγιέ)",
  "year": 1920,
  "start": "1920-10",
  "date": "October 1920 – 28 June 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Servetiye / Bahçecik, Izmit (Nicomedia) peninsula",
  "lat": 40.7,
  "lon": 29.94,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Deli Halit Pasha; Kocaeli Group (Kâzım Bey)",
  "commanders_b": "Lt. Col. Nikolaos (Greek garrison of the Izmit peninsula, 11th Division)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "tr.wikipedia Servetiye Cephesi; tr.wikipedia İzmit'in işgali",
  "borderline": "A front of skirmishes lasting months rather than a single battle; poorly sourced article.",
  "note": "Turkish names Servetiye Cephesi and İzmit'in işgali. Kuva-yi Milliye and the Kocaeli Group harassed the Greek garrison. Greek troops evacuated Bahçecik on 27 June and Izmit on 28 June 1921, partly as a planned redeployment before the July offensive. The Izmit massacres accompanied the withdrawal.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 332
 },
 {
  "name": "First İnönü",
  "name_el": "Πρώτη μάχη του Ινονού",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-01-06",
  "date": "6–11 January 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "İnönü, west of Eskişehir",
  "lat": 39.82,
  "lon": 30.14,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "İsmet Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Anastasios Papoulas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia First Battle of İnönü; tr.wikipedia Birinci İnönü Muharebesi; el.wikipedia Πρώτη μάχη του Ινονού",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Birinci İnönü Muharebesi. Greek sources call it an 'offensive reconnaissance' (επιθετική αναγνώριση) towards Eskişehir, broken off by design, so Greek losses were small; the Turks claim a victory, the first of the new regular army.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 333
 },
 {
  "name": "Second İnönü",
  "name_el": "Δεύτερη μάχη του Ινονού (Κοβαλίτσα)",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-03-23",
  "date": "23 March – 1 April 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "İnönü and Kovalıca (Kovalitsa), west of Eskişehir",
  "lat": 39.83,
  "lon": 30.12,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "İsmet Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Anastasios Papoulas; Aristotelis Vlachopoulos (III Corps)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Battle of İnönü; tr.wikipedia İkinci İnönü Muharebesi; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name İkinci İnönü Muharebesi. The Greek III Corps took the Kovalitsa position but failed to break through at Metristepe and fell back to Bursa.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 334
 },
 {
  "name": "Afyonkarahisar (March 1921)",
  "name_el": "Αφιόν Καραχισάρ (Μάρτιος 1921)",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-03-24",
  "date": "24–27 March 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Tulu Punar (Dumlupınar) – Köprülü heights – Afyonkarahisar",
  "lat": 38.76,
  "lon": 30.54,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Kontoulis (I Corps); Nikolaos Plastiras (5/42 Evzone Regiment)",
  "commanders_b": "Refet Pasha (Southern Front)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αφιόν Καραχισάρ; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The southern arm of the March offensive. Greek Wikipedia's dates are Old Style (14–16 March). The I Corps took Dumlupınar and then Afyon, then evacuated the city on 6 April after the failure at İnönü.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 335
 },
 {
  "name": "Aslıhanlar–Dumlupınar (1921)",
  "name_el": "Τουμλού Μπουνάρ (Απρίλιος 1921)",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-04-08",
  "date": "8–15 April 1921 (Aslıhanlar 8 April, then Turkish attacks on the Dumlupınar line)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Aslıhanlar and the Dumlupınar (Tulu Punar) position",
  "lat": 38.85,
  "lon": 30.03,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Kontoulis (I Corps)",
  "commanders_b": "Refet Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "tr.wikipedia Refet Bele; tr.wikipedia İkinci İnönü Muharebesi; sozcu.com.tr '100 yılında İnönü savaşları' (Aslıhanlar 8 April 1921; Greeks evacuated Afyon and withdrew to Dumlupınar); TÜBA history series ch. 6, footnote citing the Turkish General Staff volume 'Aslıhanlar ve Dumlupınar Muharebeleri (9 Kasım 1920 – 15 Nisan 1921)'; en.wikipedia Second Battle of İnönü",
  "borderline": "No dedicated article; the day of the main Dumlupınar attack is not confirmed. Turkish General Staff volume title: 'Aslıhanlar ve Dumlupınar Muharebeleri (9 Kasım 1920 – 15 Nisan 1921)'.",
  "note": "Turkish names Aslıhanlar and Dumlupınar Muharebeleri. After the Greek III Corps' retreat from İnönü, the I Corps gave up Afyon and fell back to the Dumlupınar line, fighting at Aslıhanlar on 8 April; Refet's attacks on Dumlupınar then failed to dislodge it. Turkish sources call the result inconclusive (Afyon was regained), but Mustafa Kemal treated it as a defeat: Refet was relieved and the fronts were merged under İsmet.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 336
 },
 {
  "name": "Afyonkarahisar (July 1921)",
  "name_el": "Αφιόν Καραχισάρ (Ιούλιος 1921)",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-07-12",
  "date": "12–13 July 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Afyonkarahisar",
  "lat": 38.76,
  "lon": 30.54,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Southern Group of Divisions (4th Division)",
  "commanders_b": "İsmet Pasha (Western Front)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Opening action of the Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir (tr: Kütahya-Eskişehir Muharebeleri, 10–24 July 1921). Greek historiography lists Afyon, Kütahya and Eskişehir as separate battles; they are given separately here.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 337
 },
 {
  "name": "Kütahya (1921)",
  "name_el": "Κιουτάχεια",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-07-15",
  "date": "15–17 July 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Kütahya; Çavuş Çiftlik",
  "lat": 39.42,
  "lon": 29.98,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "King Constantine I, Anastasios Papoulas",
  "commanders_b": "İsmet Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Κιουτάχειας; en.wikipedia Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir; el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek Wikipedia's date is Old Style (2–4 July). The Turkish army escaped the planned encirclement and fell back on Eskişehir; the 10th Division entered Kütahya on 17 July. Part of the Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 338
 },
 {
  "name": "Eskişehir (1921)",
  "name_el": "Εσκί Σεχίρ",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-07-18",
  "date": "18–21 July 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Eskişehir (Dorylaion) to Seyitgazi",
  "lat": 39.75,
  "lon": 30.5,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "King Constantine I, Anastasios Papoulas",
  "commanders_b": "İsmet Pasha; Mustafa Kemal Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Εσκί Σεχίρ; en.wikipedia Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir; tr.wikipedia Kütahya-Eskişehir Muharebeleri",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek Wikipedia's date is Old Style (8–9 July). The III Corps took Eskişehir and İsmet's counter-attack of 20–21 July was repulsed; the Turkish army withdrew east of the Sakarya. This is the decisive phase of the Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir (Turkish: Kütahya-Eskişehir Muharebeleri).",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 339
 },
 {
  "name": "Sakarya",
  "name_el": "Σαγγάριος",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-08-23",
  "date": "23 August – 13 September 1921",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "East of the Sakarya river, Polatlı–Haymana (Kale Grotto, Çal Dağ, Duatepe)",
  "lat": 39.55,
  "lon": 32.1,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Fevzi Pasha, İsmet Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Anastasios Papoulas; Prince Andrew (II Corps)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Sakarya; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Σαγγαρίου; tr.wikipedia Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi; Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, ch. 11",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi ('Officers' Battle'). Includes the actions at Kale Grotto, Mangal Dağ, Çal Dağ (taken by the Greeks on 2 Sept) and Duatepe. Greek Wikipedia calls the outcome indecisive, but the Greek army withdrew west of the Sakarya (ordered 10 Sept), a Turkish strategic victory.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 340
 },
 {
  "name": "Santa (1921)",
  "name_el": "Σάντα",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-09-06",
  "date": "6 September 1921 and following days",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Pontic Greek resistance (1916–1923)",
  "theatre": "Pontus",
  "place": "Santa (Dumanlı) villages and the Magara cave, Gümüşhane",
  "lat": 40.56,
  "lon": 39.54,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Pontic Greek guerrillas"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Efkleidis Kourtidis; Dimitrios Tsirip (killed)",
  "commanders_b": "Süleyman Kalfa",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Σάντα (Τουρκία); en.wikipedia Greek resistance during the Greek genocide; el.wikipedia Αντίσταση των Ποντίων στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα",
  "borderline": "Partisan sources; sequence of events unclear.",
  "note": "Greek Wikipedia says the Santa guerrillas resisted the Turkish attack of 6 Sept 1921 successfully. English Wikipedia says the Kemalists occupied Santa, but Kourtidis' band beat off the attack on the Magara cave and escaped with about 300 women and children. Scored as a draw. An earlier Greek success at Kopalanta (Κοπαλάντων) is mentioned without a date.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 341
 },
 {
  "name": "Topçam (first battle)",
  "name_el": "Τοπ Τσαμ (πρώτη μάχη)",
  "year": 1921,
  "start": "1921-11",
  "date": "November 1921 – January 1922 (52 days)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Pontic Greek resistance (1916–1923)",
  "theatre": "Pontus",
  "place": "Topçam mountains, Erbaa–Taşova (Tokat–Amasya)",
  "lat": 40.8,
  "lon": 36.45,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Pontic Greek guerrillas"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kotza Anastas (Anastasios Papadopoulos)",
  "commanders_b": "Liva Pasha",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κοτζά Αναστάς; el.wikipedia Αντίσταση των Ποντίων στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα",
  "borderline": "Partisan Greek sources only; a prolonged siege or sweep rather than a single action.",
  "note": "A Turkish division under Liva Pasha attacked the guerrilla refuge, sheltering some 12,000 civilians, for 52 days without taking it. Greek sources give 700 Turkish soldiers killed.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 342
 },
 {
  "name": "Topçam–Dazli (second Topçam battle)",
  "name_el": "Τοπ Τσαμ (δεύτερη μάχη) – Δαζλή",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-02-22",
  "date": "22–23 February 1922 (after clashes from January)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Pontic Greek resistance (1916–1923)",
  "theatre": "Pontus",
  "place": "Dazli and the Topçam mountains, SW of Erbaa",
  "lat": 40.6,
  "lon": 36.4,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Pontic Greek guerrillas"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kotza Anastas (Anastasios Papadopoulos); Istyl Aga (Stylianos Kosmidis)",
  "commanders_b": "Cemal Cevit",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Κοτζά Αναστάς; en.wikipedia Seventh Battle of Dazli (background); el.wikipedia Αντίσταση των Ποντίων στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα",
  "borderline": "Partisan sources; dates and identification uncertain.",
  "note": "Greek accounts: Cemal Cevit's 'Operation Yıldırım', with about 10,000 men, was routed on 23 Feb 1922 and he was killed. Turkish records cited in English Wikipedia describe a four-day clash at Dazli from 18 January 1922. Probably one or more of the six earlier Dazli battles.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 343
 },
 {
  "name": "Dazli (seventh battle)",
  "name_el": "Δαζλή (έβδομη μάχη)",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-05-16",
  "date": "16–17 May 1922",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Pontic Greek resistance (1916–1923)",
  "theatre": "Pontus",
  "place": "Dazli, about 28 km SW of Erbaa (Dazlı Deresi), Pontus",
  "lat": 40.55,
  "lon": 36.37,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Pontic Greek guerrillas"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Megalomystakas; Kotza Anastas (relief force)",
  "commanders_b": "Cevit Pasha (Central Army, 10th Division units)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Seventh Battle of Dazli (Aslanidis, Ποντιακή Εστία 1950; TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A night counter-attack by about 60 guerrillas, with a relief force of about 200, routed the besieging force (said to number 10,000 regulars and irregulars). The Turks carried off and massacred more than 200 Greek women and children. A Grand National Assembly record mentions the clash at 'Dazlı Deresi'.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 344
 },
 {
  "name": "Afyonkarahisar–Kocatepe (1922)",
  "name_el": "Αφιόν Καραχισάρ (1922)",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-08-26",
  "date": "26–27 August 1922",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Greek lines SW of Afyonkarahisar (Tınaztepe, Kalecik Sivrisi, Erkmentepe), directed from Kocatepe",
  "lat": 38.67,
  "lon": 30.43,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Fevzi Pasha, İsmet Pasha; Nureddin Pasha (1st Army)",
  "commanders_b": "Georgios Hatzianestis; Nikolaos Trikoupis (I Corps)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "tr.wikipedia Büyük Taarruz; tr.wikipedia Başkomutanlık Meydan Muharebesi; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αλή Βεράν; en.wikipedia Great Offensive",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Opening of the Great Offensive (Büyük Taarruz): the Turks broke through the Greek 4th and 1st Divisions' lines after a heavy bombardment, Plastiras' counter-attack on 27 Aug failed, and Afyon was evacuated. English Wikipedia's 'Battle of Dumlupınar' (26–30 Aug) covers this entry and the next two.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 345
 },
 {
  "name": "Toumlou Bounar (Frangou group)",
  "name_el": "Τουμλού Μπουνάρ (1922)",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-08-29",
  "date": "29 August 1922",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Dumlupınar (Toumlou Bounar) defensive position; Tuklu Tepe",
  "lat": 38.86,
  "lon": 30.0,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Kemal Pasha, İsmet Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Athanasios Frangou (Frangou group); Nikolaos Plastiras",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αλή Βεράν (section 'Η Μάχη στο Τουμλού-Μπουνάρ'); ΔΙΣ, Επίτομος ιστορία (1967)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek Wikipedia's date is Old Style (16 Aug). The Turks took Tuklu Tepe, splitting the Greek army into the Frangou and Trikoupis groups. Frangou withdrew west towards Uşak, covered by Plastiras' 5/42 Evzone Regiment.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 346
 },
 {
  "name": "Dumlupınar (Ali Veran)",
  "name_el": "Αλή Βεράν",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-08-30",
  "date": "30 August 1922",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Ali Veran valley and Ada hills, between the Akar river and Dumlupınar (Zafertepe/Çal area)",
  "lat": 38.93,
  "lon": 30.1,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Fevzi Pasha, İsmet Pasha",
  "commanders_b": "Nikolaos Trikoupis, Kimon Digenis (Trikoupis group)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Dumlupınar; tr.wikipedia Başkomutanlık Meydan Muharebesi; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αλή Βεράν; Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, ch. 12",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish name Başkomutanlık Meydan Muharebesi ('Battle of the Commander-in-Chief'), celebrated on 30 August. Greek Wikipedia's date is Old Style (17 Aug). The encircled Trikoupis group was shattered: it lost its artillery, transport and wounded and broke out westward at night. Greek accounts note that the remaining units held the field until dark.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 347
 },
 {
  "name": "Uşak (Trikoupis group)",
  "name_el": "Ουσάκ – Καρατζά Χισάρ (Ομάδα Τρικούπη)",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-08-31",
  "date": "31 August – 2 September 1922",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Murat Dağ – Karaja Hisar, NE of Uşak",
  "lat": 38.75,
  "lon": 29.7,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish 1st Army and cavalry (Mustafa Kemal Pasha)",
  "commanders_b": "Nikolaos Trikoupis, Kimon Digenis (captured)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αλή Βεράν (section 'Μετά την μάχη'); tr.wikipedia Başkomutanlık Meydan Muharebesi; tr.wikipedia Büyük Taarruz",
  "borderline": "Mainly a fighting retreat that ended in surrender, rather than a distinct battle.",
  "note": "After a five-day march under constant attack, Trikoupis and Digenis surrendered at Karaja Hisar on 2 Sept (Old Style 20 Aug) with about 190 officers and 4,400 men. Turkish sources give 6,000 men and place the surrender at Uşak, calling it the last action of the Başkomutanlık battle. Trikoupis learned there that he had been named commander-in-chief. A column under Gen. Dimaras surrendered on the Murat Dağ.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 348
 },
 {
  "name": "Salihli (1922)",
  "name_el": "Σαλιχλή",
  "year": 1922,
  "start": "1922-09-04",
  "date": "4–5 September 1922",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)",
  "theatre": "Asia Minor",
  "place": "Salihli, Gediz valley",
  "lat": 38.48,
  "lon": 28.14,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Turkey",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "13th Infantry Division and Cavalry Division (Frangou group's rearguard)",
  "commanders_b": "unknown (Turkish cavalry and infantry of the pursuit)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Χρονολόγιο στρατιωτικών επιχειρήσεων Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας; ΔΙΣ, Επίτομος ιστορία (1967); sabah.com.tr (Erdal Şafak, 'Ege'de Eylül': Salihli among towns taken on 5 September 1922); Greek and Turkish searches found no account of the fighting itself",
  "borderline": "Rearguard action known mainly from Greek accounts; no dedicated article.",
  "note": "Greek units repulsed a Turkish attack at Salihli, keeping the road open for the retreat to the embarkation ports, then withdrew. Turkish chronology records Salihli liberated on 5 Sept. Scored as a Greek tactical success.",
  "_batch": "09",
  "id": 349
 },
 {
  "name": "Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup (Macedonia)",
  "name_el": "Κίνημα Λεοναρδόπουλου–Γαργαλίδη",
  "year": 1923,
  "start": "1923-10-22",
  "date": "22–25 October 1923",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Central and western Macedonia (government forces from Thessaloniki against Ziras's rebel units)",
  "lat": 40.7,
  "lon": 22.4,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (Revolutionary Government)",
  "faction_b": "royalist rebels",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Kondylis, Theodoros Pangalos",
  "commanders_b": "Georgios Ziras",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup attempt; el.wikipedia Κίνημα Λεοναρδόπουλου-Γαργαλίδη",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Government forces regained northern Greece by 25 October and Ziras fled to Yugoslavia. In the Peloponnese, Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis crossed the Isthmus toward Athens, were surrounded and surrendered unconditionally on 27 October without a recorded battle.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 350
 },
 {
  "name": "Petrich incident",
  "name_el": "Επεισόδιο του Πετριτσίου",
  "year": 1925,
  "start": "1925-10-22",
  "date": "22–28 October 1925 (border clash at Demir Kapia 18–19 October)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Incident at Petrich (War of the Stray Dog)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Belasitsa border (Demir Kapia pass) and the approaches to Petrich",
  "lat": 41.37,
  "lon": 23.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Bulgaria",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Bulgarian bands"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Theodoros Pangalos",
  "commanders_b": "Aleksandar Tsankov, Ivan Mihailov (IMRO)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Incident at Petrich; el.wikipedia Επεισόδιο του Πετριτσίου; en.wikipedia Second Hellenic Republic",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After a Greek soldier/outpost was shot at Demir Kapia, c. 20,000 Greek troops entered Bulgaria (22 Oct) against border guards, IMRO chetas and local volunteers; the League of Nations ceasefire came hours before the planned assault on Petrich, which Greek accounts and some newspapers reported taken and Bulgarian accounts say held. Greece withdrew and paid £45,000 (a Bulgarian diplomatic victory). c. 50 Bulgarian dead (mostly civilians); Greek dead put at 121 by Bulgarian estimate.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 351
 },
 {
  "name": "Athens (Republican Guard, 1926)",
  "name_el": "Αθήνα (Δημοκρατική Φρουρά, 1926)",
  "year": 1926,
  "start": "1926-09-09",
  "date": "9 September 1926",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Disbandment of the Republican Guard",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Athens, barracks of the Republican Guard",
  "lat": 37.98,
  "lon": 23.75,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government (Kondylis)",
  "faction_b": "Republican Guard",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Kondylis",
  "commanders_b": "Napoleon Zervas, Vasileios Dertilis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Napoleon Zervas; The National Herald, 'From Dictatorship to Democracy in Greece, 1926' (9 September); Venizelos Foundation archive (trial of Zervas and Dertilis, September 1926); The National Herald (1926 retrospective); en.wikipedia Napoleon Zervas; searchculture.gr Venizelos archive",
  "borderline": "Exact barracks/site within Athens not identified (loc approx)",
  "note": "Kondylis, who had overthrown Pangalos on 22 August 1926, ordered the Republican Guard disbanded; on 9 September its battalions under Lt-Cols Zervas and Dertilis resisted and were overpowered in Athens by government troops reinforced from Chalcis. Contemporary press gives about 70 killed and 130 wounded, many of them in the street unrest that followed. Zervas and Dertilis were court-martialled and sentenced to life imprisonment (amnestied 1928).",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 352
 },
 {
  "name": "Athens (1935 coup)",
  "name_el": "Αθήνα (Κίνημα 1935)",
  "year": 1935,
  "start": "1935-03-01",
  "date": "1–2 March 1935",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Venizelist coup of 1935",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Athens: Military Academy (Evelpidon) and Makrygianni barracks",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government",
  "faction_b": "Venizelist rebels",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Kondylis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek coup attempt of 1935; Veremis, Η Ελλάδα του Μεσοπολέμου (cited there)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "On the night of 1 March rebel officers seized units in Athens (Evelpidon academy, Makrygianni barracks) while the fleet at Salamis mutinied; government troops retook them by 2 March and the capital stayed in government hands.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 353
 },
 {
  "name": "Strymon (1935)",
  "name_el": "Στρυμόνας (1935)",
  "year": 1935,
  "start": "1935-03-10",
  "date": "c. 10–11 March 1935",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Venizelist coup of 1935",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Strymon river crossing (Kalfa bridge) west of Serres",
  "lat": 41.0,
  "lon": 23.35,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "government",
  "faction_b": "Venizelist rebels (IV Corps)",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Kondylis",
  "commanders_b": "Anastasios Kammenos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1935 Greek coup attempt ('quickly suppressed the Movement in Macedonia after a series of conflicts'; Kammenos fled to Bulgaria on 11 March); contemporary press summarised at globalsecurity.org 'Cretan Uprising of 1935' (government troops took Serres as the rebels withdrew east); protothema.gr (Kammenos's IV Corps, c. 8,000 men, on the Strymon with a second line on the Nestos); en.wikipedia 1935 Greek coup attempt; globalsecurity.org Cretan Uprising of 1935; protothema.gr article on the coup of 1 March 1935",
  "borderline": "Kalfa-bridge site and exact day of the fighting not confirmed online; the decisive government advance and the rebel collapse on 11 March are confirmed",
  "note": "Kondylis's forces from Thessaloniki, with air support, forced the Strymon line held by Kammenos's IV Corps (Serres-Drama-Kavala); the rebel front collapsed and Kammenos fled to Bulgaria on 11 March. Government aircraft also reportedly bombed rebel-held Serres and Drama.",
  "_batch": "08",
  "id": 354
 },
 {
  "name": "Pindus",
  "name_el": "Πίνδος",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-10-28",
  "date": "28 October – 13 November 1940",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Pindus range (Samarina–Vovousa–Distrato), Epirus / Western Macedonia",
  "lat": 40.0,
  "lon": 21.05,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Davakis (Pindus Detachment), Vasileios Vrachnos, Georgios Stanotas, Sokratis Dimaratos",
  "commanders_b": "Mario Girotti (3rd Alpine Division 'Julia'), Sebastiano Visconti Prasca",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Pindus; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Πίνδου; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία του Ελληνοϊταλικού και Ελληνογερμανικού Πολέμου 1940–1941",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Julia Division took Vovousa (2 November) but was surrounded and driven back with heavy loss; Davakis was gravely wounded on 2 November. Frontier cleared by 13 November.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 355
 },
 {
  "name": "Elaia–Kalamas",
  "name_el": "Ελαία–Καλαμάς",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-11-02",
  "date": "2–8 November 1940 (Italian offensive in Epirus from 28 October)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Kalpaki (Elaia) and the Kalamas river line, Ioannina–Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.89,
  "lon": 20.63,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Charalambos Katsimitros (8th Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Carlo Rossi (XXV Corps 'Ciamuria'), Sebastiano Visconti Prasca",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Elaia–Kalamas; el.wikipedia Μάχη Ελαίας - Καλαμά; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία 1940–1941",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the Battle of Kalpaki. Igoumenitsa fell on 6 November, but the Italian offensive was halted on 8 November and the Greeks were back on the whole Kalamas line by 13 November.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 356
 },
 {
  "name": "Morava–Ivan",
  "name_el": "Μόροβα–Ιβάν",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-11-14",
  "date": "14–23 November 1940",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Morava and Ivan mountains, south-east of Korçë",
  "lat": 40.58,
  "lon": 20.88,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Papagos, Ioannis Pitsikas (W. Macedonia Army Section), Georgios Tsolakoglou (III Corps), Georgios Kosmas ('K' Group of Divisions)",
  "commanders_b": "Gabriele Nasci (XXVI Corps)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Morava–Ivan; el.wikipedia Μάχη Μόροβα-Ιβάν; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Επίτομη Ιστορία 1940–1941",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Opening battle of the Greek counter-offensive; the breach of the Morava–Ivan line led to the fall of Korçë on 22 November.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 357
 },
 {
  "name": "Pogradec",
  "name_el": "Πόγραδετς",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-11-27",
  "date": "27 November – 6 December 1940 (town entered 30 November)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Pogradec and its surroundings, Lake Ohrid",
  "lat": 40.9,
  "lon": 20.65,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Tsolakoglou (III Corps)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Pogradec; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Πόγραδετς",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Some sources give 1 December for the fall of the town, and 24–25 November for the start of operations.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 358
 },
 {
  "name": "Saranda",
  "name_el": "Άγιοι Σαράντα",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-12-06",
  "date": "6 December 1940 (en.wikipedia: 6–22 December)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Sarandë (Agioi Saranta; Italian 'Porto Edda')",
  "lat": 39.88,
  "lon": 20.01,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Papagos; Panagiotis Demestichas (I Corps)",
  "commanders_b": "Ubaldo Soddu",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Saranda; el.wikipedia Μάχη των Αγίων Σαράντα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Port taken on 6 December 1940; nearby Delvinë fell in the same days (folded in here). en.wikipedia names Cavallero as the Italian commander, but he only took over on 29 December.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 359
 },
 {
  "name": "Himara",
  "name_el": "Χειμάρρα",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-12-13",
  "date": "13–22 December 1940",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Himarë and Mount Pilur (Mali i Xhorët), Albanian coast",
  "lat": 40.1,
  "lon": 19.75,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Bakos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos (3/40 Evzone Regiment)",
  "commanders_b": "Giulio Perugi (51st Division 'Siena')",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Himara; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Χειμάρρας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Porto Palermo taken on 13 December; Evzone bayonet charge on Mount Pilur on 19 December; Himara entered on 22 December.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 360
 },
 {
  "name": "Papanikolis convoy attack",
  "name_el": "Επίθεση του υποβρυχίου Παπανικολής",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-12-22",
  "date": "22–23 December 1940",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Adriatic",
  "place": "Off Sazan island, approaches to Vlorë",
  "lat": 40.5,
  "lon": 19.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Miltiadis Iatridis (submarine Papanikolis)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek submarine Papanikolis (Y-2); Hellenic Navy history",
  "borderline": "A submarine attack on Italian shipping rather than a battle; known in Greek naval histories by the boat's name.",
  "note": "en.wikipedia credits the motor ship Antonietta (22 December) and the troop transport Firenze (23 December, near Sazan); which ships were sunk differs between Greek and Italian records.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 361
 },
 {
  "name": "Proteus convoy attack",
  "name_el": "Επίθεση του υποβρυχίου Πρωτεύς",
  "year": 1940,
  "start": "1940-12-29",
  "date": "29 December 1940",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Adriatic",
  "place": "Off Vlorë (Valona), near Sazan island",
  "lat": 40.48,
  "lon": 19.08,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Michail Chatzikonstantis (submarine Proteus)",
  "commanders_b": "Torpedo boat Antares (convoy escort)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Hellenic Navy history (submarine Proteus Y-3); not verified online in this batch",
  "borderline": "An attack by a submarine on a convoy, not a battle named in standard lists; details from memory, not checked against a source in this batch.",
  "note": "Proteus torpedoed and sank the transport Sardegna (c. 11,450 GRT) in an escorted convoy and was then rammed and sunk with all hands by the torpedo boat Antares. Scored as a draw: each side lost a ship.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 362
 },
 {
  "name": "Klisura Pass",
  "name_el": "Κλεισούρα (Αλβανία)",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-01-06",
  "date": "6–11 January 1941 (pass taken 10 January)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Klisura (Këlcyrë) gorge on the Vjosa",
  "lat": 40.31,
  "lon": 20.19,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Papadopoulos (II Corps), Alexandros Papagos",
  "commanders_b": "Ugo Cavallero",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Capture of Klisura Pass; el.wikipedia Κατάληψη της Κλεισούρας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Italian counter-attacks failed and the 'Lupi di Toscana' Division was nearly destroyed. Not the same place as the Kleisoura Pass in Kastoria (April 1941).",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 363
 },
 {
  "name": "Trebeshinë",
  "name_el": "Τρεμπεσίνα",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-01-29",
  "date": "29 January – 17 February 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Mount Trebeshinë (Height 1923), between Këlcyrë and Tepelenë",
  "lat": 40.36,
  "lon": 20.07,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Papadopoulos (II Corps)",
  "commanders_b": "Carlo Rossi (XXV Corps)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Trebeshina; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Τρεμπεσίνας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greeks took and held the Trebeshinë massif but did not reach Tepelenë; the 5th (Cretan) Division lost 5,776 men and was no longer fit to fight. The February attempts towards Tepelenë are folded in here.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 364
 },
 {
  "name": "Hill 731",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα 731",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-03-09",
  "date": "9–24 March 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greco-Italian War",
  "theatre": "Albania",
  "place": "Hill 731, at the foot of Mount Trebeshinë, north of Këlcyrë",
  "lat": 40.42,
  "lon": 20.15,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Albania",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Bakos (II Corps), Vasileios Vrachnos (1st Division), Nikolaos Georgoulas (5th Regiment), Dimitrios Kaslas (II/5 Battalion)",
  "commanders_b": "Gastone Gambara (VIII Corps), Alberto D'Aponte (Puglie Division), Angelico Carta (Siena), Matteo Negro (Bari)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Hill 731; el.wikipedia Μάχη στο Ύψωμα 731",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of the Italian Spring Offensive; the hill held through at least 18 assaults.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 365
 },
 {
  "name": "Popotlivitsa",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Ποποτλίβιτσα",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Popotlivitsa, Beles (Kerkini) range",
  "lat": 41.32,
  "lon": 23.07,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "XVIII Mountain Corps (Franz Böhme)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Οχυρό Ποποτλίβιτσα; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Αγών κατά της γερμανικής εισβολής",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Western end of the line. Held until the surrender of 10 April; the fort-level outcome comes from Greek accounts and was not checked against a fort-by-fort source.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 366
 },
 {
  "name": "Istibei",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Ιστίμπεη",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–7 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Istibei, Beles range west of Rupel",
  "lat": 41.34,
  "lon": 23.14,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "5th Mountain Division (Julius Ringel); III/Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 85",
  "commanders_b": "Xanthos Pikoulakis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Οχυρό Ιστίμπεη; en.wikipedia Fort Istimpei; Greek GHQ communiqué no. 164 (via Mertzos, EMS 2016); ww2wrecks.com",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fell on 7 April after heavy fighting.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 367
 },
 {
  "name": "Kelkayia",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Κελκαγιά",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–7 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Kelkayia (Spani Petra), Beles range west of Rupel",
  "lat": 41.35,
  "lon": 23.2,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "XVIII Mountain Corps (Franz Böhme)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Greek GHQ communiqué no. 164 (via Mertzos, EMS 2016); ΓΕΣ (army.gr), Η μάχη των οχυρών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fell on 7 April along with Istibei.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 368
 },
 {
  "name": "Arpaluki",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Αρπαλούκι",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Arpaluki (Stirigma), Beles range west of Rupel",
  "lat": 41.36,
  "lon": 23.24,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "XVIII Mountain Corps (Franz Böhme)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Αγών κατά της γερμανικής εισβολής; ww2wrecks.com (Arpalouki complex)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek accounts say it held until the surrender of 10 April; this was not checked against a fort-by-fort source.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 369
 },
 {
  "name": "Paliouriones",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Παλιουριώνες",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–10 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Paliouriones, west of the Rupel gorge",
  "lat": 41.36,
  "lon": 23.29,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "XVIII Mountain Corps (Franz Böhme)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Mertzos, Τα οχυρά (EMS 2016, with German eyewitness accounts); ΓΕΣ (army.gr), Η μάχη των οχυρών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Beat off strong attacks on 7 April; the last fort to surrender, on 10 April. The checklist's 'Paliouriotes' is this fort.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 370
 },
 {
  "name": "Rupel",
  "name_el": "Ρούπελ",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Rupel and the Usita outwork, Rupel gorge of the Strymon",
  "lat": 41.34,
  "lon": 23.34,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Doukas",
  "commanders_b": "Julius Ringel (5th Mountain Division); 125th Infantry Regiment",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Fort Roupel; el.wikipedia Ρούπελ; ΓΕΣ (army.gr), Η μάχη των οχυρών; Mertzos (EMS 2016)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Not taken: the German attack was stopped here 6–9 April. The garrison left with honours only after the East Macedonia Army Section capitulated on 9/10 April.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 371
 },
 {
  "name": "Perithori",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Περιθωρίου",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Perithori, east of Rupel (Agkistro sector)",
  "lat": 41.38,
  "lon": 23.6,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "XVIII Mountain Corps (Franz Böhme)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Mertzos, Τα οχυρά (EMS 2016); ΓΕΣ (army.gr), Η μάχη των οχυρών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "On 9 April the fort commander refused his division's order to surrender and held out all day; the surrender followed on 10 April.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 372
 },
 {
  "name": "Lisse",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Λίσσε",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fort Lisse (with neighbouring Dasavli), Nevrokopi plateau, Drama",
  "lat": 41.37,
  "lon": 23.93,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "72nd Infantry Division (Philipp Müller-Gebhard)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Fort Lisse; el.wikipedia Οχυρό Λίσσε; vrellis.gr",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Held against repeated attacks; the Dasavli–Lisse front is credited with heavy German losses for very few Greek casualties. It is not verified that the 72nd Division was the attacker here.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 373
 },
 {
  "name": "Echinos",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Εχίνου",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Thrace",
  "place": "Fort Echinos, Rhodope north of Xanthi",
  "lat": 41.28,
  "lon": 24.98,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "XXX Corps (Eugen Ott)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Greek GHQ communiqué no. 164 (via Mertzos, EMS 2016); ΓΕΣ (army.gr), Η μάχη των οχυρών",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Reported still holding on 7 April and blocking heavy equipment; it surrendered with the rest under the capitulation.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 374
 },
 {
  "name": "Nymfaia",
  "name_el": "Οχυρό Νυμφαίας",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-06",
  "date": "6–9 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Thrace",
  "place": "Fort Nymfaia, north of Komotini",
  "lat": 41.17,
  "lon": 25.42,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "XXX Corps (Eugen Ott)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Οχυρό Νυμφαίας; Greek GHQ communiqué no. 164 (via Mertzos, EMS 2016)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Reported holding against attacks on 7 April; the same communiqué says the Western Thrace forces were withdrawn in good order, so its role is ambiguous.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 375
 },
 {
  "name": "Vevi",
  "name_el": "Βεύη (Κλειδί)",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-11",
  "date": "11–12 April 1941 (first contact 10 April)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Klidi pass and Kelli, near Vevi, Florina",
  "lat": 40.77,
  "lon": 21.62,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Australia",
   "Britain",
   "New Zealand",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Josef 'Sepp' Dietrich (Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler)",
  "commanders_b": "Iven Mackay (Mackay Force), George Vasey (19th Australian Brigade); Greek Dodecanese Regiment",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Vevi (1941); en.wikipedia Battle of Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the Battle of the Klidi Pass. Greek units: the Dodecanese Regiment and the X Border Sector at Kelli, and the I/88 Battalion at Radosi.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 376
 },
 {
  "name": "Kleisoura Pass (1941)",
  "name_el": "Στενωπός Κλεισούρας (1941)",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-04-13",
  "date": "13–14 April 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "German invasion of Greece",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kleisoura pass between Mt Vitsi and Mt Siniatsiko, Kastoria",
  "lat": 40.53,
  "lon": 21.47,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Josef 'Sepp' Dietrich (Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler)",
  "commanders_b": "Miltiadis Papakonstantinou (20th Division), Vasilios Mantzouranis (80th Regiment)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kleisoura Pass; el.wikipedia Μάχη της στενωπού της Κλεισούρας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The 80th Regiment was destroyed, but its stand delayed the German advance by almost a day. Not the same place as the Klisura Pass in Albania (January 1941).",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 377
 },
 {
  "name": "Maleme",
  "name_el": "Μάλεμε",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-20",
  "date": "20–23 May 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Maleme airfield and Hill 107, west of Chania",
  "lat": 35.53,
  "lon": 23.83,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "New Zealand",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Eugen Meindl, Kurt Student",
  "commanders_b": "Leslie Andrew (22nd NZ Battalion), James Hargest (5th NZ Brigade)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Maleme",
  "borderline": "The Greek part was small: gendarmes and armed Cretan villagers, with no Greek regiment at the airfield.",
  "note": "Losing Hill 107 and the airfield let the Germans fly in reinforcements, which decided the battle for Crete.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 378
 },
 {
  "name": "Kastelli Kissamou",
  "name_el": "Καστέλλι Κισσάμου",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-20",
  "date": "20 May 1941 (town fell 24 May)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kastelli (Kissamos), west Crete",
  "lat": 35.5,
  "lon": 23.65,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "New Zealand"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Thomas Bedding (NZ officer with the 1st Greek Regiment)",
  "commanders_b": "Peter Mürbe (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Crete; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Μάχη της Κρήτης",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The 1st Greek Regiment, with gendarmes, cadets and armed civilians, wiped out the Mürbe paratroop detachment on 20 May. German forces took Kastelli on 24 May, and Greek remnants fought on nearby until about 26 May. Scored on the 20 May action.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 379
 },
 {
  "name": "Galatas",
  "name_el": "Γαλατάς",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-20",
  "date": "20–25 May 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Galatas heights and Prison Valley, south-west of Chania",
  "lat": 35.49,
  "lon": 23.97,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "New Zealand",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Richard Heidrich (3rd Parachute Regiment), Julius Ringel (5th Mountain Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Howard Kippenberger (10th NZ Brigade)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Crete; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Μάχη της Κρήτης",
  "borderline": "Greek role (6th Greek Regiment and armed civilians under the 10th NZ Brigade) was not verified online for this entry.",
  "note": "Galatas fell on 25 May, was retaken briefly in a New Zealand night counter-attack, and was then abandoned.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 380
 },
 {
  "name": "Alikianos",
  "name_el": "Αλικιανός",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-20",
  "date": "20–27 May 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Alikianos, head of Prison Valley, south-west of Chania",
  "lat": 35.46,
  "lon": 23.9,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Richard Heidrich (3rd Parachute Regiment); 7th Parachute Engineer Battalion",
  "commanders_b": "8th Greek Regiment (under Howard Kippenberger's 10th NZ Brigade)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Crete; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ, Η Μάχη της Κρήτης",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The 8th Regiment and local volunteers held off the engineers and two parachute battalions, charging with the bayonet when ammunition ran out. A combined air and mountain-troop attack broke through on 27 May. Greek accounts treat it as a successful stand that bought at least 24 hours for the retreat to Sfakia.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 381
 },
 {
  "name": "Heraklion",
  "name_el": "Ηράκλειο",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-20",
  "date": "20–30 May 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Heraklion town and airfield",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 25.13,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain",
   "Australia",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Bruno Bräuer (1st Parachute Regiment)",
  "commanders_b": "Brian Chappel (14th Infantry Brigade); Michail Linardakis (Greek garrison)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Heraklion; en.wikipedia Battle of Crete",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "On 20 May the Greek 3rd and 7th Regiments and the Garrison Battalion, with civilians, retook the western barracks, town gates and docks. The garrison held until the British evacuation on the night of 28/29 May. en.wikipedia scores it a German victory, though many accounts call it an Allied tactical success.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 382
 },
 {
  "name": "Rethymno",
  "name_el": "Ρέθυμνο",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-20",
  "date": "20–29 May 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Rethymno airstrip (Pigi–Stavromenos), Hill A and the town",
  "lat": 35.38,
  "lon": 24.56,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Australia",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alfred Sturm (2nd Parachute Regiment; captured 21 May)",
  "commanders_b": "Ian Campbell",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Rethymno",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Greek units: the 4th and 5th Regiments and about 800 Gendarmerie cadets. The defenders held the airfield and town until German columns arrived from Chania, and Campbell surrendered on 29/30 May.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 383
 },
 {
  "name": "Kandanos",
  "name_el": "Κάνδανος",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-05-23",
  "date": "23–25 May 1941",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Battle of Crete",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kandanos and the Floria pass, Selino, south-west Crete",
  "lat": 35.33,
  "lon": 23.74,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek resistance (other)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "95th Reconnaissance Battalion",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ολοκαύτωμα της Κανδάνου; en.wikipedia Battle of Crete",
  "borderline": "Fought mainly by armed Cretan civilians (with some soldiers and gendarmes) rather than an army unit; the dates were not verified online.",
  "note": "Local irregulars ambushed the German column heading for Paleochora. The punitive destruction of the village on 3 June 1941 is not part of this entry.",
  "_batch": "10",
  "id": 384
 },
 {
  "name": "Drama uprising",
  "name_el": "Εξέγερση της Δράμας",
  "year": 1941,
  "start": "1941-09-28",
  "date": "28–29 September 1941 (reprisals into October)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Drama, Doxato, Choristi, Prosotsani and other villages of the Drama district",
  "lat": 41.15,
  "lon": 24.15,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Bulgaria"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek resistance (other)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "M. Michailov",
  "commanders_b": "Pantelis Chamalides, Apostolos Tzanis (KKE)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Drama uprising; en.wikipedia Greek Resistance; in.gr, 28η Οκτωβρίου, ημέρα μνήμης για την Εθνική Αντίσταση; Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Insurgents organized by the local KKE attacked Bulgarian gendarmerie posts and officials in Drama, Doxato, Choristi and nearby villages. Rebels killed six or seven Bulgarian policemen at Doxato and briefly declared a people's government at Prosotsani; most leaders were killed by 29 September. In reprisal the Bulgarians executed 485 men at Doxato and Choristi on 29 September and some 360–500 in Drama (Bulgarian reports: up to 1,600 Greek dead in all; Greek sources: thousands). Grouped under 'Greek resistance (other)' because ELAS did not yet exist (EAM was founded on 27 September 1941).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 385
 },
 {
  "name": "Reka",
  "name_el": "Ρεκά",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-09-09",
  "date": "9 September 1942",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Reka, Parnassida (Phocis)",
  "lat": 38.52,
  "lon": 22.52,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη της Ρεκάς",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The first armed clash between ELAS and Italian troops in occupied Greece; ELAS won.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 386
 },
 {
  "name": "El Alamein (second battle)",
  "name_el": "Ελ Αλαμέιν",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-10-23",
  "date": "23 October – 4 November 1942",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "North Africa",
  "place": "El Alamein line, Western Desert (Greek brigade in the southern sector under 50th Division)",
  "lat": 30.84,
  "lon": 28.94,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Egypt",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany",
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Bernard Montgomery; Col. Pafsanias Katsotas (1st Greek Infantry Brigade)",
  "commanders_b": "Erwin Rommel, Georg Stumme",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Second Battle of El Alamein (Greece in belligerents); en.wikipedia Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East; en.wikipedia Pafsanias Katsotas",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The 1st Greek Infantry Brigade (about 4,500 men) fought under the British 50th (Northumbrian) Division, XIII Corps, in the southern half of the line, and stayed in the following operations until 19 December 1942. Greek losses: 89 killed (6 officers, 83 men), 228 wounded. Coordinates are those of the battle, not the exact Greek sector. Some works end the battle on 11 November.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 387
 },
 {
  "name": "Leivadi",
  "name_el": "Λιβάδι",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-11-15",
  "date": "15–18 November 1942",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Livadi (Leivadi) and its surroundings, Elassona district, Larissa",
  "lat": 40.13,
  "lon": 22.15,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikos Xynos",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Leivadi (Μάχη του Λιβαδιού)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 500 guerrillas and armed villagers drove the Italian garrison troops back to Elassona and took 17 prisoners. The military results were small, but Italian requisitioning raids in the area stopped.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 388
 },
 {
  "name": "Triton (off Kafireas)",
  "name_el": "Βύθιση του υποβρυχίου Τρίτων (Καφηρέας)",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-11-16",
  "date": "16 November 1942",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Kafireas (Doro) Strait, off south-eastern Euboea",
  "lat": 38.05,
  "lon": 24.65,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Lt Cdr Ilias Kontogiannis (submarine Triton)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "USNI Proceedings, 'The Greek Navy Fights On' (Aug. 1944); laststandonzombieisland.com, HS Triton",
  "borderline": "single-submarine action against convoy escorts; not usually styled a battle",
  "note": "Triton attacked a German convoy (one supply ship reported sunk or damaged) and was then hunted for some six hours by the subchaser UJ-2102 and the destroyer ZG3 Hermes (the ex-Greek Vasilefs Georgios). She fought on the surface after being disabled and was rammed and sunk by UJ-2102. About 20 crew and two Allied liaison officers were killed and some 17 captured.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 389
 },
 {
  "name": "Gorgopotamos",
  "name_el": "Γοργοπόταμος",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-11-25",
  "date": "night of 25–26 November 1942",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Gorgopotamos railway viaduct, south of Lamia, Phthiotis",
  "lat": 38.83,
  "lon": 22.38,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS",
   "EDES"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Aris Velouchiotis (ELAS), Napoleon Zervas (EDES), Eddie Myers and Chris Woodhouse (SOE, Operation Harling)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Resistance; en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army; Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece; Myers, Greek Entanglement",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS and EDES guerrillas overwhelmed the Italian guard posts at both ends of the bridge while British sappers blew up two spans, cutting the Thessaloniki–Athens railway for weeks. The only joint ELAS–EDES operation.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 390
 },
 {
  "name": "Uarsciek (sinking of)",
  "name_el": "Βύθιση του υποβρυχίου Ουαρσιέκ",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-12-15",
  "date": "15 December 1942",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Central Mediterranean",
  "place": "South of Malta",
  "lat": 35.67,
  "lon": 14.53,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Malta",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Cdr Mark Thornton (HMS Petard); destroyer Vasilissa Olga",
  "commanders_b": "Gaetano Arezzo della Targia (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Italian submarine Uarsciek; en.wikipedia Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga; uboat.net, Royal Hellenic Navy",
  "borderline": "ship-versus-submarine action rather than a named battle",
  "note": "Uarsciek fired torpedoes at a cruiser force and was depth-charged to the surface by HMS Petard and the Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga, then hit by their gunfire as she tried to fight with her deck gun. Her captain and 17 men were killed. She was boarded but sank under tow. Some sources say 14/15 December.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 391
 },
 {
  "name": "Mikro Chorio",
  "name_el": "Μικρό Χωριό",
  "year": 1942,
  "start": "1942-12-18",
  "date": "December 1942 (usually dated 18 December)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Mikro Chorio, near Karpenisi, Evrytania",
  "lat": 38.88,
  "lon": 21.81,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Aris Velouchiotis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "in.gr, 28η Οκτωβρίου, ημέρα μνήμης για την Εθνική Αντίσταση (μάχη του Μικρού Χωριού); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (18/12/42)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS guerrillas defeated an Italian column sent into Evrytania after Gorgopotamos. The exact day differs between accounts.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 392
 },
 {
  "name": "Meritsa (Oxyneia)",
  "name_el": "Μερίτσα (Οξύνεια)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-02-11",
  "date": "11–12 February 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Meritsa (Oxyneia), Kalambaka",
  "lat": 39.78,
  "lon": 21.55,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nestor Vokas, Nikos Zaralis",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη της Μερίτσας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 800 ELAS fighters.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 393
 },
 {
  "name": "Fardykambos",
  "name_el": "Φαρδύκαμπος",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-03-04",
  "date": "4–6 March 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Fardykambos, Vigla pass and Aliakmon bridge, between Siatista and Grevena",
  "lat": 40.23,
  "lon": 21.55,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS",
   "PAO"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dimitrios Zygouras, Vasilis Ganatsios (ELAS); Ioannis Kontonasios (PAO)",
  "commanders_b": "Perrone Pasconelli (captured)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Fardykambos; en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army; ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1943; greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "An ambush of an Italian supply convoy grew into a 52-hour battle in which about 2,000 guerrillas, reserve officers and villagers surrounded the relief column from Grevena. The Italians lost 96 dead and about 550–565 prisoners; Grevena was evacuated soon after. PAO members took part as individuals (Kontonasios took general command).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 394
 },
 {
  "name": "Ksar Ghilane",
  "name_el": "Κσαρ Ριλάν",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-03-10",
  "date": "10 March 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "North Africa",
  "place": "Ksar Ghilane (Ksar Rhilane) oasis, southern Tunisia",
  "lat": 32.99,
  "lon": 9.63,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Tunisia",
  "side_a": [
   "France",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Philippe Leclerc (Force L); Lt Col. Christodoulos Tsigantes (Sacred Squadron)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "army.gr, Ιστορία του Ιερού Λόχου (ΓΕΣ); en.wikipedia Sacred Squadron (Greece); lki.gr, The Sacred Squadron; cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr, La colonne Leclerc",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "First battle of the Sacred Squadron (Ieros Lochos). The Franco-Greek Force L, dug in at the oasis, beat off an Axis mechanised column with RAF support, covering the flank march around the Mareth Line. The French account names elements of the German 90th Light Africa Division. Three men of the Sacred Squadron were missing. RAF air support is folded in.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 395
 },
 {
  "name": "Mareth Line",
  "name_el": "Γραμμή Μαρέθ",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-03-16",
  "date": "16–31 March 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "North Africa",
  "place": "Mareth Line and Tebaga Gap, southern Tunisia",
  "lat": 33.62,
  "lon": 10.3,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Tunisia",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "France",
   "New Zealand"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Bernard Montgomery, Bernard Freyberg, Philippe Leclerc; Christodoulos Tsigantes (Sacred Squadron)",
  "commanders_b": "Giovanni Messe",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Mareth Line (Greece in belligerents; order of battle lists Leclerc Force with the Greek Sacred Squadron under the New Zealand Corps); lki.gr, The Sacred Squadron",
  "borderline": "Greek role was flank protection with Leclerc's Force L; one action on 19 March 1943 with 1 killed, 1 wounded",
  "note": "The Sacred Squadron served with Leclerc's Force L on the left flank of the New Zealand Corps' outflanking march through the Tebaga Gap. The Greek official history records no separate named action here apart from Ksar Ghilane (10 March).",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 396
 },
 {
  "name": "Wadi Akarit",
  "name_el": "Ουάντι Ακαρίτ",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-04-06",
  "date": "6–7 April 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "North Africa",
  "place": "Wadi Akarit, Gabès Gap, Tunisia",
  "lat": 33.88,
  "lon": 10.12,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Tunisia",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "New Zealand",
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Bernard Montgomery; Christodoulos Tsigantes (Sacred Squadron)",
  "commanders_b": "Giovanni Messe",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Wadi Akarit (Greece in belligerents); army.gr, Ιστορία του Ιερού Λόχου; en.wikipedia Sacred Squadron (Greece)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "A mixed Greek–New Zealand detachment (the Sacred Squadron was attached to the 2nd New Zealand Division from 29 March) fought on 6 April. Cavalry Capt. G. Bourdakos was killed. The Wikipedia order of battle also lists a '1st Greek Infantry Brigade' with the 50th Division, but that brigade had returned to Egypt in December 1942, so the listing seems to be an error.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 397
 },
 {
  "name": "5/42 Regiment (first dissolution)",
  "name_el": "Πρώτη διάλυση του 5/42",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-05-14",
  "date": "14 May 1943 (second attack 23 June 1943)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Giona–Parnassus area, Phocis",
  "lat": 38.55,
  "lon": 22.25,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EKKA"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "EKKA (5/42 Evzone Regiment)",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Psarros",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia National and Social Liberation (chronology); Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece",
  "borderline": "Forced dissolution of a resistance unit; the extent of fighting and the sites are not given in the sources consulted.",
  "note": "ELAS attacked the 5/42 Regiment on 14 May and again on 23 June 1943, forcing its dissolution; it was re-formed in July under the National Bands Agreement after British pressure.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 398
 },
 {
  "name": "Messina Convoy",
  "name_el": "Νηοπομπή της Μεσσήνης (Σπαρτιβέντο)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-06-02",
  "date": "night of 1–2 June 1943",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Italy",
  "place": "Off Cape Spartivento, Calabria",
  "lat": 37.85,
  "lon": 16.15,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Italy",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Capt. Anthony Pugsley (HMS Jervis); Lt Cdr Georgios Blessas (Vasilissa Olga)",
  "commanders_b": "Lt Cdr Marino Fasan (torpedo boat Castore, killed)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of the Messina Convoy (outcome 'inconclusive'); en.wikipedia Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga; uboat.net Vasilissa Olga",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "HMS Jervis and the Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga sank the lone escort, the torpedo boat Castore, but the two merchant ships (Vragnizza, Postumia) were only damaged and reached Messina. At the time the Allies claimed the whole convoy, and Greek accounts often repeat that claim.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 399
 },
 {
  "name": "Porta",
  "name_el": "Πόρτα",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-06-08",
  "date": "8–9 June 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Porta pass (Pyli), Trikala",
  "lat": 39.46,
  "lon": 21.62,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army (battle of Porta, many Italians killed); ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1943; greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (8–9/6/43)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS units of Thessaly fought an Italian force at the Porta pass where the Pindus meets the Thessalian plain. The chronicles date it 8–9 June 1943; ELAS's list of important battles places it in summer 1943.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 400
 },
 {
  "name": "Sarantaporo (1943)",
  "name_el": "Σαραντάπορο (1943)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-06-21",
  "date": "21 June 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Sarantaporo pass, Elassona–Servia road",
  "lat": 40.05,
  "lon": 22.05,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Andreas Beserianos, Theodoros Alexandros, Apostolis Papakonstantinos, Mitsos Stamkos (ELAS); two British SOE officers ('Mike' and 'Chris')",
  "commanders_b": "Lt Esterbauer (supply column of the 117th Jäger Division)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Sarantaporos (1943); en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army (battle of Sarantaporo, 99 Germans killed)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS ambush, with charges laid under British SOE direction, of a German supply column of the 117th Jäger Division in the Sarantaporo pass on the first day of Operation Animals: of about 108 Germans, 24 were killed and 79 captured (most executed on 13 July) and all vehicles destroyed; ELAS sources give 99 Germans killed. Not to be confused with the 1912 battle of Sarantaporo.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 401
 },
 {
  "name": "Myrtia (Gouritsa)",
  "name_el": "Μυρτιά (Γουρίτσα)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-07-07",
  "date": "7–10 July 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Myrtia (Gouritsa), Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.62,
  "lon": 21.6,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army (battle of Myrtia, July 1943); ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1943 (7–10 July 1943, Gouritsa); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (10/7/43, Gouritsa, against Germans)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fighting between ELAS of Aetolia-Acarnania and German troops moving into western Greece in July 1943. Outcome set to draw because the sources consulted give none.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 402
 },
 {
  "name": "Sicily (Allied invasion)",
  "name_el": "Απόβαση στη Σικελία",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-07-09",
  "date": "9 July – 17 August 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Italy",
  "place": "Sicily (Greek ships off the east coast: Augusta, Catania)",
  "lat": 37.23,
  "lon": 15.22,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Italy",
  "side_a": [
   "United States",
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Canada",
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dwight Eisenhower, Harold Alexander, Bernard Montgomery, George Patton",
  "commanders_b": "Alfredo Guzzoni, Albert Kesselring",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Allied invasion of Sicily (Kingdom of Greece in belligerents; Kanaris led the attack on Augusta); naval-history.net HMS Bolebroke (Pindos), HMS Modbury (Miaoulis); uboat.net Kanaris, Vasilissa Olga; USNI Proceedings 1944",
  "borderline": "Greek role was naval (escort, cover and fire support), not a ground unit",
  "note": "Greek destroyers Kanaris, Miaoulis, Pindos, Adrias and Vasilissa Olga took part. On 12 July Kanaris was the first Allied ship into Augusta harbour, under shore-battery fire, and supported the commando landing. Vasilissa Olga bombarded Catania. Greek sources claim that on 20–21 July Adrias and HMS Quantock fought three German E-boats and sank one or two, but this is unconfirmed. The main arm of the campaign was the land fighting.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 403
 },
 {
  "name": "Leontio",
  "name_el": "Λεόντιο",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-07-14",
  "date": "14 July 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Leontio, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.03,
  "lon": 21.88,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1943 (16-hour battle against III Battalion, 'Piemonte' Division); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (14/7/43)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS of Achaea fought an Italian battalion of the Piemonte Division for about 16 hours; ELAS sources say the Italian force was destroyed.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 404
 },
 {
  "name": "Makrynoros (1943)",
  "name_el": "Μακρυνόρος (1943)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-07-22",
  "date": "19–22 July 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Makrynoros pass, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 39.05,
  "lon": 21.05,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "EDES"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Μακρυνόρους",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of Operation Animals; EDES ambushed and beat the Brennero division's column.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 405
 },
 {
  "name": "Trahili",
  "name_el": "Τραχήλι",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-08-15",
  "date": "15 August 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Trahili, above Vorizia, southern slopes of Psiloritis, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.14,
  "lon": 24.86,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek resistance (other)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Petrakis (Petrakogiorgis)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Vorizia (Battle of Trahili, 15 August 1943); en.wikipedia Greek Resistance",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Petrakogiorgis' band, heavily outnumbered, fought a German force all day and escaped; the partisans lost 7 men and the Germans 13. In reprisal the Germans razed Vorizia on 27 August 1943 (excluded). Recorded as a draw (the guerrillas held out and withdrew).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 406
 },
 {
  "name": "U-458 (sinking of)",
  "name_el": "Βύθιση του U-458",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-08-22",
  "date": "22 August 1943",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Central Mediterranean",
  "place": "South-east of Pantelleria",
  "lat": 36.42,
  "lon": 12.65,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Italy",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "HMS Easton and Greek escort destroyer Pindos",
  "commanders_b": "Kptlt. Kurt Diggins",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "uboat.net U-458 (sunk by HMS Easton and the Greek Pindos); uboat.net Fighting the U-boats: Greece; naval-history.net HMS Bolebroke",
  "borderline": "ship-versus-submarine action rather than a named battle",
  "note": "U-458 was depth-charged by Easton and Pindos and rammed by Easton. 8 of the crew died and 39 were captured. This is the only U-boat kill that uboat.net credits to the Royal Hellenic Navy. (U-407, sunk south of Milos on 19 September 1944, was sunk by British and Polish ships, not Greek ones.)",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 407
 },
 {
  "name": "ELAS–PAO conflict (1943)",
  "name_el": "Σύγκρουση ΕΛΑΣ–ΠΑΟ (1943)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-08",
  "date": "late August – December 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kilkis area, Nigrita and Chalkidiki, central Macedonia",
  "lat": 40.75,
  "lon": 23.1,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "PAO"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "PAO",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Aiantas Tsamaloukas, Konstantinos Mitsou, Isaac Bechlevanidis; Spyros Spiridis (Strymonas)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Panhellenic Liberation Organization; Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War",
  "borderline": "A campaign of clashes rather than one named battle.",
  "note": "ELAS pressed PAO bands in the Kilkis area to disarm and then destroyed PAO's armed units in a small civil war lasting until December 1943; PAO remnants later served in German-directed anti-communist units.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 408
 },
 {
  "name": "Salerno",
  "name_el": "Σαλέρνο",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-09-09",
  "date": "9–16 September 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Italy",
  "place": "Gulf of Salerno",
  "lat": 40.5,
  "lon": 14.95,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Italy",
  "side_a": [
   "United States",
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Mark Clark",
  "commanders_b": "Heinrich von Vietinghoff",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "naval-history.net HMS Bolebroke (Pindos 'present at the landings, providing inshore gunfire support and AA defence'); en.wikipedia Operation Avalanche (Greece not listed)",
  "borderline": "Greek role was a single escort destroyer (Pindos) giving gunfire support and anti-aircraft defence; Greece is not listed among the belligerents in standard accounts",
  "note": "Vasilissa Olga also escorted convoys for Avalanche. The battle's main arm was the land fighting for the beachhead.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 409
 },
 {
  "name": "Arachova (1943)",
  "name_el": "Αράχωβα (1943)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-09-10",
  "date": "10–11 September 1943 (further fighting to October)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Arachova, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.48,
  "lon": 22.58,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army (battle of Arachova, September 1943); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (10–11/9/43; German attack 27/10/43)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "At the Italian armistice ELAS attacked an Italian convoy and disarmed an Italian battalion at Arachova and fought a German column; ELAS sources say the Germans were repelled on 10 September but forced ELAS to withdraw on 11 September. The Germans attacked Arachova again on 27 October 1943. Not the 1826 battle of Arachova.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 410
 },
 {
  "name": "Kato Symi",
  "name_el": "Κάτω Σύμη",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-09-10",
  "date": "10–12 September 1943 (main battle 12 September)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Kato Symi, Viannos, Heraklion",
  "lat": 35.06,
  "lon": 25.47,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek resistance (other)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Manolis Bandouvas",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Viannos massacres; Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After Bandouvas' men killed the two soldiers of the German post at Kato Symi (10 September), a German infantry company sent to investigate was ambushed by about 40 guerrillas on 12 September and defeated with heavy losses; 12 Germans were captured. The Germans answered with the Viannos massacres (14–16 September 1943), which are not part of this entry.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 411
 },
 {
  "name": "Katsonis (off Skiathos)",
  "name_el": "Βύθιση του υποβρυχίου Κατσώνης (Σκιάθος)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-09-14",
  "date": "14 September 1943",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Off Skiathos",
  "lat": 39.18,
  "lon": 23.52,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Kptlt. Friedrich Vollheim (UJ-2101)",
  "commanders_b": "Cdr Vasileios Laskos (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek submarine Katsonis (Y-1); en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign (casualty table); sa-snd.gr, Η συμβολή του ΠΝ στα Δωδεκάνησα",
  "borderline": "single-submarine action; not usually styled a battle",
  "note": "While trying to attack a German troop transport, Katsonis was depth-charged to the surface. She fought the subchaser UJ-2101 (the ex-Greek minesweeper Strymon) with her deck gun until she was rammed and sunk. 32 men were killed, including Laskos, 15 were captured and 3 swam to Skiathos. This is Laskos' well-known 'last fight'.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 412
 },
 {
  "name": "Stampalia convoy action",
  "name_el": "Ναυμαχία της Αστυπάλαιας",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-09-17",
  "date": "night of 17–18 September 1943",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Off Astypalaia (Stampalia), Dodecanese",
  "lat": 36.6,
  "lon": 26.5,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "HMS Faulknor, HMS Eclipse; Cdr Georgios Blessas (Vasilissa Olga)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign; en.wikipedia Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga; sa-snd.gr, Η συμβολή του ΠΝ στα Δωδεκάνησα",
  "borderline": "convoy interception without a standard battle name (descriptive name)",
  "note": "Faulknor, Eclipse and Vasilissa Olga sank the German transports Pluto and Paula. Their escort UJ-2104 was forced to beach. The Greek Navy history dates the action 21–22 September and estimates 700–900 German dead. Wikipedia gives 17/18 September.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 413
 },
 {
  "name": "Leros",
  "name_el": "Λέρος",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-09-26",
  "date": "26 September – 16 November 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Leros and surrounding waters, Dodecanese",
  "lat": 37.13,
  "lon": 26.85,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain",
   "Italy",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller",
  "commanders_b": "Robert Tilney, Luigi Mascherpa; Cdr Georgios Blessas (Vasilissa Olga, killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Leros (Greece listed as naval support; Greek losses 1 destroyer, 68 killed); en.wikipedia Dodecanese campaign; naval-history.net HMS Modbury (Miaoulis); sa-snd.gr, Η συμβολή του ΠΝ στα Δωδεκάνησα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Wikipedia dates the battle from the first Luftwaffe attacks to the surrender. The German landings were on 12–16 November. Greek role (naval): on 26 September Ju 88s sank Vasilissa Olga in Lakki harbour, killing 70–72 including her captain, Blessas. Miaoulis rescued the crew of HMS Panther (9 October). On 17 October Miaoulis and HMS Hursley shot up shipping in Kalymnos and sank UJ-2109. Adrias lost her bow to a mine off Kalymnos (22 October). Pindos bombarded German troops on Leros (12 November). Italy here is the co-belligerent Kingdom of Italy, fighting on the Allied side.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 414
 },
 {
  "name": "Dervenochoria (Pyli)",
  "name_el": "Δερβενοχώρια (Πύλη)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-10-15",
  "date": "15–18 October 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Pyli and the Dervenochoria villages, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.2,
  "lon": 23.4,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (15–16/10/43, Pyli Dervenochorion); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα (two German companies trapped at Kerpini and in the Dervenochoria); ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1943",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fought at the same time as Kerpini; ELAS-aligned sources say German companies were trapped and destroyed in both places (over 150 German dead in all). el.wikipedia (17 October 1943): after an initial success it ended in an ELAS defeat.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 415
 },
 {
  "name": "Kerpini",
  "name_el": "Κερπινή",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-10-16",
  "date": "16–18 October 1943",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kerpini and Rogoi, near Kalavryta, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.05,
  "lon": 22.05,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Capt. Johann Schober (117th Jäger Division, captured)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece; en.wikipedia Massacre of Kalavryta (78 prisoners); ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1943 (16–17 October 1943, Goula–Mylioi, Rogoi); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές; greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS surrounded a German company of the 117th Jäger Division; after the fighting 78 Germans were prisoners (ELAS chronicle: 19 dead, 65 captured on 16–17 October). The prisoners were shot in December during the German Operation Kalavryta, which ended in the Kalavryta massacre of 13 December 1943 (excluded).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 416
 },
 {
  "name": "ELAS–EDES conflict (1943–44)",
  "name_el": "Εμφύλια σύγκρουση ΕΛΑΣ–ΕΔΕΣ (1943–44)",
  "year": 1943,
  "start": "1943-10",
  "date": "October 1943 – February 1944 (Plaka agreement, 29 February 1944)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Valtos, Tzoumerka and the Arachthos valley, Epirus and Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 39.25,
  "lon": 21.15,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EDES"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "EDES (Zervas)",
  "commanders_a": "Stefanos Sarafis, Aris Velouchiotis",
  "commanders_b": "Napoleon Zervas",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece; Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; en.wikipedia Greek Resistance (Epirus ELAS–EDES conflict, October 1943 – February 1944); en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army",
  "borderline": "A campaign (the 'first round' of the civil war) rather than one named battle.",
  "note": "ELAS attacked EDES and drove it out of much of its territory in October–November 1943, while also breaking up smaller groups elsewhere; Zervas counter-attacked across the Arachthos in January 1944 and recovered most of his ground. The fighting ended in the Plaka armistice under British mediation. German operations hit both sides at the same time.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 417
 },
 {
  "name": "Kokkinia (1944)",
  "name_el": "Κοκκινιά (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-03-04",
  "date": "4–8 March 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Kokkinia (Nikaia), Piraeus",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.65,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Security Battalions and Germans",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kokkinia; en.wikipedia Greek Resistance; ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1944-1945 ('η θρυλική μάχη της Κοκκινιάς')",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS and EPON, with the residents, fought off four days of attacks by the Wehrmacht, the collaborationist Gendarmerie and Security Battalions; the Germans withdrew taking 300 residents, 50 of whom were shot at Chaidari on 9 March. Distinct from the Kokkinia blockade and executions of 17 August 1944 (a massacre, excluded).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 418
 },
 {
  "name": "Kaisariani (1944)",
  "name_el": "Καισαριανή (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-04-05",
  "date": "April 1944 (attacks 5–7 and 21 April)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Kaisariani, Zografou and neighbouring quarters, Athens",
  "lat": 37.96,
  "lon": 23.77,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Security Battalions and Germans",
  "commanders_a": "1st ELAS Brigade (Athens)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Resistance (Battle of Kaisariani, April 1944); en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army; ethniki-antistasi-dse.gr, Χρονικό του ένοπλου αγώνα 1944-1945",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS of Athens and local residents repelled attacks of Security Battalions, police and German troops on the 'red' eastern quarters. The executions at the Kaisariani firing range on 1 May 1944 are not part of this entry.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 419
 },
 {
  "name": "Klima (5/42 Regiment)",
  "name_el": "Κλήμα (διάλυση του 5/42)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-04-14",
  "date": "14–17 April 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Klima (Efpalio) and the surrounding area, Doris, Phocis",
  "lat": 38.44,
  "lon": 21.96,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EKKA"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "EKKA (5/42 Evzone Regiment)",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitrios Psarros (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia National and Social Liberation (attack of 14 April 1944; the regiment held out three days); en.wikipedia Dimitrios Psarros (died at Klima Efpaliou, 17 April 1944); en.wikipedia Greek People's Liberation Army; Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece; Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; en.wikipedia National and Social Liberation; en.wikipedia Dimitrios Psarros; en.wikipedia Efpalio (Klima is a community of the Efpalio unit)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS attacked the 5/42 Evzone Regiment of EKKA on 14 April 1944; the regiment held out for three days and then broke up near the coast of Doris; some men crossed the Corinthian Gulf, but most were captured with Colonel Psarros, who died at Klima on 17 April (Easter Monday), and executed. Whether Psarros was killed in the fighting or in captivity is disputed.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 420
 },
 {
  "name": "Alexandria naval mutiny (suppression)",
  "name_el": "Κίνημα της Μέσης Ανατολής (κατάληψη των πλοίων)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-04-22",
  "date": "22–23 April 1944",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Second World War (Greek mutiny in the Middle East)",
  "theatre": "Egypt",
  "place": "Alexandria harbour",
  "lat": 31.19,
  "lon": 29.87,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Egypt",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Government loyalists (Adm. Petros Voulgaris)",
  "faction_b": "Pro-EAM mutineers",
  "commanders_a": "Adm. Petros Voulgaris",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East ('Eleven seamen were killed, others wounded'); en.wikipedia Petros Voulgaris (appointed 21 April, oversaw 'the violent recapture of the mutinied ships')",
  "borderline": "suppression of a mutiny, not a named battle",
  "note": "Officer detachments loyal to the government stormed and retook the mutinous ships. 11 seamen were killed and others wounded. The exact night (22/23 April) is not firmly confirmed. The army side of the mutiny (the 1st and 2nd Brigades, from 6 April) was ended when British troops surrounded the brigades and they surrendered. No Greek-on-Greek battle there was found, so it is folded in here.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 421
 },
 {
  "name": "Achladokampos khan",
  "name_el": "Χάνι Αχλαδοκάμπου",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-05-17",
  "date": "17 May 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "khan of Achladokampos, Argolid",
  "lat": 37.52,
  "lon": 22.58,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο χάνι Αχλαδοκάμπου (1944)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "An ambush on a convoy that destroyed the German unit.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 422
 },
 {
  "name": "Nikolitsi",
  "name_el": "Νικολίτσι",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-05-17",
  "date": "17 May 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Nikolitsi, Lakka Souliou",
  "lat": 39.4,
  "lon": 20.55,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "EDES"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη στο Νικολίτσι",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 423
 },
 {
  "name": "Normandy landings",
  "name_el": "Απόβαση της Νορμανδίας",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-06-06",
  "date": "6 June 1944 (Greek corvettes 5 June – August 1944)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "France",
  "place": "Normandy coast (Greek corvette Kriezis with Force G, Gold Beach)",
  "lat": 49.34,
  "lon": -0.57,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "France",
  "side_a": [
   "United States",
   "Britain",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Canada",
   "France"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Dwight Eisenhower, Bernard Montgomery, Bertram Ramsay",
  "commanders_b": "Gerd von Rundstedt, Erwin Rommel",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Normandy landings (Greece in belligerents); Kalogerakis, Η ελληνική συμβολή στην απόβαση της Νορμανδίας (elisme.gr, 2024)",
  "borderline": "Greek role was convoy escort by two corvettes (Kriezis, Tompazis) that came under German air attack; they did not fight enemy ships",
  "note": "Kriezis escorted the 50th Division assault convoy from the Solent to Normandy on 5–6 June and came under air attack on the return passage. Afterwards she led 12 cross-Channel convoys. Tompazis escorted convoys on 14–18 June. Seven Greek merchant ships took part, four of them scuttled as blockships. Greek air squadrons were in Italy, not Normandy.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 424
 },
 {
  "name": "Steiri",
  "name_el": "Στείρι",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-06-10",
  "date": "10 June 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "near Steiri, Boeotia",
  "lat": 38.41,
  "lon": 22.76,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "SS-Hauptsturmführer Fritz Lautenbach (2nd Company, I/7th Bn, 4th SS-Polizei Panzergrenadier Division)",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece; en.wikipedia Distomo massacre (partisan attack on the convoy, 10 June 1944); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS attacked an SS-Polizei column returning from an anti-partisan sweep near Steiri; the Germans fought their way out and then committed the Distomo massacre the same day, which is excluded. Recorded as a draw.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 425
 },
 {
  "name": "Valtetsi (1944)",
  "name_el": "Βαλτέτσι (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-06-15",
  "date": "15 June 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (civil conflict)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Valtetsi, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.48,
  "lon": 22.28,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia: Μάχη του Βαλτετσίου (1944)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS against the Valtetsi security company raised from the villagers.",
  "_batch": "15",
  "id": 426
 },
 {
  "name": "Paramythia (1944)",
  "name_el": "Παραμυθιά (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-06-18",
  "date": "18 June 1944 (later German–Cham counter-attacks failed)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Paramythia, Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.47,
  "lon": 20.51,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "EDES"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Albanian irregulars",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Napoleon Zervas (overall)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Expulsion of Cham Albanians (18 June 1944); en.wikipedia National Republican Greek League (chronology: Paramythia and Parga liberated 29 June)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "EDES, with Allied support, attacked the combined German–Cham garrison and took the town after a short fight; killings of Cham civilians in Paramythia and nearby villages followed (27 June). The EDES chronology dates the liberation of Paramythia and Parga to 29 June. Later German and Cham attempts to retake the town failed.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 427
 },
 {
  "name": "Stymfalia (1944)",
  "name_el": "Στυμφαλία (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-07-02",
  "date": "2 July 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Stymfalia, Corinthia",
  "lat": 37.86,
  "lon": 22.46,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα (German combat detachment decimated); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (German clearing in Corinthia, battles at Psari and Stymfalia)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Fought during a German clearing operation in Corinthia in early July 1944.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 428
 },
 {
  "name": "Northern Pindus (Operation Steinadler)",
  "name_el": "Βόρεια Πίνδος (Επιχείρηση Steinadler)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-07-03",
  "date": "July 1944 (about 3–18 July)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Northern Pindus and Grevena, western Macedonia–Epirus",
  "lat": 40.0,
  "lon": 21.2,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (3/7/44: German clearing operation in northern Pindus, fifteen days; 22/7/44 Grevena retaken); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα (Operation 'Chrysaetos', July 1944)",
  "borderline": "A named German anti-partisan operation rather than a named battle.",
  "note": "The Germans swept the ELAS base area of the northern Pindus for about two weeks; ELAS units evaded and fought, and retook Grevena after the Germans withdrew (22 July). Recorded as a draw.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 429
 },
 {
  "name": "Amfilochia (1944)",
  "name_el": "Αμφιλοχία (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-07-12",
  "date": "12–13 July 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Amfilochia, Aetolia-Acarnania",
  "lat": 38.86,
  "lon": 21.17,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα (12–13 July 1944); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (13/7/44)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 200 ELAS fighters attacked and held off infantry and tanks in the open for ten hours, withdrawing when a third of them had been killed or wounded.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 430
 },
 {
  "name": "Symi (raid)",
  "name_el": "Επιδρομή στη Σύμη",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-07-13",
  "date": "13–15 July 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Aegean",
  "place": "Symi (harbour, castle, Panormitis)",
  "lat": 36.62,
  "lon": 27.84,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "Britain"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Italy"
  ],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Christodoulos Tsigantes; Maj. Ian Lapraik (SBS)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Raid on Symi (Operation Tenement); army.gr, Ιστορία του Ιερού Λόχου; lki.gr, The Sacred Squadron",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 224 men of the Sacred Squadron and about 100 of the SBS overwhelmed the German garrison (with Italian carabinieri). 21 were killed and 151 captured, and an E-boat, 2 barges and 19 caïques were destroyed before the force withdrew as planned. Wikipedia gives Allied losses as 8 wounded and 2 drowned, while the Greek accounts give 9 Greek and 3 British killed.",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 431
 },
 {
  "name": "Chora (1944)",
  "name_el": "Χώρα (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-07-19",
  "date": "19 July 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "near Chora, Messinia (Manousos' bridge)",
  "lat": 37.05,
  "lon": 21.72,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα (117th Jäger Division convoy, 99 dead and missing); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (19/7/44)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS ambushed a truck convoy of the 117th Jäger Division north-west of Pylos; the Germans recorded 99 dead and missing.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 432
 },
 {
  "name": "Damasta",
  "name_el": "Δαμάστα",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-08-08",
  "date": "8 August 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Crete",
  "place": "Damasta, Heraklion–Rethymno road",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 24.96,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain",
   "Greek resistance (other)"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Capt. W. Stanley Moss (SOE)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Damasta sabotage; en.wikipedia Greek Resistance",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The group ambushed a German force (a truck of infantry and an armoured car) heading for Anogeia at the Damastos bridge; 35 Germans and 10 Italians were killed and 12 taken prisoner. The Germans answered with the destruction of Anogeia (13 August 1944) and executions at Damasta (excluded).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 433
 },
 {
  "name": "Menina",
  "name_el": "Μενίνα",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-08-17",
  "date": "17–18 August 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Menina, near Paramythia, Thesprotia",
  "lat": 39.43,
  "lon": 20.43,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "EDES"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Albanian irregulars",
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "EDES 10th Division",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Expulsion of Cham Albanians (Battle of Menina, 17–18 August 1944); en.wikipedia National Republican Greek League (Menina 30 June; Fort Menina 17–18 August)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "EDES defeated a German–Cham force and took Fort Menina during its July–August offensive in Thesprotia; afterwards the Cham community crossed into Albania en masse, and the Cham leaders Nuri and Mazar Dino left with the Germans. The EDES chronology also records a victory at Menina on 30 June 1944.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 434
 },
 {
  "name": "Karoutes",
  "name_el": "Καρούτες",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-08",
  "date": "August 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Karoutes, Doris (Giona), Phocis",
  "lat": 38.65,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, 1944: Μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ στην υπόδουλη Ελλάδα (Karoutes, August 1944); greekcivilwar.wordpress.com, Οι μάχες του ΕΛΑΣ με τους κατακτητές (5/8/44, Karoutes, Giona)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS trapped a column of an SS mountain regiment; ELAS accounts claim about 200 Germans killed.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 435
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalamata (1944)",
  "name_el": "Καλαμάτα (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-09-09",
  "date": "9 September 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kalamata, Messinia",
  "lat": 37.04,
  "lon": 22.11,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Security Battalions",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitris Perrotis (prefect)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Meligalas (background) and Battle of Kalamata (1944); Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Germans left Kalamata on 5 September; after the prefect Perrotis refused to disarm, ELAS attacked at dawn on 9 September and took the town. Survivors fled to Meligalas. On 17 September a crowd in Kalamata lynched prisoners, including Perrotis (excluded).",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 436
 },
 {
  "name": "Pyrgos (1944)",
  "name_el": "Πύργος (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-09-09",
  "date": "9–10 September 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Pyrgos, Elis",
  "lat": 37.68,
  "lon": 21.44,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Security Battalions",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Meligalas (background: ELAS attacked Pyrgos on 9 September and took it on 10 September); Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After a standoff with the local battalion commander, ELAS attacked the Security Battalion garrison of Pyrgos on 9 September and took the town on 10 September.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 437
 },
 {
  "name": "Rimini",
  "name_el": "Ρίμινι",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-09-13",
  "date": "13–21 September 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Second World War",
  "theatre": "Italy",
  "place": "Rimini, Emilia-Romagna",
  "lat": 44.06,
  "lon": 12.57,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Italy",
  "side_a": [
   "Canada",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Germany"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "New Zealand",
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "E. L. M. Burns; Col. Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos (3rd Greek Mountain Brigade)",
  "commanders_b": "Traugott Herr",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Rimini (1944) (Greece in belligerents); en.wikipedia 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade; army.gr, Occupation of Rimini by the III Greek Mountain Brigade; flamesofwar.com, 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade fought under I Canadian Corps with New Zealand tank support. Before the battle it held off German attacks near Cattolica on 8 and 10 September. It took Monaldini and Monticelli on 13–14 September, losing almost 100 men, fought for Rimini airfield on 15–17 September and entered Rimini on 21 September. The mayor surrendered the city to the brigade, which earned the title 'Rimini Brigade' (Ταξιαρχία Ρίμινι). Part of the Gothic Line offensive (Operation Olive).",
  "_batch": "11",
  "id": 438
 },
 {
  "name": "Meligalas",
  "name_el": "Μελιγαλάς",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-09-13",
  "date": "13–15 September 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Meligalas, Messinia",
  "lat": 37.22,
  "lon": 21.97,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Security Battalions",
  "commanders_a": "Giannis Michalopoulos (Orion), Tasos Anastasopoulos, Kostas Basakidis",
  "commanders_b": "Dimitris Perrotis, Dionysios Papadopoulos (captured), Nikos Theofanous, Panagiotis Benos (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Meligalas; Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 1,200 ELAS fighters broke the defences of about 1,000 Security Battalion men after three days; ELAS lost over 150 dead. Hundreds of prisoners and civilians (estimates 700–1,100) were then executed, many at the Pigada well; the executions are not part of the battle.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 439
 },
 {
  "name": "Tripoli (1944)",
  "name_el": "Τρίπολη (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-09",
  "date": "September 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Tripoli, Arcadia",
  "lat": 37.51,
  "lon": 22.37,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Security Battalions"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Security Battalions",
  "faction_b": "EAM-ELAS",
  "commanders_a": "Dionysios Papadongonas",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Meligalas (background: Tripoli held out under siege until late September)",
  "borderline": "Siege; extent of fighting not stated in the sources consulted.",
  "note": "Tripoli was the last large Security Battalion stronghold in the Peloponnese; Papadongonas held out against the ELAS siege until late September and then surrendered to a British unit. Recorded as a draw.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 440
 },
 {
  "name": "Kilkis (1944)",
  "name_el": "Κιλκίς (1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-11-04",
  "date": "4 November 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Resistance (Second World War)",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Kilkis, central Macedonia",
  "lat": 40.99,
  "lon": 22.87,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Security Battalions"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Security Battalions and nationalist bands",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Kilkis (battle of 4 November 1944); Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "After the German withdrawal ELAS defeated the Security Battalions of Macedonia and armed nationalist bands (Michalagas and others) that had gathered at Kilkis; many prisoners were executed afterwards.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 441
 },
 {
  "name": "Thiseio",
  "name_el": "Θησείο",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-12-04",
  "date": "4–5 December 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Dekemvriana (December 1944 fighting in Athens)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Thiseio, Athens (headquarters of Organization X)",
  "lat": 37.98,
  "lon": 23.72,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek resistance (other)"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "Organization X (Grivas)",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "Georgios Grivas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Dekemvriana and Organization X (ELAS attack on X, 4 December 1944); en.wikipedia Georgios Grivas (X fought at the Theseion); Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War",
  "borderline": "Named by place in Greek accounts; may be treated as part of the opening ELAS attacks rather than a separate battle. The outcome follows Greek accounts and was not verified online.",
  "note": "ELAS reservists besieged Grivas' Organization X in its Thiseio stronghold; British troops intervened and the X men were taken out under British protection. Organization X is grouped under 'Greek resistance (other)'.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 442
 },
 {
  "name": "Makrygianni",
  "name_el": "Μακρυγιάννη",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-12-06",
  "date": "December 1944 (main assaults c. 6–17 December)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Dekemvriana (December 1944 fighting in Athens)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "Gendarmerie barracks at Makrygianni, below the Acropolis, Athens",
  "lat": 37.97,
  "lon": 23.73,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "allies_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Government (Gendarmerie)",
  "faction_b": "EAM-ELAS",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Makrygianni ('a violent battle took place there during the Dekemvriana'); Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS repeatedly attacked the Gendarmerie barracks at Makrygianni; the gendarmes held out until British forces relieved them. Commemorated on the Right as the 'defence of Makrygianni'.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 443
 },
 {
  "name": "Kifisia (RAF headquarters)",
  "name_el": "Κηφισιά (στρατηγείο της RAF)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-12-16",
  "date": "c. 16–20 December 1944 (accounts differ)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Dekemvriana (December 1944 fighting in Athens)",
  "theatre": "Attica",
  "place": "RAF Air Headquarters (hotels), Kifisia, Athens",
  "lat": 38.07,
  "lon": 23.81,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "British (RAF)",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Kifisia; Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece; Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELAS besieged and captured the RAF headquarters in the hotels of Kefalari, Kifisia; the en.wikipedia Kifisia article dates the attack and surrender to the night of 16–17 December. Several hundred RAF personnel were taken prisoner and marched north, and released at Trikala after the truce. A British-only opponent, but marked civil as part of the Dekemvriana, as the brief requires.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 444
 },
 {
  "name": "Epirus (ELAS against EDES, 1944)",
  "name_el": "Επίθεση του ΕΛΑΣ κατά του ΕΔΕΣ (Δεκέμβριος 1944)",
  "year": 1944,
  "start": "1944-12-21",
  "date": "21–29 December 1944",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Dekemvriana (December 1944 fighting in Athens)",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Epirus (Arta, Preveza, Ioannina area)",
  "lat": 39.25,
  "lon": 20.9,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "ELAS"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EDES"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "EAM-ELAS",
  "faction_b": "EDES (Zervas)",
  "commanders_a": "Stefanos Sarafis, Aris Velouchiotis",
  "commanders_b": "Napoleon Zervas",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Dekemvriana (Epirus clashes); en.wikipedia Aris Velouchiotis; en.wikipedia National Republican Greek League; Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord / The Struggle for Greece; Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War",
  "borderline": "A short campaign rather than one named battle.",
  "note": "During the Dekemvriana ELAS attacked and broke up EDES in Epirus within about a week; Zervas and the remnants of his forces were evacuated by British ships from Preveza to Corfu.",
  "_batch": "12",
  "id": 445
 },
 {
  "name": "Litochoro",
  "name_el": "Λιτόχωρο",
  "year": 1946,
  "start": "1946-03-30",
  "date": "night of 30/31 March 1946",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "gendarmerie station of Litochoro, Pieria",
  "lat": 40.1,
  "lon": 22.5,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Rosios (Ypsilantis)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece; el.wikipedia Ελληνικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος",
  "borderline": "a raid on a gendarmerie post",
  "note": "About 33 guerrillas struck the station on the eve of the elections, killing 13 gendarmes; conventionally the start of the Civil War.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 446
 },
 {
  "name": "Deskati",
  "name_el": "Δεσκάτη",
  "year": 1946,
  "start": "1946-09-21",
  "date": "21 September 1946",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Deskati, Grevena",
  "lat": 39.92,
  "lon": 21.81,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Προσωρινή Δημοκρατική Κυβέρνηση; searches in Greek and English found no account (en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece, Greek Civil War and Provisional Democratic Government do not mention Deskati)",
  "borderline": "temporary capture of a town; details not checked",
  "note": "The guerrillas held Deskati briefly.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 447
 },
 {
  "name": "Skra (1946)",
  "name_el": "Σκρα (1946)",
  "year": 1946,
  "start": "1946-11-13",
  "date": "13 November 1946",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Skra, Kilkis",
  "lat": 41.09,
  "lon": 22.39,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Ελληνικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Over 300 guerrillas attacked an army company at Skra and took the village.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 448
 },
 {
  "name": "Metsovo (1947)",
  "name_el": "Μέτσοβο (1947)",
  "year": 1947,
  "start": "1947-10-18",
  "date": "18–24 October 1947 (renewed attacks 3–6 November)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Metsovo, Ioannina",
  "lat": 39.77,
  "lon": 21.18,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "metsovomuseum.gr (Metsovo, 18–24 October and 3–6 November 1947: 'The Democratic Army of Greece fails to occupy Metsovo'); Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War; ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "DSE attacks on Metsovo on 18–24 October and again on 3–6 November 1947 failed to take the town.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 449
 },
 {
  "name": "Konitsa",
  "name_el": "Κόνιτσα",
  "year": 1947,
  "start": "1947-12-24",
  "date": "24 December 1947 – 15 January 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Epirus",
  "place": "Konitsa, Ioannina",
  "lat": 40.05,
  "lon": 20.75,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Konstantinos Dovas, Georgios Peridis",
  "commanders_b": "Markos Vafiadis, Georgios Sofianos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Konitsa; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Κόνιτσας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE tried to take Konitsa as the seat of its Provisional Government; about 1,200 DSE fighters were killed.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 450
 },
 {
  "name": "Operation Limnes",
  "name_el": "Επιχείρηση «Λίμνες»",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-02-10",
  "date": "10–13 February 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "around Thessaloniki",
  "lat": 40.64,
  "lon": 22.94,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Papagos",
  "commanders_b": "Markos Vafiadis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Limnes",
  "borderline": "a DSE plan and its defeat rather than a single battle",
  "note": "The DSE plan to take Thessaloniki for a \"Free Greece\" in Macedonia and Thrace; a National Army victory.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 451
 },
 {
  "name": "Kalavryta (1948)",
  "name_el": "Καλάβρυτα (1948)",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-04-11",
  "date": "11–12 April 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Kalavryta, Achaea",
  "lat": 38.03,
  "lon": 22.12,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Stefanos Giouzelis",
  "commanders_b": "Nikolaos Arvanitakis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Kalavryta",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE took the town from its government garrison.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 452
 },
 {
  "name": "Operation Dawn (Haravgi)",
  "name_el": "Επιχείρηση «Χαραυγή»",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-04-14",
  "date": "14 April – 20 May 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Roumeli (Giona, Vardousia, Oiti)",
  "lat": 38.7,
  "lon": 22.2,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Παλαιοβράχα Φθιώτιδας; Α΄ Μοίρα Καταδρομών",
  "borderline": "a clearing operation",
  "note": "The National Army's clearing of Roumeli; the DSE lost men but most escaped.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 453
 },
 {
  "name": "Grammos (Operation Koronis)",
  "name_el": "Γράμμος (Επιχείρηση «Κορωνίς»)",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-06-16",
  "date": "16 June – 21 August 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Grammos mountains",
  "lat": 40.35,
  "lon": 20.85,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Ioannis Kitrilakis, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos",
  "commanders_b": "Markos Vafiadis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Koronis; Democratic Army of Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "One of the largest battles of the war; a tactical National Army victory, but the DSE slipped away to Vitsi.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 454
 },
 {
  "name": "Vitsi (1948)",
  "name_el": "Βίτσι (1948)",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-08",
  "date": "August–October 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Vitsi mountains, Kastoria–Florina",
  "lat": 40.65,
  "lon": 21.25,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Koronis (8,000 DSE fighters withdrew to Vitsi); FRUS 1948 vol. IV doc. 129 (telegram of 26 October 1948: third phase of the Vitsi operation from 15 October 'generally speaking a failure', the 'Vitsi setback'); en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece; history.state.gov FRUS 1948 vol. IV doc. 129; en.wikipedia Operation Koronis",
  "borderline": "start date approximate (after the end of Grammos on 20–21 August 1948)",
  "note": "The National Army's attacks on the DSE's Vitsi stronghold after Grammos failed in successive phases, the last from 15 October 1948; US officials called it the 'Vitsi setback'.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 455
 },
 {
  "name": "Karditsa",
  "name_el": "Καρδίτσα",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-12-11",
  "date": "11–12 December 1948",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Thessaly",
  "place": "Karditsa",
  "lat": 39.36,
  "lon": 21.92,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE took Karditsa briefly.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 456
 },
 {
  "name": "Operation Peristera",
  "name_el": "Επιχείρηση «Περιστερά»",
  "year": 1948,
  "start": "1948-12",
  "date": "December 1948 – March 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Peloponnese",
  "lat": 37.5,
  "lon": 22.3,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Peristera",
  "borderline": "a campaign rather than a single battle",
  "note": "The clearing of the Peloponnese.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 457
 },
 {
  "name": "Naousa (1949)",
  "name_el": "Νάουσα (1949)",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-01-12",
  "date": "12–14 January 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Naousa, Imathia",
  "lat": 40.63,
  "lon": 22.07,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece; el.wikipedia Νάουσα",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE held the town for three days; an earlier raid had been made in December 1948.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 458
 },
 {
  "name": "Karpenisi (1949)",
  "name_el": "Καρπενήσι (1949)",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-01-20",
  "date": "20/21 January – c. 9 February 1949 (town held for 19 days)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Karpenisi, Evrytania",
  "lat": 38.91,
  "lon": 21.79,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Diamantis (Giannis Alexandrou, 2nd Division), Charilaos Florakis 'Giotis' (1st Division)",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "alfavita.gr, 'Μικρό σημείωμα για τον καπετάν Διαμάντη' (Karpenisi taken in January 1949 by the 2nd and 1st Divisions and held for 19 days); en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece; alfavita.gr article on kapetan Diamantis; en.wikipedia Democratic Army of Greece",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE took Karpenisi and held it for 19 days before withdrawing in early February.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 459
 },
 {
  "name": "Agios Vasileios",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Βασίλειος",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-01-22",
  "date": "22 January 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Peloponnese",
  "place": "Agios Vasileios, Kynouria",
  "lat": 37.19,
  "lon": 22.69,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Panos Kontogiannis",
  "commanders_b": "Periklis Papathanasiou",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Agios Vasileios",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of Operation Peristera.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 460
 },
 {
  "name": "Florina (1949)",
  "name_el": "Φλώρινα (1949)",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-02-12",
  "date": "12–15 February 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Florina",
  "lat": 40.78,
  "lon": 21.41,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikolaos Papadopoulos",
  "commanders_b": "Nikos Zachariadis, Georgios Gousias",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Florina (1949); el.wikipedia Μάχη της Φλώρινας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE's attempt to take Florina failed with heavy losses.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 461
 },
 {
  "name": "Operation Pyravlos",
  "name_el": "Επιχείρηση «Πύραυλος»",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-05-05",
  "date": "5 May – late July 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Central Greece",
  "place": "Central Greece",
  "lat": 38.9,
  "lon": 22.0,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Papagos",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Pyravlos",
  "borderline": "a campaign rather than a single battle",
  "note": "The defeat of the DSE in Central Greece.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 462
 },
 {
  "name": "Metaxades",
  "name_el": "Μεταξάδες",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-05-15",
  "date": "15–20 May 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Thrace",
  "place": "Metaxades, Evros",
  "lat": 41.42,
  "lon": 26.24,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "",
  "commanders_b": "",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Metaxades",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The DSE's last attempt to operate outside its fortified areas.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 463
 },
 {
  "name": "Vitsi (Operation Pyrsos)",
  "name_el": "Βίτσι (Επιχείρηση «Πυρσός»)",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-08-10",
  "date": "10–16 August 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Vitsi mountains",
  "lat": 40.65,
  "lon": 21.25,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Papagos",
  "commanders_b": "Nikos Zachariadis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Pyrsos",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The second phase of Operation Pyrsos broke the DSE on Vitsi.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 464
 },
 {
  "name": "Grammos (Operation Pyrsos)",
  "name_el": "Γράμμος (Επιχείρηση «Πυρσός»)",
  "year": 1949,
  "start": "1949-08-24",
  "date": "24–30 August 1949",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Greek Civil War",
  "theatre": "Macedonia",
  "place": "Grammos mountains",
  "lat": 40.35,
  "lon": 20.85,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Greece",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "DSE"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Alexandros Papagos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos",
  "commanders_b": "Nikos Zachariadis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Pyrsos",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The last battle of the Civil War; the DSE's remnants crossed into Albania.",
  "_batch": "13",
  "id": 465
 },
 {
  "name": "Hill 381",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα 381",
  "year": 1951,
  "start": "1951-01-29",
  "date": "29–30 January 1951",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Hill 381, west of Icheon, Gyeonggi",
  "lat": 37.3,
  "lon": 127.38,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Col Dionysios Arbouzis (Greek battalion); Lt Nikolaos Filis, Lt Panagiotis Missas (companies); US 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division",
  "commanders_b": "334th Regiment, 112th Division, Chinese People's Volunteer Army",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); Korean MND Institute for Military History, 이천 381고지 전투 (via ko wiki 그리스 한국 원정군); protothema.gr, Κορέα, Ύψωμα 381 (2025); in.gr (2025)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of Operation Thunderbolt; the Greek battalion served as 4th Battalion of the US 7th Cavalry. Three night attacks repulsed, ended about 04:30 on 30 January. Greek losses 11 killed, 14 wounded, 1 missing (Korean official history; Greek press: 9 killed, 14 wounded); Chinese losses claimed at 650–800. Some Greek articles misplace it near 'Incheon': it is Icheon.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 466
 },
 {
  "name": "Hill 326",
  "name_el": "Υψώματα 325 και 326",
  "year": 1951,
  "start": "1951-03-07",
  "date": "7 March 1951",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Hills 325–326, east of Yongdu-ri, Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi",
  "lat": 37.56,
  "lon": 127.77,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Col Dionysios Arbouzis (Greek battalion); US 7th Cavalry Regiment",
  "commanders_b": "Chinese People's Volunteer Army",
  "outcome": "unknown",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); in.gr and eurohoops.net Greek summaries (Υψώματα 325 και 326, March 1951); en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea) ('March 7: Attack on Hill 326, east of Yongdu-ri'); en.wikipedia Operation Ripper (IX Corps advanced against light to moderate resistance and reached the Albany Line by 12 March); thekwe.org (Greek dead on 7 March 1951); in.gr, mfa.gr, koreanmedals.com",
  "borderline": "result not found; one of the five main battles in el.wikipedia's list",
  "note": "Opening day of Operation Ripper. Greek sources call it the battle of Hills 325 and 326; result not stated in the sources consulted. Site identification approximate.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 467
 },
 {
  "name": "Scotch Hill (Hill 313)",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα 313 (Σκοτς)",
  "year": 1951,
  "start": "1951-10-03",
  "date": "3–5 October 1951",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Hill 313 ('Scotch'), north of Yeoncheon, near the Imjin",
  "lat": 38.13,
  "lon": 126.98,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Col Spyliopoulos (Greek battalion); US 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division",
  "commanders_b": "139th and 141st Divisions, 47th Army, Chinese People's Volunteer Army",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); Korean MND Institute for Military History, 연천 313고지 전투; in.gr (2025); thekwe.org Greek participation (US Presidential Unit Citation)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of Operation Commando. Attacks on 3 and 4 October repulsed (14 killed each day); hill taken about 14:00 on 5 October. The Greeks' costliest battle in Korea: 28 killed, about 85 wounded (105 casualties in all). Earned a US Presidential Unit Citation.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 468
 },
 {
  "name": "Nori Hill",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα Νόρι",
  "year": 1952,
  "start": "1952-09-28",
  "date": "28 September 1952",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Big Nori hill, Imjin double horseshoe bend, Yeoncheon",
  "lat": 38.07,
  "lon": 126.97,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col Nikolaos Tamvakas (Greek Expeditionary Force); Lt Fotios Bekiaris (2nd Company, killed); US 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division",
  "commanders_b": "Chinese People's Volunteer Army",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); Hellenic War Museum (warmuseum.gr) on Tamvakas; thekwe.org (Bekiaris Silver Star citation); in.gr (2025)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greek 2nd Company took Big Nori and repulsed two counterattacks; Bekiaris was killed preparing for a third. en.wikipedia also lists a Greek attack on 'Big Nori Hill' on 26 September 1951, probably a duplicate of this action.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 469
 },
 {
  "name": "Outpost Harry",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα Χάρρυ",
  "year": 1953,
  "start": "1953-06-10",
  "date": "10–18 June 1953 (Greek battalion 16–18 June)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Outpost Harry (Hill 420), east of the Cheorwon valley, Iron Triangle",
  "lat": 38.32,
  "lon": 127.29,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Col Georgios Koumanakos (Greek battalion); Col Russell F. Akers Jr. (15th Infantry); Maj Gen Eugene W. Ridings (3rd Infantry Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Xiao Xuanjin (74th Division, 24th Army, PVA)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); en.wikipedia Outpost Harry; army.gr (2024); Korean MND Institute for Military History, 철원 420고지 전투; military.com (2025)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greek battalion took over the outpost on 16 June and beat off the attack of the PVA 221st Regiment on the night of 17–18 June (Greek losses 5 killed, 20 wounded per the Korean official history). Greek Company P shared a US Distinguished Unit Citation. The Greeks called it 'Haros'. army.gr names Lt Col Arbouzis as commander, but he had left in 1951.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 470
 },
 {
  "name": "Hill 495",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα 495",
  "year": 1953,
  "start": "1953-07-16",
  "date": "16–17 July 1953",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Hill 495, south of Bukjeongnyeong, southwest of Kumsong (Gimhwa area)",
  "lat": 38.33,
  "lon": 127.5,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek battalion; US 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division (IX Corps)",
  "commanders_b": "608th Regiment, 203rd Division, 68th Army, PVA",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); Korean MND Institute for Military History, 북정령 전투 (Battle of Bukjeongnyeong, 16–26 July 1953)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "During the Chinese Kumsong offensive. Hand-to-hand fighting on the half-fortified hill; the position held. The Korean official history groups this and Hill 492 as one Battle of Bukjeongnyeong (Greek losses 19 killed, 28 wounded overall). Site may lie in or near today's DMZ.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 471
 },
 {
  "name": "Hill 492",
  "name_el": "Ύψωμα 492",
  "year": 1953,
  "start": "1953-07-21",
  "date": "21–26 July 1953 (main attack night of 25–26 July)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Korean War",
  "theatre": "Korea",
  "place": "Hills 492 and 532, south of Bukjeongnyeong, near the Seungam pass (Gimhwa area)",
  "lat": 38.34,
  "lon": 127.51,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "South Korea",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "United States"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "China"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Lt Col Ilias Prokos (Greek battalion, per the Korean official history); US 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division",
  "commanders_b": "390th Regiment, 130th Division, 54th Army, PVA",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea); Greek Embassy in Seoul, list of battles of the Sparta Battalion (mfa.gr, 2023); Korean MND Institute for Military History, 북정령 전투",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The battalion held Hills 492, 532 and the 595 ridge; attacks on 21, 23 and 24 July and the final assault of 25–26 July (the last battle before the armistice of 27 July) were repulsed; 105 Chinese killed and 27 captured claimed. Part of the Battle of Bukjeongnyeong in Korean sources.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 472
 },
 {
  "name": "Spilia",
  "name_el": "Σπήλια",
  "year": 1955,
  "start": "1955-12-11",
  "date": "11 December 1955",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cyprus Emergency (EOKA struggle)",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "near Spilia, Troodos (Pitsilia), Nicosia district",
  "lat": 34.97,
  "lon": 32.96,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "EOKA"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Grivas (Digenis), Grigoris Afxentiou, Markos Drakos",
  "commanders_b": "Lt Col Norman Tailyour (Royal Marines), Maj M. A. K. Steven",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Spilia; el.wikipedia Μάχη στα Σπήλια; eoka.org.cy, Σύντομη Ιστορική Αναφορά; Digenis Foundation EOKA calendar",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "About 12 guerrillas broke out of a cordon of some 700 British troops (Royal Marines, Parachute Regiment, Gordon Highlanders), who fired on each other in fog. Greek Cypriot accounts claim 15 British killed and 35 wounded; British losses are disputed and were probably much lower.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 473
 },
 {
  "name": "Operation Lucky Alphonse",
  "name_el": "Επιχείρηση Lucky Alphonse",
  "year": 1956,
  "start": "1956-06-07",
  "date": "7–23 June 1956",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cyprus Emergency (EOKA struggle)",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Paphos Forest and Troodos mountains",
  "lat": 34.98,
  "lon": 32.75,
  "loc": "region",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "EOKA"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Georgios Grivas",
  "commanders_b": "Brig Geoffrey Baker",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Operation Lucky Alphonse; en.wikipedia Cyprus Emergency",
  "borderline": "A British cordon-and-search sweep with brief exchanges of fire, not a battle; en.wikipedia gives it a battle infobox ('EOKA victory')",
  "note": "Over 5,000 troops failed to catch Grivas, who escaped under fire. 7 British soldiers killed in action; 21 more died in an accidental forest fire.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 474
 },
 {
  "name": "Nicosia General Hospital (raid)",
  "name_el": "Μάχη στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λευκωσίας",
  "year": 1956,
  "start": "1956-08-31",
  "date": "31 August 1956",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cyprus Emergency (EOKA struggle)",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.17,
  "lon": 33.36,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "EOKA"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "EOKA Nicosia group (Kyriakos Kolokasis, Ionas Nikolaou, both killed)",
  "commanders_b": "British police and guards",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "Digenis Foundation EOKA calendar; Cypriot school chronologies (Μάχη στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λευκωσίας)",
  "borderline": "A rescue raid with a gunfight rather than a battle",
  "note": "Raid to free Polykarpos Georkatzis, who escaped; two EOKA attackers, a British police sergeant and a Greek Cypriot pharmacist were killed.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 475
 },
 {
  "name": "Machairas",
  "name_el": "Μαχαιράς",
  "year": 1957,
  "start": "1957-03-03",
  "date": "3 March 1957",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cyprus Emergency (EOKA struggle)",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Afxentiou's hideout below Machairas Monastery, near Lazanias",
  "lat": 34.98,
  "lon": 33.19,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EOKA"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "British troops (Duke of Wellington's Regiment, Royal Engineers)",
  "commanders_b": "Grigoris Afxentiou",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Grigoris Afxentiou; el.wikipedia Γρηγόρης Αυξεντίου; eoka.org.cy; Digenis Foundation EOKA calendar",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Betrayed by an informer, Afxentiou ordered his four companions to surrender and fought alone for some eight to ten hours, killing a British corporal; he refused to surrender ('Μολών λαβέ') and died when the British poured petrol into the dugout and set it alight.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 476
 },
 {
  "name": "Liopetri",
  "name_el": "Αχυρώνας Λιοπετρίου",
  "year": 1958,
  "start": "1958-09-02",
  "date": "1–2 September 1958",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cyprus Emergency (EOKA struggle)",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "barn (achyronas) at Liopetri, Famagusta district",
  "lat": 35.02,
  "lon": 33.89,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EOKA"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "1st Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles",
  "commanders_b": "Andreas Karyos, Fotis Pittas, Ilias Papakyriakou, Christos Samaras (all killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 3,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Liopetri; en.wikipedia Cyprus Emergency; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αχυρώνα Λιοπετρίου; eoka.org.cy",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the battle of the Liopetri barn (Achyronas): it is one battle, not two. Four-hour fight; the four refused to surrender, broke out when the barn was set on fire and were killed; one British soldier killed. Greek Cypriot sources date it 2 September, en.wikipedia 1–2 September.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 477
 },
 {
  "name": "Dikomo",
  "name_el": "Δίκωμο",
  "year": 1958,
  "start": "1958-11-19",
  "date": "19 November 1958",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cyprus Emergency (EOKA struggle)",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "hideout in a house at Kato Dikomo, Kyrenia district",
  "lat": 35.27,
  "lon": 33.33,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Britain"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "EOKA"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "British security forces (Operation Filtertip)",
  "commanders_b": "Kyriakos Matsis",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Kyriakos Matsis; en.wikipedia Cyprus Emergency (Operation Filtertip); eoka.org.cy; Digenis Foundation EOKA calendar",
  "borderline": "A one-man last stand in a hideout rather than a battle; Greek Cypriot tradition calls it the battle of Dikomo",
  "note": "Matsis sent his two companions out to surrender, answered that he would come out shooting, and was killed by a grenade thrown into the hideout.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 478
 },
 {
  "name": "Omorphita",
  "name_el": "Ομορφίτα",
  "year": 1963,
  "start": "1963-12-23",
  "date": "23–24 December 1963",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Omorphita (Küçük Kaymaklı), northern suburb of Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.19,
  "lon": 33.38,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Nikos Sampson (Greek Cypriot irregulars)",
  "commanders_b": "TMT local fighters",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Bloody Christmas (1963) ('battle of Omorphita'); en.wikipedia Cypriot intercommunal violence",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Part of Bloody Christmas. The suburb was taken and its Turkish Cypriot residents expelled; Turkish Cypriots call it a massacre, Greek Cypriots a battle.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 479
 },
 {
  "name": "Kyrenia Pass (1963)",
  "name_el": "Διάβαση Κερύνειας",
  "year": 1963,
  "start": "1963-12-26",
  "date": "26 December 1963",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Nicosia–Kyrenia pass (Agyrta/St Hilarion), Pentadaktylos",
  "lat": 35.29,
  "lon": 33.32,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish Cypriot fighters from Agyrta",
  "commanders_b": "Greek Cypriot force under a Greek mainland officer",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Bloody Christmas (1963); en.wikipedia Bloody Christmas (1963) (pass under Turkish Cypriot control attacked from the north on 26 December by Greek Cypriots under a mainland Greek officer; Turkish Cypriots from Agirda kept it; one killed)",
  "borderline": "Described in histories of Bloody Christmas but rarely as a named battle",
  "note": "Turkish Cypriots kept control of the pass and St Hilarion; one Turkish Cypriot killed.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 480
 },
 {
  "name": "Agios Sozomenos",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Σωζόμενος",
  "year": 1964,
  "start": "1964-02-06",
  "date": "February 1964",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Agios Sozomenos, Nicosia district",
  "lat": 35.07,
  "lon": 33.44,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek Cypriot police and irregulars",
  "commanders_b": "TMT village fighters",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Agios Sozomenos (intercommunal violence of 6 February 1964); en.wikipedia Agios Sozomenos (violence of 6 February 1964 led to the village's abandonment)",
  "borderline": "Fighting in a mixed village; details and the battle name not verified in this pass",
  "note": "Ended with the Turkish Cypriot inhabitants abandoning the village; British troops of the Joint Truce Force intervened. Date and casualties need checking.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 481
 },
 {
  "name": "Limassol (1964)",
  "name_el": "Λεμεσός (1964)",
  "year": 1964,
  "start": "1964-02-11",
  "date": "c. 11–13 February 1964",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Turkish Cypriot quarter of Limassol",
  "lat": 34.67,
  "lon": 33.04,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek Cypriot police and irregulars",
  "commanders_b": "TMT Limassol fighters",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Cypriot intercommunal violence (Limassol killings, February 1964, citing The Guardian); en.wikipedia Cypriot intercommunal violence (attacks on Turkish Cypriots persisted 'particularly in Limassol'; Guardian report of 16 February 1964)",
  "borderline": "Street fighting known as the Limassol events rather than a named battle; dates and outcome not verified in this pass",
  "note": "Greek Cypriot attack on the Turkish quarter; British mediation ended the fighting without its capture. Turkish accounts call it a massacre.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 482
 },
 {
  "name": "Ktima (Paphos)",
  "name_el": "Κτήμα (Πάφος)",
  "year": 1964,
  "start": "1964-03-07",
  "date": "c. 7–9 March 1964",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Turkish Cypriot quarter (Mouttalos), Ktima, Paphos",
  "lat": 34.78,
  "lon": 32.43,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek Cypriot police and irregulars",
  "commanders_b": "TMT Paphos fighters",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "author's knowledge; not verified online in this pass; no online source found in this pass (en.wikipedia Bloody Christmas, Cypriot intercommunal violence, Battle of Tillyria and UNFICYP articles do not cover it)",
  "borderline": "Named in the checklist; dates, course and outcome not verified in this pass",
  "note": "Heavy fighting in Ktima that hastened the arrival of UNFICYP (March 1964); Turkish Cypriot fighters reportedly surrendered positions. Needs checking.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 483
 },
 {
  "name": "St Hilarion (1964)",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Ιλαρίωνας (1964)",
  "year": 1964,
  "start": "1964-04-25",
  "date": "c. 25–26 April 1964",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "St Hilarion castle and the Kyrenia pass",
  "lat": 35.31,
  "lon": 33.28,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "TMT garrison of St Hilarion",
  "commanders_b": "Greek Cypriot forces under Polykarpos Georkatzis (Interior Minister)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "author's knowledge; not verified online in this pass; no online source found in this pass",
  "borderline": "Greek Cypriot offensive on the TMT-held castle area; course and name not verified in this pass",
  "note": "The attack was halted under UN pressure and the Turkish Cypriots kept the castle and the pass. Needs checking.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 484
 },
 {
  "name": "Tylliria",
  "name_el": "Τηλλυρία",
  "year": 1964,
  "start": "1964-08-06",
  "date": "6–10 August 1964",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Kokkina enclave and Mansoura, Tylliria, northwest Cyprus",
  "lat": 35.17,
  "lon": 32.62,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots",
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Gen Georgios Grivas (National Guard)",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish Cypriot fighters of the Kokkina enclave; Turkish Air Force",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Tillyria; el.wikipedia Μάχη της Τηλλυρίας; en.wikipedia Turkish invasion of Cyprus (navbox)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Also called the battle of Kokkina (Turkish: Erenköy). The National Guard and the patrol boats Phaethon and Arion took Mansoura, Agios Theodoros, Alevga and Selemani and squeezed the enclave to a beachhead, but failed to take Kokkina; Turkish air strikes (8–9 August, napalm on Kato Pyrgos) hit Greek Cypriot positions and the Phaethon (7 crew killed) before a UN ceasefire. Indecisive: both sides claim success. Greek mainland officers led the National Guard.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 485
 },
 {
  "name": "Kophinou",
  "name_el": "Κοφίνου",
  "year": 1967,
  "start": "1967-11-15",
  "date": "15 November 1967",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Cypriot intercommunal conflict 1963-67",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Kophinou and Agios Theodoros, Larnaca district",
  "lat": 34.83,
  "lon": 33.39,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Gen Georgios Grivas (National Guard)",
  "commanders_b": "TMT local commander ('Deniz'); İsmail Bozkurt (Turkish deputy regional commander)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη της Κοφίνου; en.wikipedia Kofinou; en.wikipedia Cypriot intercommunal violence; cyprus-mail.com chronology 1967",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The National Guard, led by Greek officers, overran the TMT positions in both villages; 24–27 Turkish Cypriots killed. A Turkish ultimatum then forced Grivas and the Greek division (some 12,000 men) out of Cyprus: a battlefield win and a strategic defeat.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 486
 },
 {
  "name": "Presidential Palace (1974 coup)",
  "name_el": "Προεδρικό Μέγαρο",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-15",
  "date": "15 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "1974 Cypriot coup",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Presidential Palace, Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.16,
  "lon": 33.35,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Coup forces (National Guard under Greek junta officers, EOKA-B)",
  "faction_b": "Makarios loyalists (Presidential Guard, Tactical Reserve Unit, police, armed supporters)",
  "commanders_a": "Brig Michail Georgitsis (coup operations); ordered by Brig Dimitrios Ioannidis",
  "commanders_b": "Archbishop Makarios III (escaped); Presidential Guard",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1974 Cypriot coup d'état; kypros1974.moec.gov.cy (Ιστορικό); neoskosmos.com (2018)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "National Guard tanks from Kokkinotrimithia attacked at about 08:15; the palace was burnt and Makarios escaped by the back way to Paphos. Simultaneous fighting at the police headquarters, the Tactical Reserve Unit camp and the CyBC; Nicosia was in coup hands within hours (about 100 dead in the coup overall per the Cyprus Ministry of Education; other estimates differ).",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 487
 },
 {
  "name": "Archbishopric (1974 coup)",
  "name_el": "Αρχιεπισκοπή",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-15",
  "date": "15 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "1974 Cypriot coup",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Archbishopric, old Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.17,
  "lon": 33.37,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Coup forces (National Guard under Greek junta officers, EOKA-B)",
  "faction_b": "Makarios loyalists (Presidential Guard, Tactical Reserve Unit, police, armed supporters)",
  "commanders_a": "National Guard units under Greek officers",
  "commanders_b": "Makarios loyalists (guards, armed supporters)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1974 Cypriot coup d'état; kypros1974.moec.gov.cy (Ιστορικό); neoskosmos.com (2018)",
  "borderline": "One of the coup's Nicosia fights; little separate detail",
  "note": "Shelled by tanks and stormed; resistance there and at the police headquarters held out for some hours.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 488
 },
 {
  "name": "Limassol (1974 coup)",
  "name_el": "Λεμεσός (πραξικόπημα)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-15",
  "date": "15–16 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "1974 Cypriot coup",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Limassol (police stations and loyalist positions)",
  "lat": 34.68,
  "lon": 33.04,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Coup forces (National Guard under Greek junta officers, EOKA-B)",
  "faction_b": "Makarios loyalists (Presidential Guard, Tactical Reserve Unit, police, armed supporters)",
  "commanders_a": "National Guard and EOKA-B",
  "commanders_b": "Makarios loyalists (police, Tactical Reserve Unit, armed supporters)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "author's knowledge; not verified online in this pass; en.wikipedia 1974 Cypriot coup d'état (no Limassol detail); neoskosmos.com 2018 (coup narrative centred on Nicosia)",
  "borderline": "Provincial resistance to the coup; details and naming not verified in this pass",
  "note": "Loyalist resistance in Limassol was crushed within a day or two. Needs checking.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 489
 },
 {
  "name": "Paphos (1974 coup)",
  "name_el": "Πάφος (πραξικόπημα)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-16",
  "date": "16 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "1974 Cypriot coup",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Paphos (bishopric, police and radio station)",
  "lat": 34.77,
  "lon": 32.42,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "Coup forces (National Guard under Greek junta officers, EOKA-B)",
  "faction_b": "Makarios loyalists (Presidential Guard, Tactical Reserve Unit, police, armed supporters)",
  "commanders_a": "National Guard column sent from Nicosia",
  "commanders_b": "Makarios loyalists (police, Tactical Reserve Unit, armed supporters)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": true,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia 1974 Cypriot coup d'état; kypros1974.moec.gov.cy (Ιστορικό); neoskosmos.com (2018); Milliyet (19 July 1974) cited by en.wikipedia; en.wikipedia 1974 Cypriot coup d'état (Makarios fled to Paphos on 15 July and was retrieved by the British in the afternoon of 16 July; Milliyet reported violent clashes in Paphos); neoskosmos.com 2018 (junta force sent from Nicosia to Paphos)",
  "borderline": "Clashes around Makarios's refuge; details not verified in this pass",
  "note": "Makarios broadcast from Paphos ('Free Radio Paphos') and was flown out by the British on 16 July; the coup forces then took the town.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 490
 },
 {
  "name": "Kyrenia torpedo boats",
  "name_el": "Τορπιλάκατοι Τ1 και Τ3 (Κερύνεια)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20 July 1974",
  "type": "sea",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "off Kyrenia / Pente Mili",
  "lat": 35.37,
  "lon": 33.27,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish invasion flotilla and Turkish Air Force",
  "commanders_b": "Cyprus Navy (Greek naval officers), torpedo boats T-1 and T-3",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Reported military losses during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; elisme.gr (2024)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The two Soviet-built P-4 torpedo boats sortied from Kyrenia against the landing force; T-1 was disabled and beached (crew swam ashore), T-3 was sunk by ship and air fire with nine of ten crew killed.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 491
 },
 {
  "name": "Pente Mili (beachhead)",
  "name_el": "Πέντε Μίλι",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20–21 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Pente Mili (Five Mile Beach), 8 km west of Kyrenia",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 33.24,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Maj Gen Bedrettin Demirel, Brig Gen Süleyman Tuncer, Col İbrahim Karaoğlanoğlu (killed)",
  "commanders_b": "Col Konstantinos Kombokis, Lt Col Konstantinos Boufas, Lt Col Pavlos Kouroupis (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Pentemili beachhead; en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The 251st Battalion, a T-34 platoon and artillery failed to throw back the landing; Boufas's night counterattack of 20–21 July forced a temporary Turkish withdrawal. en.wikipedia dates the battle 20–22 July and folds in the breakout to Kyrenia (separate entry here).",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 492
 },
 {
  "name": "Kioneli",
  "name_el": "Κιόνελι",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20–22 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Kioneli (Gönyeli) enclave, northwest of Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.21,
  "lon": 33.31,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey",
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece",
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish paratroopers and TMT Kioneli group",
  "commanders_b": "Col Nikolaos Nikolaidis (ELDYK)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus; en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; elisme.gr (2024)",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "ELDYK (about 550 men) with 19 tanks of the 23rd EMA attacked the enclave, which controlled the Nicosia–Kyrenia road, where Turkish paratroopers had landed; the attacks failed (tanks lost in an anti-tank ditch and to artillery).",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 493
 },
 {
  "name": "Kotsakagia",
  "name_el": "Κοτζά Καγιά",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20–21 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Kotsakagia peak above the Agyrta pass, Pentadaktylos",
  "lat": 35.28,
  "lon": 33.31,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey",
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Greek Cypriot commando battalions 31, 32, 33 and 34 MK",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish and TMT forces at the pass",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Κοτζά Καγιά; en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The commandos took Kotsakagia and forced a Turkish retreat from the pass, but were then ordered towards Agios Pavlos, giving up the blockade of the Nicosia–Kyrenia corridor.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 494
 },
 {
  "name": "Paphos (1974)",
  "name_el": "Πάφος (1974)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Turkish Cypriot quarter (Mouttalos), Paphos",
  "lat": 34.78,
  "lon": 32.43,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "National Guard; ELDYK replacement class landed from the LST Lesvos",
  "commanders_b": "TMT Paphos fighters",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus ('Battle of Paphos'); en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Greek LST Lesvos shelled the Turkish Cypriot positions for over two hours and landed about 450 ELDYK troops; the Turkish Cypriot militia surrendered at about 22:00.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 495
 },
 {
  "name": "Limassol (1974)",
  "name_el": "Λεμεσός (1974)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20–22 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Turkish Cypriot quarter of Limassol",
  "lat": 34.67,
  "lon": 33.04,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "203rd Reserve Infantry Battalion and EOKA-B",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish Cypriot defenders of the enclave",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "The fall of a lightly armed enclave, remembered as much for atrocities as for fighting",
  "note": "Resistance collapsed about 06:00 on 22 July; about 1,000 Turkish Cypriots taken prisoner; eyewitnesses report burning, rape and killings.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 496
 },
 {
  "name": "Ledra Palace",
  "name_el": "Λήδρα Πάλας",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-20",
  "date": "20 July – 16 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Ledra Palace hotel area on the Green Line, Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.18,
  "lon": 33.35,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey",
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Cypriot National Guard",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish and TMT forces in north Nicosia",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Ledra Palace; el.wikipedia Μάχη του Λήδρα Πάλας",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Intermittent fighting for the hotel sector through both phases; en.wikipedia scores it a Greek victory (the line held). The 336th Battalion's tank duel in the northern quarter on 15 August belongs to the same sector.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 497
 },
 {
  "name": "Kyrenia (1974)",
  "name_el": "Κερύνεια (Άγιος Γεώργιος)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-22",
  "date": "22 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Agios Georgios and the Kyrenia coast road, Kyrenia",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 33.28,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Maj Gen Bedrettin Demirel; Brig Gen Hakkı Borataş (Bora Task Force)",
  "commanders_b": "Col Konstantinos Kombokis; 33 MK commando battalion, 251st, 306th and 241st battalions",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; kypros1974.moec.gov.cy; en.wikipedia Battle of Pentemili beachhead",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Turkish attack from about 11:00 broke the 33rd Commando battalion at Agios Georgios and took Kyrenia by midday, linking the beachhead with Kioneli before the ceasefire; five Turkish tanks lost. en.wikipedia treats this as the last day of the Pentemili battle.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 498
 },
 {
  "name": "Larnaca (1974)",
  "name_el": "Λάρνακα (1974)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-22",
  "date": "22 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Turkish Cypriot quarter (Scala), Larnaca",
  "lat": 34.91,
  "lon": 33.63,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "National Guard",
  "commanders_b": "TMT Larnaca fighters",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus (in Larnaca ceasefire talks broke down at 03:35, heavy fighting with artillery and mortars, Turkish Cypriots began surrendering by 10:30; placed after the 21 July events and before the 22 July ceasefire, with the Lefka attack at 04:45)",
  "borderline": "Attack on an enclave; thin documentation",
  "note": "Heavy fighting began when ceasefire talks failed and the enclave surrendered. The same day Lefka was attacked and Limnitis surrounded without being taken.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 499
 },
 {
  "name": "ELDYK camp (first battle)",
  "name_el": "Στρατόπεδο ΕΛΔΥΚ (Α΄ μάχη)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-22",
  "date": "22–23 July 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "ELDYK camp, between Nicosia and Gerolakkos",
  "lat": 35.18,
  "lon": 33.28,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey",
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Lt Col Konstantinos Papagiannis (ELDYK)",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish forces from the Kioneli bridgehead",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus (list of ELDYK battles); en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus (list of ELDYK battles: 'The battle of the ELDYK camp (22–23 July 1974)'); en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus (no camp fighting recorded in the first phase)",
  "borderline": "Listed among ELDYK's battles on en.wikipedia; no detail found",
  "note": "The camp held until the second phase.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 500
 },
 {
  "name": "Nicosia Airport",
  "name_el": "Αεροδρόμιο Λευκωσίας",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-07-23",
  "date": "23 July 1974 (after Operation Niki, 21–22 July)",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Nicosia International Airport",
  "lat": 35.15,
  "lon": 33.28,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Hellenic Army A Raider Squadron (35 MK, flown in by Operation Niki); ELDYK company; Cypriot police",
  "commanders_b": "Turkish infantry and M47 tanks (39th Division)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "el.wikipedia Μάχη του Αεροδρομίου Λευκωσίας; en.wikipedia Operation Niki; en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The Turkish assault from about 11:00 was beaten off and two M47s destroyed by bazookas; the airport then passed to UNFICYP. Operation Niki folded in: on the night of 21–22 July 13 of 15 Noratlas transports reached Nicosia from Souda; Niki-4 was shot down by Greek Cypriot anti-aircraft fire (4 crew and 27 commandos killed; 33 commandos lost in all).",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 501
 },
 {
  "name": "Kyparissovouno (Hill 1024)",
  "name_el": "Κυπαρισσόβουνο (ύψωμα 1024)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-01",
  "date": "1–2 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Hill 1024 (Kyparissovouno) and Kornos hill, western Pentadaktylos",
  "lat": 35.31,
  "lon": 33.18,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish 28th Division and commandos",
  "commanders_b": "Greek Cypriot 316th Battalion, 31 MK commandos",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1–2 August 1974: 28th Division took Hill 1024 (Kiparrisavouno), B Company 31MK retook it, larger attack on 2 August took it; 316th Battalion ambush at Kornos Hill)",
  "borderline": "Fighting during the ceasefire known by the hill's height; may not be a named battle",
  "note": "The Turks took the hill on 1 August, B Company of 31 MK retook it that night, and a larger attack on 2 August took it for good; the 316th then ambushed a 28th Division column at Kornos, destroying or capturing four armoured vehicles.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 502
 },
 {
  "name": "Lapithos–Karavas",
  "name_el": "Λάπηθος–Καραβάς",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-06",
  "date": "6–8 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Lapithos and Karavas, Kyrenia district",
  "lat": 35.34,
  "lon": 33.16,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Maj Gen Bedrettin Demirel (28th Division)",
  "commanders_b": "Spyridon Demellas (256th Battalion); ELDYK 1st Company",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Lapithos–Karavas; en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus (lists Lapithos and Karavas as two battles); kypros1974.moec.gov.cy",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Turkish attack in breach of the ceasefire; the 256th, 316th and 321st battalions and an ELDYK company withdrew to the Vasilia–Vavla line after heavy losses (about 150 killed or missing).",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 503
 },
 {
  "name": "Vasilia Pass",
  "name_el": "Διάβαση Βασίλειας",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-07",
  "date": "7 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Vasilia–Vavla line, west of Karavas",
  "lat": 35.35,
  "lon": 33.05,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots",
   "Greece"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish 28th Division",
  "commanders_b": "Greek Cypriot defenders with ELDYK elements",
  "outcome": "draw",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus ('Battle of Vasilia Passage'); en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "Mostly an artillery bombardment with no infantry assault",
  "note": "No change in positions; two Turkish M47s reported lost at Vasilia.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 504
 },
 {
  "name": "Mia Milia",
  "name_el": "Μια Μηλιά",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-14",
  "date": "14 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Mia Milia and Koutsoventis, northeast of Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.22,
  "lon": 33.41,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish 39th Division and armoured units",
  "commanders_b": "Greek Cypriot 399th Battalion, then 341st and 226th battalions",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Reported military losses during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Opening of the second phase (Attila 2): Turkish tanks bypassed the minefields and broke through by 10:30, splitting the 399th; the 173rd anti-tank battalion was overrun and the GEEF ordered a withdrawal.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 505
 },
 {
  "name": "ELDYK camp (second battle)",
  "name_el": "Στρατόπεδο ΕΛΔΥΚ",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-14",
  "date": "14–16 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "ELDYK camp, between Nicosia and Gerolakkos",
  "lat": 35.18,
  "lon": 33.28,
  "loc": "approx",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greece",
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish tank company, infantry battalion and air force",
  "commanders_b": "Col Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Col Panagiotis Stavroulopoulos; Capt Sotirios Stavrianakos (killed)",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Hellenic Force in Cyprus; el.wikipedia Σωτήρης Σταυριανάκος",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Three attacks on 14 August were repulsed; ordered to withdraw on 15–16 August, the garrison broke out and the camp fell (ELDYK lost about 80 killed, 22 wounded, 5 missing; four or five Turkish M48s knocked out). Dates of the fall differ (15 or 16 August). ELDYK's fight at the English School on 14 August is folded in.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 506
 },
 {
  "name": "Agios Dometios",
  "name_el": "Άγιος Δομέτιος",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-14",
  "date": "14–17 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Agios Dometios, western Nicosia",
  "lat": 35.17,
  "lon": 33.33,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Greece",
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Turkey",
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Col Georgios Azinas, Lt Col Panagiotis Stavropoulos, Maj Dimitrios Alevromagiros",
  "commanders_b": "Brig Gen Sabri Demirbağ, Col Eşref Bitlis, Col Mustafa Katırcıoğlu",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 1,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Battle of Agios Dometios",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "Scored by en.wikipedia as a Greek victory: the Turks took the neighbouring ELDYK camp but not the suburb.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 507
 },
 {
  "name": "Famagusta (1974)",
  "name_el": "Αμμόχωστος (1974)",
  "year": 1974,
  "start": "1974-08-14",
  "date": "14–15 August 1974",
  "type": "land",
  "war": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "theatre": "Cyprus",
  "place": "Famagusta approaches and the walled city",
  "lat": 35.12,
  "lon": 33.94,
  "loc": "known",
  "country": "Cyprus",
  "side_a": [
   "Turkey",
   "Turkish Cypriots"
  ],
  "side_b": [
   "Greek Cypriots"
  ],
  "allies_a": [],
  "allies_b": [],
  "faction_a": "",
  "faction_b": "",
  "commanders_a": "Turkish 14th Infantry Regiment and tanks",
  "commanders_b": "Greek Cypriot 341st Battalion",
  "outcome": "A",
  "civil": false,
  "fame": 2,
  "sources": "en.wikipedia Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; en.wikipedia Reported military losses during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "borderline": "",
  "note": "The isolated 341st was ordered to retreat; its T-34s and 6-pounders were abandoned. Turkish units entered Famagusta and relieved the Turkish Cypriot walled city, besieged since 20 July; Varosha was left empty.",
  "_batch": "14",
  "id": 508
 }
]